Claims of Advocates: The Benefits of Hydraulic Fracturing
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Energy and a Sustainable Future
After the Frack
Recycling Dirt: A New Niche in the Fracking Industry
Side Trips from Interstate 5: Kettleman Hills
Fracking in Urban Oilfields: A New Study Sparks More Debate
Sponsored
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When she’s not anchoring WCPN’s evening newscast, Michelle is canvassing the state, reporting on Ohio’s burgeoning natural gas industry.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/21e6f33bc311dba649dee0181bc8411a?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Michelle Kanu | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/21e6f33bc311dba649dee0181bc8411a?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/21e6f33bc311dba649dee0181bc8411a?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/mkanu"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_64950":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_64950","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"64950","score":null,"sort":[1387556149000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-were-fossil-fuels-formed-part-1-of-5","title":"How Were Fossil Fuels Formed?","publishDate":1387556149,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>This slideshow was produced by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/gviebranz/\">George Vibranz \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/anneglausser/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Anne Glausser\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shale gas is a fossil fuel that formed millions of years ago. Different kinds of fossil fuels -- coals, oils, and natural gases -- formed as dead plants and animals decayed. Scientists refer to such remains as “organic matter.” The element carbon is the foundation for organic matter on Earth. That means that countless carbon-based molecules remain buried far below Earth’s surface. Many of the carbon compounds are combustible -- they can be used to release heat energy to produce electricity; power cars, planes, or trains; or keep your house warm on a cold evening. But once we use them we can’t reuse them. We call them non-renewable natural resources. In this activity you will learn more about how one fossil fuel -- shale gas -- formed thousands of feet beneath certain parts of the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This narrated slide show is part of our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/challenges-of-non-renewable-energy/\">\u003cstrong>Challenges of Non-Renewable Energy\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> series\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pre-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What do you already know about fossil fuels?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Which types of fossil energy do you think people rely on the most?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How many years do you think Earth’s fossil energy supplies will last: 100? 500? Forever? How could you gather information to answer a question like this?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Focus Questions for Viewing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How did shale form over time?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What caused natural gas (shale gas) to form?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Why are scientists and engineers interested in the Marcellus Shale formation?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What are some of the challenges involved in obtaining trapped shale gas?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Post-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Scientists say that nearly all of the energy on Earth comes from the sun. How do you think the sun contributed to the development of Earth’s fossil fuels?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Why is there interest in finding new sources of energy within the United States?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What daily activities of yours connect you to the use of and need for fossil fuels?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Extension Activity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Conduct research to find shale gas deposits that have been discovered near your state. Use various sources to determine an estimate of all the shale gas that lies within the current “shale plays.” Compare the formation and location of coal and petroleum to that of shale. Look for similarities and differences among the three fossil fuels and predict why this may be. Develop an explanation for how different types of fossil energy occur in different places.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Links to Learn More\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/Portals/10/pdf/HandsOn/HandsOn08.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Make a Geologic Timeline\u003c/a> , Ohio Department of Natural Resources: Geologic time is very difficult to think about in terms of a human lifetime. This activity will help you to understand how long ago the resources we use today were formed.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cetconnect.org/ohiorocks/resources/docs/GeologicHistoryofOhio.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ohio “Geofacts” – Millions of Years in the Making\u003c/a>, Ohio Department of Natural Resources: See how Earth's crust near Ohio formed over a span of hundreds of millions of years.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/portals/10/pdf/stratcol.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">See How Geologists Have Mapped the Earth’s Crust in Ohio\u003c/a>, Ohio Department of Natural Resources: In order to find fossil fuels, geologists create maps that show the different layers of deposition within Earth's crust. This map gives you a sense of the composition and depth of the Ohio bedrock.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.scotese.com/earth.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">See How the Continents Formed and Moved Over Time\u003c/a> , C.R. Scotese, PALEOMAP Project: Earth's surface has changed dramatically in the past 4.5 billion years. These maps show you the changes over time up to the present day.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.prehistoric-wildlife.com/species/d/dunkleosteus.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Learn About Devonian Life\u003c/a> Prehistoric-Wildlife.com: How much organic plant and animal life existed 400 million years ago? Find out by exploring this history of the Devonian Period.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>NGSS Correlations\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation:\u003c/strong> Develop a model to describe the cycling of Earth's materials and the flow of energy that drives this process. \u003cstrong>MS-ESS2-1\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea:\u003c/strong> All Earth processes are the result of energy flowing and matter cycling within and among the planet's systems. This energy is derived from the sun and Earth's hot interior. The energy that flows and matter that cycles produce chemical and physical changes in Earth's materials and living organisms. \u003cstrong>ESS2.A: Earth's Materials and Systems\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crosscuting Concept:\u003c/strong> Stability and change\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Science and Engineering Practices:\u003c/strong> Constructing explanations and designing solutions\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In this activity you will learn more about how one fossil fuel -- shale gas -- formed thousands of feet beneath certain parts of the United States.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1500328552,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":702},"headData":{"title":"How Were Fossil Fuels Formed? | KQED","description":"In this activity you will learn more about how one fossil fuel -- shale gas -- formed thousands of feet beneath certain parts of the United States.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"How Were Fossil Fuels Formed?","datePublished":"2013-12-20T16:15:49.000Z","dateModified":"2017-07-17T21:55:52.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"64950 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=64950","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/12/20/how-were-fossil-fuels-formed-part-1-of-5/","disqusTitle":"How Were Fossil Fuels Formed?","videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/hnzOEWVAVlk","source":"Geology","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/geology/","path":"/quest/64950/how-were-fossil-fuels-formed-part-1-of-5","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>This slideshow was produced by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/gviebranz/\">George Vibranz \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/anneglausser/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Anne Glausser\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shale gas is a fossil fuel that formed millions of years ago. Different kinds of fossil fuels -- coals, oils, and natural gases -- formed as dead plants and animals decayed. Scientists refer to such remains as “organic matter.” The element carbon is the foundation for organic matter on Earth. That means that countless carbon-based molecules remain buried far below Earth’s surface. Many of the carbon compounds are combustible -- they can be used to release heat energy to produce electricity; power cars, planes, or trains; or keep your house warm on a cold evening. But once we use them we can’t reuse them. We call them non-renewable natural resources. In this activity you will learn more about how one fossil fuel -- shale gas -- formed thousands of feet beneath certain parts of the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This narrated slide show is part of our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/challenges-of-non-renewable-energy/\">\u003cstrong>Challenges of Non-Renewable Energy\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> series\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pre-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What do you already know about fossil fuels?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Which types of fossil energy do you think people rely on the most?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How many years do you think Earth’s fossil energy supplies will last: 100? 500? Forever? How could you gather information to answer a question like this?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Focus Questions for Viewing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How did shale form over time?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What caused natural gas (shale gas) to form?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Why are scientists and engineers interested in the Marcellus Shale formation?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What are some of the challenges involved in obtaining trapped shale gas?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Post-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Scientists say that nearly all of the energy on Earth comes from the sun. How do you think the sun contributed to the development of Earth’s fossil fuels?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Why is there interest in finding new sources of energy within the United States?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What daily activities of yours connect you to the use of and need for fossil fuels?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Extension Activity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Conduct research to find shale gas deposits that have been discovered near your state. Use various sources to determine an estimate of all the shale gas that lies within the current “shale plays.” Compare the formation and location of coal and petroleum to that of shale. Look for similarities and differences among the three fossil fuels and predict why this may be. Develop an explanation for how different types of fossil energy occur in different places.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Links to Learn More\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/Portals/10/pdf/HandsOn/HandsOn08.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Make a Geologic Timeline\u003c/a> , Ohio Department of Natural Resources: Geologic time is very difficult to think about in terms of a human lifetime. This activity will help you to understand how long ago the resources we use today were formed.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cetconnect.org/ohiorocks/resources/docs/GeologicHistoryofOhio.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ohio “Geofacts” – Millions of Years in the Making\u003c/a>, Ohio Department of Natural Resources: See how Earth's crust near Ohio formed over a span of hundreds of millions of years.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/portals/10/pdf/stratcol.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">See How Geologists Have Mapped the Earth’s Crust in Ohio\u003c/a>, Ohio Department of Natural Resources: In order to find fossil fuels, geologists create maps that show the different layers of deposition within Earth's crust. This map gives you a sense of the composition and depth of the Ohio bedrock.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.scotese.com/earth.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">See How the Continents Formed and Moved Over Time\u003c/a> , C.R. Scotese, PALEOMAP Project: Earth's surface has changed dramatically in the past 4.5 billion years. These maps show you the changes over time up to the present day.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.prehistoric-wildlife.com/species/d/dunkleosteus.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Learn About Devonian Life\u003c/a> Prehistoric-Wildlife.com: How much organic plant and animal life existed 400 million years ago? Find out by exploring this history of the Devonian Period.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>NGSS Correlations\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation:\u003c/strong> Develop a model to describe the cycling of Earth's materials and the flow of energy that drives this process. \u003cstrong>MS-ESS2-1\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea:\u003c/strong> All Earth processes are the result of energy flowing and matter cycling within and among the planet's systems. This energy is derived from the sun and Earth's hot interior. The energy that flows and matter that cycles produce chemical and physical changes in Earth's materials and living organisms. \u003cstrong>ESS2.A: Earth's Materials and Systems\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crosscuting Concept:\u003c/strong> Stability and change\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Science and Engineering Practices:\u003c/strong> Constructing explanations and designing solutions\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/64950/how-were-fossil-fuels-formed-part-1-of-5","authors":["10295"],"categories":["quest_11765","quest_9","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_13196","quest_10978","quest_10327","quest_12527","quest_9804","quest_12528","quest_2349","quest_10429"],"collections":["quest_12601","quest_12599"],"featImg":"quest_66856","label":"source_quest_64950"},"quest_64985":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_64985","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"64985","score":null,"sort":[1387556055000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-does-hydraulic-fracturing-work-part-2-of-5","title":"How Does Hydraulic Fracturing Work?","publishDate":1387556055,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":12599,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>[covevideo id=\"http://video.pbs.org/partnerplayer/C19ee2MMs4kN_GgwY5IOMQ==/?autoplay=false&start=0&end=0&chapterbar=false&topbar=true&endscreen=false\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\">\u003cem>This video was excerpted from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/fracking-wastewater/\">After the Frack\u003c/a> by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/maryfecteau/\">Mary Fecteau.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though it has been in use for more than 60 years, hydraulic fracturing is still considered a relatively new drilling technology. Engineering advances such as horizontal boring, perforation, and fracturing have made underground shale gas and oil reserves more accessible than ever before. But in nearly all instances of fracking, well shafts must be bored down through layers of groundwater and underground aquifers, parts of a natural system that allows water to cycle through the lithosphere and hydrosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This video is part of a five-part educational series called \u003cspan style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/challenges-of-non-renewable-energy/\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\">\u003cstrong>Challenges of Non-Renewable Energy\u003c/strong>.\u003c/span> \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pre-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What is meant by the phrase “domestic energy supply”?