All My Children: Making and Donating a Rock Collection
Faulty Civic Awareness with the Hayward Fault
Eucalyptus: Fuel for Fire
Polishing Oakland's Crown Jewel: Lake Merritt Reborn
Oakland Teachers Scope Out What Galileo Saw
Bay Bridge Rising
Holistic Help for Hornbills
Snows of the Solar System
Young Einsteins found in Oakland
Sponsored
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Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A few months ago, I accepted an assignment to gather a set of California rocks for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/index.htm\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> in Oakland. I thought I could putter around the local hills and have it done in a few afternoons. Didn't turn out that way. Finding good teaching specimens is an exacting project. Now that I'm done, it's a little hard to let them go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was given a list of 15 rock typesfive each of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocksbut some of them were clearly nonstarters. For instance, coal was on the list, but \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/17/black-diamond-reopens-visitor-center/\">California's coal\u003c/a> is too soft for presentation, and besides it's off limits in park lands. I made some substitutes and then set forth to find the following:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Igneous rocks: basalt, granite, obsidian, pumice, scoria\u003cbr>\nSedimentary rocks: breccia, chert, conglomerate, sandstone, shale\u003cbr>\nMetamorphic rocks: gneiss, marble, schist, serpentine, slate\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost everything was available in loose material by the side of the road. Indeed, picking up roadside rubble is doing the public a favor. Conglomerate and sandstone were available within the Oakland city limits; in fact Chabot authorized me to collect from its own property, but the sandstone there is too soft. Chert came from my own Oakland yard, the same red Franciscan chert \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/21/geological-outings-around-the-bay-marin-headlands/\">that makes up the Marin Headlands\u003c/a>. I was using it in the landscaping, but giving up a few choice pieces was all for a good cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/05/all-my-children-making-and-donating-a-rock-collection/rockcollectionchert/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40501\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionchert.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"rockcollectionchert\" width=\"600\" height=\"444\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40501\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionchert.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionchert-400x296.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With other rocks, I knew where to get them; it was just a matter of scheduling a trip. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/02/geological-outings-around-the-bay-napa-glass-mountain/\">Obsidian came from the Napa Valley\u003c/a>, shale from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/26/geological-outings-around-the-bay-mount-vaca-and-the-monticello-dam/\">the Great Valley Sequence north of Fairfield\u003c/a>, schist from the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-stony-creek-valley/\">Franciscan Complex in Glenn County\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A teaching specimen needs to be clean and sound, naturally. It needs to be the right size. More difficult is that it has to be \u003ci>typical\u003c/i>, showing what the textbooks describe and nothing more. Once I found the right spot, it took a lot of pawing, picking and pondering to assemble a satisfactory group, like this basalt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/05/all-my-children-making-and-donating-a-rock-collection/rockcollectionbasalts/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40500\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionbasalts.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"rockcollectionbasalts\" width=\"600\" height=\"456\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40500\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionbasalts.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionbasalts-400x304.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Toward the end, I had to go pretty far afield. Take the metamorphic set, shown below. The schist (upper left) I already mentioned. Going clockwise, the slate came from near Copperopolis, the marble from near Columbia, the gneiss from near Murphys, and the serpentine from near Clear Lake. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/05/all-my-children-making-and-donating-a-rock-collection/rockcollectionmets/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40502\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionmets.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"rockcollectionmets\" width=\"600\" height=\"442\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40502\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionmets.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionmets-400x295.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That left two igneous rocks: scoria and pumice. I could have made an overnight visit to the volcanic districts of northeastern California or the trans-Sierra, but I elected instead to check out the local landscape suppliers. I finally found what I wanted at Morgan's Masonry Supply, in San Ramon: fist-size lava rock (scoria) and a boulder of pumice. From that boulder I carved five hand samples like this one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/05/all-my-children-making-and-donating-a-rock-collection/rockcollectionpumice/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40503\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionpumice.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"rockcollectionpumice\" width=\"600\" height=\"461\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40503\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionpumice.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionpumice-400x307.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now I have added respect for the people who make and market those \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/rockcollecting/bb/rockcollections.htm\">boxed rock collections\u003c/a>. They have to keep truckloads of rock types on hand, most of them imported from somewhere else, then pick through the chips and waste to get what they need. On the other hand, they don't know the pride I take in delivering this custom collection to my local science educators. And I can visit my rocks any time to see how they're doing.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A set of rock specimens, collected for teaching kids, has become a group of friends. Is this normal?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1341512410,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":571},"headData":{"title":"All My Children: Making and Donating a Rock Collection | KQED","description":"A set of rock specimens, collected for teaching kids, has become a group of friends. Is this normal?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"40496 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=40496","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/05/all-my-children-making-and-donating-a-rock-collection/","disqusTitle":"All My Children: Making and Donating a Rock Collection","path":"/quest/40496/all-my-children-making-and-donating-a-rock-collection","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40499\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/05/all-my-children-making-and-donating-a-rock-collection/rockcollectionslate/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40499\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionslate-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"rockcollectionslate\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-40499\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The search for a good specimen of slate took me across the Central Valley, but once there it was a moment's work. Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A few months ago, I accepted an assignment to gather a set of California rocks for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/index.htm\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> in Oakland. I thought I could putter around the local hills and have it done in a few afternoons. Didn't turn out that way. Finding good teaching specimens is an exacting project. Now that I'm done, it's a little hard to let them go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was given a list of 15 rock typesfive each of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocksbut some of them were clearly nonstarters. For instance, coal was on the list, but \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/17/black-diamond-reopens-visitor-center/\">California's coal\u003c/a> is too soft for presentation, and besides it's off limits in park lands. I made some substitutes and then set forth to find the following:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Igneous rocks: basalt, granite, obsidian, pumice, scoria\u003cbr>\nSedimentary rocks: breccia, chert, conglomerate, sandstone, shale\u003cbr>\nMetamorphic rocks: gneiss, marble, schist, serpentine, slate\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost everything was available in loose material by the side of the road. Indeed, picking up roadside rubble is doing the public a favor. Conglomerate and sandstone were available within the Oakland city limits; in fact Chabot authorized me to collect from its own property, but the sandstone there is too soft. Chert came from my own Oakland yard, the same red Franciscan chert \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/21/geological-outings-around-the-bay-marin-headlands/\">that makes up the Marin Headlands\u003c/a>. I was using it in the landscaping, but giving up a few choice pieces was all for a good cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/05/all-my-children-making-and-donating-a-rock-collection/rockcollectionchert/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40501\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionchert.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"rockcollectionchert\" width=\"600\" height=\"444\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40501\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionchert.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionchert-400x296.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With other rocks, I knew where to get them; it was just a matter of scheduling a trip. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/02/geological-outings-around-the-bay-napa-glass-mountain/\">Obsidian came from the Napa Valley\u003c/a>, shale from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/26/geological-outings-around-the-bay-mount-vaca-and-the-monticello-dam/\">the Great Valley Sequence north of Fairfield\u003c/a>, schist from the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-stony-creek-valley/\">Franciscan Complex in Glenn County\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A teaching specimen needs to be clean and sound, naturally. It needs to be the right size. More difficult is that it has to be \u003ci>typical\u003c/i>, showing what the textbooks describe and nothing more. Once I found the right spot, it took a lot of pawing, picking and pondering to assemble a satisfactory group, like this basalt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/05/all-my-children-making-and-donating-a-rock-collection/rockcollectionbasalts/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40500\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionbasalts.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"rockcollectionbasalts\" width=\"600\" height=\"456\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40500\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionbasalts.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionbasalts-400x304.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Toward the end, I had to go pretty far afield. Take the metamorphic set, shown below. The schist (upper left) I already mentioned. Going clockwise, the slate came from near Copperopolis, the marble from near Columbia, the gneiss from near Murphys, and the serpentine from near Clear Lake. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/05/all-my-children-making-and-donating-a-rock-collection/rockcollectionmets/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40502\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionmets.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"rockcollectionmets\" width=\"600\" height=\"442\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40502\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionmets.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionmets-400x295.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That left two igneous rocks: scoria and pumice. I could have made an overnight visit to the volcanic districts of northeastern California or the trans-Sierra, but I elected instead to check out the local landscape suppliers. I finally found what I wanted at Morgan's Masonry Supply, in San Ramon: fist-size lava rock (scoria) and a boulder of pumice. From that boulder I carved five hand samples like this one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/05/all-my-children-making-and-donating-a-rock-collection/rockcollectionpumice/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40503\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionpumice.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"rockcollectionpumice\" width=\"600\" height=\"461\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40503\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionpumice.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionpumice-400x307.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now I have added respect for the people who make and market those \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/rockcollecting/bb/rockcollections.htm\">boxed rock collections\u003c/a>. They have to keep truckloads of rock types on hand, most of them imported from somewhere else, then pick through the chips and waste to get what they need. On the other hand, they don't know the pride I take in delivering this custom collection to my local science educators. And I can visit my rocks any time to see how they're doing.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/40496/all-my-children-making-and-donating-a-rock-collection","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_13210","quest_11265","quest_3653","quest_2024","quest_13202","quest_10631","quest_11266"],"featImg":"quest_40499","label":"quest"},"quest_39875":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_39875","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"39875","score":null,"sort":[1340306431000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"faulty-civic-awareness-with-the-hayward-fault","title":"Faulty Civic Awareness with the Hayward Fault","publishDate":1340306431,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39876\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 360px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/21/faulty-civic-awareness-with-the-hayward-fault/hywrdtrip/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39876\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-39876\" title=\"hywrdtrip\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/hywrdtrip.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"360\" height=\"258\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Geologists visiting Hayward in their colorful urban field dress pay homage to its namesake fault, which has been steadily offsetting this curb since 1971. Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The East Bay is marked by the Hayward fault, stretching from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/06/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-pinole-and-the-hayward-fault\">Point Pinole\u003c/a> south through Fremont. It's considered the most dangerous earthquake fault in northern California, capable of a quake causing a $100 billion disaster. Geologists are conflicted as they approach the Hayward fault, with reverence for its capacity for damage but enthusiasm for its textbook display of tectonic features. City websites approach it with the terrified response of the proverbial ostrich.