Science Spotlight: How to Build a Model of a Future Space-Exploring Robot
Exploring Space with Shape-Shifting Robots
Much More Water on the Moon than Previously Thought
NASA Moon Mission Reveals New Clues About Water on the Moon
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All of the bones would fall into a heap on the floor! In reality, there are no wires within our bodies. Instead, our bodies are held together with ligaments and soft tissue. Our bones don’t directly connect to one another, but rather the ligaments and soft tissues help hold our bones in place and allow us to move.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our body is an example of a \u003cb>tensegrity structure\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. In tensegrity structures, rigid parts aren’t directly connected to one another with nails or screws, but instead are connected by wires, cables, elastic bands or, in the case of our bodies, soft tissues. The concept of tensegrity is used to build structures in science, engineering, arts and architecture.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Tensegrity” was coined by Buckminster Fuller in the 1960s; it’s a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/BuckminsterFuller1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-87310 alignright\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/BuckminsterFuller1.jpg\" alt=\"BuckminsterFuller1\" width=\"259\" height=\"338\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/BuckminsterFuller1.jpg 422w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/BuckminsterFuller1-400x522.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 259px) 100vw, 259px\">\u003c/a>combination of the terms “tension” and “structural integrity.” In physics, “tension” refers to the state of being stretched tight and “structural integrity” has to do with how well a structure can support itself without breaking (think of how well a house or bridge is held together when there is an earthquake). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at \u003ca href=\"http://www.magicalrobot.org/BeingHuman/\">NASA Ames\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://best.berkeley.edu/\">University of California, Berkeley\u003c/a>, are turning tensegrity structures into functional robots, which could be used in the future to explore space and other planets. These \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/10/01/engineering-is-exploring-space-with-shape-shifting-robots/\">tensegrity structure robots\u003c/a> could offer several advantages over traditional space rovers. Tensegrity robots can handle more impact than traditional rovers, can be compacted into a small container, and they are also lighter in weight and less expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the above video, I show you how to make a simple tensegrity model using drinking straws and rubber bands. Here are the materials you will need to create the model:\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">six stiff drinking straws cut to a length of five inches\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">six stretchy rubber bands\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">six smaller rubber bands\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">scissors\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Follow these simple steps to build your own tensegrity model:\u003c/p>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>Cut six straws into five-inch pieces\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Loosely tie small rubber bands on both ends of two pairs of straws\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Place one pair of straws between the other\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Loosely tie a small rubber band around one end of another pair of straws\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Place the new pair of straws between the first two pairs, then loosely place a rubber band on the other end\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Place a longer rubber band into the slit of one straw. Take the rubber band and stretch it over the pair of straws perpendicular to the original straw and over to the other end of that straw\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Take the two middle points of the long rubber band and place them into the slits of the perpendicular straws\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Once you have done this will all the straws, cut the smaller rubber bands that are holding the pairs together\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003cp>You can create the model as shown, make a larger one or even turn it into a robot. Share what you have created with us in the comments below, or with @KQEDedspace on Twitter and Instagram using #tensegrity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This Science Spotlight video is part of our \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/10/22/e-book-engineering-is-exploring-space-with-shape-shifting-robots/\" target=\"_blank\">Engineering Is Exploring Space with Shape-Shifting Robots\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> e-book. The e-book explores the science and engineering principles behind how researchers are developing tensegrity robots for space exploration. The e-book includes videos, interactives and media-making opportunities. You can find all of our e-books at \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\">kqed.org/ebooks\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Learn how to build a model of future space-exploring robots using the concept of \"tensegrity\"--the combination of \"tension\" and \"integrity.\"","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1471475540,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":587},"headData":{"title":"Science Spotlight: How to Build a Model of a Future Space-Exploring Robot | KQED","description":"Learn how to build a model of future space-exploring robots using the concept of "tensegrity"--the combination of "tension" and "integrity."","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"87280 http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/?p=87280","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/10/19/science-spotlight-how-to-build-a-model-of-a-future-space-exploring-robot/","disqusTitle":"Science Spotlight: How to Build a Model of a Future Space-Exploring Robot","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=awILwlCkd9Y","path":"/quest/87280/science-spotlight-how-to-build-a-model-of-a-future-space-exploring-robot","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Have you ever seen a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.tensegrityfitness.com/fit/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/tensegity1.jpg\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">skeleton\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> held together with wire in a classroom or at a museum? \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003cimg class=\"wp-image-87303 alignright\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/skeleton-457598_640.jpg\" alt=\"skeleton-457598_640\" width=\"252\" height=\"380\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/skeleton-457598_640.jpg 424w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/skeleton-457598_640-400x604.