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What are some of the techniques currently used to obtain energy from coal, oil, or natural gas?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Why can't the same sources of energy be used in all areas of the United States?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Focus Questions for Viewing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What precautions do fracking companies take to ensure that wells protect freshwater supplies and other natural resources?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What other natural resources are needed to fracture shale layers?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What additional materials come to the surface with the brine water and natural gas?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Why might these materials be of concern to people or other organisms?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Post-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What are some of the issues that might need to be addressed after a shale bed is successfully fracked?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What current practice of waste disposal was demonstrated in the video segment?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>This story is incomplete. It tells about the practice of fracking, but not about what happens afterward. List and explain \u003cstrong>one benefit\u003c/strong> and \u003cstrong>one challenge\u003c/strong> that you think occur as a result of fracking.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Extension Activity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Using words, diagrams, or graphic organizers, explain how the story of hydraulic fracturing portrayed in the video demonstrates the disciplinary core idea, \"Humans depend on Earth's land, ocean, atmosphere, and biosphere for many different resources. Minerals, freshwater, and biosphere resources are limited and may not be replaceable.”\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Links to Learn More\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.eia.gov/naturalgas/\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Shale Gas Plays\u003c/a> , U.S. Energy Information Administration: Use the resources from the EIA to see how and where shale gas is used in the United States.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://tinyurl.com/EPAPaper\" target=\"_blank\">The Science Behind Hydraulic Fracturing\u003c/a>, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Learn what the EPA considers to be some of the critical issues around hydraulic fracturing.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://geology.com/articles/horizontal-drilling/\" target=\"_blank\">Advancements In Drilling Technology\u003c/a>, Hobart King, Geology.com: Learn more about the science of horizontal and directional drilling, and how these technologies support EPA recommendations and protect other natural resources.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>NGSS Correlations\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation\u003c/strong>: Develop a model to describe the cycling of Earth’s materials and the flow of energy that drives this process. \u003cstrong>MS-ESS3-1\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea\u003c/strong>: Humans depend on Earth’s land, ocean, atmosphere, and biosphere for many different resources. Minerals, freshwater, and biosphere resources are limited, and many are not renewable or replaceable over human lifetimes. These resources are distributed unevenly around the planet as a result of past geologic processes. \u003cstrong>ESS3.A Natural Resources\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crosscutting Concepts\u003c/strong>: Cause and effect\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Science and Engineering Practices\u003c/strong>: Constructing explanations and designing solutions\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Learn how engineers developed the techniques of hydraulic fracturing.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1450481603,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":540},"headData":{"title":"How Does Hydraulic Fracturing Work? | KQED","description":"Learn how engineers developed the techniques of hydraulic fracturing.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"How Does Hydraulic Fracturing Work?","datePublished":"2013-12-20T16:14:15.000Z","dateModified":"2015-12-18T23:33:23.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"64985 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=64985","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/12/20/how-does-hydraulic-fracturing-work-part-2-of-5/","disqusTitle":"How Does Hydraulic Fracturing Work?","videoEmbed":"http://video.pbs.org/partnerplayer/C19ee2MMs4kN_GgwY5IOMQ==/?autoplay=false&start=0&end=0&chapterbar=false&topbar=true&endscreen=false","path":"/quest/64985/how-does-hydraulic-fracturing-work-part-2-of-5","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>[covevideo id=\"http://video.pbs.org/partnerplayer/C19ee2MMs4kN_GgwY5IOMQ==/?autoplay=false&start=0&end=0&chapterbar=false&topbar=true&endscreen=false\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\">\u003cem>This video was excerpted from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/fracking-wastewater/\">After the Frack\u003c/a> by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/maryfecteau/\">Mary Fecteau.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though it has been in use for more than 60 years, hydraulic fracturing is still considered a relatively new drilling technology. Engineering advances such as horizontal boring, perforation, and fracturing have made underground shale gas and oil reserves more accessible than ever before. But in nearly all instances of fracking, well shafts must be bored down through layers of groundwater and underground aquifers, parts of a natural system that allows water to cycle through the lithosphere and hydrosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This video is part of a five-part educational series called \u003cspan style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/challenges-of-non-renewable-energy/\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\">\u003cstrong>Challenges of Non-Renewable Energy\u003c/strong>.\u003c/span> \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pre-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What is meant by the phrase “domestic energy supply”?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What are some of the techniques currently used to obtain energy from coal, oil, or natural gas?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Why can't the same sources of energy be used in all areas of the United States?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Focus Questions for Viewing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What precautions do fracking companies take to ensure that wells protect freshwater supplies and other natural resources?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What other natural resources are needed to fracture shale layers?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What additional materials come to the surface with the brine water and natural gas?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Why might these materials be of concern to people or other organisms?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Post-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What are some of the issues that might need to be addressed after a shale bed is successfully fracked?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What current practice of waste disposal was demonstrated in the video segment?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>This story is incomplete. It tells about the practice of fracking, but not about what happens afterward. List and explain \u003cstrong>one benefit\u003c/strong> and \u003cstrong>one challenge\u003c/strong> that you think occur as a result of fracking.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Extension Activity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Using words, diagrams, or graphic organizers, explain how the story of hydraulic fracturing portrayed in the video demonstrates the disciplinary core idea, \"Humans depend on Earth's land, ocean, atmosphere, and biosphere for many different resources. Minerals, freshwater, and biosphere resources are limited and may not be replaceable.”\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Links to Learn More\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.eia.gov/naturalgas/\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Shale Gas Plays\u003c/a> , U.S. Energy Information Administration: Use the resources from the EIA to see how and where shale gas is used in the United States.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://tinyurl.com/EPAPaper\" target=\"_blank\">The Science Behind Hydraulic Fracturing\u003c/a>, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Learn what the EPA considers to be some of the critical issues around hydraulic fracturing.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://geology.com/articles/horizontal-drilling/\" target=\"_blank\">Advancements In Drilling Technology\u003c/a>, Hobart King, Geology.com: Learn more about the science of horizontal and directional drilling, and how these technologies support EPA recommendations and protect other natural resources.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>NGSS Correlations\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation\u003c/strong>: Develop a model to describe the cycling of Earth’s materials and the flow of energy that drives this process. \u003cstrong>MS-ESS3-1\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea\u003c/strong>: Humans depend on Earth’s land, ocean, atmosphere, and biosphere for many different resources. Minerals, freshwater, and biosphere resources are limited, and many are not renewable or replaceable over human lifetimes. These resources are distributed unevenly around the planet as a result of past geologic processes. \u003cstrong>ESS3.A Natural Resources\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crosscutting Concepts\u003c/strong>: Cause and effect\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Science and Engineering Practices\u003c/strong>: Constructing explanations and designing solutions\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/64985/how-does-hydraulic-fracturing-work-part-2-of-5","authors":["10295"],"categories":["quest_11765","quest_9","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_13196","quest_10978","quest_10327","quest_12527","quest_9804","quest_12528","quest_2349","quest_10429"],"collections":["quest_12601","quest_12599"],"featImg":"quest_66860","label":"quest_12599"},"quest_64994":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_64994","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"64994","score":null,"sort":[1387556021000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"claims-of-advocates-the-benefits-of-hydraulic-fracturing-part-3-of-5","title":"Claims of Advocates: The Benefits of Hydraulic Fracturing","publishDate":1387556021,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":12599,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Advocates of hydraulic fracturing list the many benefits of the practice. The infographic above shows the four reasons cited most often. To think critically and scientifically, it is good practice to balance benefits against challenges, and people’s wants or needs against economic or environmental costs. In the science of sustainability we must always look at how today's practices might impact people and Earth’s systems in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Frack-Benefits-1.10.20141.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-66354\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Frack-Benefits-1.10.20141.jpg\" alt=\"Frack Benefits 1.10.2014\" width=\"1426\" height=\"1102\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Frack-Benefits-1.10.20141.jpg 1426w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Frack-Benefits-1.10.20141-400x309.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Frack-Benefits-1.10.20141-800x618.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Frack-Benefits-1.10.20141-1180x912.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Frack-Benefits-1.10.20141-960x742.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1426px) 100vw, 1426px\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Click on the infographic above to see a larger version.\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nLearn more about claims that hydraulic fracturing helps people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This infographic is part of a five-part educational series called \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/challenges-of-non-renewable-energy/\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Challenges of Non-Renewable Energy.\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pre-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How can people be persuaded to change their views or beliefs?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How would you define a person who is an \"advocate\"? What do advocates do?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What is a debate? Why might people debate the impacts of hydraulic fracturing?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Focus Questions for Viewing and Reading the Infographic\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What claims do fracking advocates make with regard to the following?\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Environmental impact\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Economic impact\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Sustainability of energy\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Post-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Which of the four points made in the infographic do you believe is most defensible? Why?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Are there any points that you find hard to defend? What are they? Why is defending them difficult?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Do you see any places in the graphic where some additional information may have been intentionally omitted to sway you toward favoring the idea of fracking for energy?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Extension Activity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Write an argument supporting the creation of an infrastructure that increases the use and distribution of natural gas within the United States. What do you think critics would point to as drawbacks to your plan? Where would you expect to find tension or competing priorities among people’s needs, economic factors, and environmental factors?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Links to Learn More\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.energyfromshale.org/hydraulic-fracturing/shale-natural-gas\" target=\"_blank\">Advocating for Domestic Supplies of Natural Shale Gas\u003c/a>, EnergyFromShale.org: See what domestic energy advocates have to say about well construction and the use of natural resources.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.energyfromshale.org/stories-from-shale/lorain-ohio\" target=\"_blank\"> Are The Jobs Real? \u003c/a>, EnergyFromShale.org: Read an advocate’s story about how fracking has provided new jobs in Lorain, Ohio, and other places where unemployment is high due to changing economies.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://tinyurl.com/novagreenhouse\" target=\"_blank\">Earth’s Natural Thermostat\u003c/a>, PBS LearningMedia/WGBH Educational Foundation: View this NOVA segment to see how carbon dioxide emissions, created by the combustion of carbon-based fuels, can upset the balance between the sun’s radiant heat entering our atmosphere and that which is emitted back into space.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>NGSS Correlations\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation:\u003c/strong> Apply scientific principles to design a method for monitoring and minimizing a human impact on the environment. \u003cstrong>MS-ESS3-3\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea:\u003c/strong> Human activities have significantly altered the biosphere, sometimes damaging or destroying natural habitats and causing the extinction of other species. But changes to Earth’s environments can have different impacts (negative and positive) for different living things. \u003cstrong>ESS3.C Human Impacts on Earth Systems\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crosscutting Concepts:\u003c/strong> Cause and effect; stability and change\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Science and Engineering Practices:\u003c/strong> Asking questions and defining problems\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Learn more about claims that hydraulic fracturing helps people.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1450481422,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":501},"headData":{"title":"Claims of Advocates: The Benefits of Hydraulic Fracturing | KQED","description":"Learn more about claims that hydraulic fracturing helps people.