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hayward gave its name to the fault thanks to the original \"great San Francisco earthquake\" of 1868, but you wouldn't know it from the city's website. Indeed, most of the cities on the fault, north or south, don't admit that they're even near it except in passing, in old background documents. Pinole, San Pablo, Richmond, El Cerrito—nowhere on their websites do these cities show their residents where the fault is. Berkeley's website has \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.berkeley.ca.us/Planning_and_Development/Home/General_Plan_-_Disaster_Preparedness_and_Safety_Element.aspx\">a useful map\u003c/a>, but I can't tell you how to find it except through a brute-force search. Oakland, which sits on more miles of the fault than any other East Bay city, has almost nothing even in its \u003ca href=\"http://www2.oaklandnet.com/Government/PSP/index.htm\">Public Safety Portal\u003c/a>. San Leandro has nothing. Hayward presents a low-grade map of the fault and a lot of good offsite links, but only a dedicated searcher can find them. And searching Fremont's website turns up nothing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have to call this situation a miserable failure. Off the top of my head, I checked Biloxi, Mississippi, a river town in hurricane country. There's a big tab, \"Storm & Flood Preparedness,\" high on the city website's home page. But East Bay cities treat earthquake as something nebulous in the environment that, like the 1989 Loma Prieta quake, might affect them as distant bystanders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So who's helping our East Bay cities raise public awareness?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I didn't start writing this piece intending to blow my own horn, but my Oakland Geology blog has a geologic map of the city and \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/category/the-fault/\">many posts about the fault\u003c/a>. It seems like—no, it \u003ci>is\u003c/i> the least I can do. I actually set out to talk about Fremont, where a \u003ca href=\"http://www.msnucleus.org/haywardfault/hayward.html\">Hayward Fault Walk and Tour\u003c/a> takes place this summer on July 14 and August 11. The city is involved with that exercise, although the prime movers are the nonprofit \u003ca href=\"http://www.msnucleus.org/\">Math/Science Nucleus\u003c/a> and the federal U.S. Geological Survey, \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/nca/1868/\">which has extensive resources on the Hayward fault\u003c/a>. The city of Fremont could hardly avoid involvement, because its first city building was set directly upon the fault trace in 1962 and is being slowly wrenched apart. (Geologist Joyce Blueford of Math/Science Nucleus \u003ca href=\"http://www.tricityvoice.com/articlefiledisplay.php?issue=2012-05-22&file=story1.txt\">provided this background document to the Tri-City Voice\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But consider the case of San Francisco, which owes a core aspect of its reputation to the great quake of 1906. What made San Francisco \"The City That Knows How\" was its indomitable response to the quake. San Francisco owns its fault. I think that Hayward could adopt some of that same attitude. It has a splendid fault museum already: its old City Hall, built in 1930 upon the Hayward fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/21/faulty-civic-awareness-with-the-hayward-fault/haywardcityhall/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39877\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-39877\" title=\"haywardcityhall\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/haywardcityhall.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/haywardcityhall.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/haywardcityhall-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just peek in the windows of this beautiful shell to see the effects of aseismic creep, the steady, millimeters-per-year motion found along much of the fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/21/faulty-civic-awareness-with-the-hayward-fault/hywrdcityhallcracks/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39878\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-39878\" title=\"hywrdcityhallcracks\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/hywrdcityhallcracks.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"352\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/hywrdcityhallcracks.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/hywrdcityhallcracks-400x282.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And its \u003ca href=\"http://user.govoutreach.com/hayward/faq.php?cid=10773\">new City Hall building\u003c/a>, next to the BART station, is an example of state-of-the-art seismic design, sturdy and flexible enough to remain operational after the Hayward fault's Big One.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that Big One will happen again, and life will resume. Like New York after 9/11, like New Orleans after Katrina, the cities of the East Bay will earn new reputations as they endure, revive and prevail. We can think and plan ahead for this trial-by-nature. It starts with admitting the obvious: this is our fault.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Cities along the Hayward fault would benefit their future reputation by owning up to their tectonic situation.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443485469,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":677},"headData":{"title":"Faulty Civic Awareness with the Hayward Fault | KQED","description":"Cities along the Hayward fault would benefit their future reputation by owning up to their tectonic situation.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"39875 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=39875","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/21/faulty-civic-awareness-with-the-hayward-fault/","disqusTitle":"Faulty Civic Awareness with the Hayward Fault","path":"/quest/39875/faulty-civic-awareness-with-the-hayward-fault","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39876\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 360px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/21/faulty-civic-awareness-with-the-hayward-fault/hywrdtrip/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39876\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-39876\" title=\"hywrdtrip\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/hywrdtrip.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"360\" height=\"258\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Geologists visiting Hayward in their colorful urban field dress pay homage to its namesake fault, which has been steadily offsetting this curb since 1971. Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The East Bay is marked by the Hayward fault, stretching from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/06/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-pinole-and-the-hayward-fault\">Point Pinole\u003c/a> south through Fremont. It's considered the most dangerous earthquake fault in northern California, capable of a quake causing a $100 billion disaster. Geologists are conflicted as they approach the Hayward fault, with reverence for its capacity for damage but enthusiasm for its textbook display of tectonic features. City websites approach it with the terrified response of the proverbial ostrich.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hayward gave its name to the fault thanks to the original \"great San Francisco earthquake\" of 1868, but you wouldn't know it from the city's website. Indeed, most of the cities on the fault, north or south, don't admit that they're even near it except in passing, in old background documents. Pinole, San Pablo, Richmond, El Cerrito—nowhere on their websites do these cities show their residents where the fault is. Berkeley's website has \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.berkeley.ca.us/Planning_and_Development/Home/General_Plan_-_Disaster_Preparedness_and_Safety_Element.aspx\">a useful map\u003c/a>, but I can't tell you how to find it except through a brute-force search. Oakland, which sits on more miles of the fault than any other East Bay city, has almost nothing even in its \u003ca href=\"http://www2.oaklandnet.com/Government/PSP/index.htm\">Public Safety Portal\u003c/a>. San Leandro has nothing. Hayward presents a low-grade map of the fault and a lot of good offsite links, but only a dedicated searcher can find them. And searching Fremont's website turns up nothing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have to call this situation a miserable failure. Off the top of my head, I checked Biloxi, Mississippi, a river town in hurricane country. There's a big tab, \"Storm & Flood Preparedness,\" high on the city website's home page. But East Bay cities treat earthquake as something nebulous in the environment that, like the 1989 Loma Prieta quake, might affect them as distant bystanders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So who's helping our East Bay cities raise public awareness?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I didn't start writing this piece intending to blow my own horn, but my Oakland Geology blog has a geologic map of the city and \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/category/the-fault/\">many posts about the fault\u003c/a>. It seems like—no, it \u003ci>is\u003c/i> the least I can do. I actually set out to talk about Fremont, where a \u003ca href=\"http://www.msnucleus.org/haywardfault/hayward.html\">Hayward Fault Walk and Tour\u003c/a> takes place this summer on July 14 and August 11. The city is involved with that exercise, although the prime movers are the nonprofit \u003ca href=\"http://www.msnucleus.org/\">Math/Science Nucleus\u003c/a> and the federal U.S. Geological Survey, \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/nca/1868/\">which has extensive resources on the Hayward fault\u003c/a>. The city of Fremont could hardly avoid involvement, because its first city building was set directly upon the fault trace in 1962 and is being slowly wrenched apart. (Geologist Joyce Blueford of Math/Science Nucleus \u003ca href=\"http://www.tricityvoice.com/articlefiledisplay.php?issue=2012-05-22&file=story1.txt\">provided this background document to the Tri-City Voice\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But consider the case of San Francisco, which owes a core aspect of its reputation to the great quake of 1906. What made San Francisco \"The City That Knows How\" was its indomitable response to the quake. San Francisco owns its fault. I think that Hayward could adopt some of that same attitude. It has a splendid fault museum already: its old City Hall, built in 1930 upon the Hayward fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/21/faulty-civic-awareness-with-the-hayward-fault/haywardcityhall/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39877\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-39877\" title=\"haywardcityhall\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/haywardcityhall.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/haywardcityhall.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/haywardcityhall-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just peek in the windows of this beautiful shell to see the effects of aseismic creep, the steady, millimeters-per-year motion found along much of the fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/21/faulty-civic-awareness-with-the-hayward-fault/hywrdcityhallcracks/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39878\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-39878\" title=\"hywrdcityhallcracks\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/hywrdcityhallcracks.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"352\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/hywrdcityhallcracks.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/hywrdcityhallcracks-400x282.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And its \u003ca href=\"http://user.govoutreach.com/hayward/faq.php?cid=10773\">new City Hall building\u003c/a>, next to the BART station, is an example of state-of-the-art seismic design, sturdy and flexible enough to remain operational after the Hayward fault's Big One.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that Big One will happen again, and life will resume. Like New York after 9/11, like New Orleans after Katrina, the cities of the East Bay will earn new reputations as they endure, revive and prevail. We can think and plan ahead for this trial-by-nature. It starts with admitting the obvious: this is our fault.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/39875/faulty-civic-awareness-with-the-hayward-fault","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_308","quest_909","quest_10262","quest_3582","quest_11136","quest_1325","quest_2024","quest_10254","quest_10188","quest_13","quest_11228"],"featImg":"quest_39877","label":"quest"},"quest_25998":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_25998","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"25998","score":null,"sort":[1318867112000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"eucalyptus-fuel-for-fire","title":"Eucalyptus: Fuel for Fire","publishDate":1318867112,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26000\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Eucalyptus.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-26000\" title=\"Eucalyptus\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Eucalyptus-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The eucalyptus grove on the Berkeley campus. Photo: {link url=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/aidanmorgan/2073661175/\"}John-Morgan{/link}.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Twenty years ago this week, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201110141630/c\">fire\u003c/a> ripped through the Oakland and Berkeley hills, taking 25 lives and burning more than 3,000 homes. \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus\">Eucalyptus trees\u003c/a>, leaf litter, and long peels of bark were fuel for the fire. The Park Service estimates that eucalyptus was responsible for 70% of the energy released though combustion of vegetation. The trees, leaves, and bark are packed with phenolic compounds that burn hot, and the trees’ tall stature, proximity to homes, and long, swaying branches helped propagate the fire. To minimize future fires, the Park Service and others call for the removal of eucalyptus leaf litter and even whole trees—which is expensive and sometimes controversial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eucalyptus trees are relatively new to California. Originally from Australia, the species most common in the Bay Area, Eucalyptus globulus, or blue gum, was planted in the 1850s following the gold rush, with the hope that the timber could be used for railroad ties. Old-growth eucalyptus forests in Australia provided excellent timber. But while eucalyptus grew quickly in California, the young trees made awful timber. The wood twisted and split as it dried. So eucalyptus trees were instead used as windbreaks, to mark property boundaries, and to prevent erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trees quickly spread. Eucalyptus grow like crazy in the California climate, growing much taller than they do in their native Australia. Once eucalyptus become established, they can take over. Their Australian competitors did not come to California with them. Their dense canopy blocks light from entering the understory. As the fallen leaves decompose, they make the soil more acidic, and other plants can’t grow there. In California, eucalyptus often form a monoculture, devoid of other species. And the trees take up huge amounts of water. In some areas of the world, people planted eucalyptus to drain swamps and reduce the habitat for mosquito larvae, thereby eradicating malaria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blue gum eucalyptus evolved in a fire-prone environment, and the species has many fire adaptations. Their seeds are extremely resistant to heat. After a fire, trees that are relatively intact will quickly drop their seeds. And trees that have burned can re-sprout from their stumps and root systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To prevent eucalyptus from fueling future fires, the bark peelings and leaves need to be removed from the understory. \u003ca href=\"http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/repositoryfiles/ca2709p13-64054.pdf\">A study conducted in the 1970s\u003c/a> estimated 10-40% of the leaves that fall each year decompose in that year; fuel builds up quickly. Sometimes, entire trees need to be removed. After the 1991 fire, approximately 400 acres of eucalyptus were removed from the East Bay Regional Park District. Removing trees is even more difficult and expensive than removing litter, as the trees are huge and they re-sprout from the stump. To prevent re-sprouting, stumps need to be treated with chemical herbicides or covered in sheets of black plastic, so sunlight does not reach them. Another option is to topple the trees—knock them over so their roots are torn up from the ground. In addition to being a lot of work, removing trees is often controversial; neighbors don’t like it. Several large eucalyptus trees were recently removed from a Department of Motor Vehicles property in Oakland, \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandnorth.net/2011/08/16/neighbors-concerned-over-tree-removal-at-claremont-dmv/\">resulting in neighborhood outrage\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Removing eucalyptus trees is labor intensive and expensive. But then, so are fires.