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 252px) 100vw, 252px\">What would happen if you removed the wire? All of the bones would fall into a heap on the floor! In reality, there are no wires within our bodies. Instead, our bodies are held together with ligaments and soft tissue. Our bones don’t directly connect to one another, but rather the ligaments and soft tissues help hold our bones in place and allow us to move.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our body is an example of a \u003cb>tensegrity structure\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. In tensegrity structures, rigid parts aren’t directly connected to one another with nails or screws, but instead are connected by wires, cables, elastic bands or, in the case of our bodies, soft tissues. The concept of tensegrity is used to build structures in science, engineering, arts and architecture.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Tensegrity” was coined by Buckminster Fuller in the 1960s; it’s a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/BuckminsterFuller1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-87310 alignright\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/BuckminsterFuller1.jpg\" alt=\"BuckminsterFuller1\" width=\"259\" height=\"338\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/BuckminsterFuller1.jpg 422w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/BuckminsterFuller1-400x522.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 259px) 100vw, 259px\">\u003c/a>combination of the terms “tension” and “structural integrity.” In physics, “tension” refers to the state of being stretched tight and “structural integrity” has to do with how well a structure can support itself without breaking (think of how well a house or bridge is held together when there is an earthquake). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at \u003ca href=\"http://www.magicalrobot.org/BeingHuman/\">NASA Ames\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://best.berkeley.edu/\">University of California, Berkeley\u003c/a>, are turning tensegrity structures into functional robots, which could be used in the future to explore space and other planets. These \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/10/01/engineering-is-exploring-space-with-shape-shifting-robots/\">tensegrity structure robots\u003c/a> could offer several advantages over traditional space rovers. Tensegrity robots can handle more impact than traditional rovers, can be compacted into a small container, and they are also lighter in weight and less expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the above video, I show you how to make a simple tensegrity model using drinking straws and rubber bands. Here are the materials you will need to create the model:\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">six stiff drinking straws cut to a length of five inches\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">six stretchy rubber bands\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">six smaller rubber bands\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">scissors\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Follow these simple steps to build your own tensegrity model:\u003c/p>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>Cut six straws into five-inch pieces\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Loosely tie small rubber bands on both ends of two pairs of straws\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Place one pair of straws between the other\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Loosely tie a small rubber band around one end of another pair of straws\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Place the new pair of straws between the first two pairs, then loosely place a rubber band on the other end\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Place a longer rubber band into the slit of one straw. Take the rubber band and stretch it over the pair of straws perpendicular to the original straw and over to the other end of that straw\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Take the two middle points of the long rubber band and place them into the slits of the perpendicular straws\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Once you have done this will all the straws, cut the smaller rubber bands that are holding the pairs together\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003cp>You can create the model as shown, make a larger one or even turn it into a robot. Share what you have created with us in the comments below, or with @KQEDedspace on Twitter and Instagram using #tensegrity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This Science Spotlight video is part of our \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/10/22/e-book-engineering-is-exploring-space-with-shape-shifting-robots/\" target=\"_blank\">Engineering Is Exploring Space with Shape-Shifting Robots\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> e-book. The e-book explores the science and engineering principles behind how researchers are developing tensegrity robots for space exploration. The e-book includes videos, interactives and media-making opportunities. You can find all of our e-books at \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\">kqed.org/ebooks\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/87280/science-spotlight-how-to-build-a-model-of-a-future-space-exploring-robot","authors":["10626"],"categories":["quest_8","quest_16","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_308","quest_11295","quest_12787","quest_847","quest_13197","quest_1040","quest_13402","quest_11365","quest_13404","quest_13400","quest_1918","quest_1919","quest_1920","quest_2530","quest_13142","quest_2739","quest_11296","quest_13403","quest_13401","quest_3021","quest_3071"],"collections":["quest_13394"],"featImg":"quest_87396","label":"quest_13394"},"quest_78432":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_78432","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"78432","score":null,"sort":[1443726352000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"engineering-is-exploring-space-with-shape-shifting-robots","title":"Exploring Space with Shape-Shifting Robots","publishDate":1443726352,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Alice Agogino is a mechanical engineering professor at the University of California at Berkeley, and she and \u003ca href=\"http://best.berkeley.edu/\">her lab\u003c/a> are among a group of engineers that are designing what might be the next generation of space exploring robots. These don’t look like the Mars rovers with the big wheels that you may be thinking of-- oh no, they are totally different-- and that’s the point. These robots actually look like a ball of rods and cables, and they are modelled after a baby toy, of all things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_78452\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Vytas_with_toy.