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Claims of Advocates: The Benefits of Hydraulic Fracturing","datePublished":"2013-12-20T16:13:41.000Z","dateModified":"2015-12-18T23:30:22.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"64994 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=64994","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/12/20/claims-of-advocates-the-benefits-of-hydraulic-fracturing-part-3-of-5/","disqusTitle":"Claims of Advocates: The Benefits of Hydraulic Fracturing","path":"/quest/64994/claims-of-advocates-the-benefits-of-hydraulic-fracturing-part-3-of-5","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Advocates of hydraulic fracturing list the many benefits of the practice. The infographic above shows the four reasons cited most often. To think critically and scientifically, it is good practice to balance benefits against challenges, and people’s wants or needs against economic or environmental costs. In the science of sustainability we must always look at how today's practices might impact people and Earth’s systems in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Frack-Benefits-1.10.20141.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-66354\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Frack-Benefits-1.10.20141.jpg\" alt=\"Frack Benefits 1.10.2014\" width=\"1426\" height=\"1102\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Frack-Benefits-1.10.20141.jpg 1426w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Frack-Benefits-1.10.20141-400x309.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Frack-Benefits-1.10.20141-800x618.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Frack-Benefits-1.10.20141-1180x912.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Frack-Benefits-1.10.20141-960x742.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1426px) 100vw, 1426px\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Click on the infographic above to see a larger version.\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nLearn more about claims that hydraulic fracturing helps people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This infographic is part of a five-part educational series called \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/challenges-of-non-renewable-energy/\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Challenges of Non-Renewable Energy.\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pre-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How can people be persuaded to change their views or beliefs?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How would you define a person who is an \"advocate\"? What do advocates do?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What is a debate? Why might people debate the impacts of hydraulic fracturing?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Focus Questions for Viewing and Reading the Infographic\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What claims do fracking advocates make with regard to the following?\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Environmental impact\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Economic impact\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Sustainability of energy\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Post-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Which of the four points made in the infographic do you believe is most defensible? Why?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Are there any points that you find hard to defend? What are they? Why is defending them difficult?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Do you see any places in the graphic where some additional information may have been intentionally omitted to sway you toward favoring the idea of fracking for energy?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Extension Activity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Write an argument supporting the creation of an infrastructure that increases the use and distribution of natural gas within the United States. What do you think critics would point to as drawbacks to your plan? Where would you expect to find tension or competing priorities among people’s needs, economic factors, and environmental factors?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Links to Learn More\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.energyfromshale.org/hydraulic-fracturing/shale-natural-gas\" target=\"_blank\">Advocating for Domestic Supplies of Natural Shale Gas\u003c/a>, EnergyFromShale.org: See what domestic energy advocates have to say about well construction and the use of natural resources.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.energyfromshale.org/stories-from-shale/lorain-ohio\" target=\"_blank\"> Are The Jobs Real? \u003c/a>, EnergyFromShale.org: Read an advocate’s story about how fracking has provided new jobs in Lorain, Ohio, and other places where unemployment is high due to changing economies.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://tinyurl.com/novagreenhouse\" target=\"_blank\">Earth’s Natural Thermostat\u003c/a>, PBS LearningMedia/WGBH Educational Foundation: View this NOVA segment to see how carbon dioxide emissions, created by the combustion of carbon-based fuels, can upset the balance between the sun’s radiant heat entering our atmosphere and that which is emitted back into space.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>NGSS Correlations\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation:\u003c/strong> Apply scientific principles to design a method for monitoring and minimizing a human impact on the environment. \u003cstrong>MS-ESS3-3\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea:\u003c/strong> Human activities have significantly altered the biosphere, sometimes damaging or destroying natural habitats and causing the extinction of other species. But changes to Earth’s environments can have different impacts (negative and positive) for different living things. \u003cstrong>ESS3.C Human Impacts on Earth Systems\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crosscutting Concepts:\u003c/strong> Cause and effect; stability and change\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Science and Engineering Practices:\u003c/strong> Asking questions and defining problems\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/64994/claims-of-advocates-the-benefits-of-hydraulic-fracturing-part-3-of-5","authors":["10295"],"categories":["quest_11765","quest_9","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_13196","quest_10978","quest_10327","quest_12527","quest_9804","quest_12528","quest_2349","quest_10429"],"collections":["quest_12601","quest_12599"],"featImg":"quest_66848","label":"quest_12599"},"quest_65003":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_65003","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"65003","score":null,"sort":[1387555976000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"what-are-the-challenges-of-fracking-natural-shale-gas-reserves-part-4-of-5","title":"What Are the Challenges of Fracking Natural Shale Gas Reserves?","publishDate":1387555976,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":12599,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>[covevideo id=\"http://video.pbs.org/partnerplayer/ihEPQxHXg6Avasbkb5geeQ==/?autoplay=false&start=0&end=0&chapterbar=false&topbar=true&endscreen=false\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\">\u003cem>This video was excerpted from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/fracking-wastewater/\">After the Frack\u003c/a> by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/maryfecteau/\">Mary Fecteau.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To think critically and scientifically, it is good practice to look at how the wants or needs of people balance against economic or environmental costs. In the science of sustainability we must always look at how the practices of today might impact people and Earth’s systems in the future. There are tradeoffs and risks that must be considered whenever people use Earth’s natural resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This video is part of a five-part educational series called \u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/challenges-of-non-renewable-energy/\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">\u003cstrong>Challenges of Non-Renewable Energy\u003c/strong>.\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pre-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What are the important roles of water on Earth?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>When making decisions, what is a \"trade-off\"?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Give your own definition of ‘\"alternatives.\" What might be an example of a scientist talking about alternatives?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Focus Questions for Viewing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>According to Dr. Weatherington-Rice, which chemicals might return to the surface when shale gas is extracted during fracking?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What has traditionally been done with contaminated fracking fluids?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What concerns do people have about current methods of dealing with fracking waste?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>According to Mr. Kell, how many barrels of contaminated fracking wastewater have been buried in injection wells?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Post-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Why are these chemicals, heavy metals, and radioactive isotopes present in shale beds?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The capacity of a barrel is around 55 gallons. How many gallons of water do you estimate are contained in the 300 million barrels that have already been buried in Ohio? How does this compare to the capacity of a lake or reservoir near you?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>From a natural resources perspective, why would people be concerned about the injection of millions of barrels of fracking wastewater into the ground?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Extension Activity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Research the effects of salts, heavy metals, and radioactive elements on human organ systems. Why would people be concerned about leakage of injection wells onto the surface or into groundwater reserves?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Links to Learn More\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=shale-gas-and-hydraulic-fracturing\" target=\"_blank\">The Science of Wasted Resources\u003c/a>, David Biello, Scientific American: This article from Scientific American highlights the toxic gases, liquids, and solids that must be managed when hydraulic fracturing takes place.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nbcnews.com/science/fracking-practices-blame-ohio-earthquakes-8C11073601\" target=\"_blank\">A New Challenge?\u003c/a>, Charles Q. Chol, NBC NEWS Science: Read about new claims that fracking injections and gas extractions can be linked to seismic shifts in Earth’s crust.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://tinyurl.com/PSEConnections\" target=\"_blank\"> Can Fracking Cause Another Hurricane Sandy?\u003c/a>, Physicians, Scientists, and Engineers for Healthy Energy: See what the Physicians, Scientists, and Engineers for Healthy Energy have to say about current scientific evidence.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>NGSS Correlations\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation\u003c/strong>: Apply scientific principles to design a method for monitoring and minimizing a human impact on the environment. \u003cstrong>MS-ESS3-3\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea\u003c/strong>: Human activities have significantly altered the biosphere, sometimes damaging or destroying natural habitats and causing the extinction of other species. But changes to Earth’s environments can have different impacts (negative and positive) for different living things. \u003cstrong>ESS3.C Human Impacts on Earth’s Systems\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crosscutting Concept\u003c/strong>s: Cause and effect; structure and function\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Science and Engineering Practices\u003c/strong>: Asking questions and defining problems\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Learn about the concerns some people have about the practice of fracking.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1450481674,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":522},"headData":{"title":"What Are the Challenges of Fracking Natural Shale Gas Reserves? | KQED","description":"Learn about the concerns some people have about the practice of fracking.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"What Are the Challenges of Fracking Natural Shale Gas Reserves?","datePublished":"2013-12-20T16:12:56.000Z","dateModified":"2015-12-18T23:34:34.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"65003 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=65003","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/12/20/what-are-the-challenges-of-fracking-natural-shale-gas-reserves-part-4-of-5/","disqusTitle":"What Are the Challenges of Fracking Natural Shale Gas Reserves?","videoEmbed":"http://video.pbs.org/partnerplayer/ihEPQxHXg6Avasbkb5geeQ==/?autoplay=false&start=0&end=0&chapterbar=false&topbar=true&endscreen=false","path":"/quest/65003/what-are-the-challenges-of-fracking-natural-shale-gas-reserves-part-4-of-5","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>[covevideo id=\"http://video.pbs.org/partnerplayer/ihEPQxHXg6Avasbkb5geeQ==/?autoplay=false&start=0&end=0&chapterbar=false&topbar=true&endscreen=false\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\">\u003cem>This video was excerpted from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/fracking-wastewater/\">After the Frack\u003c/a> by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/maryfecteau/\">Mary Fecteau.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To think critically and scientifically, it is good practice to look at how the wants or needs of people balance against economic or environmental costs. In the science of sustainability we must always look at how the practices of today might impact people and Earth’s systems in the future. There are tradeoffs and risks that must be considered whenever people use Earth’s natural resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This video is part of a five-part educational series called \u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/challenges-of-non-renewable-energy/\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">\u003cstrong>Challenges of Non-Renewable Energy\u003c/strong>.\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pre-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What are the important roles of water on Earth?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>When making decisions, what is a \"trade-off\"?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Give your own definition of ‘\"alternatives.\" What might be an example of a scientist talking about alternatives?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Focus Questions for Viewing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>According to Dr. Weatherington-Rice, which chemicals might return to the surface when shale gas is extracted during fracking?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What has traditionally been done with contaminated fracking fluids?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What concerns do people have about current methods of dealing with fracking waste?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>According to Mr. Kell, how many barrels of contaminated fracking wastewater have been buried in injection wells?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Post-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Why are these chemicals, heavy metals, and radioactive isotopes present in shale beds?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The capacity of a barrel is around 55 gallons. How many gallons of water do you estimate are contained in the 300 million barrels that have already been buried in Ohio? How does this compare to the capacity of a lake or reservoir near you?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>From a natural resources perspective, why would people be concerned about the injection of millions of barrels of fracking wastewater into the ground?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Extension Activity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Research the effects of salts, heavy metals, and radioactive elements on human organ systems. Why would people be concerned about leakage of injection wells onto the surface or into groundwater reserves?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Links to Learn More\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=shale-gas-and-hydraulic-fracturing\" target=\"_blank\">The Science of Wasted Resources\u003c/a>, David Biello, Scientific American: This article from Scientific American highlights the toxic gases, liquids, and solids that must be managed when hydraulic fracturing takes place.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nbcnews.com/science/fracking-practices-blame-ohio-earthquakes-8C11073601\" target=\"_blank\">A New Challenge?