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Twenty years ago this week, a fire ripped through the Oakland and Berkeley hills, taking 25 lives and burning more than 3,000 homes. Eucalyptus trees, leaf litter, and long peels of bark were fuel for the fire.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443832159,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":8,"wordCount":575},"headData":{"title":"Eucalyptus: Fuel for Fire | KQED","description":"Twenty years ago this week, a fire ripped through the Oakland and Berkeley hills, taking 25 lives and burning more than 3,000 homes. Eucalyptus trees, leaf litter, and long peels of bark were fuel for the fire.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"25998 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=25998","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/17/eucalyptus-fuel-for-fire/","disqusTitle":"Eucalyptus: Fuel for Fire","path":"/quest/25998/eucalyptus-fuel-for-fire","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26000\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Eucalyptus.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-26000\" title=\"Eucalyptus\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Eucalyptus-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The eucalyptus grove on the Berkeley campus. Photo: {link url=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/aidanmorgan/2073661175/\"}John-Morgan{/link}.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Twenty years ago this week, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201110141630/c\">fire\u003c/a> ripped through the Oakland and Berkeley hills, taking 25 lives and burning more than 3,000 homes. \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus\">Eucalyptus trees\u003c/a>, leaf litter, and long peels of bark were fuel for the fire. The Park Service estimates that eucalyptus was responsible for 70% of the energy released though combustion of vegetation. The trees, leaves, and bark are packed with phenolic compounds that burn hot, and the trees’ tall stature, proximity to homes, and long, swaying branches helped propagate the fire. To minimize future fires, the Park Service and others call for the removal of eucalyptus leaf litter and even whole trees—which is expensive and sometimes controversial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eucalyptus trees are relatively new to California. Originally from Australia, the species most common in the Bay Area, Eucalyptus globulus, or blue gum, was planted in the 1850s following the gold rush, with the hope that the timber could be used for railroad ties. Old-growth eucalyptus forests in Australia provided excellent timber. But while eucalyptus grew quickly in California, the young trees made awful timber. The wood twisted and split as it dried. So eucalyptus trees were instead used as windbreaks, to mark property boundaries, and to prevent erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trees quickly spread. Eucalyptus grow like crazy in the California climate, growing much taller than they do in their native Australia. Once eucalyptus become established, they can take over. Their Australian competitors did not come to California with them. Their dense canopy blocks light from entering the understory. As the fallen leaves decompose, they make the soil more acidic, and other plants can’t grow there. In California, eucalyptus often form a monoculture, devoid of other species. And the trees take up huge amounts of water. In some areas of the world, people planted eucalyptus to drain swamps and reduce the habitat for mosquito larvae, thereby eradicating malaria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blue gum eucalyptus evolved in a fire-prone environment, and the species has many fire adaptations. Their seeds are extremely resistant to heat. After a fire, trees that are relatively intact will quickly drop their seeds. And trees that have burned can re-sprout from their stumps and root systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To prevent eucalyptus from fueling future fires, the bark peelings and leaves need to be removed from the understory. \u003ca href=\"http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/repositoryfiles/ca2709p13-64054.pdf\">A study conducted in the 1970s\u003c/a> estimated 10-40% of the leaves that fall each year decompose in that year; fuel builds up quickly. Sometimes, entire trees need to be removed. After the 1991 fire, approximately 400 acres of eucalyptus were removed from the East Bay Regional Park District. Removing trees is even more difficult and expensive than removing litter, as the trees are huge and they re-sprout from the stump. To prevent re-sprouting, stumps need to be treated with chemical herbicides or covered in sheets of black plastic, so sunlight does not reach them. Another option is to topple the trees—knock them over so their roots are torn up from the ground. In addition to being a lot of work, removing trees is often controversial; neighbors don’t like it. Several large eucalyptus trees were recently removed from a Department of Motor Vehicles property in Oakland, \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandnorth.net/2011/08/16/neighbors-concerned-over-tree-removal-at-claremont-dmv/\">resulting in neighborhood outrage\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Removing eucalyptus trees is labor intensive and expensive. But then, so are fires.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/25998/eucalyptus-fuel-for-fire","authors":["10200"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_308","quest_326","quest_1025","quest_1095","quest_2024","quest_13"],"featImg":"quest_26000","label":"quest"},"quest_7406":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_7406","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"7406","score":null,"sort":[1282350652000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"polishing-oaklands-crown-jewel-lake-merritt-reborn","title":"Polishing Oakland's Crown Jewel: Lake Merritt Reborn","publishDate":1282350652,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/LakeMerritt_0392_Marquee_scaled1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Removal of culverts at 12th Street will increase tidal flow into Lake Merritt (credit: Amy Miller)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Reported for \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/\">KQEDnews.org\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Excavators rumbled and dust filled the air in downtown Oakland this week as the demolition of a 12-lane stretch of roadway running along the south end of Lake Merritt got underway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the demise of the 2,000-foot long section of 12th Street, dubbed the “world’s shortest freeway” by locals, is more than just a road project. It’s part of the most visible and expensive phase of a multimillion-dollar rebirth of Lake Merritt, an Oakland landmark that gained renown as North America’s first wildlife refuge in 1870, yet which has been plagued for decades by environmental, architectural and public access problems.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For as long as most Oakland residents can remember, the water in the 140-acre lake has been stagnant and polluted. Many of the surrounding historic buildings and structures have been in a state of disrepair. And narrow trails around the lake have been pitted with potholes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In November 2002, more than 80 percent of Oakland voters approved \u003ca href=\"http://www.oaklandnet.com/government/ceda/dcsd_currentprojects_measure_dd.asp\">Measure DD\u003c/a>, a $198 million dollar bond measure to fund water quality and parks projects throughout the city. Of that, $115 million was allocated for Lake Merritt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our number one goal is to improve water quality and improve habitat in the lake,” said Joel Peter, the city of Oakland’s Measure DD program manager.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/LakeMerritt_0361_J.Peter_scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Measure DD Program Manager, Joel Peter (credit: Amy Miller)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The number two goal is to re-establish connections at the lake. In addition to reconnecting the lake and the bay hydrologically, we’re also trying to reconnect people with nature -- because people don’t even realize that the lake’s part of the bay.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peter’s task is to oversee more than 50 projects described in the bond. They include restoring creeks and wetlands, improving water quality in Lake Merritt, widening pedestrian and cycling paths and building better roadways to calm traffic around the lake. The project is scheduled to be completed in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The work on 12th Street is the most extensive piece of the restoration. Crews are reconfiguring the 12-lane road to a six-lane boulevard, lined with trees, a bicycle lane and footpath, all adjacent to a new 4-acre park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And where an earth-fill dam under the street now restricts the flow of water by forcing it through narrow culverts, a bridge will extend instead, allowing the bay’s tides to flow in and out more freely through a wider channel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of this, combined with the other improvements to the area, makes the Measure DD effort what Peter calls “the most wide-ranging and complex series of projects ever undertaken by the City of Oakland.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Not Really a Lake\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although commonly thought of as a freshwater, man-made lake, Lake Merritt is actually a tidal lagoon that formed after the last ice age where several creeks within the surrounding 4,650-acre watershed empty into San Francisco Bay. The “lake” is connected to San Francisco Bay by a half-mile-long channel, which allows its salty water to rise and fall along with the bay’s tides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peter said lack of public awareness about what Lake Merritt really is contributes to the misconception that the lake is actually dirtier than it really is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People expect a pristine, clear, Sierra-type lake,” he said. “It’s actually a tidal slough. And if they knew it was salt water and what they are smelling in many cases is just natural things you find around San Francisco Bay in terms of algae growth and mud flats and that sort of thing, actually the water quality in the lake is not terrible before we started this project. But I think that is the perception.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The heady odor is exactly what \u003ca href=\"http://www.cshouse.org/Pages/samuel_merritt.html\">Dr. Samuel Merritt\u003c/a> smelled in 1854 when the successful San Francisco physician purchased 23 acres around the shoreline of the tidal slough that would later bear his name. Merritt, who became the mayor of Oakland in 1867, was also a shrewd businessman who realized the value of his real estate holdings would increase if the pungent marsh became a recreational lake. So, in 1869, he used his own money to build a dam across the mouth of the slough near where 12th Street is today so that the water level in the lake could be controlled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/Channel-1908_scaled2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>The Lake Merritt Channel in 1908 at low tide (credit: Oakland Public Library)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The presence of more than a hundred different species of birds including ducks, geese, pelicans, egrets, herons and cormorants also proved to be a great draw for hunters. To alleviate the dangerous gunfire so close to town, in 1870, Merritt was able to persuade the state legislature to designate Lake Merritt as the first state wildlife refuge in North America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the next century, the lake was dredged. Its surrounding marshlands were filled. And the city of Oakland rose up around its 3-mile perimeter. Bit by bit, the channel that connects the lake to San Francisco Bay, which had been up to a quarter mile wide in some places, was filled in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the channel is an average 110 feet wide -- even narrower where it crosses under 10th and 12th Streets. The steady narrowing has restricted the flow of water in and out of Lake Merritt, which has meant less mixing of the water, and less tidal flushing of the lake, which impacts the health of fish and other aquatic organisms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/LakeMerritt_0463_Channel-today_scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>The Lake Merritt Channel today at high tide (credit: Amy Miller)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the encroachment of automobiles may have done the most harm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The roadways kept getting pushed wider and wider,” said Peter, “and the lake itself and the park around it was less emphasized. And maintenance has fallen off due to budget issues. It became a bit shabby around the edges. People called it ‘the jewel of Oakland’ but felt it had lost its polish.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Citizens Unite \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 2001, the problems had reached a breaking point. City leaders commissioned a study called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.oaklandnet.com/lakemasterplan/default.html\">Lake Merritt Master Plan\u003c/a> to look at possible solutions. But the plan excluded the problematic south end of the lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This exclusion was likely because at the same time, with the backing of then-mayor Jerry Brown, the Oakland Diocese began a campaign to purchase land in front of the historic Henry J. Kaiser Convention Center at the south end of the lake to build a massive cathedral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With a group of citizens, graphic designer and longtime Oakland resident Naomi Schiff began to organize against more private development on the lake. “Some of us didn’t feel that it was a good idea for Lake Merritt to become a reflecting pond for a church. Any church,” Schiff said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schiff, along with a number of architects, community and historical groups, landscape architects and urban planners, founded the Coalition of Advocates for Lake Merritt (CALM). In the process of worrying about the cathedral, the group’s members made sure to be at the table for Lake Merritt Master Plan meetings. They’d done so much research and made so much noise that ultimately, the city asked them to submit a plan of their own for the south end of the lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And so we did,” said Schiff. “And even though we didn’t have any money or source of funding, we cobbled together a proposal which was to narrow 12th Street to six lanes and put in a park.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CALM member James Vann was one of the architects who worked on the proposal. “CALM felt that that end of the lake could become a destination if we figured out how to address circulation problems and created areas where people could congregate,” said Vann.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After dozens of brainstorming and outreach meetings, CALM came up with a proposal which had the community’s endorsement. “We also put pressure on the city because this was public land and it could not just be given away for private use. There had to be an open and competitive process,” said Vann.