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-78452\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Vytas_with_toy-400x225.jpg\" alt=\"Vytas with bay toy\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Vytas_with_toy-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Vytas_with_toy-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Vytas_with_toy-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Vytas_with_toy-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Vytas_with_toy-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vytas SunSpiral with a tensegrity baby toy\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It all began when \u003ca href=\"http://www.magicalrobot.org/BeingHuman/\">Vytas SunSpiral\u003c/a>, a robotics researcher and his colleague Adrian Agogino (Alice Agogino’s son and also a robotics researcher) were brainstorming how to improve space robotics. They happened to be playing with a baby toy called a Skwish. The skwish is a type of structure known as a tensegrity structure. In tensegrity structures, rigid parts like wooden rods or steel beams aren’t directly connected to one another by nails or screws, but rather are held together by wires, cables, chains or some kind of band. As a baby toy they are fun to play with because you can squash them and throw them and they won’t break. They can \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LddumjHEmg8\">easily distribute and absorb forces\u003c/a> that result from impact. So after throwing this toy on the ground and observing its ability to remain intact, SunSpiral’s team realized this type of structure might be a good landing structure for a space robot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traditional space robots, like the Mars rovers are really difficult to land because you have a pretty delicate robot approaching a planet at really high speeds. As a result, engineers spend a lot of time and money making sure nothing breaks during landing. In fact, landing Curiosity, the current robot on Mars, has been nicknamed the\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ki_Af_o9Q9s\"> 7 minutes of terror\u003c/a>. Traditional rovers are also somewhat limited in the places they can explore. For example, rock walls or cliff edges are too risky for them. If one were to fall down a steep slope then it could break rendering the rover useless. Sharp rocky surfaces can also tear or puncture the robot’s wheels making it difficult to move.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robots based on tensegrity structures might be easier to land and cheaper to make. They could possibly even explore some of the more challenging surfaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_78455\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-78455\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v1-400x390.jpg\" alt=\"early prototype of tensegrity robot\" width=\"400\" height=\"390\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v1-400x390.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v1-800x780.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v1-960x937.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v1-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v1.jpg 1106w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An early prototype of a tensegrity robot created by Alice Agogino's lab\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“So tensegrity rovers offer a lot of advantages over the traditional wheeled-structured rovers. They’re lighter weight, they’re more robust, they can handle lot of damage because the load is distributed among the tensile elements,” explains Alice Agogino.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SunSpiral and his colleagues have received a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Z_ablQGh-8\">NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts\u003c/a> award to see if they can get these structures to move and perform the tasks that are needed for space exploration. He is now a principal investigator of the Dynamic Tensegrity Robotics Lab at NASA Ames Research Center, and several collaborators, like Agogino’s lab at Berkeley have joined the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How science really happens is that you get teams together, you build collaborations, you build networks of colleagues who are thinking about similar parts of the problem but may be taking slightly different approaches to it… and you work with each other and you share ideas,” adds SunSpiral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a lot involved in designing one of these robots. In general, computers control motors that cause the cables to stretch or compress. This causes the structure to shift its shape, altering the center of gravity and creating a rolling motion. The eventual idea is that these robots could carry instruments, like cameras and sensors. Several robots could be compactly packed into a space craft and dropped on a planet where they could roll around taking images and gathering data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_78456\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-78456\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v2-400x225.jpg\" alt=\"Another p\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v2-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v2-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v2-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v2-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v2-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of the tensegrity robot prototypes developed at Alice Agogino's lab. This one has a centralized computer and uses linear actuators to expand and compress the cables to get the robots to move.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Agogino’s lab at Berkeley has created several rapid prototypes of the tensegrity structures. For each prototype they change parameters like the materials they are making the robots out of and the types and locations of the motors. For example, one version uses motors that stretches and compresses the cables by pulling or pushing on a straight line, while another version actually wraps the cable around a spool to shorten it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_78458\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/clean_robot.