Science Spotlight: How to Build a Model of a Future Space-Exploring Robot
Career Spotlight: Robotics Engineer
Silicon Valley Goes to Space
Millie Hughes-Fulford: Scientist in Space
Gliese 667 Cc: Musing the Possibilities of Another Earth
Attack of the Killer Electrons! New Mission Searches for Mysterious Space Particles
The Mars Rover Curiosity Digs a Little Deeper
Mars Mountain Climbing Mashup!
Still Curious About Mars in 2012
Sponsored
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From 1996-99, he was Head Observer at the Naval Prototype Optical Interferometer program at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, AZ.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/ben-burress/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Ben Burress | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/ben-burress"},"gabriela-quiros":{"type":"authors","id":"6186","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6186","found":true},"name":"Gabriela Quirós","firstName":"Gabriela","lastName":"Quirós","slug":"gabriela-quiros","email":"gquiros@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":["science"],"title":"Video Producer and Reporter","bio":"Gabriela Quirós is a \u003cstrong>video producer and the coordinating producer for KQED's web science video series \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/deeplook\">Deep Look\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>. She joined KQED as a TV producer when its science series QUEST started in 2006 and has covered everything from Alzheimer’s to bee die-offs to dark energy.\r\n\r\nShe won a 2022 AAAS Kavli Science Journalism Award with a team of her Deep Look colleagues. She has won five regional Emmys as a video producer and has shared seven more as the coordinating producer of Deep Look. The episode she produced about \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/728086/how-mosquitoes-use-six-needles-to-suck-your-blood\">How Mosquitoes Use Six Needles to Suck Your Blood\u003c/a> won a Webby \"People's Voice\" award. She has also earned awards from the Jackson Hole Wildlife Film Festival, the Society of Professional Journalists and the Society of Environmental Journalists.\r\n\r\nHer videos for KQED have also aired on NOVA scienceNOW and the PBS NewsHour, and appeared on NPR.org.\r\n\r\nAs an independent filmmaker, she produced and directed the hour-long documentary \u003ca href=\"http://lpbp.org/beautiful-sin-qa-with-producer-gabriela-quiros/\">\u003cem>Beautiful Sin\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, about the surprising story of how Costa Rica became the only country in the world to outlaw in vitro fertilization. The film aired in 2015 on public television stations throughout the U.S., and in Costa Rica.\r\n\r\nShe started her journalism career as a newspaper reporter in Costa Rica, where she grew up. She won the National Science Journalism Award there for a series of articles about organic agriculture, and developed a life-long interest in health reporting. She moved to the Bay Area in 1996 to study documentary filmmaking at the University of California, Berkeley, where she received master’s degrees in journalism and Latin American studies.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"gabrielaquirosr","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["editor","ef_view_calendar","ef_view_story_budget"]}],"headData":{"title":"Gabriela Quirós | KQED","description":"Video Producer and Reporter","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/gabriela-quiros"},"lfarrar":{"type":"authors","id":"6544","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6544","found":true},"name":"Lauren Farrar","firstName":"Lauren","lastName":"Farrar","slug":"lfarrar","email":"lfarrar@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Lauren has a background in biology, education, and filmmaking. She has had the privilege to work on a diverse array of educational endeavors and is currently a producer for KQED Learning's YouTube series \u003cem>Above the Noise\u003c/em>. Lauren's career has taken her to the deepest parts of the ocean to film deep sea hydrothermal vents for classroom webcasts, into the pool to film synchronized swimmers to teach about the pH scale, and on roller coasters to create a video about activation energy. And, she’s done it all for the sake of education. Lauren loves communicating science! Follow her on twitter @LFarrarAtWork","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/580c4ece9fa0756ef42202cdcf4146d1?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"lowdown","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"education","roles":["administrator"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["administrator"]}],"headData":{"title":"Lauren Farrar | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/580c4ece9fa0756ef42202cdcf4146d1?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/580c4ece9fa0756ef42202cdcf4146d1?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/lfarrar"},"cbobino":{"type":"authors","id":"10626","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10626","found":true},"name":"CaT Bobino","firstName":"CaT","lastName":"Bobino","slug":"cbobino","email":"cbobino@KQED.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"CaT Bobino has her B.S. in Biology and is currently an education intern at KQED. She enjoys sharing her love of science through media, public speaking, and outreach programs. CaT is finishing up her Masters in Biology at CSU East Bay and plans to do more media work and help change the image of a scientist. You can contact her on Twitter at @intheknowshow or go to her website catbobino.com","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1a2857f10994fcb4caaf27573114f91c?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"education","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"CaT Bobino | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1a2857f10994fcb4caaf27573114f91c?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1a2857f10994fcb4caaf27573114f91c?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/cbobino"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_87280":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_87280","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"87280","score":null,"sort":[1445299962000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"science-spotlight-how-to-build-a-model-of-a-future-space-exploring-robot","title":"Science Spotlight: How to Build a Model of a Future Space-Exploring Robot","publishDate":1445299962,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":13394,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Have you ever seen a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.tensegrityfitness.com/fit/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/tensegity1.jpg\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">skeleton\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> held together with wire in a classroom or at a museum? \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003cimg class=\"wp-image-87303 alignright\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/skeleton-457598_640.jpg\" alt=\"skeleton-457598_640\" width=\"252\" height=\"380\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/skeleton-457598_640.jpg 424w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/skeleton-457598_640-400x604.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 252px) 100vw, 252px\">What would happen if you removed the wire? All of the bones would fall into a heap on the floor! In reality, there are no wires within our bodies. Instead, our bodies are held together with ligaments and soft tissue. Our bones don’t directly connect to one another, but rather the ligaments and soft tissues help hold our bones in place and allow us to move.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our body is an example of a \u003cb>tensegrity structure\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. In tensegrity structures, rigid parts aren’t directly connected to one another with nails or screws, but instead are connected by wires, cables, elastic bands or, in the case of our bodies, soft tissues. The concept of tensegrity is used to build structures in science, engineering, arts and architecture.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Tensegrity” was coined by Buckminster Fuller in the 1960s; it’s a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/BuckminsterFuller1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-87310 alignright\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/BuckminsterFuller1.jpg\" alt=\"BuckminsterFuller1\" width=\"259\" height=\"338\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/BuckminsterFuller1.jpg 422w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/BuckminsterFuller1-400x522.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 259px) 100vw, 259px\">\u003c/a>combination of the terms “tension” and “structural integrity.” In physics, “tension” refers to the state of being stretched tight and “structural integrity” has to do with how well a structure can support itself without breaking (think of how well a house or bridge is held together when there is an earthquake). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at \u003ca href=\"http://www.magicalrobot.org/BeingHuman/\">NASA Ames\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://best.berkeley.edu/\">University of California, Berkeley\u003c/a>, are turning tensegrity structures into functional robots, which could be used in the future to explore space and other planets. These \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/10/01/engineering-is-exploring-space-with-shape-shifting-robots/\">tensegrity structure robots\u003c/a> could offer several advantages over traditional space rovers. Tensegrity robots can handle more impact than traditional rovers, can be compacted into a small container, and they are also lighter in weight and less expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the above video, I show you how to make a simple tensegrity model using drinking straws and rubber bands. Here are the materials you will need to create the model:\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">six stiff drinking straws cut to a length of five inches\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">six stretchy rubber bands\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">six smaller rubber bands\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">scissors\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Follow these simple steps to build your own tensegrity model:\u003c/p>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>Cut six straws into five-inch pieces\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Loosely tie small rubber bands on both ends of two pairs of straws\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Place one pair of straws between the other\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Loosely tie a small rubber band around one end of another pair of straws\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Place the new pair of straws between the first two pairs, then loosely place a rubber band on the other end\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Place a longer rubber band into the slit of one straw. Take the rubber band and stretch it over the pair of straws perpendicular to the original straw and over to the other end of that straw\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Take the two middle points of the long rubber band and place them into the slits of the perpendicular straws\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Once you have done this will all the straws, cut the smaller rubber bands that are holding the pairs together\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003cp>You can create the model as shown, make a larger one or even turn it into a robot. Share what you have created with us in the comments below, or with @KQEDedspace on Twitter and Instagram using #tensegrity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This Science Spotlight video is part of our \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/10/22/e-book-engineering-is-exploring-space-with-shape-shifting-robots/\" target=\"_blank\">Engineering Is Exploring Space with Shape-Shifting Robots\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> e-book. The e-book explores the science and engineering principles behind how researchers are developing tensegrity robots for space exploration. The e-book includes videos, interactives and media-making opportunities. You can find all of our e-books at \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\">kqed.org/ebooks\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Learn how to build a model of future space-exploring robots using the concept of \"tensegrity\"--the combination of \"tension\" and \"integrity.\"","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1471475540,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":587},"headData":{"title":"Science Spotlight: How to Build a Model of a Future Space-Exploring Robot | KQED","description":"Learn how to build a model of future space-exploring robots using the concept of "tensegrity"--the combination of "tension" and "integrity."","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"87280 http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/?p=87280","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/10/19/science-spotlight-how-to-build-a-model-of-a-future-space-exploring-robot/","disqusTitle":"Science Spotlight: How to Build a Model of a Future Space-Exploring Robot","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=awILwlCkd9Y","path":"/quest/87280/science-spotlight-how-to-build-a-model-of-a-future-space-exploring-robot","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Have you ever seen a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.tensegrityfitness.com/fit/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/tensegity1.jpg\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">skeleton\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> held together with wire in a classroom or at a museum? \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003cimg class=\"wp-image-87303 alignright\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/skeleton-457598_640.jpg\" alt=\"skeleton-457598_640\" width=\"252\" height=\"380\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/skeleton-457598_640.jpg 424w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/skeleton-457598_640-400x604.