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their proposal was approved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sometimes you feel like you’re David and Goliath and you’re going to lose but somehow, we didn’t lose,” Schiff said. “Ultimately, it was a good thing that the cathedral people came up with this crazy idea because it galvanized all this creative thinking. And it worked”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/LakeMerritt_1004_Kaiser-CC-and-demo_scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>The Kaiser Convention Center and 12th Street demolition at Lake Merritt (credit: Amy Miller)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frustrated by years of meetings and plans designed to address the problems at Lake Merritt with few results, Oakland City councilman Danny Wan and his successor, councilwoman Pat Kernighan and others got behind the citizen’s group proposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They all convinced Oakland to put a $198 million bond measure on the ballot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Work Begins, Then Stops\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Measure DD passed in 2002, it took the city two years to complete the designs and coordinate logistics. Actual restoration work on Lake Merritt finally started in 2004.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the first jobs was to address the lake’s water quality, which “is better now than it has been, especially if you go way back to 120 years ago when the raw sewage came in,” said Richard Bailey, executive director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.lakemerrittinstitute.org/\">Lake Merritt Institute\u003c/a>, a non-profit organization contracted by the city to remove floating trash from the lake several times a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the lake is listed as “impaired” under the federal \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/lawsregs/laws/cwa.html\">Clean Water Act\u003c/a> for trash and low oxygen levels, Bailey said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We also have high bacteria levels but we’re not listed for that,” added Bailey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are 62 storm drain outfalls that flow directly into Lake Merritt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The biggest problem with the lake is not litter, it’s not oxygen, its ignorance,” Bailey said. “People don’t realize that storm drains go directly to public water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bailey and his group of volunteers remove between 1,000 and 5,000 pounds of trash from the lake per month, depending on the season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/LakeMerritt_3401_Bailey_scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Richard Bailey of the Lake Merritt Institute removes all kinds of trash from the lake (credit: Josh Cassidy)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To address the trash problem in the lake, Measure DD has funded the construction of four trash collection units on large storm drain lines to intercept and capture floatable debris and sediment before it gets to the lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In another project to improve the lake’s water quality, the Lake Merritt Institute installed three aeration fountains and Measure DD funds repaired one existing fountain around the lake to help reduce the stagnant water in some places. But each of the fountains only treats one acre of water. Lake Merritt covers 140 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planners are hopeful that the lack of dissolved oxygen in the lake will be alleviated after the completion of another key feature of the project: $27 million to improve the Lake Merritt Channel. Construction will involve removal of the culverts at 12th and 10th Streets that have restricted access for people and water between the lake and the channel for more than 100 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The volume of water exchanged at every tide will be double what it is now,” Peter said. “We’re also creating a new tidal marsh by taking out some of the filled land and grading it very carefully down to the sea level and putting in tidal marsh plants to reestablish some of that original habitat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New pedestrian and bike trails will be built to pass beneath a new bridge on 10th Street to connect the 12th Street area with the Channel Park to the west. Funds will also go toward improving Channel Park, which teems with birds and fish yet, is virtually unused because of lack of access from Lake Merritt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Work on the Lake Merritt channel improvements is scheduled to start early next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After getting off to what was perceived by many as a slow start, most of the restoration work around the lake has been moving along as scheduled. But in 2006, parts of the project hit a temporary road block when a group of residents called, “Friends of the Lake,” filed a lawsuit to prevent the city from cutting down dozens of trees around the lake to accommodate the new construction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In late 2007, after an environmental review determined that the trees could be removed without negatively impacting the ecosystem, the lawsuit was dismissed and work resumed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Budget issues were also responsible for some delays. At a cost of nearly $54 million, the 12th Street project is by far the most expensive part of the plan. When it was originally bid out in 2005, the construction industry in the Bay Area was booming. The city only received one bid, said Peter, and it was significantly over budget. They had to find another way to raise more money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took a couple of years for Peter to make up a funding shortfall with matching grants from agencies such as the Federal Highway Bridge Program and the California Coastal Conservancy. During that time, the recession was hitting and construction bids became much more competitive. Peter had his choice of seven bids, all well within the original budget for the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had the incredible fortune that Measure DD passed when people were really flush and now we’re spending it when construction costs are low,” said Schiff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 12th Street project broke ground on May 6, 2010. It will transform south end of the lake by reconfiguring what was a dangerous and inaccessible 12-lane expressway at the edge of a lake into a 6-lane, tree-lined boulevard with signalized intersections and crosswalks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The redesign will also create new parkland at the edge of the lake and remove unsafe and unsightly tunnels which have been locked and gated by the city since the early 1990’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The work on 12th Street will also establish direct pedestrian, bicycle and boat access from Lake Merritt to Channel Park -- setting the stage for what will one day be a direct route from the lake all the way out to the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lake Merritt’s Road Diet\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the Measure DD projects already have been completed. A major part of the renovation involved reducing 4-lane roadways around the lake to two lanes, putting the lake’s major thoroughfares on what is in essence a “road diet” by reducing the number of traffic lanes in order to improve traffic flow. The concept is counterintuitive, planners say, but after running computer simulations of all the traffic around the lake, they figured out how to make it work with better-designed systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of the affected roadways are Lakeshore Avenue along the southwest side and Lakeside Drive on the southeast. Lakeshore was once a high-speed commute route. By November 2009, it had been reduced to two lanes and bicycle lanes were added in each direction. Better pedestrian crossings, and a 2-way left turn lane in the middle keeps the traffic flowing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/LakeMerritt_3966_Lakeshore-Diet_scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Lakeshore Avenue after going on a \"road diet\"; Bioswale within the median island (credit: Josh Cassidy)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the historic buildings and structures around the lake already have received major upgrades with Measure DD funds. The Municipal Boathouse was completely renovated to LEED Gold certification, a top green building standard. It now houses the Lake Chalet restaurant on the top floor and public boating facilities on the bottom level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, crews rebuilt the East 18th Street Pier and renovated the Pergola and Colonnade, a scenic row of roofed columns built in 1913 that mark the end of the eastern arm of the lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lake Merritt’s beloved \u003ca href=\"http://www.fairyland.org/\">Children’s Fairyland\u003c/a> received $3.1 million to build a new Children’s Theater and an addition to the Puppet Theater, which holds the distinction of being the oldest professional puppet theater in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And at several points around the lake, storm drain outlets were redirected so that water from the paved surfaces runs through a bioswale: a gently sloping trough of tall grasses, filtering the runoff through their root structures and a special permeable soil before it goes into the lake. Trails and bike paths also have been widened and repaved with long-lasting, sustainable materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pride But Concern About Upkeep\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent sunny August afternoon, Melissa McDonald and Serena Speth, both from Oakland, were sitting on the lake’s edge with their toddlers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s fantastic, I love it!” McDonald said. “The pathways and the landscaping are so much better and it’s cleaned up a lot. It’s easier to convince people who don’t live in Oakland to come to the lake now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Retired Oakland natives Joseph Hardy and Anthony Lefall walk around the lake every day together from 8AM to noon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everybody’s talking about it and it’s all positive from the citizens that frequent the lake, the taxpayers,” said Lefall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Oakland natives Joseph Hardy (left) and Anthony Lefall walk around Lake Merritt every morning (credit: Amy Miller)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But both said they are concerned about what might happen in the years ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After they do all this remodeling, it’s the upkeep,” said Hardy. “These potholes, the birds using the bathroom all over the grass where you can’t lay and enjoy it. This graffiti, if you look all these containers all over the place. Why can’t they have someone maintain it? Maintenance, that’s what we’re concerned about. Maintenance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Naomi Schiff echoes their concerns. As part of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterfrontaction.org/dd/\">Measure DD Community Coalition\u003c/a>, CALM’s next task is to try to find the funding to ensure that Lake Merritt continues to thrive and shine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I see that as the big challenge,” she said. “And the drawback is that we’re going to have to find money and there is never any government money for non-capital improvements.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, Measure DD will be a big win for Lake Merritt and the passionate residents who call it their own. Architect James Vann said he is looking forward to Lake Merritt finally living up to its potential.\u003cbr>\n“With the expanded new pedestrian facilities, family facilities that are coming online that it will become truly the gem of Oakland, Oakland’s jewel and we’ll see many more uses than are there today. That’s my hope.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&t=h&hl=en&msa=0&ll=37.802226,-122.255627&spn=0.016635,0.011944&iwloc=00048e32b2c8b5159c977&msid=101264540408436850398.00048dbdad6d124062f22&output=embed\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\nView \u003ca href=\"http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&t=h&hl=en&msa=0&ll=37.802226,-122.255627&spn=0.016635,0.011944&iwloc=00048e32b2c8b5159c977&msid=101264540408436850398.00048dbdad6d124062f22&source=embed\">\u003cstrong>Lake Merritt\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> in a larger map\u003cbr>\nGoogle Map produced by Josh Cassidy\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.80363553885589 -122.25869178771973\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Oakland's Historic Lake Merritt is in the midst of a multimillion dollar face lift.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1366918733,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["http://maps.google.com/maps/ms"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":84,"wordCount":3188},"headData":{"title":"Polishing Oakland's Crown Jewel: Lake Merritt Reborn | KQED","description":"Oakland's Historic Lake Merritt is in the midst of a multimillion dollar face lift.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"7406 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2010/08/20/polishing-oaklands-crown-jewel-lake-merritt-reborn/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/08/20/polishing-oaklands-crown-jewel-lake-merritt-reborn/","disqusTitle":"Polishing Oakland's Crown Jewel: Lake Merritt Reborn","path":"/quest/7406/polishing-oaklands-crown-jewel-lake-merritt-reborn","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/LakeMerritt_0392_Marquee_scaled1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Removal of culverts at 12th Street will increase tidal flow into Lake Merritt (credit: Amy Miller)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Reported for \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/\">KQEDnews.org\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Excavators rumbled and dust filled the air in downtown Oakland this week as the demolition of a 12-lane stretch of roadway running along the south end of Lake Merritt got underway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the demise of the 2,000-foot long section of 12th Street, dubbed the “world’s shortest freeway” by locals, is more than just a road project. It’s part of the most visible and expensive phase of a multimillion-dollar rebirth of Lake Merritt, an Oakland landmark that gained renown as North America’s first wildlife refuge in 1870, yet which has been plagued for decades by environmental, architectural and public access problems.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For as long as most Oakland residents can remember, the water in the 140-acre lake has been stagnant and polluted. Many of the surrounding historic buildings and structures have been in a state of disrepair. And narrow trails around the lake have been pitted with potholes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In November 2002, more than 80 percent of Oakland voters approved \u003ca href=\"http://www.oaklandnet.com/government/ceda/dcsd_currentprojects_measure_dd.asp\">Measure DD\u003c/a>, a $198 million dollar bond measure to fund water quality and parks projects throughout the city. Of that, $115 million was allocated for Lake Merritt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our number one goal is to improve water quality and improve habitat in the lake,” said Joel Peter, the city of Oakland’s Measure DD program manager.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/LakeMerritt_0361_J.Peter_scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Measure DD Program Manager, Joel Peter (credit: Amy Miller)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The number two goal is to re-establish connections at the lake. In addition to reconnecting the lake and the bay hydrologically, we’re also trying to reconnect people with nature -- because people don’t even realize that the lake’s part of the bay.