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-78458\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/clean_robot-400x225.jpg\" alt=\"This is the most recent tensegrity robot prototype created by Alice Agogino's lab. The computers and motors that control movement are located in the pods.\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/clean_robot-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/clean_robot-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/clean_robot-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/clean_robot-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/clean_robot-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This is the most recent tensegrity robot prototype created by Alice Agogino's lab. The computers and motors that control movement are located in the pods.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once the prototypes are built they test for things like how fast they go, how much energy they need to move, how much weight they can carry, how far they can be dropped, and how they respond to different environments. In additional to building physical prototypes, the teams are also exploring how to best program the robots to move using \u003ca href=\"http://ti.arc.nasa.gov/tech/asr/intelligent-robotics/tensegrity/ntrt/\">NASA’s Tensegrity Robotics Toolkit (NTRT)\u003c/a>. They also use computer simulations to build computer models of these robots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An actual space mission with these robots is still a long way off. But the researchers are looking at other uses for tensegrity robotics as well. For example, they are examining how tensegrity robots could be used in home healthcare. Her lab is also developing educational toys and robots to help teach students about tensegrity and robotics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re exploring just the wide range of motions that we can get out of tensegrities. Can they eventually climb up stairs for home health care – that's one thing that we’re really interested in. So we’re really interested exploring the limit of what you can do with this kind of structure,” explains Alice Agogino. Tensegrity robots could offer exciting new possibilities in the world of robotics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Discussion Questions\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n1. What problems were the engineers trying to solve?\u003cbr>\n2. What constraints do you think they might be working with?\u003cbr>\n3. What types of things are they testing when the engineers test their prototypes?\u003cbr>\n4. What types of changes might the engineers make to their prototypes and designs?\u003cbr>\n5. How do you think the researchers are using prototypes and computer models to design the robots?\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Could the next generation of space-exploring robots be modeled after a baby toy?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1471475573,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":1070},"headData":{"title":"Exploring Space with Shape-Shifting Robots | KQED","description":"Could the next generation of space-exploring robots be modeled after a baby toy?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"78432 http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/?p=78432","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/10/01/engineering-is-exploring-space-with-shape-shifting-robots/","disqusTitle":"Exploring Space with Shape-Shifting Robots","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YtHrcmZoXsc","source":"Engineering","path":"/quest/78432/engineering-is-exploring-space-with-shape-shifting-robots","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Alice Agogino is a mechanical engineering professor at the University of California at Berkeley, and she and \u003ca href=\"http://best.berkeley.edu/\">her lab\u003c/a> are among a group of engineers that are designing what might be the next generation of space exploring robots. These don’t look like the Mars rovers with the big wheels that you may be thinking of-- oh no, they are totally different-- and that’s the point. These robots actually look like a ball of rods and cables, and they are modelled after a baby toy, of all things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_78452\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Vytas_with_toy.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-78452\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Vytas_with_toy-400x225.jpg\" alt=\"Vytas with bay toy\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Vytas_with_toy-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Vytas_with_toy-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Vytas_with_toy-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Vytas_with_toy-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Vytas_with_toy-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vytas SunSpiral with a tensegrity baby toy\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It all began when \u003ca href=\"http://www.magicalrobot.org/BeingHuman/\">Vytas SunSpiral\u003c/a>, a robotics researcher and his colleague Adrian Agogino (Alice Agogino’s son and also a robotics researcher) were brainstorming how to improve space robotics. They happened to be playing with a baby toy called a Skwish. The skwish is a type of structure known as a tensegrity structure. In tensegrity structures, rigid parts like wooden rods or steel beams aren’t directly connected to one another by nails or screws, but rather are held together by wires, cables, chains or some kind of band. As a baby toy they are fun to play with because you can squash them and throw them and they won’t break. They can \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LddumjHEmg8\">easily distribute and absorb forces\u003c/a> that result from impact. So after throwing this toy on the ground and observing its ability to remain intact, SunSpiral’s team realized this type of structure might be a good landing structure for a space robot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traditional space robots, like the Mars rovers are really difficult to land because you have a pretty delicate robot approaching a planet at really high speeds. As a result, engineers spend a lot of time and money making sure nothing breaks during landing. In fact, landing Curiosity, the current robot on Mars, has been nicknamed the\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ki_Af_o9Q9s\"> 7 minutes of terror\u003c/a>. Traditional rovers are also somewhat limited in the places they can explore. For example, rock walls or cliff edges are too risky for them. If one were to fall down a steep slope then it could break rendering the rover useless. Sharp rocky surfaces can also tear or puncture the robot’s wheels making it difficult to move.