\u003c/a>, Charles Q. Chol, NBC NEWS Science: Read about new claims that fracking injections and gas extractions can be linked to seismic shifts in Earth’s crust.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://tinyurl.com/PSEConnections\" target=\"_blank\"> Can Fracking Cause Another Hurricane Sandy?\u003c/a>, Physicians, Scientists, and Engineers for Healthy Energy: See what the Physicians, Scientists, and Engineers for Healthy Energy have to say about current scientific evidence.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>NGSS Correlations\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation\u003c/strong>: Apply scientific principles to design a method for monitoring and minimizing a human impact on the environment. \u003cstrong>MS-ESS3-3\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea\u003c/strong>: Human activities have significantly altered the biosphere, sometimes damaging or destroying natural habitats and causing the extinction of other species. But changes to Earth’s environments can have different impacts (negative and positive) for different living things. \u003cstrong>ESS3.C Human Impacts on Earth’s Systems\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crosscutting Concept\u003c/strong>s: Cause and effect; structure and function\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Science and Engineering Practices\u003c/strong>: Asking questions and defining problems\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/65003/what-are-the-challenges-of-fracking-natural-shale-gas-reserves-part-4-of-5","authors":["10295"],"categories":["quest_11765","quest_9","quest_11","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_13196","quest_10978","quest_10327","quest_12527","quest_9804","quest_12528","quest_2349","quest_10429"],"collections":["quest_12601","quest_12599"],"featImg":"quest_66855","label":"quest_12599"},"quest_65008":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_65008","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"65008","score":null,"sort":[1387555808000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"energy-and-a-sustainable-future-part-5-of-5","title":"Energy and a Sustainable Future","publishDate":1387555808,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":12599,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>[covevideo id=\"http://video.pbs.org/partnerplayer/4t_k2ukXZByGGj-NwmY4dw==/?autoplay=false&start=0&end=0&chapterbar=false&topbar=true&endscreen=false\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\">\u003cem>This video was excerpted from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/fracking-wastewater/\">After the Frack\u003c/a> by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/maryfecteau/\">Mary Fecteau.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\"You can't win; you are sure to lose; and you can't get out of the game.\"\u003cem>---Garrett Hardin, Filters Against Folly: How to Survive Despite Economists, Ecologists, and the Merely Eloquent\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While we look for renewable and cleaner supplies of energy, we must acknowledge that humans have created a world that relies on vast amounts of non-renewable energy every day. If humans want to continue living on Earth, issues of energy production and consumption must be addressed today and into the future. In less than 200 years humans have extracted an incredible amount of coal, oil, and gas from the ground to feed our energy hunger. Earth’s non-renewable resources are finite and dwindling. The burning of fossil fuels produces more carbon dioxide emissions than the planet’s natural systems are capable of recycling. Of the fossil fuels, natural gas is the cleanest to burn, and fracking may provide a bridge to the future until cleaner energies are more efficient and affordable. That bridge, however, may be very fragile and risky to travel unless critical decisions are made about our use of energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This video is part of a five-part educational series called\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/challenges-of-non-renewable-energy/\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\"> \u003cstrong>Challenges of Non-Renewable Energy. \u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pre-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\"Reduce, reuse, recycle.\" Give examples of how one or more of these ideas can be applied to the issues and practices of hydraulic fracturing for the acquisition of shale gas.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If the United States is going to rely on shale gas reserves for energy in the future, what strategies would you like to see put in place to diminish the negative impact on Earth’s ecosystems?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\"Not in my backyard\" is a saying used to describe practices that are good as long as people are not negatively impacted locally. But what if you consider the entire Earth to be your “backyard”? Do you think you would support the continued extraction of fossil fuels from Earth’s crust? What tradeoffs do you think are most important in order to increase the country’s domestic supplies of energy?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Focus Questions for Viewing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>If every by-product of fracking could be repurposed for other applications, what current major dilemmas could be resolved?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If injection wells could be eliminated completely without disrupting the flow of natural gas energy, what could that mean for the future of people and living things on Earth?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Sometimes scientists say that parts of systems are “coupled.” If a toxic-water spill or injection-well failure occurred, what other parts of living systems could be disrupted or damaged?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Post-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What do you believe is the most dangerous problem associated with obtaining energy reserves that have been untapped for millions of years?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What personal daily activities would you be willing to reduce or eliminate if it meant that our energy supplies would last longer and our atmosphere would become cleaner? Explain to someone else how your activities are part of a “coupled system” of energy resources.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Extension Activity\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Forced Choice Debate\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Divide the class into three or four learning groups. Each group will be given one of the following positions in the fracking debate, which they must try to defend with evidence from this Explainer and their own research.\u003cbr>\nTeam A: Stop fracking immediately because the long-term contamination risks are not worth the current reward.\u003cbr>\nTeam B: Continue fracking and strengthen regulations to protect against possible consequences.\u003cbr>\nTeam C: Require companies that frack to give part of their profits to research groups exploring how to recycle all waste byproducts and return clean water to the watersheds.\u003cbr>\nTeam D: Require companies that frack to financially support research of cleaner and renewable alternative energy sources.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Each team must summarize its recommendations in a Prezi, PowerPoint, Pearltrees, or similar digital presentation tool.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Links to Learn More\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=can-fracking-be-done-without-impacting-water\" target=\"_blank\"> Preserving Our Natural Resources\u003c/a>, David Biello, Scientific American: Read this article from Scientific American to learn more about the issue of hydraulic fracturing waste disposal and the future of our natural resources.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://tinyurl.com/brinewater\" target=\"_blank\">Brine Water Alternatives\u003c/a>, Kendall Gurule, Frackwire.com: Learn more about the emerging science of recycling brine water.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://tinyurl.com/AAASTradeOffs\" target=\"_blank\">Tradeoffs… Gambling on Our Future?\u003c/a>, AAAS ScienceNetLinks: Learn more about energy tradeoffs for fossil fuels and other natural resources.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://tinyurl.com/Project2061SystemsInteraction\" target=\"_blank\">Sustainability – Seeing “The Big Picture”\u003c/a>, Project2061.org: Learn about the interactions among human society, economics, politics, and ecosystems, and the fragile ties that try to hold these systems in balance.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://telstar.ote.cmu.edu/environ/m3/s3/09fossil.shtml\" target=\"_blank\">Take Your Investigation Even Deeper \u003c/a>, Carnegie Mellon University: Carnegie Mellon University has an outstanding environmental science site dedicated to the promise and challenges of meeting our world’s energy demands.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>NGSS Correlations\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation:\u003c/strong> Ask questions to clarify evidence of the factors that have caused the rise in global temperatures over the past century. \u003cstrong>MS-ESS3-5\u003c/strong> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea:\u003c/strong> Human activities, such as the release of greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, are major factors in the current rise in Earth’s mean surface temperature (global warming). Reducing the level of climate change and reducing human vulnerability to whatever climate changes do occur depend on the understanding of climate science, engineering capabilities, and other kinds of knowledge, such as human behavior, and applying that knowledge wisely in decisions and activities. \u003cstrong>ESS3.D Global Climate Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crosscutting Concepts:\u003c/strong> Cause and effect\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Science and Engineering Practices:\u003c/strong> Constructing explanations and designing solutions\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Learn about the sustainability efforts being developed.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1450481627,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":933},"headData":{"title":"Energy and a Sustainable Future | KQED","description":"Learn about the sustainability efforts being developed.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Energy and a Sustainable Future","datePublished":"2013-12-20T16:10:08.000Z","dateModified":"2015-12-18T23:33:47.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"65008 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=65008","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/12/20/energy-and-a-sustainable-future-part-5-of-5/","disqusTitle":"Energy and a Sustainable Future","videoEmbed":"http://video.pbs.org/partnerplayer/4t_k2ukXZByGGj-NwmY4dw==/?autoplay=false&start=0&end=0&chapterbar=false&topbar=true&endscreen=false","path":"/quest/65008/energy-and-a-sustainable-future-part-5-of-5","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>[covevideo id=\"http://video.pbs.org/partnerplayer/4t_k2ukXZByGGj-NwmY4dw==/?autoplay=false&start=0&end=0&chapterbar=false&topbar=true&endscreen=false\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\">\u003cem>This video was excerpted from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/fracking-wastewater/\">After the Frack\u003c/a> by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/maryfecteau/\">Mary Fecteau.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\"You can't win; you are sure to lose; and you can't get out of the game.\"\u003cem>---Garrett Hardin, Filters Against Folly: How to Survive Despite Economists, Ecologists, and the Merely Eloquent\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While we look for renewable and cleaner supplies of energy, we must acknowledge that humans have created a world that relies on vast amounts of non-renewable energy every day. If humans want to continue living on Earth, issues of energy production and consumption must be addressed today and into the future. In less than 200 years humans have extracted an incredible amount of coal, oil, and gas from the ground to feed our energy hunger. Earth’s non-renewable resources are finite and dwindling. The burning of fossil fuels produces more carbon dioxide emissions than the planet’s natural systems are capable of recycling. Of the fossil fuels, natural gas is the cleanest to burn, and fracking may provide a bridge to the future until cleaner energies are more efficient and affordable. That bridge, however, may be very fragile and risky to travel unless critical decisions are made about our use of energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This video is part of a five-part educational series called\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/challenges-of-non-renewable-energy/\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\"> \u003cstrong>Challenges of Non-Renewable Energy. \u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pre-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\"Reduce, reuse, recycle.\" Give examples of how one or more of these ideas can be applied to the issues and practices of hydraulic fracturing for the acquisition of shale gas.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If the United States is going to rely on shale gas reserves for energy in the future, what strategies would you like to see put in place to diminish the negative impact on Earth’s ecosystems?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\"Not in my backyard\" is a saying used to describe practices that are good as long as people are not negatively impacted locally. But what if you consider the entire Earth to be your “backyard”? Do you think you would support the continued extraction of fossil fuels from Earth’s crust? What tradeoffs do you think are most important in order to increase the country’s domestic supplies of energy?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Focus Questions for Viewing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>If every by-product of fracking could be repurposed for other applications, what current major dilemmas could be resolved?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If injection wells could be eliminated completely without disrupting the flow of natural gas energy, what could that mean for the future of people and living things on Earth?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Sometimes scientists say that parts of systems are “coupled.” If a toxic-water spill or injection-well failure occurred, what other parts of living systems could be disrupted or damaged?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Post-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What do you believe is the most dangerous problem associated with obtaining energy reserves that have been untapped for millions of years?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What personal daily activities would you be willing to reduce or eliminate if it meant that our energy supplies would last longer and our atmosphere would become cleaner? Explain to someone else how your activities are part of a “coupled system” of energy resources.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Extension Activity\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Forced Choice Debate\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Divide the class into three or four learning groups. Each group will be given one of the following positions in the fracking debate, which they must try to defend with evidence from this Explainer and their own research.\u003cbr>\nTeam A: Stop fracking immediately because the long-term contamination risks are not worth the current reward.\u003cbr>\nTeam B: Continue fracking and strengthen regulations to protect against possible consequences.\u003cbr>\nTeam C: Require companies that frack to give part of their profits to research groups exploring how to recycle all waste byproducts and return clean water to the watersheds.\u003cbr>\nTeam D: Require companies that frack to financially support research of cleaner and renewable alternative energy sources.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Each team must summarize its recommendations in a Prezi, PowerPoint, Pearltrees, or similar digital presentation tool.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Links to Learn More\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=can-fracking-be-done-without-impacting-water\" target=\"_blank\"> Preserving Our Natural Resources\u003c/a>, David Biello, Scientific American: Read this article from Scientific American to learn more about the issue of hydraulic fracturing waste disposal and the future of our natural resources.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://tinyurl.com/brinewater\" target=\"_blank\">Brine Water Alternatives\u003c/a>, Kendall Gurule, Frackwire.com: Learn more about the emerging science of recycling brine water.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://tinyurl.com/AAASTradeOffs\" target=\"_blank\">Tradeoffs… Gambling on Our Future?