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peter’s task is to oversee more than 50 projects described in the bond. They include restoring creeks and wetlands, improving water quality in Lake Merritt, widening pedestrian and cycling paths and building better roadways to calm traffic around the lake. The project is scheduled to be completed in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The work on 12th Street is the most extensive piece of the restoration. Crews are reconfiguring the 12-lane road to a six-lane boulevard, lined with trees, a bicycle lane and footpath, all adjacent to a new 4-acre park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And where an earth-fill dam under the street now restricts the flow of water by forcing it through narrow culverts, a bridge will extend instead, allowing the bay’s tides to flow in and out more freely through a wider channel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of this, combined with the other improvements to the area, makes the Measure DD effort what Peter calls “the most wide-ranging and complex series of projects ever undertaken by the City of Oakland.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Not Really a Lake\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although commonly thought of as a freshwater, man-made lake, Lake Merritt is actually a tidal lagoon that formed after the last ice age where several creeks within the surrounding 4,650-acre watershed empty into San Francisco Bay. The “lake” is connected to San Francisco Bay by a half-mile-long channel, which allows its salty water to rise and fall along with the bay’s tides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peter said lack of public awareness about what Lake Merritt really is contributes to the misconception that the lake is actually dirtier than it really is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People expect a pristine, clear, Sierra-type lake,” he said. “It’s actually a tidal slough. And if they knew it was salt water and what they are smelling in many cases is just natural things you find around San Francisco Bay in terms of algae growth and mud flats and that sort of thing, actually the water quality in the lake is not terrible before we started this project. But I think that is the perception.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The heady odor is exactly what \u003ca href=\"http://www.cshouse.org/Pages/samuel_merritt.html\">Dr. Samuel Merritt\u003c/a> smelled in 1854 when the successful San Francisco physician purchased 23 acres around the shoreline of the tidal slough that would later bear his name. Merritt, who became the mayor of Oakland in 1867, was also a shrewd businessman who realized the value of his real estate holdings would increase if the pungent marsh became a recreational lake. So, in 1869, he used his own money to build a dam across the mouth of the slough near where 12th Street is today so that the water level in the lake could be controlled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/Channel-1908_scaled2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>The Lake Merritt Channel in 1908 at low tide (credit: Oakland Public Library)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The presence of more than a hundred different species of birds including ducks, geese, pelicans, egrets, herons and cormorants also proved to be a great draw for hunters. To alleviate the dangerous gunfire so close to town, in 1870, Merritt was able to persuade the state legislature to designate Lake Merritt as the first state wildlife refuge in North America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the next century, the lake was dredged. Its surrounding marshlands were filled. And the city of Oakland rose up around its 3-mile perimeter. Bit by bit, the channel that connects the lake to San Francisco Bay, which had been up to a quarter mile wide in some places, was filled in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the channel is an average 110 feet wide -- even narrower where it crosses under 10th and 12th Streets. The steady narrowing has restricted the flow of water in and out of Lake Merritt, which has meant less mixing of the water, and less tidal flushing of the lake, which impacts the health of fish and other aquatic organisms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/LakeMerritt_0463_Channel-today_scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>The Lake Merritt Channel today at high tide (credit: Amy Miller)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the encroachment of automobiles may have done the most harm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The roadways kept getting pushed wider and wider,” said Peter, “and the lake itself and the park around it was less emphasized. And maintenance has fallen off due to budget issues. It became a bit shabby around the edges. People called it ‘the jewel of Oakland’ but felt it had lost its polish.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Citizens Unite \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 2001, the problems had reached a breaking point. City leaders commissioned a study called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.oaklandnet.com/lakemasterplan/default.html\">Lake Merritt Master Plan\u003c/a> to look at possible solutions. But the plan excluded the problematic south end of the lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This exclusion was likely because at the same time, with the backing of then-mayor Jerry Brown, the Oakland Diocese began a campaign to purchase land in front of the historic Henry J. Kaiser Convention Center at the south end of the lake to build a massive cathedral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With a group of citizens, graphic designer and longtime Oakland resident Naomi Schiff began to organize against more private development on the lake. “Some of us didn’t feel that it was a good idea for Lake Merritt to become a reflecting pond for a church. Any church,” Schiff said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schiff, along with a number of architects, community and historical groups, landscape architects and urban planners, founded the Coalition of Advocates for Lake Merritt (CALM). In the process of worrying about the cathedral, the group’s members made sure to be at the table for Lake Merritt Master Plan meetings. They’d done so much research and made so much noise that ultimately, the city asked them to submit a plan of their own for the south end of the lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And so we did,” said Schiff. “And even though we didn’t have any money or source of funding, we cobbled together a proposal which was to narrow 12th Street to six lanes and put in a park.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CALM member James Vann was one of the architects who worked on the proposal. “CALM felt that that end of the lake could become a destination if we figured out how to address circulation problems and created areas where people could congregate,” said Vann.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After dozens of brainstorming and outreach meetings, CALM came up with a proposal which had the community’s endorsement. “We also put pressure on the city because this was public land and it could not just be given away for private use. There had to be an open and competitive process,” said Vann.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their proposal was approved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sometimes you feel like you’re David and Goliath and you’re going to lose but somehow, we didn’t lose,” Schiff said. “Ultimately, it was a good thing that the cathedral people came up with this crazy idea because it galvanized all this creative thinking. And it worked”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/LakeMerritt_1004_Kaiser-CC-and-demo_scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>The Kaiser Convention Center and 12th Street demolition at Lake Merritt (credit: Amy Miller)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frustrated by years of meetings and plans designed to address the problems at Lake Merritt with few results, Oakland City councilman Danny Wan and his successor, councilwoman Pat Kernighan and others got behind the citizen’s group proposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They all convinced Oakland to put a $198 million bond measure on the ballot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Work Begins, Then Stops\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Measure DD passed in 2002, it took the city two years to complete the designs and coordinate logistics. Actual restoration work on Lake Merritt finally started in 2004.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the first jobs was to address the lake’s water quality, which “is better now than it has been, especially if you go way back to 120 years ago when the raw sewage came in,” said Richard Bailey, executive director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.lakemerrittinstitute.org/\">Lake Merritt Institute\u003c/a>, a non-profit organization contracted by the city to remove floating trash from the lake several times a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the lake is listed as “impaired” under the federal \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/lawsregs/laws/cwa.html\">Clean Water Act\u003c/a> for trash and low oxygen levels, Bailey said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We also have high bacteria levels but we’re not listed for that,” added Bailey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are 62 storm drain outfalls that flow directly into Lake Merritt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The biggest problem with the lake is not litter, it’s not oxygen, its ignorance,” Bailey said. “People don’t realize that storm drains go directly to public water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bailey and his group of volunteers remove between 1,000 and 5,000 pounds of trash from the lake per month, depending on the season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/LakeMerritt_3401_Bailey_scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Richard Bailey of the Lake Merritt Institute removes all kinds of trash from the lake (credit: Josh Cassidy)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To address the trash problem in the lake, Measure DD has funded the construction of four trash collection units on large storm drain lines to intercept and capture floatable debris and sediment before it gets to the lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In another project to improve the lake’s water quality, the Lake Merritt Institute installed three aeration fountains and Measure DD funds repaired one existing fountain around the lake to help reduce the stagnant water in some places. But each of the fountains only treats one acre of water. Lake Merritt covers 140 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planners are hopeful that the lack of dissolved oxygen in the lake will be alleviated after the completion of another key feature of the project: $27 million to improve the Lake Merritt Channel. Construction will involve removal of the culverts at 12th and 10th Streets that have restricted access for people and water between the lake and the channel for more than 100 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The volume of water exchanged at every tide will be double what it is now,” Peter said. “We’re also creating a new tidal marsh by taking out some of the filled land and grading it very carefully down to the sea level and putting in tidal marsh plants to reestablish some of that original habitat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New pedestrian and bike trails will be built to pass beneath a new bridge on 10th Street to connect the 12th Street area with the Channel Park to the west. Funds will also go toward improving Channel Park, which teems with birds and fish yet, is virtually unused because of lack of access from Lake Merritt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Work on the Lake Merritt channel improvements is scheduled to start early next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After getting off to what was perceived by many as a slow start, most of the restoration work around the lake has been moving along as scheduled. But in 2006, parts of the project hit a temporary road block when a group of residents called, “Friends of the Lake,” filed a lawsuit to prevent the city from cutting down dozens of trees around the lake to accommodate the new construction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In late 2007, after an environmental review determined that the trees could be removed without negatively impacting the ecosystem, the lawsuit was dismissed and work resumed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Budget issues were also responsible for some delays. At a cost of nearly $54 million, the 12th Street project is by far the most expensive part of the plan. When it was originally bid out in 2005, the construction industry in the Bay Area was booming. The city only received one bid, said Peter, and it was significantly over budget. They had to find another way to raise more money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took a couple of years for Peter to make up a funding shortfall with matching grants from agencies such as the Federal Highway Bridge Program and the California Coastal Conservancy. During that time, the recession was hitting and construction bids became much more competitive. Peter had his choice of seven bids, all well within the original budget for the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had the incredible fortune that Measure DD passed when people were really flush and now we’re spending it when construction costs are low,” said Schiff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 12th Street project broke ground on May 6, 2010. It will transform south end of the lake by reconfiguring what was a dangerous and inaccessible 12-lane expressway at the edge of a lake into a 6-lane, tree-lined boulevard with signalized intersections and crosswalks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The redesign will also create new parkland at the edge of the lake and remove unsafe and unsightly tunnels which have been locked and gated by the city since the early 1990’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The work on 12th Street will also establish direct pedestrian, bicycle and boat access from Lake Merritt to Channel Park -- setting the stage for what will one day be a direct route from the lake all the way out to the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lake Merritt’s Road Diet\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the Measure DD projects already have been completed. A major part of the renovation involved reducing 4-lane roadways around the lake to two lanes, putting the lake’s major thoroughfares on what is in essence a “road diet” by reducing the number of traffic lanes in order to improve traffic flow. The concept is counterintuitive, planners say, but after running computer simulations of all the traffic around the lake, they figured out how to make it work with better-designed systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of the affected roadways are Lakeshore Avenue along the southwest side and Lakeside Drive on the southeast. Lakeshore was once a high-speed commute route. By November 2009, it had been reduced to two lanes and bicycle lanes were added in each direction. Better pedestrian crossings, and a 2-way left turn lane in the middle keeps the traffic flowing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/LakeMerritt_3966_Lakeshore-Diet_scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Lakeshore Avenue after going on a \"road diet\"; Bioswale within the median island (credit: Josh Cassidy)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the historic buildings and structures around the lake already have received major upgrades with Measure DD funds. The Municipal Boathouse was completely renovated to LEED Gold certification, a top green building standard. It now houses the Lake Chalet restaurant on the top floor and public boating facilities on the bottom level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, crews rebuilt the East 18th Street Pier and renovated the Pergola and Colonnade, a scenic row of roofed columns built in 1913 that mark the end of the eastern arm of the lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lake Merritt’s beloved \u003ca href=\"http://www.fairyland.org/\">Children’s Fairyland\u003c/a> received $3.1 million to build a new Children’s Theater and an addition to the Puppet Theater, which holds the distinction of being the oldest professional puppet theater in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And at several points around the lake, storm drain outlets were redirected so that water from the paved surfaces runs through a bioswale: a gently sloping trough of tall grasses, filtering the runoff through their root structures and a special permeable soil before it goes into the lake. Trails and bike paths also have been widened and repaved with long-lasting, sustainable materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pride But Concern About Upkeep\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent sunny August afternoon, Melissa McDonald and Serena Speth, both from Oakland, were sitting on the lake’s edge with their toddlers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s fantastic, I love it!” McDonald said. “The pathways and the landscaping are so much better and it’s cleaned up a lot. It’s easier to convince people who don’t live in Oakland to come to the lake now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Retired Oakland natives Joseph Hardy and Anthony Lefall walk around the lake every day together from 8AM to noon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everybody’s talking about it and it’s all positive from the citizens that frequent the lake, the taxpayers,” said Lefall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Oakland natives Joseph Hardy (left) and Anthony Lefall walk around Lake Merritt every morning (credit: Amy Miller)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But both said they are concerned about what might happen in the years ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After they do all this remodeling, it’s the upkeep,” said Hardy. “These potholes, the birds using the bathroom all over the grass where you can’t lay and enjoy it. This graffiti, if you look all these containers all over the place. Why can’t they have someone maintain it? Maintenance, that’s what we’re concerned about. Maintenance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Naomi Schiff echoes their concerns. As part of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterfrontaction.org/dd/\">Measure DD Community Coalition\u003c/a>, CALM’s next task is to try to find the funding to ensure that Lake Merritt continues to thrive and shine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I see that as the big challenge,” she said. “And the drawback is that we’re going to have to find money and there is never any government money for non-capital improvements.