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 252px) 100vw, 252px\">What would happen if you removed the wire? All of the bones would fall into a heap on the floor! In reality, there are no wires within our bodies. Instead, our bodies are held together with ligaments and soft tissue. Our bones don’t directly connect to one another, but rather the ligaments and soft tissues help hold our bones in place and allow us to move.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our body is an example of a \u003cb>tensegrity structure\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. In tensegrity structures, rigid parts aren’t directly connected to one another with nails or screws, but instead are connected by wires, cables, elastic bands or, in the case of our bodies, soft tissues. The concept of tensegrity is used to build structures in science, engineering, arts and architecture.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Tensegrity” was coined by Buckminster Fuller in the 1960s; it’s a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/BuckminsterFuller1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-87310 alignright\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/BuckminsterFuller1.jpg\" alt=\"BuckminsterFuller1\" width=\"259\" height=\"338\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/BuckminsterFuller1.jpg 422w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/BuckminsterFuller1-400x522.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 259px) 100vw, 259px\">\u003c/a>combination of the terms “tension” and “structural integrity.” In physics, “tension” refers to the state of being stretched tight and “structural integrity” has to do with how well a structure can support itself without breaking (think of how well a house or bridge is held together when there is an earthquake). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at \u003ca href=\"http://www.magicalrobot.org/BeingHuman/\">NASA Ames\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://best.berkeley.edu/\">University of California, Berkeley\u003c/a>, are turning tensegrity structures into functional robots, which could be used in the future to explore space and other planets. These \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/10/01/engineering-is-exploring-space-with-shape-shifting-robots/\">tensegrity structure robots\u003c/a> could offer several advantages over traditional space rovers. Tensegrity robots can handle more impact than traditional rovers, can be compacted into a small container, and they are also lighter in weight and less expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the above video, I show you how to make a simple tensegrity model using drinking straws and rubber bands. Here are the materials you will need to create the model:\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">six stiff drinking straws cut to a length of five inches\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">six stretchy rubber bands\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">six smaller rubber bands\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">scissors\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Follow these simple steps to build your own tensegrity model:\u003c/p>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>Cut six straws into five-inch pieces\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Loosely tie small rubber bands on both ends of two pairs of straws\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Place one pair of straws between the other\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Loosely tie a small rubber band around one end of another pair of straws\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Place the new pair of straws between the first two pairs, then loosely place a rubber band on the other end\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Place a longer rubber band into the slit of one straw. Take the rubber band and stretch it over the pair of straws perpendicular to the original straw and over to the other end of that straw\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Take the two middle points of the long rubber band and place them into the slits of the perpendicular straws\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Once you have done this will all the straws, cut the smaller rubber bands that are holding the pairs together\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003cp>You can create the model as shown, make a larger one or even turn it into a robot. Share what you have created with us in the comments below, or with @KQEDedspace on Twitter and Instagram using #tensegrity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This Science Spotlight video is part of our \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/10/22/e-book-engineering-is-exploring-space-with-shape-shifting-robots/\" target=\"_blank\">Engineering Is Exploring Space with Shape-Shifting Robots\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> e-book. The e-book explores the science and engineering principles behind how researchers are developing tensegrity robots for space exploration. The e-book includes videos, interactives and media-making opportunities. You can find all of our e-books at \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\">kqed.org/ebooks\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/87280/science-spotlight-how-to-build-a-model-of-a-future-space-exploring-robot","authors":["10626"],"categories":["quest_8","quest_16","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_308","quest_11295","quest_12787","quest_847","quest_13197","quest_1040","quest_13402","quest_11365","quest_13404","quest_13400","quest_1918","quest_1919","quest_1920","quest_2530","quest_13142","quest_2739","quest_11296","quest_13403","quest_13401","quest_3021","quest_3071"],"collections":["quest_13394"],"featImg":"quest_87396","label":"quest_13394"},"quest_78021":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_78021","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"78021","score":null,"sort":[1443469592000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"career-spotlight-robotics-engineer","title":"Career Spotlight: Robotics Engineer","publishDate":1443469592,"format":"video","headTitle":"Career Spotlight | QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":13374,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>In seventh grade, after reading a newspaper article about female engineers at NASA, Maria Bualat knew that was what she wanted to be when she grew up. Fast forward to today. Maria is now a robotics engineer \u003ca href=\"http://ti.arc.nasa.gov/tech/asr/intelligent-robotics/\"> NASA Ames Research Center\u003c/a>; in Mountain View, CA where she develops robotics systems for space exploration. Her main project at the moment is Astrobee -- a free-flying robot for the International Space Station. It will be able to do inspections and also monitor air quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the deputy group lead for the Intelligent Robotics Group at NASA Ames, she does high level thinking, project management and systems engineering. This means she sets the goals and direction of the project and coordinates with different teams and engineers to make sure the project is successful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maria earned a bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering and was hired at NASA right out of school. She continued her education and earned a master’s degree in electrical engineering with an emphasis in controls while simultaneously working at NASA. For students interested in a career in science or engineering, she recommends cultivating good communication and writing skills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Meet Maria Bualat a robotics engineer at NASA Ames Research Center.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1451520546,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":5,"wordCount":194},"headData":{"title":"Career Spotlight: Robotics Engineer | KQED","description":"Meet Maria Bualat a robotics engineer at NASA Ames Research Center.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"78021 http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/?p=78021","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/09/28/career-spotlight-robotics-engineer/","disqusTitle":"Career Spotlight: Robotics Engineer","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sUOY3JZ-9C4","path":"/quest/78021/career-spotlight-robotics-engineer","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In seventh grade, after reading a newspaper article about female engineers at NASA, Maria Bualat knew that was what she wanted to be when she grew up. Fast forward to today. Maria is now a robotics engineer \u003ca href=\"http://ti.arc.nasa.gov/tech/asr/intelligent-robotics/\"> NASA Ames Research Center\u003c/a>; in Mountain View, CA where she develops robotics systems for space exploration. Her main project at the moment is Astrobee -- a free-flying robot for the International Space Station. It will be able to do inspections and also monitor air quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the deputy group lead for the Intelligent Robotics Group at NASA Ames, she does high level thinking, project management and systems engineering. This means she sets the goals and direction of the project and coordinates with different teams and engineers to make sure the project is successful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maria earned a bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering and was hired at NASA right out of school. She continued her education and earned a master’s degree in electrical engineering with an emphasis in controls while simultaneously working at NASA. For students interested in a career in science or engineering, she recommends cultivating good communication and writing skills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/78021/career-spotlight-robotics-engineer","authors":["6544"],"series":["quest_13374"],"categories":["quest_8"],"tags":["quest_13130","quest_13128","quest_13378","quest_3351","quest_13379","quest_1918","quest_2349","quest_2443","quest_13380","quest_13381","quest_3071"],"collections":["quest_13394"],"featImg":"quest_78048","label":"quest_13374"},"quest_72559":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_72559","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"72559","score":null,"sort":[1418742038000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"silicon-valley-goes-to-space","title":"Silicon Valley Goes to Space","publishDate":1418742038,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>A new generation of entrepreneurs - sprung from the high-risk, high-tech culture of Silicon Valley - is launching private, for-profit ventures to open up space for tourism, transportation, rapid earth imaging and even mining the moon. It's a far cry from the early days of space exploration, where \u003ca href=\"http://nasa.gov\">NASA\u003c/a> led the way, culminating in Neil Armstrong's first bold steps on the moon in July 1969.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Companies such as \u003ca href=\"http://virgingalactic.com\">Virgin Galactic\u003c/a>, which bills itself as the world's first commercial spaceliner, and rocket maker \u003ca href=\"http://spacex.com\">SpaceX\u003c/a>, which in 2012 became the first private company to deliver cargo to the International Space Station, are rapidly creating new commercial opportunities in an arena long believed to be out of reach to private companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But opening up space to lucrative, ambitious commercial ventures carries not only rewards, but also risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On October 31, Virgin Galactic’s SpaceShipTwo crashed during a test flight 25 miles north of the Mojave Air and Space Port, killing one of the two pilots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Space is hard and today was a tough day,” said Virgin Galactic CEO George Whitesides at a press conference held a few hours later. \"Our future rests in many ways on hard days like this, but we believe we owe it to the folks who were flying these vehicles as well as the folks who have been working so hard on them to understand this and move forward,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just days earlier, an unmanned rocket owned by another company, Orbital Sciences, and re-supplying the International Space Station, exploded in Virginia shortly after takeoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Space industry leaders say the industry will rebound, and already has significant accomplishments in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 700 people have put down deposits for a $250,000 rocketship ride into the edge of space with Virgin Galactic that had been expected as soon as 2015, for example. In September, SpaceX completed its fourth successful resupply mission to the space station, returning with nearly 4,000 pounds of science experiments and cargo. The company hopes to eventually transport astronauts to the space station, for considerably cheaper than the $70 million NASA has had to pay the Russians for astronaut transport since the retirement of the Space Shuttle. Other entrepreneurs have announced plans to land on the moon or even Mars in the coming decades.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In this video story, learn how commercial space ventures are taking off, from mining the moon to space tourism. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442628247,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":391},"headData":{"title":"Silicon Valley Goes to Space | KQED","description":"In this video story, learn how commercial space ventures are taking off, from mining the moon to space tourism. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"72559 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=72559","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/12/16/silicon-valley-goes-to-space/","disqusTitle":"Silicon Valley Goes to Space","videoEmbed":"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rBjC53sBnuI?feature=player_embedded","source":"Astronomy","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/astronomy/","path":"/quest/72559/silicon-valley-goes-to-space","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A new generation of entrepreneurs - sprung from the high-risk, high-tech culture of Silicon Valley - is launching private, for-profit ventures to open up space for tourism, transportation, rapid earth imaging and even mining the moon. It's a far cry from the early days of space exploration, where \u003ca href=\"http://nasa.gov\">NASA\u003c/a> led the way, culminating in Neil Armstrong's first bold steps on the moon in July 1969.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Companies such as \u003ca href=\"http://virgingalactic.com\">Virgin Galactic\u003c/a>, which bills itself as the world's first commercial spaceliner, and rocket maker \u003ca href=\"http://spacex.com\">SpaceX\u003c/a>, which in 2012 became the first private company to deliver cargo to the International Space Station, are rapidly creating new commercial opportunities in an arena long believed to be out of reach to private companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But opening up space to lucrative, ambitious commercial ventures carries not only rewards, but also risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On October 31, Virgin Galactic’s SpaceShipTwo crashed during a test flight 25 miles north of the Mojave Air and Space Port, killing one of the two pilots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Space is hard and today was a tough day,” said Virgin Galactic CEO George Whitesides at a press conference held a few hours later. \"Our future rests in many ways on hard days like this, but we believe we owe it to the folks who were flying these vehicles as well as the folks who have been working so hard on them to understand this and move forward,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just days earlier, an unmanned rocket owned by another company, Orbital Sciences, and re-supplying the International Space Station, exploded in Virginia shortly after takeoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Space industry leaders say the industry will rebound, and already has significant accomplishments in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 700 people have put down deposits for a $250,000 rocketship ride into the edge of space with Virgin Galactic that had been expected as soon as 2015, for example. In September, SpaceX completed its fourth successful resupply mission to the space station, returning with nearly 4,000 pounds of science experiments and cargo. The company hopes to eventually transport astronauts to the space station, for considerably cheaper than the $70 million NASA has had to pay the Russians for astronaut transport since the retirement of the Space Shuttle. Other entrepreneurs have announced plans to land on the moon or even Mars in the coming decades.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/72559/silicon-valley-goes-to-space","authors":["6176"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_8"],"tags":["quest_12269","quest_3620","quest_13031","quest_12317","quest_1918","quest_13","quest_12318","quest_13030","quest_12264","quest_2893","quest_3071","quest_12316","quest_13029"],"featImg":"quest_72560","label":"source_quest_72559"},"quest_21110":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_21110","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"21110","score":null,"sort":[1417014024000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"millie-hughes-fulford-scientist-in-space","title":"Millie Hughes-Fulford: Scientist in Space","publishDate":1417014024,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>This video and article, originally posted on July 26, 2011, were updated on Nov. 26, 2014.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73277\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Millie_Hughes-Fulford_in_lab_2011.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73277 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Millie_Hughes-Fulford_in_lab_2011-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Millie Hughes-Fulford in her lab at the San Francisco VA Medical Center in March 2011.<br /> (Michael Goode/KQED)\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Millie Hughes-Fulford in her lab at the San Francisco VA Medical Center in March 2011.\u003cbr> (Michael Goode/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When SpaceX sends its next spacecraft to resupply the International Space Station on Dec. 16, along with M&M’s and khaki pants for the six astronauts, the rocket will also carry some 40 experiments. Among them will be a cooler with several vials of human cells, sent up by University of California-San Francisco molecular biologist and former astronaut Millie Hughes-Fulford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hughes-Fulford hopes to figure out why the human immune system takes a beating in space. Her research could help astronauts stay healthy during the months or years it might take to reach Mars. Her findings could also help aging people here on Earth stay healthy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our hope is that we can apply the new knowledge across the board to anyone who has an immune problem,” said Hughes-Fulford, \u003ca href=\"http://www.hughesfulfordlab.com/index.html\">whose lab is at the San Francisco VA Medical Center\u003c/a> and who is employed by the Veterans Health Research Institute. The longtime Marin County resident recently moved to Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Space is a useful place to study the human aging process, because in space the immune suppression process is sped up, said Camille Alleyne, assistant program scientist for the International Space Station (ISS).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73278\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Millie_Hughes-Fulford_in_space_head_gear.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73278 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Millie_Hughes-Fulford_in_space_head_gear-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"In 1991, Millie Hughes-Fulford traveled to space on the Space Shuttle Columbia as a payload specialist responsible for carrying out experiments for other scientists. She was the first woman to travel into space as a working scientist. (Courtesy of NASA)\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In 1991, Millie Hughes-Fulford traveled to space on the shuttle Columbia as a payload specialist responsible for carrying out experiments for other scientists. She was the first woman to travel into space as a working scientist. (Courtesy of NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In Hughes-Fulford’s experiment, which is funded by the National Institutes of Health, human immune cells will remain at the ISS for one month, exposed to microgravity – the technical term used to describe the lack of gravity experienced in space. After 30 days, the cells will return to Earth on board the same SpaceX spacecraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1991, Hughes-Fulford was the first woman to travel to space as a working scientist, when she spent nine days on board the Space Shuttle Columbia during its first mission dedicated exclusively to the medical sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During that mission, Hughes-Fulford conducted experiments for scientists from around the world, including one with rats that investigated why space travelers become sick. The study found that, in space, cells called T-cells, which regulate the entire immune system, don’t send out the signals they’re supposed to. As a result, space travelers can become sick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now we believe it’s gravity that’s causing the changes, the T-cell needing gravity in order to function properly,” said Hughes-Fulford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73279\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Tara_Candelario_holds_blood.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73279 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Tara_Candelario_holds_blood-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Tara Candelario held up a vial with human blood at Millie Hughes-Fulford’s lab at the San Francisco VA Medical Center, in March 2011. Candelario, who is still with the lab, is currently extracting immune cells from human blood to send up to the International Space Station on Dec. 16, 2014.<br /> (Michael Goode/KQED)\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tara Candelario held up a vial with human blood at Millie Hughes-Fulford’s lab at the San Francisco VA Medical Center, in March 2011. Candelario is currently extracting immune cells from human blood to send up to the International Space Station on Dec. 16, 2014. (Michael Goode/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With her new experiment, and another one that went up on SpaceX in April, Hughes-Fulford’s goal is to understand which specific genes malfunction in space and what causes them to fail. The experiment will be one of the last things to be loaded onto the spacecraft, and one of the first to be unloaded once it docks with the ISS, said Alleyne. This is because the human cells need to be in a controlled temperature environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other experiments traveling to the ISS in December include NASA’s Cloud Aerosol Transport System (CATS), a device that will use lasers to identify sea salt, carbon, water vapor and particulates in the atmosphere. With CATS, scientists are trying to understand what’s happening in the Earth and atmosphere, to inform climate change models, said Alleyne.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The resupply mission will leave Cape Canaveral, Florida.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The medical animation in this video was produced by Nucleus Media, which holds the copyright.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You may also be interested in the QUEST documentary \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/video/silicon-valley-goes-to-space/\">Silicon Valley Goes to Space.\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Former astronaut Millie Hughes-Fulford is sending an experiment into space that could one day help travelers going to Mars and aging people here on Earth. She seeks to understand how a lack of gravity impacts our immune system.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442631729,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":685},"headData":{"title":"Millie Hughes-Fulford: Scientist in Space | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"21110 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=videos&p=21110","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/11/26/millie-hughes-fulford-scientist-in-space/","disqusTitle":"Millie Hughes-Fulford: Scientist in Space","videoEmbed":"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XQ6OlOAtzR4?feature=player_detailpage","source":"Biology","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/biology/","path":"/quest/21110/millie-hughes-fulford-scientist-in-space","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>This video and article, originally posted on July 26, 2011, were updated on Nov. 26, 2014.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73277\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Millie_Hughes-Fulford_in_lab_2011.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73277 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Millie_Hughes-Fulford_in_lab_2011-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Millie Hughes-Fulford in her lab at the San Francisco VA Medical Center in March 2011.<br /> (Michael Goode/KQED)\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Millie Hughes-Fulford in her lab at the San Francisco VA Medical Center in March 2011.\u003cbr> (Michael Goode/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When SpaceX sends its next spacecraft to resupply the International Space Station on Dec. 16, along with M&M’s and khaki pants for the six astronauts, the rocket will also carry some 40 experiments. Among them will be a cooler with several vials of human cells, sent up by University of California-San Francisco molecular biologist and former astronaut Millie Hughes-Fulford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hughes-Fulford hopes to figure out why the human immune system takes a beating in space. Her research could help astronauts stay healthy during the months or years it might take to reach Mars. Her findings could also help aging people here on Earth stay healthy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our hope is that we can apply the new knowledge across the board to anyone who has an immune problem,” said Hughes-Fulford, \u003ca href=\"http://www.hughesfulfordlab.com/index.html\">whose lab is at the San Francisco VA Medical Center\u003c/a> and who is employed by the Veterans Health Research Institute. The longtime Marin County resident recently moved to Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Space is a useful place to study the human aging process, because in space the immune suppression process is sped up, said Camille Alleyne, assistant program scientist for the International Space Station (ISS).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73278\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Millie_Hughes-Fulford_in_space_head_gear.