\u003c/a>, AAAS ScienceNetLinks: Learn more about energy tradeoffs for fossil fuels and other natural resources.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://tinyurl.com/Project2061SystemsInteraction\" target=\"_blank\">Sustainability – Seeing “The Big Picture”\u003c/a>, Project2061.org: Learn about the interactions among human society, economics, politics, and ecosystems, and the fragile ties that try to hold these systems in balance.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://telstar.ote.cmu.edu/environ/m3/s3/09fossil.shtml\" target=\"_blank\">Take Your Investigation Even Deeper \u003c/a>, Carnegie Mellon University: Carnegie Mellon University has an outstanding environmental science site dedicated to the promise and challenges of meeting our world’s energy demands.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>NGSS Correlations\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation:\u003c/strong> Ask questions to clarify evidence of the factors that have caused the rise in global temperatures over the past century. \u003cstrong>MS-ESS3-5\u003c/strong> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea:\u003c/strong> Human activities, such as the release of greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, are major factors in the current rise in Earth’s mean surface temperature (global warming). Reducing the level of climate change and reducing human vulnerability to whatever climate changes do occur depend on the understanding of climate science, engineering capabilities, and other kinds of knowledge, such as human behavior, and applying that knowledge wisely in decisions and activities. \u003cstrong>ESS3.D Global Climate Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crosscutting Concepts:\u003c/strong> Cause and effect\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Science and Engineering Practices:\u003c/strong> Constructing explanations and designing solutions\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/65008/energy-and-a-sustainable-future-part-5-of-5","authors":["10295"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_11765","quest_9","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_13196","quest_10978","quest_10327","quest_12527","quest_9804","quest_12528","quest_2349","quest_10429"],"collections":["quest_12601","quest_12599"],"featImg":"quest_66854","label":"quest_12599"},"quest_59148":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_59148","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"59148","score":null,"sort":[1383577251000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"fracking-wastewater","title":"After the Frack","publishDate":1383577251,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>\"After the Frack\" was produced by QUEST Ohio’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/maryfecteau/\">Mary Fecteau\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hydraulic fracturing -- better known as fracking -- is a process of extracting natural gas that creates large amounts of contaminated wastewater. In this television segment, QUEST explores the science behind the disposal of this waste, and the issues that surround it. We caught up with QUEST Ohio producer \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/maryfecteau/\">Mary Fecteau\u003c/a> to find out more about some of the issues surrounding fracking and her experience creating this video.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fracking is all over the news, and it is controversial. What made you want to take this topic on?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: I wanted to take it on \u003cstrong>because\u003c/strong> it’s all over the news and really controversial. I think there’s a lot of twisting of facts in this topic to serve a specific agenda, and I think the story needed to be told objectively, or as objectively as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I definitely had that moment when I wondered, “Why did I do this to myself?” The story’s so complex. There’s a lot of rhetoric, and on top of that I was dealing with a lot of ugly footage -- trucks, pipes, and storage tanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So why focus on the waste created by this fracking process?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62971\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 381px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Fracking-John_Jack_GH1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-62971\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Fracking-John_Jack_GH1-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Fracking-John_Jack_GH\" width=\"381\" height=\"212\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">John Jack, Vice President of Business Development at GreenHunter Water, stands in front of large pumps, which pump wastewater from fracking into an underground disposal well.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: The fracking process uses massive amounts of highly pressurized fresh water to create cracks in the bedrock, which frees up the natural gas stored there. Much of this water then comes back up as \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/energy/files/fracking-wastewater-fullreport.pdf\">contaminated wastewater\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ohio is, as some say, a “\u003ca href=\"http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-03-22/fracking-fluid-soaks-ohio\">dumping ground\u003c/a>” for this wastewater. Other states truck their wastewater in [to Ohio] to dispose of it here. This is because we have so many \u003ca href=\"http://stateimpact.npr.org/pennsylvania/tag/deep-injection-well/\">deep injection wells\u003c/a>. Injection wells are the sites deep underground where this wastewater must be put. So we have \u003ca href=\"http://www.crainscleveland.com/article/20130816/ENERGY/130819882\">about 200 injection\u003c/a> wells in the state of Ohio, whereas neighboring states have far fewer. Pennsylvania has \u003ca href=\"http://stateimpact.npr.org/pennsylvania/maps/location-of-deep-injection-wells-in-pennsylvania/\">about 5 active wells\u003c/a> and West Virginia \u003ca href=\"http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2013/09/23/sites-sought-for-fracking-residue.html\">about 60\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You can see a lot of these wastewater trucks coming into the state, right? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: Oh yeah, they’re all over. Out toward the border of Pennsylvania you’ll see the trucks at rest stops and gas stations and coming in on I-80.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the main point of tension in your story? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: The tension centers on scientific disagreement about the potential for harm from the disposal of fracking wastewater. Our key interviewees were with Ohio Department of Natural Resources geologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&ved=0CDIQtwIwAQ&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DqHOwqTzl_2M&ei=sX5hUpK_EPal4APKnIHICw&usg=AFQjCNEoLmxEMJvMBIO40mCWcQ6DICmkIQ&sig2=A0Ga2p4TcAYZDs_pC69BiA&bvm=bv.54176721,d.dmg\">Scott Kell\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ohiocitizen.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/2013-OTCO-Shale-Gas-waste-streams-JWR-3-6-13.pdf\">Dr. Julie Weatherington-Rice\u003c/a>, who researches the fracking process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do they disagree on?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: Oh, everything -- everything from how long fracking has been practiced to what’s in the wastewater to how harmful is it. They don’t agree on whether injection wells are a safe way to contain the waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62972\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 355px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Julie-and-Mary-closer-best-shot1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-62972\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Julie-and-Mary-closer-best-shot1-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Julie and Mary closer best shot\" width=\"355\" height=\"264\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Producer Mary Fecteau interviews Dr. Julie Weatherington-Rice.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Weatherington-Rice thinks that as the wells age, there’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.propublica.org/article/injection-wells-the-poison-beneath-us\">great potential for them to leak\u003c/a>, and that there have been documented surface-level leaks before. Kell says the injection well track record is solid, and there have been no instances of groundwater contamination since the process started in the early ’80s. There are also questions and disagreements around the radiation levels in the waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Basically, all the facts that are being disputed come down to one question, “Is this a safe process?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What was the main challenge you faced in producing this piece?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: The main challenge was time, the time limitation [eight minutes] in which to tell the story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What did you have to leave on the cutting-room floor? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: So much! One thing I wish I could have gotten into more was the issue of earthquakes. I mentioned them but didn’t go into specifics about \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/04/youngstown-ohio-earthquakes-wastewater_n_3869286.html\">how injection wells cause earthquakes\u003c/a>, and what safeguards the Ohio Department of Natural Resources is doing to prevent earthquakes in the future. The underlying science here is basically this: if you pump water deep underground near a fault, it could trigger the fault to slip, causing an \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/explainer/earthquakes/\">earthquake.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I also wish I could have gone more in depth about the \u003ca href=\"http://democrats.energycommerce.house.gov/sites/default/files/documents/Hydraulic-Fracturing-Chemicals-2011-4-18.pdf\">chemicals used to frack\u003c/a>. So, before the water gets injected into the ground to fracture a well, energy companies \u003ca href=\"http://fracfocus.org/chemical-use/why-chemicals-are-used\">lace it\u003c/a> with chemicals, which include benzene and other potentially hazardous chemicals. These chemicals help lubricate the process, prevent corrosion of the pipe, etc. They represent just a small portion of the total frack fluid, but their presence raises concerns for many people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What was your goal in producing this piece?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: I wanted to explore the science behind the disposal of fracking wastewater, and give people tools to form -- and inform -- their own views on it.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, is a process of extracting natural gas that creates large amounts of contaminated wastewater. QUEST travels to Ohio to investigate how this wastewater is produced and the controversy over how to safely dispose of it. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457565424,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":815},"headData":{"title":"After the Frack | KQED","description":"Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, is a process of extracting natural gas that creates large amounts of contaminated wastewater. QUEST travels to Ohio to investigate how this wastewater is produced and the controversy over how to safely dispose of it. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"After the Frack","datePublished":"2013-11-04T15:00:51.000Z","dateModified":"2016-03-09T23:17:04.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"59148 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=59148","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/11/04/fracking-wastewater/","disqusTitle":"After the Frack","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BM0o2iGgNL0","path":"/quest/59148/fracking-wastewater","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\"After the Frack\" was produced by QUEST Ohio’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/maryfecteau/\">Mary Fecteau\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hydraulic fracturing -- better known as fracking -- is a process of extracting natural gas that creates large amounts of contaminated wastewater. In this television segment, QUEST explores the science behind the disposal of this waste, and the issues that surround it. We caught up with QUEST Ohio producer \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/maryfecteau/\">Mary Fecteau\u003c/a> to find out more about some of the issues surrounding fracking and her experience creating this video.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fracking is all over the news, and it is controversial. What made you want to take this topic on?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: I wanted to take it on \u003cstrong>because\u003c/strong> it’s all over the news and really controversial. I think there’s a lot of twisting of facts in this topic to serve a specific agenda, and I think the story needed to be told objectively, or as objectively as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I definitely had that moment when I wondered, “Why did I do this to myself?” The story’s so complex. There’s a lot of rhetoric, and on top of that I was dealing with a lot of ugly footage -- trucks, pipes, and storage tanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So why focus on the waste created by this fracking process?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62971\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 381px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Fracking-John_Jack_GH1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-62971\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Fracking-John_Jack_GH1-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Fracking-John_Jack_GH\" width=\"381\" height=\"212\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">John Jack, Vice President of Business Development at GreenHunter Water, stands in front of large pumps, which pump wastewater from fracking into an underground disposal well.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: The fracking process uses massive amounts of highly pressurized fresh water to create cracks in the bedrock, which frees up the natural gas stored there. Much of this water then comes back up as \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/energy/files/fracking-wastewater-fullreport.pdf\">contaminated wastewater\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ohio is, as some say, a “\u003ca href=\"http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-03-22/fracking-fluid-soaks-ohio\">dumping ground\u003c/a>” for this wastewater. Other states truck their wastewater in [to Ohio] to dispose of it here. This is because we have so many \u003ca href=\"http://stateimpact.npr.org/pennsylvania/tag/deep-injection-well/\">deep injection wells\u003c/a>. Injection wells are the sites deep underground where this wastewater must be put. So we have \u003ca href=\"http://www.crainscleveland.com/article/20130816/ENERGY/130819882\">about 200 injection\u003c/a> wells in the state of Ohio, whereas neighboring states have far fewer. Pennsylvania has \u003ca href=\"http://stateimpact.npr.org/pennsylvania/maps/location-of-deep-injection-wells-in-pennsylvania/\">about 5 active wells\u003c/a> and West Virginia \u003ca href=\"http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2013/09/23/sites-sought-for-fracking-residue.html\">about 60\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You can see a lot of these wastewater trucks coming into the state, right? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: Oh yeah, they’re all over. Out toward the border of Pennsylvania you’ll see the trucks at rest stops and gas stations and coming in on I-80.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the main point of tension in your story? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: The tension centers on scientific disagreement about the potential for harm from the disposal of fracking wastewater. Our key interviewees were with Ohio Department of Natural Resources geologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&ved=0CDIQtwIwAQ&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DqHOwqTzl_2M&ei=sX5hUpK_EPal4APKnIHICw&usg=AFQjCNEoLmxEMJvMBIO40mCWcQ6DICmkIQ&sig2=A0Ga2p4TcAYZDs_pC69BiA&bvm=bv.54176721,d.dmg\">Scott Kell\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ohiocitizen.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/2013-OTCO-Shale-Gas-waste-streams-JWR-3-6-13.pdf\">Dr. Julie Weatherington-Rice\u003c/a>, who researches the fracking process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do they disagree on?