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robots based on tensegrity structures might be easier to land and cheaper to make. They could possibly even explore some of the more challenging surfaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_78455\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-78455\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v1-400x390.jpg\" alt=\"early prototype of tensegrity robot\" width=\"400\" height=\"390\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v1-400x390.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v1-800x780.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v1-960x937.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v1-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v1.jpg 1106w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An early prototype of a tensegrity robot created by Alice Agogino's lab\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“So tensegrity rovers offer a lot of advantages over the traditional wheeled-structured rovers. They’re lighter weight, they’re more robust, they can handle lot of damage because the load is distributed among the tensile elements,” explains Alice Agogino.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SunSpiral and his colleagues have received a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Z_ablQGh-8\">NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts\u003c/a> award to see if they can get these structures to move and perform the tasks that are needed for space exploration. He is now a principal investigator of the Dynamic Tensegrity Robotics Lab at NASA Ames Research Center, and several collaborators, like Agogino’s lab at Berkeley have joined the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How science really happens is that you get teams together, you build collaborations, you build networks of colleagues who are thinking about similar parts of the problem but may be taking slightly different approaches to it… and you work with each other and you share ideas,” adds SunSpiral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a lot involved in designing one of these robots. In general, computers control motors that cause the cables to stretch or compress. This causes the structure to shift its shape, altering the center of gravity and creating a rolling motion. The eventual idea is that these robots could carry instruments, like cameras and sensors. Several robots could be compactly packed into a space craft and dropped on a planet where they could roll around taking images and gathering data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_78456\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-78456\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v2-400x225.jpg\" alt=\"Another p\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v2-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v2-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v2-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v2-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v2-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of the tensegrity robot prototypes developed at Alice Agogino's lab. This one has a centralized computer and uses linear actuators to expand and compress the cables to get the robots to move.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Agogino’s lab at Berkeley has created several rapid prototypes of the tensegrity structures. For each prototype they change parameters like the materials they are making the robots out of and the types and locations of the motors. For example, one version uses motors that stretches and compresses the cables by pulling or pushing on a straight line, while another version actually wraps the cable around a spool to shorten it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_78458\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/clean_robot.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-78458\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/clean_robot-400x225.jpg\" alt=\"This is the most recent tensegrity robot prototype created by Alice Agogino's lab. The computers and motors that control movement are located in the pods.\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/clean_robot-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/clean_robot-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/clean_robot-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/clean_robot-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/clean_robot-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This is the most recent tensegrity robot prototype created by Alice Agogino's lab. The computers and motors that control movement are located in the pods.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once the prototypes are built they test for things like how fast they go, how much energy they need to move, how much weight they can carry, how far they can be dropped, and how they respond to different environments. In additional to building physical prototypes, the teams are also exploring how to best program the robots to move using \u003ca href=\"http://ti.arc.nasa.gov/tech/asr/intelligent-robotics/tensegrity/ntrt/\">NASA’s Tensegrity Robotics Toolkit (NTRT)\u003c/a>. They also use computer simulations to build computer models of these robots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An actual space mission with these robots is still a long way off. But the researchers are looking at other uses for tensegrity robotics as well. For example, they are examining how tensegrity robots could be used in home healthcare. Her lab is also developing educational toys and robots to help teach students about tensegrity and robotics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re exploring just the wide range of motions that we can get out of tensegrities. Can they eventually climb up stairs for home health care – that's one thing that we’re really interested in. So we’re really interested exploring the limit of what you can do with this kind of structure,” explains Alice Agogino. Tensegrity robots could offer exciting new possibilities in the world of robotics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Discussion Questions\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n1. What problems were the engineers trying to solve?\u003cbr>\n2. What constraints do you think they might be working with?\u003cbr>\n3. What types of things are they testing when the engineers test their prototypes?\u003cbr>\n4. What types of changes might the engineers make to their prototypes and designs?\u003cbr>\n5. How do you think the researchers are using prototypes and computer models to design the robots?\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/78432/engineering-is-exploring-space-with-shape-shifting-robots","authors":["6544"],"categories":["quest_8","quest_16"],"tags":["quest_13383","quest_13152","quest_1919","quest_2443","quest_2739","quest_12220","quest_11296","quest_12094","quest_3071","quest_13384"],"collections":["quest_13394"],"featImg":"quest_78451","label":"source_quest_78432"},"quest_9779":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_9779","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"9779","score":null,"sort":[1287766095000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"much-more-water-on-the-moon-than-previously-thought","title":"Much More Water on the Moon than Previously Thought","publishDate":1287766095,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/nasa-ames-rocket-to-the-moon\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/10/NASA_scaled_LCROSS_167848main_lcross_hires.