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73278 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Millie_Hughes-Fulford_in_space_head_gear-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"In 1991, Millie Hughes-Fulford traveled to space on the Space Shuttle Columbia as a payload specialist responsible for carrying out experiments for other scientists. She was the first woman to travel into space as a working scientist. (Courtesy of NASA)\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In 1991, Millie Hughes-Fulford traveled to space on the shuttle Columbia as a payload specialist responsible for carrying out experiments for other scientists. She was the first woman to travel into space as a working scientist. (Courtesy of NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In Hughes-Fulford’s experiment, which is funded by the National Institutes of Health, human immune cells will remain at the ISS for one month, exposed to microgravity – the technical term used to describe the lack of gravity experienced in space. After 30 days, the cells will return to Earth on board the same SpaceX spacecraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1991, Hughes-Fulford was the first woman to travel to space as a working scientist, when she spent nine days on board the Space Shuttle Columbia during its first mission dedicated exclusively to the medical sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During that mission, Hughes-Fulford conducted experiments for scientists from around the world, including one with rats that investigated why space travelers become sick. The study found that, in space, cells called T-cells, which regulate the entire immune system, don’t send out the signals they’re supposed to. As a result, space travelers can become sick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now we believe it’s gravity that’s causing the changes, the T-cell needing gravity in order to function properly,” said Hughes-Fulford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73279\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Tara_Candelario_holds_blood.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73279 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Tara_Candelario_holds_blood-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Tara Candelario held up a vial with human blood at Millie Hughes-Fulford’s lab at the San Francisco VA Medical Center, in March 2011. Candelario, who is still with the lab, is currently extracting immune cells from human blood to send up to the International Space Station on Dec. 16, 2014.<br /> (Michael Goode/KQED)\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tara Candelario held up a vial with human blood at Millie Hughes-Fulford’s lab at the San Francisco VA Medical Center, in March 2011. Candelario is currently extracting immune cells from human blood to send up to the International Space Station on Dec. 16, 2014. (Michael Goode/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With her new experiment, and another one that went up on SpaceX in April, Hughes-Fulford’s goal is to understand which specific genes malfunction in space and what causes them to fail. The experiment will be one of the last things to be loaded onto the spacecraft, and one of the first to be unloaded once it docks with the ISS, said Alleyne. This is because the human cells need to be in a controlled temperature environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other experiments traveling to the ISS in December include NASA’s Cloud Aerosol Transport System (CATS), a device that will use lasers to identify sea salt, carbon, water vapor and particulates in the atmosphere. With CATS, scientists are trying to understand what’s happening in the Earth and atmosphere, to inform climate change models, said Alleyne.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The resupply mission will leave Cape Canaveral, Florida.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The medical animation in this video was produced by Nucleus Media, which holds the copyright.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You may also be interested in the QUEST documentary \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/video/silicon-valley-goes-to-space/\">Silicon Valley Goes to Space.\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/21110/millie-hughes-fulford-scientist-in-space","authors":["6186"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_4","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_83","quest_544","quest_12269","quest_1451","quest_3620","quest_3351","quest_9909","quest_1918","quest_2349","quest_13","quest_12264","quest_13096","quest_2893","quest_3071"],"featImg":"quest_73276","label":"source_quest_21110"},"quest_51156":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_51156","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"51156","score":null,"sort":[1363966401000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"gliese-667-cc-musing-the-possibilities-of-another-earth","title":"Gliese 667 Cc: Musing the Possibilities of Another Earth","publishDate":1363966401,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>Welcome to Gliese 667 Cc. We hope you enjoy your vacation stay on this amazing planet. You have traveled 23 light years from Earth, but the wonders you will witness are well worth the trip.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could happen, sometime in the future. Maybe. In the meantime, let's read the travel brochure. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Discovered long ago, in 2009, Gliese 667 Cc, as it was originally named, is a model of how un-Earth-like an Earth-like planet can be. First, you may notice that you've put on a few pounds under this super-Earth's greater gravity. You may also think you're losing your sight, since this planet's dim red dwarf sun shines only a fraction of the visible light Earth's Sun does. Finally, as promised, your vacation here will last an entire year and hopefully you read the fine print that this planet's year is only four weeks long. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, back to reality. It's 2013, we do not (yet) have luxury cruisers warping people to other worlds, and we still haven't set foot on another planet. In fact, it's been less than two decades since we detected the first actual extrasolar planet (aka, exoplanet; planets orbiting stars other than our sun). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, since that first exoplanet was found in 1992, we've made some decent progress in exploring other worlds out there, and may even be \u003ca href=\"http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/\" title=\"Planetquest Search for another Earth\" target=\"_blank\">zeroing in on that \"other Earth.\"\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today the count of confirmed exoplanets stands somewhere around 867, with another 2900 or so \"candidates\" whose existence is waiting to be confirmed. And over 2700 of those candidates were brought to our attention within the past three years by \u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/\" title=\"NASA Kepler Mission\" target=\"_blank\">NASA's Kepler mission\u003c/a>, whose goal is to find Earthlike planets—Earthlike, in terms of size and habitability potential. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In that mix are seven planets currently touted as potentially habitable—habitable to life as we know it, at least, with conditions that are friendly to the presence of liquid water. It should be noted that this is what scientists mean by \u003ca href=\"http://phl.upr.edu/\" title=\"Planet Habitability Laboratory\" target=\"_blank\">habitability\u003c/a>: conditions such that liquid water could exist, given an adequate atmosphere and an abundance of water molecules. This definition does not require that a human being could survive in that environment. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back to Gliese 667 Cc. One of three exoplanets (two confirmed, one candidate) orbiting the red dwarf star Gliese 667 C (one of three stars in a triple star system), this one rates highly on the habitability scale (meaning we can imagine there being oceans, a water cycle, and potentially life), but at the same time is strikingly different in several ways to that prototype of Earthlike planets, Earth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is a \"super-Earth\", meaning, as you might expect, bigger than Earth: estimated at 4.8 times the mass of Earth. Depending on its diameter, that could mean surface gravity notably greater than what we're used to: things weigh more, rain falls faster, landscapes are sculpted with a heavier hand. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It orbits within its star's habitable zone—the proper distance so that water can be in liquid form—but since that star is a red dwarf, and much fainter than the Sun, that proper distance is much closer, about a tenth the Earth-Sun distance. Being so close to its star, Gliese 667 Cc only takes about 28 days to complete an orbit and mark its own year. Imagine a birthday party every month! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It has also been suggested that, since this super-Earth is so close to its star, it is probably tidally locked, rotating only once per revolution and keeping the same face toward its star at all times. This would give Gliese 667 Cc a \"day\" hemisphere and a \"night\" hemisphere, so you could choose the time of day you like and stick with it. It would also likely mean a perpetually hot side and a perpetually cold side—unless a thick, Venus-like atmosphere exists that might keep surface temperatures globally similar. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between these extremes, in the twilight zone between day and night, perhaps would be a perpetually temperate ring bounded on one side by a cold dark vastness of hemi-global ice sheets and a vast realm of sweltering sauna lands and hot-tub oceans--something for every type of vacationer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And one has to wonder what kind of weather patterns would develop on this schizoid super-Earth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such we can imagine. We don't know if Gliese 667 Cc has oceans, or what kind of an atmosphere—if any—it might possess. All we really know is its super-Earth status and location within its star's habitable zone. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps we'll learn other details in the future that will help us paint a more realistic picture of this exoplanet and get working on that travel brochure. \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Since the first extra-solar planet was found in 1992, we've made some decent progress in exploring other worlds out there, and may even be zeroing in on that \"other Earth.\" ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442787406,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":808},"headData":{"title":"Gliese 667 Cc: Musing the Possibilities of Another Earth | KQED","description":"Since the first extra-solar planet was found in 1992, we've made some decent progress in exploring other worlds out there, and may even be zeroing in on that "other Earth." ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"51156 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=51156","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/22/gliese-667-cc-musing-the-possibilities-of-another-earth/","disqusTitle":"Gliese 667 Cc: Musing the Possibilities of Another Earth","path":"/quest/51156/gliese-667-cc-musing-the-possibilities-of-another-earth","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Welcome to Gliese 667 Cc. We hope you enjoy your vacation stay on this amazing planet. You have traveled 23 light years from Earth, but the wonders you will witness are well worth the trip.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could happen, sometime in the future. Maybe. In the meantime, let's read the travel brochure. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Discovered long ago, in 2009, Gliese 667 Cc, as it was originally named, is a model of how un-Earth-like an Earth-like planet can be. First, you may notice that you've put on a few pounds under this super-Earth's greater gravity. You may also think you're losing your sight, since this planet's dim red dwarf sun shines only a fraction of the visible light Earth's Sun does. Finally, as promised, your vacation here will last an entire year and hopefully you read the fine print that this planet's year is only four weeks long. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, back to reality. It's 2013, we do not (yet) have luxury cruisers warping people to other worlds, and we still haven't set foot on another planet. In fact, it's been less than two decades since we detected the first actual extrasolar planet (aka, exoplanet; planets orbiting stars other than our sun). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, since that first exoplanet was found in 1992, we've made some decent progress in exploring other worlds out there, and may even be \u003ca href=\"http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/\" title=\"Planetquest Search for another Earth\" target=\"_blank\">zeroing in on that \"other Earth.\"\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today the count of confirmed exoplanets stands somewhere around 867, with another 2900 or so \"candidates\" whose existence is waiting to be confirmed. And over 2700 of those candidates were brought to our attention within the past three years by \u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/\" title=\"NASA Kepler Mission\" target=\"_blank\">NASA's Kepler mission\u003c/a>, whose goal is to find Earthlike planets—Earthlike, in terms of size and habitability potential. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In that mix are seven planets currently touted as potentially habitable—habitable to life as we know it, at least, with conditions that are friendly to the presence of liquid water. It should be noted that this is what scientists mean by \u003ca href=\"http://phl.upr.edu/\" title=\"Planet Habitability Laboratory\" target=\"_blank\">habitability\u003c/a>: conditions such that liquid water could exist, given an adequate atmosphere and an abundance of water molecules. This definition does not require that a human being could survive in that environment. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back to Gliese 667 Cc. One of three exoplanets (two confirmed, one candidate) orbiting the red dwarf star Gliese 667 C (one of three stars in a triple star system), this one rates highly on the habitability scale (meaning we can imagine there being oceans, a water cycle, and potentially life), but at the same time is strikingly different in several ways to that prototype of Earthlike planets, Earth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is a \"super-Earth\", meaning, as you might expect, bigger than Earth: estimated at 4.8 times the mass of Earth. Depending on its diameter, that could mean surface gravity notably greater than what we're used to: things weigh more, rain falls faster, landscapes are sculpted with a heavier hand. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It orbits within its star's habitable zone—the proper distance so that water can be in liquid form—but since that star is a red dwarf, and much fainter than the Sun, that proper distance is much closer, about a tenth the Earth-Sun distance. Being so close to its star, Gliese 667 Cc only takes about 28 days to complete an orbit and mark its own year. Imagine a birthday party every month! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It has also been suggested that, since this super-Earth is so close to its star, it is probably tidally locked, rotating only once per revolution and keeping the same face toward its star at all times. This would give Gliese 667 Cc a \"day\" hemisphere and a \"night\" hemisphere, so you could choose the time of day you like and stick with it. It would also likely mean a perpetually hot side and a perpetually cold side—unless a thick, Venus-like atmosphere exists that might keep surface temperatures globally similar. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between these extremes, in the twilight zone between day and night, perhaps would be a perpetually temperate ring bounded on one side by a cold dark vastness of hemi-global ice sheets and a vast realm of sweltering sauna lands and hot-tub oceans--something for every type of vacationer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And one has to wonder what kind of weather patterns would develop on this schizoid super-Earth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such we can imagine. We don't know if Gliese 667 Cc has oceans, or what kind of an atmosphere—if any—it might possess. All we really know is its super-Earth status and location within its star's habitable zone. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps we'll learn other details in the future that will help us paint a more realistic picture of this exoplanet and get working on that travel brochure. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/51156/gliese-667-cc-musing-the-possibilities-of-another-earth","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_11852","quest_11853","quest_544","quest_1037","quest_11854","quest_11851","quest_1564","quest_1918","quest_2216","quest_13","quest_11855"],"featImg":"quest_51157","label":"quest"},"quest_50771":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_50771","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"50771","score":null,"sort":[1362788420000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"attack-of-the-killer-electrons-new-mission-searches-for-mysterious-space-particles","title":"Attack of the Killer Electrons! New Mission Searches for Mysterious Space Particles","publishDate":1362788420,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2013/03/20130311science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re out there... Traveling at close to the speed of light high above the Earth and damaging any satellite in their path. They’re called “killer electrons” and this year, Bay Area researchers are working with a new NASA mission to unlock their mysterious behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Killer electrons aren’t a threat to life on the ground, but they are a concern for the more than 1,000 satellites orbiting the planet. Satellites we depend on for everything from storm warnings to GPS navigation to TV programming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50773\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/730025main_ScienceCover-orig_full.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-50773\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/730025main_ScienceCover-orig_full.jpg\" alt=\"A diagram of the Earth's radiation belts, where killer electrons are found. (Image: NASA/Van Allen Probes/Goddard Space Flight Center)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/730025main_ScienceCover-orig_full.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/730025main_ScienceCover-orig_full-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A diagram of the Earth's radiation belts, where killer electrons are found. (Image: NASA/Van Allen Probes/Goddard Space Flight Center)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Every major sports event -- certainly every Olympic Games, the Super Bowl as well as the Academy Awards,” says Jean-Luc Froeliger, describing events carried by his company, Intelsat, a global satellite operator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scrambling Satellite Data\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing Froeliger knows: space is not a dull place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In April of 2010, we had an event on our Galaxy 15 satellite,” says Froeliger. “We were sending commands to the satellite but the satellite was not accepting any command.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Galaxy 15 had become a $100 million zombie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The satellite started to slowly drift,” says Froeliger, potentially interfering with satellites around it. Intelsat worked for months to reboot Galaxy 15, just about all that can be done with a satellite 22,000 miles away. Eventually, it came back online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Froeliger says it’s all part of operating in the harsh environment outside our planet. “Satellites are constantly bombarded by high energy particles that flow from the sun,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our sun sends out a stream of charged particles called the solar wind. This year marks a solar maximum, the peak of the sun’s activity, which can have big effects on our planet. “When those particles come close to the Earth, they get trapped by the Earth’s magnetic field,” Froeliger says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Picture the Earth as a donut hole, and the magnetic field as a giant, invisible donut around it. The charged particles trapped inside the field create radiation belts. Galaxy 15, like other geosynchronous satellites, flew right through the belt and was bombard with charged particles, which created a short circuit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50774\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/723659main_IMG_5830_800-600.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-50774\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/723659main_IMG_5830_800-600.jpg\" alt=\"The BARREL team launches one of 20 research balloons over Antarctica. (Photo: NASA/S. Spain)\" width=\"300\" height=\"436\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The BARREL team launches one of 20 research balloons over Antarctica. (Photo: NASA/S. Spain)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But even just one particle – a single electron – can cause problems. “Some of them can penetrate metal and they can damage the electronics inside the satellite,” Froeliger says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least once a month, a killer electron goes through a satellite’s exterior and hits a computer chip inside. “The data that is stored in the computer gets corrupted,” says Froeliger, causing temporary or permanent damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Studying Electrons in New Detail\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Why they call them killer electrons is because they can penetrate several millimeters of aluminum or steel and get to you,” says David Smith, a physicist at the University of California, Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith is standing on the roof of a four-story building on campus, where a small shed is used as their mission operations center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re studying is electrons that come slamming down onto the atmosphere from Earth’s radiation belts,” he says. The electrons are stopped there, but Smith says you can still see their fingerprints.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith and his colleagues with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dartmouth.edu/~barrel/\">BARREL project\u003c/a> have launched large research balloons to look for electrons falling out of the magnetic field. The balloons are released from Antarctica and travel 20 miles up, sending data back to UCSC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith says understanding the risk from killer electrons is tricky because their numbers are constantly in flux. “On a given day, you may have a thousand times more of these very high-energy electrons in the belt than you did a few days previously.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re also mysterious because killer electrons don’t start out as killers. Electrons arriving from the sun are low-energy for the most part. “It’s after the Earth captures them that something ramps them up to these really high energies,” Smith says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out what that something is, Smith and his team are collaborating with a new NASA mission. In August, NASA launched the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/rbsp/main/index.html\">Van Allen Probes\u003c/a>, two satellites designed to take detailed measurements inside the radiation belts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In December, the probes made \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/rbsp/news/emfisis-chorus.html\">a recording\u003c/a> of a mysterious phenomenon in the radiation belts: electromagnetic waves. “We’ve known about these waves for quite a long time but we’ve never had the kind of measurements that we needed to really understand them,” says Craig Kletzing of the Van Allen Probes mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists theorize that the waves could be responsible for accelerating killer electrons. “The waves give energy to particles much like a surfer,” Kletzing says. Think of the waves as the ocean and the electrons as little surfers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These results and others from the mission are expected to give scientists a better understanding of the Earth’s radiation belts. That could lead to better forecasts about when they’re particularly dangerous – something that’s key for NASA and for the satellites we depend on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gp6Z-2Y-HGg]\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"They're out there... lurking in Earth's magnetic fields and damaging any satellite in their path.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1363978286,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":27,"wordCount":916},"headData":{"title":"Attack of the Killer Electrons! New Mission Searches for Mysterious Space Particles | KQED","description":"They're out there... lurking in Earth's magnetic fields and damaging any satellite in their path.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"50771 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=audio_reports&p=50771","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/08/attack-of-the-killer-electrons-new-mission-searches-for-mysterious-space-particles/","disqusTitle":"Attack of the Killer Electrons! New Mission Searches for Mysterious Space Particles","WpOldSlug":"west-coast-a-test-bed-for-ocean-acidification-2","path":"/quest/50771/attack-of-the-killer-electrons-new-mission-searches-for-mysterious-space-particles","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2013/03/20130311science.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"audioLink","attributes":{"named":{"src":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2013/03/20130311science.mp3"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>They’re out there... Traveling at close to the speed of light high above the Earth and damaging any satellite in their path. They’re called “killer electrons” and this year, Bay Area researchers are working with a new NASA mission to unlock their mysterious behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Killer electrons aren’t a threat to life on the ground, but they are a concern for the more than 1,000 satellites orbiting the planet. Satellites we depend on for everything from storm warnings to GPS navigation to TV programming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50773\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/730025main_ScienceCover-orig_full.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-50773\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/730025main_ScienceCover-orig_full.jpg\" alt=\"A diagram of the Earth's radiation belts, where killer electrons are found. (Image: NASA/Van Allen Probes/Goddard Space Flight Center)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/730025main_ScienceCover-orig_full.