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: Oh, everything -- everything from how long fracking has been practiced to what’s in the wastewater to how harmful is it. They don’t agree on whether injection wells are a safe way to contain the waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62972\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 355px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Julie-and-Mary-closer-best-shot1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-62972\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Julie-and-Mary-closer-best-shot1-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Julie and Mary closer best shot\" width=\"355\" height=\"264\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Producer Mary Fecteau interviews Dr. Julie Weatherington-Rice.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Weatherington-Rice thinks that as the wells age, there’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.propublica.org/article/injection-wells-the-poison-beneath-us\">great potential for them to leak\u003c/a>, and that there have been documented surface-level leaks before. Kell says the injection well track record is solid, and there have been no instances of groundwater contamination since the process started in the early ’80s. There are also questions and disagreements around the radiation levels in the waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Basically, all the facts that are being disputed come down to one question, “Is this a safe process?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What was the main challenge you faced in producing this piece?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: The main challenge was time, the time limitation [eight minutes] in which to tell the story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What did you have to leave on the cutting-room floor? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: So much! One thing I wish I could have gotten into more was the issue of earthquakes. I mentioned them but didn’t go into specifics about \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/04/youngstown-ohio-earthquakes-wastewater_n_3869286.html\">how injection wells cause earthquakes\u003c/a>, and what safeguards the Ohio Department of Natural Resources is doing to prevent earthquakes in the future. The underlying science here is basically this: if you pump water deep underground near a fault, it could trigger the fault to slip, causing an \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/explainer/earthquakes/\">earthquake.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I also wish I could have gone more in depth about the \u003ca href=\"http://democrats.energycommerce.house.gov/sites/default/files/documents/Hydraulic-Fracturing-Chemicals-2011-4-18.pdf\">chemicals used to frack\u003c/a>. So, before the water gets injected into the ground to fracture a well, energy companies \u003ca href=\"http://fracfocus.org/chemical-use/why-chemicals-are-used\">lace it\u003c/a> with chemicals, which include benzene and other potentially hazardous chemicals. These chemicals help lubricate the process, prevent corrosion of the pipe, etc. They represent just a small portion of the total frack fluid, but their presence raises concerns for many people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What was your goal in producing this piece?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: I wanted to explore the science behind the disposal of fracking wastewater, and give people tools to form -- and inform -- their own views on it.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/59148/fracking-wastewater","authors":["10270"],"categories":["quest_11765","quest_8","quest_9","quest_11","quest_3422","quest_3233","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_10978","quest_12269","quest_12382","quest_10979","quest_10327","quest_12384","quest_12383","quest_9804","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_3293","quest_10429","quest_2893","quest_3071","quest_3106","quest_10326"],"featImg":"quest_62975","label":"quest"},"quest_59763":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_59763","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"59763","score":null,"sort":[1380639602000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"recycling-dirt-a-new-niche-in-the-fracking-industry","title":"Recycling Dirt: A New Niche in the Fracking Industry","publishDate":1380639602,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.what-is-fracking.com/\">Fracking\u003c/a> for natural gas has been vilified for the millions of gallons of wastewater the process generates. But drilling gas wells thousands of feet into the ground also produces another huge stream of waste --tons of rock shavings and dirt tainted with oily chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get a better picture of this, imagine using an electric drill to bore a hole into a thick block of wood. All of the wood shavings that fly out are called “cuttings.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same thing happens when energy companies drill for oil or natural gas thousands of feet underground -- layers of dirt and rock cuttings are removed from the hole. These rock shavings are coated with an oily residue that rubs off the drill bit. It contains traces of metals and radiation that naturally exist deep in the earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61204\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Chris-Elliott-in-land-sea-box-where-he-grows-microbes.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-61204\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Chris-Elliott-in-land-sea-box-where-he-grows-microbes-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Chris Elliott, President of Ohio Soil Recycling, uncovers the tank where he grows millions of tiny microbes that will clean out contaminated soil and drill cuttings (photo by Michelle Kanu).\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chris Elliott, President of Ohio Soil Recycling, uncovers the tank where he grows millions of tiny microbes that will clean out contaminated soil and drill cuttings (photo by Michelle Kanu).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ohio requires that these dirty cuttings be disposed of in \u003ca href=\"http://oilandgas.ohiodnr.gov/portals/oilgas/pdf/Fact%20Sheet%20on%20Drilling%20Muds.pdf\">landfills\u003c/a>, but now one company in the Buckeye State has stepped forward with the idea to recycle the material.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that's where Chris Elliott, president of \u003ca href=\"http://www.soilrecycling.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Ohio Soil Recycling\u003c/a>, comes in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the company's headquarters, a trailer in the middle of an abandoned landfill in Columbus, I hop in Elliott’s pickup and he drives us down a winding dirt path to where a backhoe is scooping up massive piles of dirt and unloading it into a dump truck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Today our crew is actually moving remediated soil off of the treatment pad over here,” Elliott says. “They're taking it from the treatment pad and over to the final resting area, and placing it on the old landfill and compacting it now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer Ohio Soil Recycling became the first private company to get a \u003ca href=\"http://epa.ohio.gov/portals/34/document/issued_actions/OSR%20IAWMP%20Drill%20Cuttings%202013.pdf\">permit\u003c/a> from the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency to accept drill cuttings from the oil and gas industry. Elliott says drilling giant Chesapeake initially approached him with the idea a couple of years ago. He figured recycling rock cuttings would be a natural extension of his company's core business. Since 2000, the company has been using a process called \u003ca href=\"http://blog.soilutions.co.uk/2011/03/04/what-is-bioremediation/\" target=\"_blank\">bioremediation\u003c/a> to clean up dirt that has been contaminated by oil or industrial spills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elliott explains the process first involves running the soil through a machine. “It kind of breaks the soil up, spreads it across a four-foot-wide belt in a very thin layer, and then we have a spray bar that sprays the microbes onto it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61207\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/OSR-treatment-pad.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-61207\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/OSR-treatment-pad-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"These piles of dirt are undergoing the bioremediation treatment process (photo by Michelle Kanu).\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These piles of dirt are undergoing the bioremediation treatment process (photo by Michelle Kanu).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The microbes go to work, feasting on the oil, heavy metals, and chemical contaminants in the dirt. After the tiny organisms have consumed the food source and start to die off, Elliott says he tests the dirt to make sure it meets the EPA’s standards for residential use. The clean material is then deposited on a different part of the company property as ground cover for the old landfill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elliott says that by the time the dirt comes off their treatment pad, “We’re extremely confident with the lab results that we get off of it that we got it completely clean.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some environmental groups aren’t convinced that Ohio Soil Recycling can clean out all the contaminants in the rock cuttings from natural gas drilling.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"We do have a serious concern. Do they have the technology in place to treat for radioactivity, for heavy metals, and for these harsh chemicals?”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“We do have a serious concern,” says Melanie Houston, director of water policy for the Ohio Environmental Council. “Do they have the technology in place to treat for radioactivity, for heavy metals, and for these harsh chemicals?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Houston says the EPA’s standards are too lax, and state law doesn't require Ohio Soil Recycling to test the cuttings thoroughly for radiation. Her group has been lobbying the state to enact stricter policies for testing drilling waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The way that the law is stated, these materials are considered non-hazardous,” she says, “so it sort of set things up in a way that companies have an exemption and can treat this material in a way that they would treat non-hazardous material.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some scientists say the amount of radiation in those rock cuttings is unlikely to pose a threat to human health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Jeffrey Dick, a geologist at Youngstown State University, the amount of radiation in the cuttings is really low. “It’s not concentrated enough to be a threat. But you have to remember that these radionuclides are trapped within the rock, and they're not being given access to pathways to our drinking water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“For the oil and gas industry, I think we really provide a great alternative that gives them a green solution they can tout that they're doing the green thing with their waste instead of just putting it into a landfill.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Back at Ohio Soil Recycling, Elliott points toward a patch of land just below the freeway and shows me where the recycled drill cuttings will go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The lowest area out there is where we would be placing them, knowing that then they would have soil put on top of them so that it could be vegetated and finished.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recycling drill cuttings is still uncharted ground. Only a few companies in Texas have experimented with the process, and so far Elliott's company has only done a test run of cleaning cuttings from Chesapeake. Now that he has the EPA's blessing, Elliott hopes drilling waste will bring a steady stream of revenue in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"With landfilling being the only option for cuttings previously, you know you were sending the waste to a landfill, the waste wasn't being cleaned,” he says. “For the oil and gas industry, I think we really provide a great alternative that gives them a green solution they can tout that they're doing the green thing with their waste instead of just putting it into a landfill.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elliott is already looking to expand. He’s planning to partner with another company that has more capital and name the new business Shale Recycling. He says he and his new partner are already scouting out areas in eastern Ohio where they plan to open future recycling sites.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"As an alternative to the landfill, some companies now recycle contaminated rock shavings left over from drilling for natural gas.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1450492686,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":24,"wordCount":1105},"headData":{"title":"Recycling Dirt: A New Niche in the Fracking Industry | KQED","description":"As an alternative to the landfill, some companies now recycle contaminated rock shavings left over from drilling for natural gas.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Recycling Dirt: A New Niche in the Fracking Industry","datePublished":"2013-10-01T15:00:02.000Z","dateModified":"2015-12-19T02:38:06.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"59763 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=59763","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/10/01/recycling-dirt-a-new-niche-in-the-fracking-industry/","disqusTitle":"Recycling Dirt: A New Niche in the Fracking Industry","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","audioUrl":"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Ohio/Radio/Content/Recycling+Frack+Dirt/Stream/dirtyrecyclingLONGmp3withtag.mp3","path":"/quest/59763/recycling-dirt-a-new-niche-in-the-fracking-industry","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.what-is-fracking.com/\">Fracking\u003c/a> for natural gas has been vilified for the millions of gallons of wastewater the process generates. But drilling gas wells thousands of feet into the ground also produces another huge stream of waste --tons of rock shavings and dirt tainted with oily chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get a better picture of this, imagine using an electric drill to bore a hole into a thick block of wood. All of the wood shavings that fly out are called “cuttings.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same thing happens when energy companies drill for oil or natural gas thousands of feet underground -- layers of dirt and rock cuttings are removed from the hole. These rock shavings are coated with an oily residue that rubs off the drill bit. It contains traces of metals and radiation that naturally exist deep in the earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61204\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Chris-Elliott-in-land-sea-box-where-he-grows-microbes.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-61204\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Chris-Elliott-in-land-sea-box-where-he-grows-microbes-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Chris Elliott, President of Ohio Soil Recycling, uncovers the tank where he grows millions of tiny microbes that will clean out contaminated soil and drill cuttings (photo by Michelle Kanu).\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chris Elliott, President of Ohio Soil Recycling, uncovers the tank where he grows millions of tiny microbes that will clean out contaminated soil and drill cuttings (photo by Michelle Kanu).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ohio requires that these dirty cuttings be disposed of in \u003ca href=\"http://oilandgas.ohiodnr.gov/portals/oilgas/pdf/Fact%20Sheet%20on%20Drilling%20Muds.pdf\">landfills\u003c/a>, but now one company in the Buckeye State has stepped forward with the idea to recycle the material.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that's where Chris Elliott, president of \u003ca href=\"http://www.soilrecycling.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Ohio Soil Recycling\u003c/a>, comes in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the company's headquarters, a trailer in the middle of an abandoned landfill in Columbus, I hop in Elliott’s pickup and he drives us down a winding dirt path to where a backhoe is scooping up massive piles of dirt and unloading it into a dump truck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Today our crew is actually moving remediated soil off of the treatment pad over here,” Elliott says. “They're taking it from the treatment pad and over to the final resting area, and placing it on the old landfill and compacting it now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer Ohio Soil Recycling became the first private company to get a \u003ca href=\"http://epa.ohio.gov/portals/34/document/issued_actions/OSR%20IAWMP%20Drill%20Cuttings%202013.pdf\">permit\u003c/a> from the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency to accept drill cuttings from the oil and gas industry. Elliott says drilling giant Chesapeake initially approached him with the idea a couple of years ago. He figured recycling rock cuttings would be a natural extension of his company's core business. Since 2000, the company has been using a process called \u003ca href=\"http://blog.soilutions.co.uk/2011/03/04/what-is-bioremediation/\" target=\"_blank\">bioremediation\u003c/a> to clean up dirt that has been contaminated by oil or industrial spills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elliott explains the process first involves running the soil through a machine. “It kind of breaks the soil up, spreads it across a four-foot-wide belt in a very thin layer, and then we have a spray bar that sprays the microbes onto it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61207\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/OSR-treatment-pad.