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, Measure DD will be a big win for Lake Merritt and the passionate residents who call it their own. Architect James Vann said he is looking forward to Lake Merritt finally living up to its potential.\u003cbr>\n“With the expanded new pedestrian facilities, family facilities that are coming online that it will become truly the gem of Oakland, Oakland’s jewel and we’ll see many more uses than are there today. That’s my hope.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&t=h&hl=en&msa=0&ll=37.802226,-122.255627&spn=0.016635,0.011944&iwloc=00048e32b2c8b5159c977&msid=101264540408436850398.00048dbdad6d124062f22&output=embed\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\nView \u003ca href=\"http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&t=h&hl=en&msa=0&ll=37.802226,-122.255627&spn=0.016635,0.011944&iwloc=00048e32b2c8b5159c977&msid=101264540408436850398.00048dbdad6d124062f22&source=embed\">\u003cstrong>Lake Merritt\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> in a larger map\u003cbr>\nGoogle Map produced by Josh Cassidy\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.80363553885589 -122.25869178771973\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/7406/polishing-oaklands-crown-jewel-lake-merritt-reborn","authors":["209"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_8","quest_9","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_549","quest_576","quest_685","quest_13198","quest_1009","quest_3351","quest_1583","quest_1601","quest_1602","quest_1777","quest_13203","quest_2024","quest_2126","quest_2257","quest_2539"],"label":"quest"},"quest_4173":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_4173","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"4173","score":null,"sort":[1257536363000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"oakland-teachers-scope-out-what-galileo-saw","title":"Oakland Teachers Scope Out What Galileo Saw","publishDate":1257536363,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/11/galileoscopeworkshop.jpg\">\u003cem>Oakland Unified teachers assembling Galileoscopes at Chabot\u003c/em>\u003c/span>What was it like for Galileo, the first time he put an eye to his telescope to see things in the heavens as never before seen? As anyone who has seen a planet or a star cluster or a nebula—or the Moon—through even a small telescope knows, the sight can be quite breathtaking. For Galileo, it must have been a universe-changing experience….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through a generous donation by a concerned citizen (concerned that kids today aren't seeing enough of the sky), Chabot just completed a pair of workshops for Oakland teachers that places in their capable hands and in their classrooms \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.galileoscope.org/gs/\">Galileoscopes\u003c/a>\"—special telescopes designed and manufactured for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.astronomy2009.org/\">2009 International Year of Astronomy\u003c/a>. The Galileoscope is a low cost, simple, but good-quality telescope designed to simulate the power and field of view of \u003ca href=\"http://amazing-space.stsci.edu/resources/explorations/groundup/lesson/eras/galileo/index.php\">Galileo's original telescope\u003c/a>, which opened up the universe in such a profound way. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In September and October, a total of 23 Oakland teachers received training, activities, and one Galileoscope each (plus tripod), enabling them to share the experience with their students and, hopefully, spark their imagination and curiosity about the world around us in a way that nothing but astronomy does. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A look through a telescope—any telescope, big or small—does put a spark in the eye and the imagination. At least, that was my experience. Growing up in Oakland back in the 60's, I didn't have access to any small telescopes, but Chabot Observatory was only a couple miles away, and my family often went up on a weekend night for a classroom demo, a planetarium show, and thoroughly enjoyable viewing through the two antique telescopes, \u003ca href=\"http://chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/default.asp\">Leah and Rachel\u003c/a>. Something about the actual light from Saturn or Jupiter or a distant galaxy tickling the receptors in your retina places you out there—or puts those objects directly into your brain. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Oakland teachers now armed with their Galileoscopes will use these simple but effective tools to show their students the difference between seeing Saturn as a spot of light and Saturn as a disk with \"ears\" (the appearance of its rings through a Galileoscope), or the difference between Jupiter as a brighter spot of light and Jupiter as a world with a giant storm in its clouds and four smaller \"worlds\" (moons) in orbit around it, or the difference between the Moon as a disk with light and dark areas that make interesting shapes in our imaginations and the Moon with mountain ranges, vast plains, thousands upon thousands of craters, and shadows stretching across the landscape. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the way, Galileoscopes \u003ca href=\"https://www.galileoscope.org/gs/products\">can still be ordered\u003c/a>, through the Galileoscope website, for a short time still, in case you're interested in getting your toe into the door of a much bigger universe….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Oakland teachers receive Galileoscopes, enabling them to share with their students the Universe as Galileo first saw it.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371077930,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":9,"wordCount":483},"headData":{"title":"Oakland Teachers Scope Out What Galileo Saw | KQED","description":"Oakland teachers receive Galileoscopes, enabling them to share with their students the Universe as Galileo first saw it.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"4173 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=4173","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/11/06/oakland-teachers-scope-out-what-galileo-saw/","disqusTitle":"Oakland Teachers Scope Out What Galileo Saw","path":"/quest/4173/oakland-teachers-scope-out-what-galileo-saw","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/11/galileoscopeworkshop.jpg\">\u003cem>Oakland Unified teachers assembling Galileoscopes at Chabot\u003c/em>\u003c/span>What was it like for Galileo, the first time he put an eye to his telescope to see things in the heavens as never before seen? As anyone who has seen a planet or a star cluster or a nebula—or the Moon—through even a small telescope knows, the sight can be quite breathtaking. For Galileo, it must have been a universe-changing experience….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through a generous donation by a concerned citizen (concerned that kids today aren't seeing enough of the sky), Chabot just completed a pair of workshops for Oakland teachers that places in their capable hands and in their classrooms \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.galileoscope.org/gs/\">Galileoscopes\u003c/a>\"—special telescopes designed and manufactured for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.astronomy2009.org/\">2009 International Year of Astronomy\u003c/a>. The Galileoscope is a low cost, simple, but good-quality telescope designed to simulate the power and field of view of \u003ca href=\"http://amazing-space.stsci.edu/resources/explorations/groundup/lesson/eras/galileo/index.php\">Galileo's original telescope\u003c/a>, which opened up the universe in such a profound way. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In September and October, a total of 23 Oakland teachers received training, activities, and one Galileoscope each (plus tripod), enabling them to share the experience with their students and, hopefully, spark their imagination and curiosity about the world around us in a way that nothing but astronomy does. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A look through a telescope—any telescope, big or small—does put a spark in the eye and the imagination. At least, that was my experience. Growing up in Oakland back in the 60's, I didn't have access to any small telescopes, but Chabot Observatory was only a couple miles away, and my family often went up on a weekend night for a classroom demo, a planetarium show, and thoroughly enjoyable viewing through the two antique telescopes, \u003ca href=\"http://chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/default.asp\">Leah and Rachel\u003c/a>. Something about the actual light from Saturn or Jupiter or a distant galaxy tickling the receptors in your retina places you out there—or puts those objects directly into your brain. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Oakland teachers now armed with their Galileoscopes will use these simple but effective tools to show their students the difference between seeing Saturn as a spot of light and Saturn as a disk with \"ears\" (the appearance of its rings through a Galileoscope), or the difference between Jupiter as a brighter spot of light and Jupiter as a world with a giant storm in its clouds and four smaller \"worlds\" (moons) in orbit around it, or the difference between the Moon as a disk with light and dark areas that make interesting shapes in our imaginations and the Moon with mountain ranges, vast plains, thousands upon thousands of craters, and shadows stretching across the landscape. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the way, Galileoscopes \u003ca href=\"https://www.galileoscope.org/gs/products\">can still be ordered\u003c/a>, through the Galileoscope website, for a short time still, in case you're interested in getting your toe into the door of a much bigger universe….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/4173/oakland-teachers-scope-out-what-galileo-saw","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_13192","quest_1164","quest_1165","quest_1481","quest_2024","quest_2876"],"label":"quest"},"quest_2942":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_2942","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"2942","score":null,"sort":[1247155204000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"bay-bridge-rising","title":"Bay Bridge Rising","publishDate":1247155204,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/06/proposedsanfranciscobaybridge2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem> Sketch drawing of the proposed San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge (1913) from Overland Monthly, April 1913.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Bridge will be closed from September 3rd at 8:00 p.m. until the 8th at 5:00 a.m. During these 105 hours, Caltrans will perform an \"essential and unprecedented construction feat.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out there was a lot I didn't know about the Bay Bridge. Its official name, for example is not the Bay Bridge. It's \"The James 'Sunny Jim' Rolph Bridge,\" after the California Governor who died in 1934, two years before the bridge opened (The Golden Gate Bridge opened 6 months later). Around 280,000 vehicles traverse the bridge every day—nearly $7 in bridge tolls per second; The Yerba Buena Tunnel that connects the eastern and western segments is the world's largest diameter bore tunnel; Much of the eastern span is supported by old growth Douglas Firs, driven into firm mud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As construction grows increasingly noticeable, the new eastern section rising out of the bay, more people are wondering: How will it attach? What happens to the old bridge? What's with the retrofit of the western suspension? And what is this unprecedented feat of construction happening over Labor Day weekend?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The construction website, \u003ca href=\"http://baybridge360.org\">baybridge360\u003c/a>, just received a Webby award in the Government category, and is worth a visit. Videos and slide shows are overlaid on a satellite image of the bay and provide answers to these and other engineering questions. There's a bit of \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy_McClure\">Troy McClure\u003c/a> style narration, epic synthesizer for the construction scenes, and techno pop for the fast-forward time lapse photography. At one point, the “Governator” dons a pair of terminator sunglasses for a ceremonial blowtorching.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new site may be sleek, but some of the most interesting information is buried in the old stalwart: \u003ca href=\"http://baybridgeinfo.org\">baybridgeinfo.org\u003c/a>. The western span's retrofitting, completed in 2004, added some 17 million pounds of structural steel, and included new rollers between the roadway and the bridge supports. The new eastern segment (slated for rebuilding since a section collapsed in the 1989 Loma-Prieta earthquake) will include the world's longest Self-Anchored Suspension (SAS) bridge, connected to a pier-supported \"Skyway\" (elevated roadway over a mile of mudflats), sloping down to the \"Oakland Touchdown.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2,047-foot asymmetric SAS will be supported by a single steel tower, embedded in rock, rising 525 feet above sea level. While most suspension bridges use a pair of cables, the new SAS employs a single cable, anchored on the east side, wrapped over and around the tower, and down to the west. The Skyway is supported by a set of steel pipes, driven 300 feet into deep bay mud by a massive hydraulic hammer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amidst the construction clamor, considerable attention is afforded to local wildlife. Dense columns of air bubbles helped dissipate shockwaves from the hammering to ease construction-related stress on local fish. For the birds, platforms under the new east span provide cormorant nesting habitat, and the crew is building a 500 square-foot island for the pleasure of the snowy egret and ruddy turnstone. And at the Oakland touchdown, a turbidity-controlling curtain was installed to protect eelgrass, which in turn serves as a filter, improving water quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So consider all this next time you lament the $4 bridge toll. The original 1936 toll, collected in both directions, works out to over $20 in 2009 dollars. The bridge is scheduled for completion in late 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.804556 -122.3711\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Bay Bridge construction and engineering brought to life by the award winning website baybridge360.