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/730025main_ScienceCover-orig_full-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A diagram of the Earth's radiation belts, where killer electrons are found. (Image: NASA/Van Allen Probes/Goddard Space Flight Center)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Every major sports event -- certainly every Olympic Games, the Super Bowl as well as the Academy Awards,” says Jean-Luc Froeliger, describing events carried by his company, Intelsat, a global satellite operator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scrambling Satellite Data\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing Froeliger knows: space is not a dull place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In April of 2010, we had an event on our Galaxy 15 satellite,” says Froeliger. “We were sending commands to the satellite but the satellite was not accepting any command.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Galaxy 15 had become a $100 million zombie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The satellite started to slowly drift,” says Froeliger, potentially interfering with satellites around it. Intelsat worked for months to reboot Galaxy 15, just about all that can be done with a satellite 22,000 miles away. Eventually, it came back online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Froeliger says it’s all part of operating in the harsh environment outside our planet. “Satellites are constantly bombarded by high energy particles that flow from the sun,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our sun sends out a stream of charged particles called the solar wind. This year marks a solar maximum, the peak of the sun’s activity, which can have big effects on our planet. “When those particles come close to the Earth, they get trapped by the Earth’s magnetic field,” Froeliger says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Picture the Earth as a donut hole, and the magnetic field as a giant, invisible donut around it. The charged particles trapped inside the field create radiation belts. Galaxy 15, like other geosynchronous satellites, flew right through the belt and was bombard with charged particles, which created a short circuit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50774\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/723659main_IMG_5830_800-600.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-50774\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/723659main_IMG_5830_800-600.jpg\" alt=\"The BARREL team launches one of 20 research balloons over Antarctica. (Photo: NASA/S. Spain)\" width=\"300\" height=\"436\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The BARREL team launches one of 20 research balloons over Antarctica. (Photo: NASA/S. Spain)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But even just one particle – a single electron – can cause problems. “Some of them can penetrate metal and they can damage the electronics inside the satellite,” Froeliger says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least once a month, a killer electron goes through a satellite’s exterior and hits a computer chip inside. “The data that is stored in the computer gets corrupted,” says Froeliger, causing temporary or permanent damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Studying Electrons in New Detail\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Why they call them killer electrons is because they can penetrate several millimeters of aluminum or steel and get to you,” says David Smith, a physicist at the University of California, Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith is standing on the roof of a four-story building on campus, where a small shed is used as their mission operations center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re studying is electrons that come slamming down onto the atmosphere from Earth’s radiation belts,” he says. The electrons are stopped there, but Smith says you can still see their fingerprints.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith and his colleagues with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dartmouth.edu/~barrel/\">BARREL project\u003c/a> have launched large research balloons to look for electrons falling out of the magnetic field. The balloons are released from Antarctica and travel 20 miles up, sending data back to UCSC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith says understanding the risk from killer electrons is tricky because their numbers are constantly in flux. “On a given day, you may have a thousand times more of these very high-energy electrons in the belt than you did a few days previously.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re also mysterious because killer electrons don’t start out as killers. Electrons arriving from the sun are low-energy for the most part. “It’s after the Earth captures them that something ramps them up to these really high energies,” Smith says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out what that something is, Smith and his team are collaborating with a new NASA mission. In August, NASA launched the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/rbsp/main/index.html\">Van Allen Probes\u003c/a>, two satellites designed to take detailed measurements inside the radiation belts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In December, the probes made \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/rbsp/news/emfisis-chorus.html\">a recording\u003c/a> of a mysterious phenomenon in the radiation belts: electromagnetic waves. “We’ve known about these waves for quite a long time but we’ve never had the kind of measurements that we needed to really understand them,” says Craig Kletzing of the Van Allen Probes mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists theorize that the waves could be responsible for accelerating killer electrons. “The waves give energy to particles much like a surfer,” Kletzing says. Think of the waves as the ocean and the electrons as little surfers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These results and others from the mission are expected to give scientists a better understanding of the Earth’s radiation belts. That could lead to better forecasts about when they’re particularly dangerous – something that’s key for NASA and for the satellites we depend on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/Gp6Z-2Y-HGg'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/Gp6Z-2Y-HGg'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/50771/attack-of-the-killer-electrons-new-mission-searches-for-mysterious-space-particles","authors":["239"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_16"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_11835","quest_3351","quest_11518","quest_11836","quest_3658","quest_1918","quest_13203","quest_2141","quest_13205","quest_2361","quest_2739"],"featImg":"quest_50773","label":"quest"},"quest_49829":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_49829","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"49829","score":null,"sort":[1361548851000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"mars-rovercuriosity-digs-a-little-deeper","title":"The Mars Rover Curiosity Digs a Little Deeper","publishDate":1361548851,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49841\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/22/mars-rovercuriosity-digs-a-little-deeper/msl-thwackmarks/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49841\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/msl-thwackmarks.jpg\" alt=\"Before sending the Curiosity rover to Mars, its drilling technology was tested exhaustively by drilling many holes in samples of Earth rock.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49841\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/msl-thwackmarks.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/msl-thwackmarks-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Before sending the Curiosity rover to Mars, its drilling technology was tested exhaustively by drilling many holes in samples of Earth rock.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Add another word to your vocabulary of Martian geological exploration: thwacking...repeat, not fracking, but thwacking!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thwack: to strike with or as if with something flat or heavy. (Merriam Webster's.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Wednesday, NASA held a press conference to announce another first in our robotic exploration of Mars. On February 8th, the rover \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/index.html\" title=\"NASA Mars Science Laboratory\" target=\"_blank\">Curiosity \u003c/a>(of the Mars Science Laboratory mission) used its drill to bore a hole (maybe more correctly, used its thwacker to thwack a hole) into a slab of flat bedrock. The boring tool uses vibrating impacts to speed up the rock penetration of the rotating drill bit, not unlike a handheld impact drill, or a tiny jackhammer with a spinning tip. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hole, 6.4 centimeters deep (about the length of my pinky finger), is aimed at delivering a sample of pulverized rock powder to Curiosity's onboard chemical analysis laboratories--more specifically, a sample from deeper into the rock than 5 centimeters, rock which has not been chemically altered by the weathering effects that the material at the outer surfaces endures. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patch of bedrock chosen for this micro-excursion is thought to be ancient, making a probing of mere inches an excursion of perhaps millions of years into Mars' past--maybe far back enough to probe a time when liquid water existed on its surface. Regardless of whether it finds the watery signature of ancient surface liquid in this sample, exciting though that would be, the rover's mission is to probe Mars' geology to assess the past habitability of the planet--so we'll get what we get. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though a 6.4 centimeter hole in bedrock barely sounds like scratching the surface, this hole bears the distinction of being the deepest we've dug into solid rock on Mars. And it's really no small feat. Perhaps to get an idea of what it takes to do this sort of prospecting, try it yourself: get an impact drill (one of those hand drills that vibrates up and down as it bores) with a one-inch masonry bit and try drilling/thwacking a 2.5 inch hold into an old piece of concrete (disclaimer: make sure it's your own concrete, not someone else's paving stone or patio--and be sure you're wearing proper eye protection gear). Now, if you've managed to do this, think about the fact that NASA has done this by remote control on Mars. Curiosity is doing some amazingly challenging work out there!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this moment the pulverized tablespoonful of pristine bedrock awaits being delivered to the instruments on Curiosity that will unlock all of its tantalizing chemical secrets--but maybe that can be the subject of a press release event in the near future. \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"On February 8th, the rover Curiosity used its drill to bore a hole into a slab of flat bedrock, marking the first time we have probed deeply into the interior of a Martian rock in search of the secrets of Mars' past it may hold. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1370998043,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":9,"wordCount":481},"headData":{"title":"The Mars Rover Curiosity Digs a Little Deeper | KQED","description":"On February 8th, the rover Curiosity used its drill to bore a hole into a slab of flat bedrock, marking the first time we have probed deeply into the interior of a Martian rock in search of the secrets of Mars' past it may hold. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"49829 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=49829","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/22/mars-rovercuriosity-digs-a-little-deeper/","disqusTitle":"The Mars Rover Curiosity Digs a Little Deeper","path":"/quest/49829/mars-rovercuriosity-digs-a-little-deeper","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49841\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/22/mars-rovercuriosity-digs-a-little-deeper/msl-thwackmarks/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49841\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/msl-thwackmarks.jpg\" alt=\"Before sending the Curiosity rover to Mars, its drilling technology was tested exhaustively by drilling many holes in samples of Earth rock.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49841\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/msl-thwackmarks.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/msl-thwackmarks-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Before sending the Curiosity rover to Mars, its drilling technology was tested exhaustively by drilling many holes in samples of Earth rock.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Add another word to your vocabulary of Martian geological exploration: thwacking...repeat, not fracking, but thwacking!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thwack: to strike with or as if with something flat or heavy. (Merriam Webster's.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Wednesday, NASA held a press conference to announce another first in our robotic exploration of Mars. On February 8th, the rover \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/index.html\" title=\"NASA Mars Science Laboratory\" target=\"_blank\">Curiosity \u003c/a>(of the Mars Science Laboratory mission) used its drill to bore a hole (maybe more correctly, used its thwacker to thwack a hole) into a slab of flat bedrock. The boring tool uses vibrating impacts to speed up the rock penetration of the rotating drill bit, not unlike a handheld impact drill, or a tiny jackhammer with a spinning tip. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hole, 6.4 centimeters deep (about the length of my pinky finger), is aimed at delivering a sample of pulverized rock powder to Curiosity's onboard chemical analysis laboratories--more specifically, a sample from deeper into the rock than 5 centimeters, rock which has not been chemically altered by the weathering effects that the material at the outer surfaces endures. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patch of bedrock chosen for this micro-excursion is thought to be ancient, making a probing of mere inches an excursion of perhaps millions of years into Mars' past--maybe far back enough to probe a time when liquid water existed on its surface. Regardless of whether it finds the watery signature of ancient surface liquid in this sample, exciting though that would be, the rover's mission is to probe Mars' geology to assess the past habitability of the planet--so we'll get what we get. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though a 6.4 centimeter hole in bedrock barely sounds like scratching the surface, this hole bears the distinction of being the deepest we've dug into solid rock on Mars. And it's really no small feat. Perhaps to get an idea of what it takes to do this sort of prospecting, try it yourself: get an impact drill (one of those hand drills that vibrates up and down as it bores) with a one-inch masonry bit and try drilling/thwacking a 2.5 inch hold into an old piece of concrete (disclaimer: make sure it's your own concrete, not someone else's paving stone or patio--and be sure you're wearing proper eye protection gear). Now, if you've managed to do this, think about the fact that NASA has done this by remote control on Mars. Curiosity is doing some amazingly challenging work out there!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this moment the pulverized tablespoonful of pristine bedrock awaits being delivered to the instruments on Curiosity that will unlock all of its tantalizing chemical secrets--but maybe that can be the subject of a press release event in the near future. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/49829/mars-rovercuriosity-digs-a-little-deeper","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_742","quest_11741","quest_13200","quest_1751","quest_1918","quest_13202","quest_2457"],"featImg":"quest_49841","label":"quest"},"quest_48937":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_48937","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"48937","score":null,"sort":[1359129640000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"mars-mountainclimbing-mashup","title":"Mars Mountain Climbing Mashup!","publishDate":1359129640,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48939\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/25/mars-mountainclimbing-mashup/everest-sharp-comparison/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48939\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/everest-sharp-comparison.jpg\" alt=\"Comparison of heights of Mars' Mount Sharp and some of Earth's tallest mountains\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48939\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/everest-sharp-comparison.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/everest-sharp-comparison-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Comparison of heights of Mars' Mount Sharp and some of Earth's tallest mountains\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ready for a real mash-up of explorer-history-science-mountaineering yack? A tale of two mountains on two planets? You have been forewarned...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The comparison between Earth-side mountain exploration and the planned expedition by the Mars rover Curiosity came to my mind as I read a book my family got me over the holidays: \u003cem>Last Climb\u003c/em>, the story of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/everest/lost/mystery/index.html\" title=\"George Mallory and Andrew Irvine\" target=\"_blank\">legendary Mount Everest expeditions\u003c/a> of George Leigh Mallory. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I knew that it is quite a physical feat to summit that 29,029 foot terrestrial rooftop, but the detailed narrative of the arduous climb by the earliest Everest-peak-seekers, with their 1920's technology and the fact that they were treading where in all likelihood no one had tread before, really put 1924 Everest onto another planet, in my mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now the \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/explore/curiosity/#286\" title=\"Explore Mars\" target=\"_blank\">first ever robot mountaineer\u003c/a> is poised to begin its uphill climb—if not summit bid—on Mount Sharp in Martian territory. NASA's Curiosity is still at the bottom of the mound of sediment that it is planned to explore, 16,000 feet below the summit. Since landing on Mars in August 2012, it has only \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/mission/whereistherovernow/\" title=\"Curiosity's Trek\" target=\"_blank\">traveled about half a mile\u003c/a>, taking its time checking out its systems and instruments and exploring the geology at the foot of the mountain. It's already revealed some intriguing geological features, including a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/05/news-from-mars-a-river-ran-through-it/\" title=\"A River Ran Through It\" target=\"_blank\">layer of gravely material\u003c/a> that shows all the hallmarks of having been laid down by running water in Mars' past. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back to Everest in the early 1920s. At that time the Himalayan mountains -- and particularly Mount Everest -- were not unlike places on another planet, largely unexplored (by western explorers at least) and unknown territory. Satellite surveillance wouldn't exist for many decades yet, and armchair exploration with Google Earth was the better part of a century away. And, frankly, the first successful ascent to the summit was still two decades away through the icy mists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Step by painstaking step the expedition team members moved their way toward Everest, and then up its slopes, establishing supply lines and a string of support camps along the way. Not only was Everest then about as remote as Mars is today, it was also like another planet in terms of the environment: at Everest's lofty summit atmospheric pressure is about a third of that at sea level, temperatures dip far below freezing, solar radiation is harsh, and wind can cut like an icy knife. Another planet indeed, in some ways not unlike Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If only those explorers had been as well equipped as Curiosity: nuclear-powered, designed to withstand far more harsh conditions than even Everest and gripping the ground stably on six giant metal-treaded wheels. Makes me wonder if NASA, or anyone else, has ever considered an extended expedition of Everest using a robot like Curiosity, which would have far greater staying power to dwell at those heights, conduct geological experiments and maybe search for the frozen remains of dozens of unfortunate climbers who make up Everest's all-time fatality statistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apparently many of the bodies are still up there, it being too difficult a feat to bring them down, including George Mallory and his climbing partner Andrew Irvine. Mallory was found in 1999, and so far Irvine remains missing—along with the camera they took with them, which if ever found could shed some light onto these explorers' final hours on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you read all the way through this, thanks for indulging me. The other-worldness of that early Everest expedition just struck me as chilling and enthralling, just as the modern other-worldly investigation of distant Mount Sharp does, and the treasure trove of Martian geologic history that Curiosity will attempt to read as it climbs, wheel-turn by wheel-turn, up those mountain slopes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And to make one final chilling comparison, Curiosity's ultimate fate, even after a successful mission, is similar to Mallory and Irvine's in one way: when it stops moving and communicating with Base Camp Earth, it will remain on that cold mountain forever.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The comparison between Earth-side mountain exploration and the planned expedition by the Mars rover Curiosity came to my mind as I read a book my family got me over the holidays: Last Climb, the story of the legendary Mount Everest expeditions of George Leigh Mallory. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1370998111,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":696},"headData":{"title":"Mars Mountain Climbing Mashup! | KQED","description":"The comparison between Earth-side mountain exploration and the planned expedition by the Mars rover Curiosity came to my mind as I read a book my family got me over the holidays: Last Climb, the story of the legendary Mount Everest expeditions of George Leigh Mallory. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"48937 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=48937","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/25/mars-mountainclimbing-mashup/","disqusTitle":"Mars Mountain Climbing Mashup!","path":"/quest/48937/mars-mountainclimbing-mashup","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48939\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/25/mars-mountainclimbing-mashup/everest-sharp-comparison/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48939\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/everest-sharp-comparison.jpg\" alt=\"Comparison of heights of Mars' Mount Sharp and some of Earth's tallest mountains\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48939\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/everest-sharp-comparison.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/everest-sharp-comparison-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Comparison of heights of Mars' Mount Sharp and some of Earth's tallest mountains\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ready for a real mash-up of explorer-history-science-mountaineering yack? A tale of two mountains on two planets? You have been forewarned...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The comparison between Earth-side mountain exploration and the planned expedition by the Mars rover Curiosity came to my mind as I read a book my family got me over the holidays: \u003cem>Last Climb\u003c/em>, the story of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/everest/lost/mystery/index.html\" title=\"George Mallory and Andrew Irvine\" target=\"_blank\">legendary Mount Everest expeditions\u003c/a> of George Leigh Mallory. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I knew that it is quite a physical feat to summit that 29,029 foot terrestrial rooftop, but the detailed narrative of the arduous climb by the earliest Everest-peak-seekers, with their 1920's technology and the fact that they were treading where in all likelihood no one had tread before, really put 1924 Everest onto another planet, in my mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now the \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/explore/curiosity/#286\" title=\"Explore Mars\" target=\"_blank\">first ever robot mountaineer\u003c/a> is poised to begin its uphill climb—if not summit bid—on Mount Sharp in Martian territory. NASA's Curiosity is still at the bottom of the mound of sediment that it is planned to explore, 16,000 feet below the summit. Since landing on Mars in August 2012, it has only \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/mission/whereistherovernow/\" title=\"Curiosity's Trek\" target=\"_blank\">traveled about half a mile\u003c/a>, taking its time checking out its systems and instruments and exploring the geology at the foot of the mountain. It's already revealed some intriguing geological features, including a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/05/news-from-mars-a-river-ran-through-it/\" title=\"A River Ran Through It\" target=\"_blank\">layer of gravely material\u003c/a> that shows all the hallmarks of having been laid down by running water in Mars' past. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back to Everest in the early 1920s. At that time the Himalayan mountains -- and particularly Mount Everest -- were not unlike places on another planet, largely unexplored (by western explorers at least) and unknown territory. Satellite surveillance wouldn't exist for many decades yet, and armchair exploration with Google Earth was the better part of a century away. And, frankly, the first successful ascent to the summit was still two decades away through the icy mists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Step by painstaking step the expedition team members moved their way toward Everest, and then up its slopes, establishing supply lines and a string of support camps along the way. Not only was Everest then about as remote as Mars is today, it was also like another planet in terms of the environment: at Everest's lofty summit atmospheric pressure is about a third of that at sea level, temperatures dip far below freezing, solar radiation is harsh, and wind can cut like an icy knife. Another planet indeed, in some ways not unlike Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If only those explorers had been as well equipped as Curiosity: nuclear-powered, designed to withstand far more harsh conditions than even Everest and gripping the ground stably on six giant metal-treaded wheels. Makes me wonder if NASA, or anyone else, has ever considered an extended expedition of Everest using a robot like Curiosity, which would have far greater staying power to dwell at those heights, conduct geological experiments and maybe search for the frozen remains of dozens of unfortunate climbers who make up Everest's all-time fatality statistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apparently many of the bodies are still up there, it being too difficult a feat to bring them down, including George Mallory and his climbing partner Andrew Irvine. Mallory was found in 1999, and so far Irvine remains missing—along with the camera they took with them, which if ever found could shed some light onto these explorers' final hours on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you read all the way through this, thanks for indulging me. The other-worldness of that early Everest expedition just struck me as chilling and enthralling, just as the modern other-worldly investigation of distant Mount Sharp does, and the treasure trove of Martian geologic history that Curiosity will attempt to read as it climbs, wheel-turn by wheel-turn, up those mountain slopes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And to make one final chilling comparison, Curiosity's ultimate fate, even after a successful mission, is similar to Mallory and Irvine's in one way: when it stops moving and communicating with Base Camp Earth, it will remain on that cold mountain forever.