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-61207\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/OSR-treatment-pad-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"These piles of dirt are undergoing the bioremediation treatment process (photo by Michelle Kanu).\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These piles of dirt are undergoing the bioremediation treatment process (photo by Michelle Kanu).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The microbes go to work, feasting on the oil, heavy metals, and chemical contaminants in the dirt. After the tiny organisms have consumed the food source and start to die off, Elliott says he tests the dirt to make sure it meets the EPA’s standards for residential use. The clean material is then deposited on a different part of the company property as ground cover for the old landfill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elliott says that by the time the dirt comes off their treatment pad, “We’re extremely confident with the lab results that we get off of it that we got it completely clean.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some environmental groups aren’t convinced that Ohio Soil Recycling can clean out all the contaminants in the rock cuttings from natural gas drilling.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"We do have a serious concern. Do they have the technology in place to treat for radioactivity, for heavy metals, and for these harsh chemicals?”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“We do have a serious concern,” says Melanie Houston, director of water policy for the Ohio Environmental Council. “Do they have the technology in place to treat for radioactivity, for heavy metals, and for these harsh chemicals?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Houston says the EPA’s standards are too lax, and state law doesn't require Ohio Soil Recycling to test the cuttings thoroughly for radiation. Her group has been lobbying the state to enact stricter policies for testing drilling waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The way that the law is stated, these materials are considered non-hazardous,” she says, “so it sort of set things up in a way that companies have an exemption and can treat this material in a way that they would treat non-hazardous material.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some scientists say the amount of radiation in those rock cuttings is unlikely to pose a threat to human health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Jeffrey Dick, a geologist at Youngstown State University, the amount of radiation in the cuttings is really low. “It’s not concentrated enough to be a threat. But you have to remember that these radionuclides are trapped within the rock, and they're not being given access to pathways to our drinking water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“For the oil and gas industry, I think we really provide a great alternative that gives them a green solution they can tout that they're doing the green thing with their waste instead of just putting it into a landfill.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Back at Ohio Soil Recycling, Elliott points toward a patch of land just below the freeway and shows me where the recycled drill cuttings will go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The lowest area out there is where we would be placing them, knowing that then they would have soil put on top of them so that it could be vegetated and finished.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recycling drill cuttings is still uncharted ground. Only a few companies in Texas have experimented with the process, and so far Elliott's company has only done a test run of cleaning cuttings from Chesapeake. Now that he has the EPA's blessing, Elliott hopes drilling waste will bring a steady stream of revenue in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"With landfilling being the only option for cuttings previously, you know you were sending the waste to a landfill, the waste wasn't being cleaned,” he says. “For the oil and gas industry, I think we really provide a great alternative that gives them a green solution they can tout that they're doing the green thing with their waste instead of just putting it into a landfill.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elliott is already looking to expand. He’s planning to partner with another company that has more capital and name the new business Shale Recycling. He says he and his new partner are already scouting out areas in eastern Ohio where they plan to open future recycling sites.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/59763/recycling-dirt-a-new-niche-in-the-fracking-industry","authors":["10486"],"categories":["quest_5","quest_11765","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_337","quest_12269","quest_10327","quest_30","quest_9804","quest_12276","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_3293","quest_10429","quest_2692","quest_3103","quest_12212"],"featImg":"quest_61210","label":"source_quest_59763"},"quest_50103":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_50103","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"50103","score":null,"sort":[1362081575000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills","title":"Side Trips from Interstate 5: Kettleman Hills","publishDate":1362081575,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>As you head south on I-5 past Coalinga, the road runs just east of a long range of hills. From on high, and on the geologic map, the Kettleman Hills are a dramatic and obvious example of an anticlinal arch. The center is uplifted and dissected by erosion, so that the insides are the older rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillsgeomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50107\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsgeomap.png\" alt=\"kethillsgeomap\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-50107\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsgeomap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsgeomap-400x267.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These hills drew the attention of oil drillers early on, but their holes came up dry until October 3rd, 1928, when a well struck a highly overpressured reservoir some 7000 feet down. A gusher resulted that lasted for three years. Oil production from the field was so great that the market was depressed and several other oil-producing states grumbled about the lack of regulation in California. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50111\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillswellhead/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50111\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillswellhead.jpg\" alt=\"Massive Christmas tree of well controls used in the Kettleman Hills North Dome oil field\" width=\"600\" height=\"468\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50111\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillswellhead.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillswellhead-400x312.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Massive \"Christmas tree\" of well controls used in the Kettleman Hills North Dome oil field. Photo courtesy {link url=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/bilbord99/\"}Bill Mulder{/link} of flickr under Creative Commons license\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The town of Avenal arose with the oil boom, along with a host of businesses based on petroleum. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50104\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kettlemanking/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50104\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kettlemanking.png\" alt=\"This company was later acquired by Beacon.\" width=\"600\" height=\"453\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50104\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kettlemanking.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kettlemanking-400x302.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This company was later acquired by Beacon. Photo courtesy {link url=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/thomashawk/\"}Thomas Hawk{/link} of Flickr under Creative Commons license\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The classic geologic treatment of the Kettleman Hills oil field was issued in 1940 by the U.S. Geological Survey as \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/pp195\">Professional Paper 195\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today the field is almost played out, although you can never discount new advances that might revive it. But the hills remain, blooming every spring. And the roadcuts, where you can access them, are still \u003ca href=\"http://inyo.coffeecup.com/site/kh/kettleman.html\">full of fossils\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50109\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillssanddollar/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50109\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillssanddollar.jpg\" alt=\"The sand dollar Dendraster gibbsi\" width=\"500\" height=\"484\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50109\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillssanddollar.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillssanddollar-400x387.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillssanddollar-32x32.jpg 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The sand dollar Dendraster gibbsi, 43 millimeters across, from the interior of the Kettleman Hills. Photo courtesy {link url=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/\"}James St. John{/link} of Flickr under Creative Commons license\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You can cross the hills in three places, two of them busy highways: the Avenal cutoff in the north and state route 41 in the middle. I've tried looking for places to pull over on these roads and it basically shouldn't be done. Take the third way, farther south starting at the Utica Avenue exit; head west and then immediately south on 25th Avenue, taking it all the way to Twisselman Road and back to the freeway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillsroutemap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50108\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsroutemap.png\" alt=\"kethillsroutemap\" width=\"600\" height=\"425\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-50108\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsroutemap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsroutemap-400x283.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The edge of the hills is marked by the California Aqueduct, which is always worth contemplating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50106\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillsaqueduct/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50106\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsaqueduct.jpg\" alt=\"Photos by Andrew Alden\" width=\"600\" height=\"362\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50106\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsaqueduct.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsaqueduct-400x241.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are a few roadcuts worth checking out. They all seem to be full of fossils dating from the Pleistocene, when the Central Valley was an arm of the sea. With the compression of the Coast Ranges, outlying folds in the crust of the San Joaquin Valley were pushed up into anticlines which formed traps for huge amounts of oil and gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillfossils/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50105\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillfossils.jpg\" alt=\"kethillfossils\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-50105\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillfossils.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillfossils-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where Devil's Den Road splits off is the gap between the Middle and South Domes of the Kettleman Hills. East of there was the shoreline of Tulare Lake, an inland sea that was drained away long ago by the farms and cities of the Great Valley. Imagine the effect it must have had on the local climate here. This countryside, at its best, is worlds away from I-5.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillstop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50110\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillstop.jpg\" alt=\"kethillstop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-50110\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillstop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillstop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember, the point of a side trip is not to rush—plenty of opportunity for that on the freeway—and be ready to stop and smell the flowers, or at least sniff the breeze.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"This side trip takes you into the quiet range of hills that runs along the freeway south of Coalinga.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1362707277,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":568},"headData":{"title":"Side Trips from Interstate 5: Kettleman Hills | KQED","description":"This side trip takes you into the quiet range of hills that runs along the freeway south of Coalinga.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Side Trips from Interstate 5: Kettleman Hills","datePublished":"2013-02-28T19:59:35.000Z","dateModified":"2013-03-08T01:47:57.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"50103 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=50103","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/","disqusTitle":"Side Trips from Interstate 5: Kettleman Hills","path":"/quest/50103/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As you head south on I-5 past Coalinga, the road runs just east of a long range of hills. From on high, and on the geologic map, the Kettleman Hills are a dramatic and obvious example of an anticlinal arch. The center is uplifted and dissected by erosion, so that the insides are the older rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillsgeomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50107\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsgeomap.png\" alt=\"kethillsgeomap\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-50107\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsgeomap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsgeomap-400x267.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These hills drew the attention of oil drillers early on, but their holes came up dry until October 3rd, 1928, when a well struck a highly overpressured reservoir some 7000 feet down. A gusher resulted that lasted for three years. Oil production from the field was so great that the market was depressed and several other oil-producing states grumbled about the lack of regulation in California. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50111\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillswellhead/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50111\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillswellhead.jpg\" alt=\"Massive Christmas tree of well controls used in the Kettleman Hills North Dome oil field\" width=\"600\" height=\"468\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50111\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillswellhead.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillswellhead-400x312.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Massive \"Christmas tree\" of well controls used in the Kettleman Hills North Dome oil field. Photo courtesy {link url=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/bilbord99/\"}Bill Mulder{/link} of flickr under Creative Commons license\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The town of Avenal arose with the oil boom, along with a host of businesses based on petroleum. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50104\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kettlemanking/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50104\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kettlemanking.png\" alt=\"This company was later acquired by Beacon.\" width=\"600\" height=\"453\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50104\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kettlemanking.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kettlemanking-400x302.