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Artist's rendering of the LCROSS spacecraft and its upper stage Centaur rocket. Image courtesy of NASA.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Reported for \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/\">KQEDnews.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, NASA scientists in Mountain View made international headlines when they crashed a rocket into a permanently shadowed crater on the moon's south pole and announced they had found water there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, they unveiled new findings about the amount of water on the moon and a \"treasure trove\" of gases and metals buried within the lunar soil, which along with the water, could be extracted to make rocket fuel on the moon. The research appears in the October 22nd edition of the journal \u003cem>Science\u003c/em>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you took the 10 kilometer region around the LCROSS site, that is said to have 5 percent concentration of water, that would be equivalent to a billion gallons of water,\" said Tony Colaprete, the principal investigator on the Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite mission to search for water on the moon. A billion gallons is enough to fill 1500 Olympic-sized swimming pools. The lunar scientists now suspect that there is 50 percent more water than they had previously estimated. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Colaprete also said that given the large number of craters on the moon, which function as \"cold traps\" that accumulate molecules of water over billions of years, \"potentially, you could have 10 to 100 times that total amount of water.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We found some of the coldest places in the solar system and they’re on our moon. These places have temperatures that are so cold that they can preserve water ice in a vacuum for billions of years,\" said Michael Wargo, a chief lunar scientist at NASA headquarters in Washington, D.C.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lunar water is thought to exist in \"oases,\" or deposits, instead of being uniformly distributed across the moon. It also exists mainly in the form of water ice crystals. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's good news because water ice is very much a friendly resource to work with. It's easy to extract and turn it into a resource, you don’t have to warm it very much, you can pull it out of the dirt really easy,\" said Colaprete, who described a process of extraction whereby the ice-bearing lunar soil could be heated to 100 degrees Celsius to collect the water vapor. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the live NASA teleconference, the scientists said that the amount of other materials they detected on the moon - including mercury, ammonia, methane, carbon dioxide, sodium and silver - may make up as much as 20 percent of the lunar dust plume kicked up by the impact of the LCROSS rocket. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both discoveries could be instrumental in one day making it easier to set up a lunar colony, the researchers said, because of the high cost of transporting materials to the moon, which can exceed thousands of dollars per pound. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, NASA shot a Centaur rocket carrying the LCROSS and Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter from Cape Canaveral, Florida, and in October, they deliberately crashed the rocket at 6,000 mph into Cabeus, a cold, dark crater on the moon’s south pole that hasn’t seen sunlight in billions of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The impact sent up a plume of lunar soil and debris several miles over the crater’s rim, exposing it to sunlight. Meanwhile, the spacecraft collected data for four crucial minutes, allowing scientists to analyze the chemical makeup of the ejected lunar soil, before it too crashed into the crater. Since then, the LCROSS team has been sifting through the information to glean clues about earth’s 4.5 billion year-old neighbor. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how did the water get there? According to Colaprete, it’s likely a combination of sources. One way it could have arrived is from solar wind depositing hydrogen into the lunar granules which contain oxygen atoms. Another way is from impacts by icy comets slamming into the moon, a theory supported by the observation of these other chemicals and hydrocarbons that also exist in comets. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last manned lunar mission was Apollo 17 in 1972. In recent years, the U.S., along with Japan, China and India have launched various unmanned lunar mission. NASA is scheduled to launch two other lunar exploratory missions, GRAIL and LADEE in 2011 and 2012, respectively, to map the moon’s interior structure and further analyze the moon’s dust. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometime in the next several decades, a new generation of astronauts may return to set up a lunar outpost, setting the stage for future missions to Mars. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the next 20 years, next 10 years, you’re going to see the moon continue to expand in its diversity, and its complexity and its interest, among the communities of both laypeople and professionals and that’s going to pull us there,” said Colaprete. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instruments currently orbiting the moon are allowing the scientists to map in much greater detail hydrogen-rich, lunar \"permafrost\" regions that may contain deposits of water ice and other compounds that could help support a future lunar colony. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But before that lunar colony can be set up, there has to be a more sophisticated understanding of where exactly the water is and how easy or difficult it will be to mine when it's found. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The next step is to look at smaller and smaller scales at the lunar surface of the distribution of water as a resource,\" said Colaprete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If I were an astronaut walking along, how far do I have to walk before I find some water and how extensive are these pockets of water?