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/48937/mars-mountainclimbing-mashup","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_544","quest_742","quest_11689","quest_11691","quest_11690","quest_1751","quest_1918","quest_13202","quest_2457","quest_11688"],"featImg":"quest_48939","label":"quest"},"quest_47542":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_47542","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"47542","score":null,"sort":[1354295952000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"still-curious-about-mars-in-2012","title":"Still Curious About Mars in 2012","publishDate":1354295952,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47544\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/30/still-curious-about-mars-in-2012/pia14156/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47544\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/PIA14156.jpg\" alt=\"Artist illustration of NASA's Mars Science Laboratory rover, Curiosity.\" title=\"Artist illustration of NASA's Mars Science Laboratory rover, Curiosity.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-47544\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/PIA14156.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/PIA14156-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration of NASA's Mars Science Laboratory rover, Curiosity.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We've been thinking about life on Mars for a long, long time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first it was easy. Before the telescope, Mars was a brilliant spark of orange light that moved about the sky with the other planets, seemingly with a life of its own. Its light grew and faded as its distance changed, and it would routinely reverse its course through the stars in retrograde ebbs. Long ago, many cultures saw Mars, and the other visible planets, as living beings themselves: deities that journeyed through the heavens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the invention of the telescope, and especially in the late 19th-century when they got powerful enough to see some details on Mars' face, it was still pretty easy to think about Mars and life, though life on Mars, and not Mars as a living being, was the main fare for the imagination. Polar ice caps reminiscent of Earth's and perceptible surface markings and color variations, both of which changed in extent and detail with Martian seasons, seemed to make Mars—or the human imagination—pulse with life. Fiction writers and scientists alike \u003ca href=\"http://cde.nwc.edu/SCI2108/course_documents/solar_system/innerplanets/mars/lowell/lowell_mars.htm\" title=\"Percival Lowell's Mars\" target=\"_blank\">speculated on the existence\u003c/a> of vegetation, animal life, liquid water, and even intelligent civilizations existent on the Red Planet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as our telescopes grew even more powerful, and especially when we started sending cameras and telescopes to Mars on robotic spacecraft, imagining Martian life became more challenging. Even the first robots to land on Mars only added to the sterile picture of a lifeless Mars. It seemed that the possibilities of finding life there were drying up like the dusty, rusty, desert planet itself. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week I heard a rumor, which many of you heard as well, that NASA is preparing to make a big announcement concerning Mars and a recent discovery by the SAM instrument on board the rover Curiosity. People have been asking, \"What big announcement is NASA going to make? Will it really be earth-shaking, as some have suggested?\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.spaceflightnow.com/mars/msl/121128rumors/\" title=\"Curiosity discovery\" target=\"_blank\">NASA is qualifying the rumor\u003c/a>—which spread through the blogosphere and Twittersphere like cyberfire—with a sober and soundly scientific assessment that the announcement (expected on Monday) will be scientifically interesting, but not earth-shaking. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given that the SAM instrument (a set of chemistry experiments including a mass spectrometer, a laser spectrograph, a gas chromatograph, and a pre-subinertial photomegatronic oscillator—okay, only kidding about the last one) is designed to find organic compounds required by life as we know it, I'd say that the announcement will have something to do with organic compounds. I'm not being flippant; my point is that SAM (and Curiosity for that matter) was not designed to find life, fossils, remains or excrements of life, or even megalithic pyramids created by intelligent civilizations. (Although, the latter would certainly show up on one of Curiosity's cameras if it were pointed in the right direction….)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity was sent to Mars to assess the suitability for life in Mars' past. Other missions (Spirit and Opportunity, Mars Odyssey, Mars Express, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/18174-mars-water-streals-seasonal-flows.html\" title=\"Seasonal streaks on Mars captured by Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\" target=\"_blank\">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\u003c/a>) have revealed that liquid water, one basic requirement for life as we know it, very likely once flowed on Mars. But life (AWKI) also requires the right mix of organic compounds—compounds of nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon—to emerge, form, and thrive. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is Curiosity's charge, a mission that will unfold over the next two years as the rover climbs the slopes of Mount Sharp, a huge pile of sedimentary layers formed over the last 2 billion years or so--the very pages of the book of Mars' geologic history. Read on, Curiosity, read on!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think the wildfire of speculation, the furor of questing curiosity that erupted and became amplified by cyberspace, is an indication that we, as a culture and a species, are still looking for life on our neighbor planet; still hunting for life there, still wanting, hoping, to find it. I'm optimistic that we may find it, eventually—and in the meantime, I only have to wait until Monday to hear the latest from NASA, whatever exactly that will be. \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA is preparing to make a big announcement concerning Mars and a recent discovery by the SAM instrument on board the rover Curiosity, though has qualified the nature of the announcement to scientifically interesting, and not \"earth-shaking\" as the blogosphere has hyped it in speculation.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1370998212,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":702},"headData":{"title":"Still Curious About Mars in 2012 | KQED","description":"NASA is preparing to make a big announcement concerning Mars and a recent discovery by the SAM instrument on board the rover Curiosity, though has qualified the nature of the announcement to scientifically interesting, and not "earth-shaking" as the blogosphere has hyped it in speculation.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"47542 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=47542","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/30/still-curious-about-mars-in-2012/","disqusTitle":"Still Curious About Mars in 2012","path":"/quest/47542/still-curious-about-mars-in-2012","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47544\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/30/still-curious-about-mars-in-2012/pia14156/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47544\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/PIA14156.jpg\" alt=\"Artist illustration of NASA's Mars Science Laboratory rover, Curiosity.\" title=\"Artist illustration of NASA's Mars Science Laboratory rover, Curiosity.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-47544\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/PIA14156.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/PIA14156-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration of NASA's Mars Science Laboratory rover, Curiosity.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We've been thinking about life on Mars for a long, long time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first it was easy. Before the telescope, Mars was a brilliant spark of orange light that moved about the sky with the other planets, seemingly with a life of its own. Its light grew and faded as its distance changed, and it would routinely reverse its course through the stars in retrograde ebbs. Long ago, many cultures saw Mars, and the other visible planets, as living beings themselves: deities that journeyed through the heavens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the invention of the telescope, and especially in the late 19th-century when they got powerful enough to see some details on Mars' face, it was still pretty easy to think about Mars and life, though life on Mars, and not Mars as a living being, was the main fare for the imagination. Polar ice caps reminiscent of Earth's and perceptible surface markings and color variations, both of which changed in extent and detail with Martian seasons, seemed to make Mars—or the human imagination—pulse with life. Fiction writers and scientists alike \u003ca href=\"http://cde.nwc.edu/SCI2108/course_documents/solar_system/innerplanets/mars/lowell/lowell_mars.htm\" title=\"Percival Lowell's Mars\" target=\"_blank\">speculated on the existence\u003c/a> of vegetation, animal life, liquid water, and even intelligent civilizations existent on the Red Planet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as our telescopes grew even more powerful, and especially when we started sending cameras and telescopes to Mars on robotic spacecraft, imagining Martian life became more challenging. Even the first robots to land on Mars only added to the sterile picture of a lifeless Mars. It seemed that the possibilities of finding life there were drying up like the dusty, rusty, desert planet itself. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week I heard a rumor, which many of you heard as well, that NASA is preparing to make a big announcement concerning Mars and a recent discovery by the SAM instrument on board the rover Curiosity. People have been asking, \"What big announcement is NASA going to make? Will it really be earth-shaking, as some have suggested?\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.spaceflightnow.com/mars/msl/121128rumors/\" title=\"Curiosity discovery\" target=\"_blank\">NASA is qualifying the rumor\u003c/a>—which spread through the blogosphere and Twittersphere like cyberfire—with a sober and soundly scientific assessment that the announcement (expected on Monday) will be scientifically interesting, but not earth-shaking. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given that the SAM instrument (a set of chemistry experiments including a mass spectrometer, a laser spectrograph, a gas chromatograph, and a pre-subinertial photomegatronic oscillator—okay, only kidding about the last one) is designed to find organic compounds required by life as we know it, I'd say that the announcement will have something to do with organic compounds. I'm not being flippant; my point is that SAM (and Curiosity for that matter) was not designed to find life, fossils, remains or excrements of life, or even megalithic pyramids created by intelligent civilizations. (Although, the latter would certainly show up on one of Curiosity's cameras if it were pointed in the right direction….)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity was sent to Mars to assess the suitability for life in Mars' past. Other missions (Spirit and Opportunity, Mars Odyssey, Mars Express, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/18174-mars-water-streals-seasonal-flows.html\" title=\"Seasonal streaks on Mars captured by Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\" target=\"_blank\">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\u003c/a>) have revealed that liquid water, one basic requirement for life as we know it, very likely once flowed on Mars. But life (AWKI) also requires the right mix of organic compounds—compounds of nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon—to emerge, form, and thrive. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is Curiosity's charge, a mission that will unfold over the next two years as the rover climbs the slopes of Mount Sharp, a huge pile of sedimentary layers formed over the last 2 billion years or so--the very pages of the book of Mars' geologic history. Read on, Curiosity, read on!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think the wildfire of speculation, the furor of questing curiosity that erupted and became amplified by cyberspace, is an indication that we, as a culture and a species, are still looking for life on our neighbor planet; still hunting for life there, still wanting, hoping, to find it. I'm optimistic that we may find it, eventually—and in the meantime, I only have to wait until Monday to hear the latest from NASA, whatever exactly that will be. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/47542/still-curious-about-mars-in-2012","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_544","quest_742","quest_1656","quest_1751","quest_1918","quest_2088","quest_13202","quest_11633"],"featImg":"quest_47544","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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