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1247155204,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":592},"headData":{"title":"Bay Bridge Rising | KQED","description":"Bay Bridge construction and engineering brought to life by the award winning website baybridge360.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"2942 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=2942","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/07/09/bay-bridge-rising/","disqusTitle":"Bay Bridge Rising","path":"/quest/2942/bay-bridge-rising","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/06/proposedsanfranciscobaybridge2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem> Sketch drawing of the proposed San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge (1913) from Overland Monthly, April 1913.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Bridge will be closed from September 3rd at 8:00 p.m. until the 8th at 5:00 a.m. During these 105 hours, Caltrans will perform an \"essential and unprecedented construction feat.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out there was a lot I didn't know about the Bay Bridge. Its official name, for example is not the Bay Bridge. It's \"The James 'Sunny Jim' Rolph Bridge,\" after the California Governor who died in 1934, two years before the bridge opened (The Golden Gate Bridge opened 6 months later). Around 280,000 vehicles traverse the bridge every day—nearly $7 in bridge tolls per second; The Yerba Buena Tunnel that connects the eastern and western segments is the world's largest diameter bore tunnel; Much of the eastern span is supported by old growth Douglas Firs, driven into firm mud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As construction grows increasingly noticeable, the new eastern section rising out of the bay, more people are wondering: How will it attach? What happens to the old bridge? What's with the retrofit of the western suspension? And what is this unprecedented feat of construction happening over Labor Day weekend?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The construction website, \u003ca href=\"http://baybridge360.org\">baybridge360\u003c/a>, just received a Webby award in the Government category, and is worth a visit. Videos and slide shows are overlaid on a satellite image of the bay and provide answers to these and other engineering questions. There's a bit of \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy_McClure\">Troy McClure\u003c/a> style narration, epic synthesizer for the construction scenes, and techno pop for the fast-forward time lapse photography. At one point, the “Governator” dons a pair of terminator sunglasses for a ceremonial blowtorching.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new site may be sleek, but some of the most interesting information is buried in the old stalwart: \u003ca href=\"http://baybridgeinfo.org\">baybridgeinfo.org\u003c/a>. The western span's retrofitting, completed in 2004, added some 17 million pounds of structural steel, and included new rollers between the roadway and the bridge supports. The new eastern segment (slated for rebuilding since a section collapsed in the 1989 Loma-Prieta earthquake) will include the world's longest Self-Anchored Suspension (SAS) bridge, connected to a pier-supported \"Skyway\" (elevated roadway over a mile of mudflats), sloping down to the \"Oakland Touchdown.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2,047-foot asymmetric SAS will be supported by a single steel tower, embedded in rock, rising 525 feet above sea level. While most suspension bridges use a pair of cables, the new SAS employs a single cable, anchored on the east side, wrapped over and around the tower, and down to the west. The Skyway is supported by a set of steel pipes, driven 300 feet into deep bay mud by a massive hydraulic hammer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amidst the construction clamor, considerable attention is afforded to local wildlife. Dense columns of air bubbles helped dissipate shockwaves from the hammering to ease construction-related stress on local fish. For the birds, platforms under the new east span provide cormorant nesting habitat, and the crew is building a 500 square-foot island for the pleasure of the snowy egret and ruddy turnstone. And at the Oakland touchdown, a turbidity-controlling curtain was installed to protect eelgrass, which in turn serves as a filter, improving water quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So consider all this next time you lament the $4 bridge toll. The original 1936 toll, collected in both directions, works out to over $20 in 2009 dollars. The bridge is scheduled for completion in late 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.804556 -122.3711\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/2942/bay-bridge-rising","authors":["10207"],"categories":["quest_8"],"tags":["quest_285","quest_287","quest_685","quest_13197","quest_1374","quest_2024","quest_2486"],"label":"quest"},"quest_2679":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_2679","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"2679","score":null,"sort":[1244064355000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"holistic-help-for-hornbills","title":"Holistic Help for Hornbills","publishDate":1244064355,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/06/mrs-hornbill-in-nest.jpg\">\u003cem>Ain't love grand? Once courtship and mating are over, the female hornbill finds a tree hollow and seals herself in with dung, fruit and pellets of mud. \u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I love our hornbills. Situated in the Rainforest section of the Zoo, between our gibbons and our chimps, they are often overlooked, yet I find them fascinating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The female has the bright blue gular pouch (an expandable throat sac, used for short-term storage of food) and the male has the pale yellow version. Like all hornbills, they have a distinctively large and down-turned beak. These Malayan Wreathed Hornbills are one of the 54 species found in Asia and Africa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their dramatic nesting ritual is what makes them so interesting. Once courtship and mating are over, the female finds a tree hollow and seals herself in with dung, fruit and pellets of mud. The male gathers the pellets from the forest floor and swallows them, later regurgitating small saliva-cased building materials. He then gives them to the female who stays inside the nest leaving a slit for a window big enough to receive food and materials. For the next 6-8 weeks the male feeds the female through this opening. She does not emerge until she has molted and re-grown fresh feathers and her young has grown and become feathered, as well. Then, both mother and child knock down the wall and appear on the scene, happy and healthy. Last year the public was enthralled, as our hornbills participated in this ritual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The zoo is concerned with the status of hornbills in the wild, and since 2004, the Oakland Zoo Conservation Fund has worked with a fantastic program coordinated by the Hornbill Research Foundation. Besides collecting data, the foundation has launched a Hornbill Nest Adoption Program, which works to foster conservation of these beautiful birds. Illegal logging and the poaching of young birds for the pet trade are the key issues facing hornbills. The Nest Adoption Program employs local people to look after the hornbills in their nests and collect scientific data about them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you adopt a nest, you get a wonderful pamphlet of information about the hornbill, a map of the location of your particular nest, a profile of your guard and, my favorite, a break down of what food the male brought to the female (2 figs, .3 millipedes, 1 lizard).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer, eighteen Oakland Zoo teens and staff will embark on a journey to visit Thailand and will spend a day at \u003ca href=\"http://www.dnp.go.th/parkreserve/asp/style1/default.asp?npid=9&lg=2\">Khao Yai National Park\u003c/a> with the intention hope to spot birds, nests and learn first hand about the project. They will also visit with the Young Bird Conservation Club, which creates Hornbill art to sell to zoos for their Conservation Projects. To prepare for their trip, these inspired have been attending workshops and raising funds to adopt two nests of their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back at the zoo, the summer will be filled with more hornbill conservation action as ZooCamp 2009 has adopted the species as their official summer animal. With a hornbill on the front of their t-shirt and the Hornbill Research Foundation logo on the back, all campers will be learning about this animal and the project that supports them. Each camper has also contributed a bit of their camp fee into the program and will surely leave camp with the contribution of knowledge and compassion for these incredible birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Come by and visit our hornbills, join us this summer at \u003ca href=\"http://www.oaklandzoo.org/education-programs/zoocamp\">ZooCamp\u003c/a> ,or adopt a nest yourself (\u003ca href=\"http://www.zoo.org/conservation/hornbill.html\">http://www.zoo.org/conservation/hornbill.html\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7772 -122.166595\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"They're handsome, they're huge, they mate for life and they are endangered.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1309998255,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":601},"headData":{"title":"Holistic Help for Hornbills | KQED","description":"They're handsome, they're huge, they mate for life and they are endangered.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"2679 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=2679","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/06/03/holistic-help-for-hornbills/","disqusTitle":"Holistic Help for Hornbills","path":"/quest/2679/holistic-help-for-hornbills","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/06/mrs-hornbill-in-nest.jpg\">\u003cem>Ain't love grand? Once courtship and mating are over, the female hornbill finds a tree hollow and seals herself in with dung, fruit and pellets of mud. \u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I love our hornbills. Situated in the Rainforest section of the Zoo, between our gibbons and our chimps, they are often overlooked, yet I find them fascinating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The female has the bright blue gular pouch (an expandable throat sac, used for short-term storage of food) and the male has the pale yellow version. Like all hornbills, they have a distinctively large and down-turned beak. These Malayan Wreathed Hornbills are one of the 54 species found in Asia and Africa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their dramatic nesting ritual is what makes them so interesting. Once courtship and mating are over, the female finds a tree hollow and seals herself in with dung, fruit and pellets of mud. The male gathers the pellets from the forest floor and swallows them, later regurgitating small saliva-cased building materials. He then gives them to the female who stays inside the nest leaving a slit for a window big enough to receive food and materials. For the next 6-8 weeks the male feeds the female through this opening. She does not emerge until she has molted and re-grown fresh feathers and her young has grown and become feathered, as well. Then, both mother and child knock down the wall and appear on the scene, happy and healthy. Last year the public was enthralled, as our hornbills participated in this ritual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The zoo is concerned with the status of hornbills in the wild, and since 2004, the Oakland Zoo Conservation Fund has worked with a fantastic program coordinated by the Hornbill Research Foundation. Besides collecting data, the foundation has launched a Hornbill Nest Adoption Program, which works to foster conservation of these beautiful birds. Illegal logging and the poaching of young birds for the pet trade are the key issues facing hornbills. The Nest Adoption Program employs local people to look after the hornbills in their nests and collect scientific data about them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you adopt a nest, you get a wonderful pamphlet of information about the hornbill, a map of the location of your particular nest, a profile of your guard and, my favorite, a break down of what food the male brought to the female (2 figs, .3 millipedes, 1 lizard).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer, eighteen Oakland Zoo teens and staff will embark on a journey to visit Thailand and will spend a day at \u003ca href=\"http://www.dnp.go.th/parkreserve/asp/style1/default.asp?npid=9&lg=2\">Khao Yai National Park\u003c/a> with the intention hope to spot birds, nests and learn first hand about the project. They will also visit with the Young Bird Conservation Club, which creates Hornbill art to sell to zoos for their Conservation Projects. To prepare for their trip, these inspired have been attending workshops and raising funds to adopt two nests of their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back at the zoo, the summer will be filled with more hornbill conservation action as ZooCamp 2009 has adopted the species as their official summer animal. With a hornbill on the front of their t-shirt and the Hornbill Research Foundation logo on the back, all campers will be learning about this animal and the project that supports them. Each camper has also contributed a bit of their camp fee into the program and will surely leave camp with the contribution of knowledge and compassion for these incredible birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Come by and visit our hornbills, join us this summer at \u003ca href=\"http://www.oaklandzoo.org/education-programs/zoocamp\">ZooCamp\u003c/a> ,or adopt a nest yourself (\u003ca href=\"http://www.zoo.org/conservation/hornbill.html\">http://www.zoo.org/conservation/hornbill.html\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7772 -122.166595\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/2679/holistic-help-for-hornbills","authors":["10178"],"categories":["quest_9"],"tags":["quest_77","quest_171","quest_340","quest_684","quest_1282","quest_1392","quest_1724","quest_2024"],"label":"quest"},"quest_983":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_983","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"983","score":null,"sort":[1229731051000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"snows-of-the-solar-system","title":"Snows of the Solar System","publishDate":1229731051,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/12/snow_domes.jpg\">\u003cem>Terrestrial snow at Chabot on December 16, 2008\u003cbr>\nPhoto by Craig Coryell\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Driving to work today, I was amused to notice that the raindrops falling on my windshield were a bit grainy--and getting more so the higher up the hill I drove. I starting to think, is it starting to sleet? By the time I reached Chabot--at 1500 feet elevation--the precipitation had turned to bona fide snow!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is quite unusual for the Oakland Hills, of course. In the ten years I've worked here, this is the second, maybe third, dusting I've witnessed. I recall the great freeze of '74, when it actually snowed in Oakland close to sea level---that's the year all the eucalyptus in the hills froze and died. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My mind wandered---pretty far out in space (an occupational hazard at Chabot). I started thinking about all the recent news and discoveries from around the Solar System, my thoughts guided by the fat white flakes drifting down all around the observatory domes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last September, NASA's Mars Phoenix Lander detected \u003ca href=\"http://www.breitbart.com/article.php?id=080930172328.49u1qw9x&show_article=1\">snow falling high in the atmosphere\u003c/a>--about 4 kilometers high. This Martian snow, however, quickly evaporated in Mars' thin, dry air, never reaching the ground. Phoenix used a laser probe to make the detection--so we don't actually have picture to look at!