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This company was later acquired by Beacon. Photo courtesy {link url=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/thomashawk/\"}Thomas Hawk{/link} of Flickr under Creative Commons license\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The classic geologic treatment of the Kettleman Hills oil field was issued in 1940 by the U.S. Geological Survey as \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/pp195\">Professional Paper 195\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today the field is almost played out, although you can never discount new advances that might revive it. But the hills remain, blooming every spring. And the roadcuts, where you can access them, are still \u003ca href=\"http://inyo.coffeecup.com/site/kh/kettleman.html\">full of fossils\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50109\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillssanddollar/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50109\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillssanddollar.jpg\" alt=\"The sand dollar Dendraster gibbsi\" width=\"500\" height=\"484\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50109\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillssanddollar.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillssanddollar-400x387.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillssanddollar-32x32.jpg 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The sand dollar Dendraster gibbsi, 43 millimeters across, from the interior of the Kettleman Hills. Photo courtesy {link url=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/\"}James St. John{/link} of Flickr under Creative Commons license\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You can cross the hills in three places, two of them busy highways: the Avenal cutoff in the north and state route 41 in the middle. I've tried looking for places to pull over on these roads and it basically shouldn't be done. Take the third way, farther south starting at the Utica Avenue exit; head west and then immediately south on 25th Avenue, taking it all the way to Twisselman Road and back to the freeway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillsroutemap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50108\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsroutemap.png\" alt=\"kethillsroutemap\" width=\"600\" height=\"425\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-50108\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsroutemap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsroutemap-400x283.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The edge of the hills is marked by the California Aqueduct, which is always worth contemplating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50106\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillsaqueduct/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50106\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsaqueduct.jpg\" alt=\"Photos by Andrew Alden\" width=\"600\" height=\"362\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50106\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsaqueduct.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsaqueduct-400x241.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are a few roadcuts worth checking out. They all seem to be full of fossils dating from the Pleistocene, when the Central Valley was an arm of the sea. With the compression of the Coast Ranges, outlying folds in the crust of the San Joaquin Valley were pushed up into anticlines which formed traps for huge amounts of oil and gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillfossils/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50105\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillfossils.jpg\" alt=\"kethillfossils\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-50105\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillfossils.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillfossils-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where Devil's Den Road splits off is the gap between the Middle and South Domes of the Kettleman Hills. East of there was the shoreline of Tulare Lake, an inland sea that was drained away long ago by the farms and cities of the Great Valley. Imagine the effect it must have had on the local climate here. This countryside, at its best, is worlds away from I-5.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillstop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50110\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillstop.jpg\" alt=\"kethillstop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-50110\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillstop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillstop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember, the point of a side trip is not to rush—plenty of opportunity for that on the freeway—and be ready to stop and smell the flowers, or at least sniff the breeze.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/50103/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_639","quest_13200","quest_11797","quest_9804","quest_2057","quest_2169","quest_13202"],"featImg":"quest_50110","label":"quest"},"quest_45984":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_45984","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"45984","score":null,"sort":[1349985144000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"fracking-in-urban-oilfields","title":"Fracking in Urban Oilfields: A New Study Sparks More Debate","publishDate":1349985144,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45985\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/11/fracking-in-urban-oilfields/inglewoodfrack/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45985\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/inglewoodfrack-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"inglewoodfrack\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-45985\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oilfields can be as clean as any other kind of mining if the operators are careful—and there's the rub. Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This week a consultant's report basically stated that hydraulic fracturing in one of the country's largest urban oilfields is not harmful. The study will arouse lots of comment by proponents and opponents of \"fracking,\" but both sides will find limited support for their arguments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oilfield in question is the Inglewood field, which has been drilling and pumping in the Baldwin Hills, in Southern California, for 82 years as the cities of Los Angeles County engulfed the country around it on all sides. Now it's flanked by the 10 and 405 freeways and overlooks Culver City, east of Santa Monica. It makes a good test case for the future, because oil and gas producers will not disappear as cities expand around them. Both parties will need to learn how to cooperate. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Baldwin Hills Community Standards District is a set of regulations recently created by Los Angeles County that governs operations in the Inglewood field. Part of a lawsuit settlement obliged the field's current operator, Plains Exploration & Production Company or PXP, to carry out a study of its most advanced fracking technology. The final report from that study was released to the public yesterday and can be \u003ca href=\"http://www.inglewoodoilfield.com/fracturing-study/\">downloaded from inglewoodoilfield.com\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fracking is a set of oilfield techniques in which rock is gently shattered and grit washed into the resulting microcracks. The grit holds the cracks open allowing oil and gas to be pumped out. For the study, PXP tested two varieties of fracking on each of two vertical wells in the Inglewood field: \"high-volume\" and \"high-rate gravel pack\" techniques. Both are appropriate for the extremely fine grained shale rock that fracking is designed for. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Naturally, everyone at PXP was on their best behavior for these tests, going by the book in every respect. As a result, and to no one's surprise, the wells were properly sealed, the petroleum-producing zone (7500 feet below the fresh groundwater of the Los Angeles basin) did not contaminate anything, no earthquakes were triggered, the ground did not shift by a millimeter, the noise and pollution were insignificant, and no public-health impact was detected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is par for the course, and should have been expected. California is a mature petroleum producer, for once not part of the gold rush for shale oil that is stirring up controversy in the Northeast and Midwest. The problem in California is the combination of lax operations and lax oversight, leaving us at the mercy of notorious incidents and high rhetoric. The Inglewood field study does not exonerate the industry (whose response is \"of course they should say it's OK\"), nor should it reduce the vigilance of fracking opponents (whose response to the study is \"of course they would say it's OK\").\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I did find it a bit odd that the peer reviewers of the study were both geologists who were educated in the East and practice in the East. But perhaps that was a smart step, because the eastern states are hotbeds of fracking and public anxiety too. The reviewers would not be strangers to that. And their \"peer reviewer comment letter\" mentions a long process of give-and-take in clarifying the study report that must have benefited from not being overly familiar with the Los Angeles oil patch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Natural Resources Defense Council, which participated in the lawsuit that led to this study, \u003ca href=\"http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/dnagami/long-awaited_study_of_fracking.html\">issued a measured response on its blog\u003c/a>. Food and Water Watch declared the study \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/pressreleases/fox-guarding-henhouse-not-surprisingly-pxp-study-finds-no-harm-from-fracking-at-inglewood-oil-field/\">an example of shill science at its worst\u003c/a>.\" Uprising Radio \u003ca href=\"http://uprisingradio.org/home/2012/10/10/in-absence-of-regulation-local-and-state-level-fracking-found-to-be-widespread/\">was undeterred\u003c/a> in noting that the state has no regulations for fracking. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/12/fracking-in-california-any-cause-for-concern/\">This is true, and awkward\u003c/a>, but state rules are in the works that should start to help turn mutual suspicion to watchful coexistence. Perhaps this study will inform those regulations.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A rigorous study shows that fracking is unharmful when the stakes are high. Not much should be made of it.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1351578694,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":662},"headData":{"title":"Fracking in Urban Oilfields: A New Study Sparks More Debate | KQED","description":"A rigorous study shows that fracking is unharmful when the stakes are high. Not much should be made of it.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Fracking in Urban Oilfields: A New Study Sparks More Debate","datePublished":"2012-10-11T19:52:24.000Z","dateModified":"2012-10-30T06:31:34.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"45984 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=45984","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/11/fracking-in-urban-oilfields/","disqusTitle":"Fracking in Urban Oilfields: A New Study Sparks More Debate","WpOldSlug":"fracking-in-the-city","path":"/quest/45984/fracking-in-urban-oilfields","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45985\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/11/fracking-in-urban-oilfields/inglewoodfrack/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45985\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/inglewoodfrack-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"inglewoodfrack\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-45985\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oilfields can be as clean as any other kind of mining if the operators are careful—and there's the rub. Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This week a consultant's report basically stated that hydraulic fracturing in one of the country's largest urban oilfields is not harmful. The study will arouse lots of comment by proponents and opponents of \"fracking,\" but both sides will find limited support for their arguments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oilfield in question is the Inglewood field, which has been drilling and pumping in the Baldwin Hills, in Southern California, for 82 years as the cities of Los Angeles County engulfed the country around it on all sides. Now it's flanked by the 10 and 405 freeways and overlooks Culver City, east of Santa Monica. It makes a good test case for the future, because oil and gas producers will not disappear as cities expand around them. Both parties will need to learn how to cooperate. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Baldwin Hills Community Standards District is a set of regulations recently created by Los Angeles County that governs operations in the Inglewood field. Part of a lawsuit settlement obliged the field's current operator, Plains Exploration & Production Company or PXP, to carry out a study of its most advanced fracking technology. The final report from that study was released to the public yesterday and can be \u003ca href=\"http://www.inglewoodoilfield.com/fracturing-study/\">downloaded from inglewoodoilfield.com\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fracking is a set of oilfield techniques in which rock is gently shattered and grit washed into the resulting microcracks. The grit holds the cracks open allowing oil and gas to be pumped out. For the study, PXP tested two varieties of fracking on each of two vertical wells in the Inglewood field: \"high-volume\" and \"high-rate gravel pack\" techniques. Both are appropriate for the extremely fine grained shale rock that fracking is designed for. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Naturally, everyone at PXP was on their best behavior for these tests, going by the book in every respect. As a result, and to no one's surprise, the wells were properly sealed, the petroleum-producing zone (7500 feet below the fresh groundwater of the Los Angeles basin) did not contaminate anything, no earthquakes were triggered, the ground did not shift by a millimeter, the noise and pollution were insignificant, and no public-health impact was detected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is par for the course, and should have been expected. California is a mature petroleum producer, for once not part of the gold rush for shale oil that is stirring up controversy in the Northeast and Midwest. The problem in California is the combination of lax operations and lax oversight, leaving us at the mercy of notorious incidents and high rhetoric. The Inglewood field study does not exonerate the industry (whose response is \"of course they should say it's OK\"), nor should it reduce the vigilance of fracking opponents (whose response to the study is \"of course they would say it's OK\").\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I did find it a bit odd that the peer reviewers of the study were both geologists who were educated in the East and practice in the East. But perhaps that was a smart step, because the eastern states are hotbeds of fracking and public anxiety too. The reviewers would not be strangers to that. And their \"peer reviewer comment letter\" mentions a long process of give-and-take in clarifying the study report that must have benefited from not being overly familiar with the Los Angeles oil patch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Natural Resources Defense Council, which participated in the lawsuit that led to this study, \u003ca href=\"http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/dnagami/long-awaited_study_of_fracking.html\">issued a measured response on its blog\u003c/a>. Food and Water Watch declared the study \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/pressreleases/fox-guarding-henhouse-not-surprisingly-pxp-study-finds-no-harm-from-fracking-at-inglewood-oil-field/\">an example of shill science at its worst\u003c/a>.\" Uprising Radio \u003ca href=\"http://uprisingradio.org/home/2012/10/10/in-absence-of-regulation-local-and-state-level-fracking-found-to-be-widespread/\">was undeterred\u003c/a> in noting that the state has no regulations for fracking. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/12/fracking-in-california-any-cause-for-concern/\">This is true, and awkward\u003c/a>, but state rules are in the works that should start to help turn mutual suspicion to watchful coexistence. Perhaps this study will inform those regulations.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/45984/fracking-in-urban-oilfields","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_10978","quest_1278","quest_9804","quest_2057","quest_2257","quest_13202"],"featImg":"quest_45985","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? 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