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snows of the Solar System may also fall out of the plumes of \u003ca href=\"http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-cryovolcano.htm\">\"cryovolcanoes\"\u003c/a>--the frigid outer Solar System's version of volcanism (may it live long and prosper). On moons such as Saturn's Enceladus and Neptune's Triton, plumes of material have been detected spouting from fissures and cracks--probably fueled by heat generated by tidal forces from their parent planets. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/12/15/enceladus/\">Enceladus\u003c/a>, the geyser plumes contain water vapor and ice crystals, and are believed to come from subsurface lakes of \"warm\" water (32 degrees Fahrenheit--in other words, ice water… but that's a veritable hot spring, or magma chamber, on a cold moon like Enceladus!). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ice crystals in the geysers' plumes mostly fall back to Enceladus--maybe in a diffuse fall of \"snow\" across the globe? I'm waiting for those pictures…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saturn's large moon Titan is speculated to possibly have a form of \u003ca href=\"http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap050610.html\">cryvolcanism\u003c/a>, though no direct detection has yet been made. Still, any water vapor that might erupt from a Titanian cryovolcano might be expected to fall in a form of snow….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.solarviews.com/eng/triton.htm\">Triton\u003c/a>, much farther from the Sun than Saturn, is even colder than Enceladus. In fact, it's been called the coldest measured surface in the Solar System, at -391 degrees Fahrenheit. Here, nitrogen freezes solid. Triton cryovolcanoes, or geysers, may be partially solar-heated, but tidal heating within Triton is probably dominant. Triton's geysers spout nitrogen gas and dark material, which falls across the landscape in dark streaks and lighter deposits of frozen nitrogen--a form of extreme cryo-snow, to my imagination! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, are you as cold as I am just thinking about it? Time for a cup of cocoa…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Snow is quite unusual for the Oakland Hills. Is snow so unusual for the rest of the solar system?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371079439,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":514},"headData":{"title":"Snows of the Solar System | KQED","description":"Snow is quite unusual for the Oakland Hills. Is snow so unusual for the rest of the solar system?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"983 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=983","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/12/19/snows-of-the-solar-system/","disqusTitle":"Snows of the Solar System","path":"/quest/983/snows-of-the-solar-system","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/12/snow_domes.jpg\">\u003cem>Terrestrial snow at Chabot on December 16, 2008\u003cbr>\nPhoto by Craig Coryell\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Driving to work today, I was amused to notice that the raindrops falling on my windshield were a bit grainy--and getting more so the higher up the hill I drove. I starting to think, is it starting to sleet? By the time I reached Chabot--at 1500 feet elevation--the precipitation had turned to bona fide snow!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is quite unusual for the Oakland Hills, of course. In the ten years I've worked here, this is the second, maybe third, dusting I've witnessed. I recall the great freeze of '74, when it actually snowed in Oakland close to sea level---that's the year all the eucalyptus in the hills froze and died. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My mind wandered---pretty far out in space (an occupational hazard at Chabot). I started thinking about all the recent news and discoveries from around the Solar System, my thoughts guided by the fat white flakes drifting down all around the observatory domes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last September, NASA's Mars Phoenix Lander detected \u003ca href=\"http://www.breitbart.com/article.php?id=080930172328.49u1qw9x&show_article=1\">snow falling high in the atmosphere\u003c/a>--about 4 kilometers high. This Martian snow, however, quickly evaporated in Mars' thin, dry air, never reaching the ground. Phoenix used a laser probe to make the detection--so we don't actually have picture to look at!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snows of the Solar System may also fall out of the plumes of \u003ca href=\"http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-cryovolcano.htm\">\"cryovolcanoes\"\u003c/a>--the frigid outer Solar System's version of volcanism (may it live long and prosper). On moons such as Saturn's Enceladus and Neptune's Triton, plumes of material have been detected spouting from fissures and cracks--probably fueled by heat generated by tidal forces from their parent planets. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/12/15/enceladus/\">Enceladus\u003c/a>, the geyser plumes contain water vapor and ice crystals, and are believed to come from subsurface lakes of \"warm\" water (32 degrees Fahrenheit--in other words, ice water… but that's a veritable hot spring, or magma chamber, on a cold moon like Enceladus!). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ice crystals in the geysers' plumes mostly fall back to Enceladus--maybe in a diffuse fall of \"snow\" across the globe? I'm waiting for those pictures…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saturn's large moon Titan is speculated to possibly have a form of \u003ca href=\"http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap050610.html\">cryvolcanism\u003c/a>, though no direct detection has yet been made. Still, any water vapor that might erupt from a Titanian cryovolcano might be expected to fall in a form of snow….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.solarviews.com/eng/triton.htm\">Triton\u003c/a>, much farther from the Sun than Saturn, is even colder than Enceladus. In fact, it's been called the coldest measured surface in the Solar System, at -391 degrees Fahrenheit. Here, nitrogen freezes solid. Triton cryovolcanoes, or geysers, may be partially solar-heated, but tidal heating within Triton is probably dominant. Triton's geysers spout nitrogen gas and dark material, which falls across the landscape in dark streaks and lighter deposits of frozen nitrogen--a form of extreme cryo-snow, to my imagination! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, are you as cold as I am just thinking about it? Time for a cup of cocoa…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/983/snows-of-the-solar-system","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_6"],"tags":["quest_13192","quest_546","quest_736","quest_975","quest_3351","quest_1751","quest_1755","quest_1918","quest_2024","quest_2349","quest_2682","quest_2998"],"label":"quest"},"quest_616":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_616","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"616","score":null,"sort":[1211770373000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"young-einsteins-found-in-oakland","title":"Young Einsteins found in Oakland","publishDate":1211770373,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/chabot_kids.jpg\">\u003cem>School groups tour the Oakland Schools Science Fair\u003cbr>\nprojects at Chabot. Ben Burress, Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/em>\u003c/span>It's the time of year again that I get a chance to peruse what our scientific-minded youth are thinking on questions of the physical world and universe around us: \u003ca href=\"http://science.ousd.k12.ca.us/sciencefair.htm\">Oakland Unified School District Science Fair\u003c/a>!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-179081293.html\">science projects of students\u003c/a> from a range of schools in Oakland are on display at Chabot Space & Science Center for a couple of days-a long-time tradition I know, because when I was in elementary school (Glenview Elementary in Oakland) I participated in the Science Fair every year and wound up with my First Grade project (\u003cem>Which Straw Works Best\u003c/em>-longer or shorter?) on display at Chabot Observatory on Mountain Blvd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So I went out into our halls to browse the rows of free-standing cardboard displays (all pre-fabbed display boards; in \u003cem>my\u003c/em> day we'd make our own from boxes, staples, and glue!) to see what today's young minds are thinking about science. In particular, I was looking for any that dealt with astronomy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As usual, I saw a range of science topics, presentations styles, decoration, and grade levels. I saw the \u003ca href=\"http://www.all-science-fair-projects.com/\">cadre of \"standard\" science projects\u003c/a> that get done every year (the tabletop volcano, the floating egg, the electric potato, and the like).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I also saw some that I'd not seen before. There was one where the question asked was who has more germs, boys or girls? The experimenter took swab samples from behind the ears and from the hands of the students in her fourth grade class and grew germ cultures, which were all displayed before the presentation board in little plastic Petri dishes. What was the result? Do you want to know? Well, by this experiment at least, the girls won over the boys in having more germs from both sample sites....\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what of the astronomy? In all of the couple hundred project displays, only three of them were astronomy projects. This doesn't surprise me too much, since astronomy is for the most part an observational, not experimental, science and doesn't lend itself to the kinds of things kids like to get their hands into. And of my own elementary school science fair projects, not one of them dealt with astronomy, so I really can't complain!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What were they? One dealt with \u003ca href=\"http://www.harcourtschool.com/activity/moon_phases/\">observations of Moon phases\u003c/a>, asking the question is there a pattern to the way in which the Moon's shape changes from day to day. One asked why do the planets of the Solar System take different periods of time to \u003ca href=\"http://galileoandeinstein.physics.virginia.edu/more_stuff/flashlets/kepler6.htm\">orbit the Sun\u003c/a>, and why do they have different temperatures. Finally, one asked the ultimate Inconvenient Truth sort of question: What would happen to Earth if the Sun suddenly turned off? (That \u003cem>would\u003c/em> be inconvenient!) The answer to that one was, not long, since just about everything we do requires energy derived ultimately from the Sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results of my own observation project, walking down the halls of Chabot and seeing what's up in the minds of our youth, was a happy success: the curiosity and scientific enthusiasm of our budding scientists appears to be alive and well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7631 -122.409\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371080022,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":546},"headData":{"title":"Young Einsteins found in Oakland | KQED","description":"School groups tour the Oakland Schools Science Fair projects at Chabot. Ben Burress, Chabot Space & Science CenterIt's the time of year again that I get a chance to peruse what our scientific-minded youth are thinking on questions of the physical world and universe around us: Oakland Unified School District Science Fair! The science projects","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"616 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2008/05/25/young-einsteins-found-in-oakland/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/05/25/young-einsteins-found-in-oakland/","disqusTitle":"Young Einsteins found in Oakland","path":"/quest/616/young-einsteins-found-in-oakland","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/chabot_kids.jpg\">\u003cem>School groups tour the Oakland Schools Science Fair\u003cbr>\nprojects at Chabot. Ben Burress, Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/em>\u003c/span>It's the time of year again that I get a chance to peruse what our scientific-minded youth are thinking on questions of the physical world and universe around us: \u003ca href=\"http://science.ousd.k12.ca.us/sciencefair.htm\">Oakland Unified School District Science Fair\u003c/a>!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-179081293.html\">science projects of students\u003c/a> from a range of schools in Oakland are on display at Chabot Space & Science Center for a couple of days-a long-time tradition I know, because when I was in elementary school (Glenview Elementary in Oakland) I participated in the Science Fair every year and wound up with my First Grade project (\u003cem>Which Straw Works Best\u003c/em>-longer or shorter?) on display at Chabot Observatory on Mountain Blvd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So I went out into our halls to browse the rows of free-standing cardboard displays (all pre-fabbed display boards; in \u003cem>my\u003c/em> day we'd make our own from boxes, staples, and glue!) to see what today's young minds are thinking about science. In particular, I was looking for any that dealt with astronomy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As usual, I saw a range of science topics, presentations styles, decoration, and grade levels. I saw the \u003ca href=\"http://www.all-science-fair-projects.com/\">cadre of \"standard\" science projects\u003c/a> that get done every year (the tabletop volcano, the floating egg, the electric potato, and the like).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I also saw some that I'd not seen before. There was one where the question asked was who has more germs, boys or girls? The experimenter took swab samples from behind the ears and from the hands of the students in her fourth grade class and grew germ cultures, which were all displayed before the presentation board in little plastic Petri dishes. What was the result? Do you want to know? Well, by this experiment at least, the girls won over the boys in having more germs from both sample sites....\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what of the astronomy? In all of the couple hundred project displays, only three of them were astronomy projects. This doesn't surprise me too much, since astronomy is for the most part an observational, not experimental, science and doesn't lend itself to the kinds of things kids like to get their hands into. And of my own elementary school science fair projects, not one of them dealt with astronomy, so I really can't complain!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What were they? One dealt with \u003ca href=\"http://www.harcourtschool.com/activity/moon_phases/\">observations of Moon phases\u003c/a>, asking the question is there a pattern to the way in which the Moon's shape changes from day to day. One asked why do the planets of the Solar System take different periods of time to \u003ca href=\"http://galileoandeinstein.physics.virginia.edu/more_stuff/flashlets/kepler6.htm\">orbit the Sun\u003c/a>, and why do they have different temperatures. Finally, one asked the ultimate Inconvenient Truth sort of question: What would happen to Earth if the Sun suddenly turned off? (That \u003cem>would\u003c/em> be inconvenient!) The answer to that one was, not long, since just about everything we do requires energy derived ultimately from the Sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results of my own observation project, walking down the halls of Chabot and seeing what's up in the minds of our youth, was a happy success: the curiosity and scientific enthusiasm of our budding scientists appears to be alive and well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7631 -122.409\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/616/young-einsteins-found-in-oakland","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_16"],"tags":["quest_13192","quest_543","quest_3351","quest_2024","quest_2349","quest_2528","quest_2530","quest_2535"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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