\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.52119957659491 -122.0086669921875\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA scientists reveal that water on the moon isn’t spread out in vast oceans, but rather is concentrated in oases, and that the lunar surface appears to contain a wealth of other materials.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1310068118,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":941},"headData":{"title":"Much More Water on the Moon than Previously Thought | KQED","description":"NASA scientists reveal that water on the moon isn’t spread out in vast oceans, but rather is concentrated in oases, and that the lunar surface appears to contain a wealth of other materials.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"9779 http://science.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/22/much-more-water-on-the-moon-than-previously-thought/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/22/much-more-water-on-the-moon-than-previously-thought/","disqusTitle":"Much More Water on the Moon than Previously Thought","path":"/quest/9779/much-more-water-on-the-moon-than-previously-thought","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/nasa-ames-rocket-to-the-moon\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/10/NASA_scaled_LCROSS_167848main_lcross_hires.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Artist's rendering of the LCROSS spacecraft and its upper stage Centaur rocket. Image courtesy of NASA.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Reported for \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/\">KQEDnews.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, NASA scientists in Mountain View made international headlines when they crashed a rocket into a permanently shadowed crater on the moon's south pole and announced they had found water there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, they unveiled new findings about the amount of water on the moon and a \"treasure trove\" of gases and metals buried within the lunar soil, which along with the water, could be extracted to make rocket fuel on the moon. The research appears in the October 22nd edition of the journal \u003cem>Science\u003c/em>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you took the 10 kilometer region around the LCROSS site, that is said to have 5 percent concentration of water, that would be equivalent to a billion gallons of water,\" said Tony Colaprete, the principal investigator on the Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite mission to search for water on the moon. A billion gallons is enough to fill 1500 Olympic-sized swimming pools. The lunar scientists now suspect that there is 50 percent more water than they had previously estimated. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Colaprete also said that given the large number of craters on the moon, which function as \"cold traps\" that accumulate molecules of water over billions of years, \"potentially, you could have 10 to 100 times that total amount of water.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We found some of the coldest places in the solar system and they’re on our moon. These places have temperatures that are so cold that they can preserve water ice in a vacuum for billions of years,\" said Michael Wargo, a chief lunar scientist at NASA headquarters in Washington, D.C.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lunar water is thought to exist in \"oases,\" or deposits, instead of being uniformly distributed across the moon. It also exists mainly in the form of water ice crystals. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's good news because water ice is very much a friendly resource to work with. It's easy to extract and turn it into a resource, you don’t have to warm it very much, you can pull it out of the dirt really easy,\" said Colaprete, who described a process of extraction whereby the ice-bearing lunar soil could be heated to 100 degrees Celsius to collect the water vapor. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the live NASA teleconference, the scientists said that the amount of other materials they detected on the moon - including mercury, ammonia, methane, carbon dioxide, sodium and silver - may make up as much as 20 percent of the lunar dust plume kicked up by the impact of the LCROSS rocket. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both discoveries could be instrumental in one day making it easier to set up a lunar colony, the researchers said, because of the high cost of transporting materials to the moon, which can exceed thousands of dollars per pound. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, NASA shot a Centaur rocket carrying the LCROSS and Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter from Cape Canaveral, Florida, and in October, they deliberately crashed the rocket at 6,000 mph into Cabeus, a cold, dark crater on the moon’s south pole that hasn’t seen sunlight in billions of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The impact sent up a plume of lunar soil and debris several miles over the crater’s rim, exposing it to sunlight. Meanwhile, the spacecraft collected data for four crucial minutes, allowing scientists to analyze the chemical makeup of the ejected lunar soil, before it too crashed into the crater. Since then, the LCROSS team has been sifting through the information to glean clues about earth’s 4.5 billion year-old neighbor. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how did the water get there? According to Colaprete, it’s likely a combination of sources. One way it could have arrived is from solar wind depositing hydrogen into the lunar granules which contain oxygen atoms. Another way is from impacts by icy comets slamming into the moon, a theory supported by the observation of these other chemicals and hydrocarbons that also exist in comets. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last manned lunar mission was Apollo 17 in 1972. In recent years, the U.S., along with Japan, China and India have launched various unmanned lunar mission. NASA is scheduled to launch two other lunar exploratory missions, GRAIL and LADEE in 2011 and 2012, respectively, to map the moon’s interior structure and further analyze the moon’s dust. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometime in the next several decades, a new generation of astronauts may return to set up a lunar outpost, setting the stage for future missions to Mars. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the next 20 years, next 10 years, you’re going to see the moon continue to expand in its diversity, and its complexity and its interest, among the communities of both laypeople and professionals and that’s going to pull us there,” said Colaprete. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instruments currently orbiting the moon are allowing the scientists to map in much greater detail hydrogen-rich, lunar \"permafrost\" regions that may contain deposits of water ice and other compounds that could help support a future lunar colony. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But before that lunar colony can be set up, there has to be a more sophisticated understanding of where exactly the water is and how easy or difficult it will be to mine when it's found. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The next step is to look at smaller and smaller scales at the lunar surface of the distribution of water as a resource,\" said Colaprete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If I were an astronaut walking along, how far do I have to walk before I find some water and how extensive are these pockets of water?\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.52119957659491 -122.0086669921875\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/9779/much-more-water-on-the-moon-than-previously-thought","authors":["6176"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_242","quest_243","quest_13192","quest_3351","quest_1583","quest_1631","quest_1700","quest_30","quest_1870","quest_1918","quest_1919","quest_13203","quest_2141","quest_2218","quest_2349","quest_2530","quest_2539","quest_2740","quest_3108"],"label":"quest"},"quest_6670":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_6670","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"6670","score":null,"sort":[1279747830000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"nasa-moon-mission-reveals-new-clues-about-water-on-the-moon","title":"NASA Moon Mission Reveals New Clues About Water on the Moon","publishDate":1279747830,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/nasa-ames-rocket-to-the-moon\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/07/NASA_scaled_LCROSS_167848main_lcross_hires.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Artist's rendering of the LCROSS spacecraft and its upper stage Centaur rocket. Image courtesy of NASA.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Originally reported for KQED News.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, NASA scientists in Mountain View made international headlines when they crashed a rocket into the moon and announced they had found water there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday, they revealed that the water – which exists as ice and vapor – isn’t spread out in vast oceans, but rather is concentrated in oases, and that the lunar surface appears to contain a wealth of other materials, from mercury to magnesium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both discoveries could be instrumental in one day making it easier to set up a lunar colony, the researchers said, because of the high cost of transporting materials to the moon, which can exceed thousands of dollars per pound. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s water and much more,” said Anthony Colaprete, an astrophysicist at NASA Ames Research Center in Mountain View. “The others, from a scientific standpoint and a resource standpoint may prove to be as important or more important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Colaprete is the principal investigator on the mission to find water on the moon, which is known as \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/nasa-ames-rocket-to-the-moon\">LCROSS\u003c/a> or the Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite. Last year, the scientists shot an unmanned spacecraft from Cape Canaveral, Florida, and in October, they deliberately crashed its rocket at 6,000 mph into Cabeus, a cold, dark crater on the moon’s south pole that hasn’t seen sunlight in billions of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The impact sent up a plume of lunar soil and debris several miles over the crater’s rim, exposing it to sunlight. Meanwhile, the spacecraft collected data for four crucial minutes, allowing scientists to analyze the chemical makeup of the ejected lunar soil, before it too crashed into the crater. In the nine months since then, the LCROSS team has been sifting through the information to glean clues about earth’s 4.5 billion year-old neighbor. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How wet is the moon? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As wet as the Sahara, perhaps wetter in some places”, said Colaprete. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday, at the third annual Lunar Science Forum at NASA Ames, researchers discussed everything from the physics of the LCROSS impact to the complex chemistry of the moon. Among their findings: \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-\tThe distribution of water on the moon is not uniform, but “chunky”, occurring in deposits in dark craters like the one LCROSS struck.\u003cbr>\n-\tThe range of chemicals found on the moon is wider than once thought and includes mercury, magnesium, sulfur dioxide and possibly, formaldehyde, along with sodium, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide and methane.\u003cbr>\n-\tThe total amount of water in the target site and the plume observed by LCROSS: 26 gallons \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how did the water get there? According to Colaprete, it’s likely a combination of sources. One way it could have arrived is from solar wind depositing hydrogen into the lunar granules which contain oxygen atoms. Another way is from impacts by icy comets slamming into the moon, a theory supported by the observation of these other chemicals and hydrocarbons that also exist in comets. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last manned lunar mission was Apollo 17 in 1972. In recent years, the U.S., along with Japan, China and India have launched various unmanned lunar mission. NASA is scheduled to launch two other lunar exploratory missions, GRAIL and LADEE in 2011 and 2012, respectively, to map the moon’s interior structure and further analyze the moon’s dust. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometime in the next several decades, a new generation of astronauts may return to set up a lunar outpost, setting the stage for future missions to Mars. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the next 20 years, next 10 years, you’re going to see the moon continue to expand in its diversity, and its complexity and its interest, among the communities of both laypeople and professionals and that’s going to pull us there,” said Colaprete. “There’s a lot you can do with the moon. It’s fundamental to understanding our place in the solar system and we’ve always appreciated that and recent studies have accentuated it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.52119957659491 -122.0086669921875\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA scientists reveal that water on the moon isn’t spread out in vast oceans, but rather is concentrated in oases, and that the lunar surface appears to contain a wealth of other materials.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1279747830,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":701},"headData":{"title":"NASA Moon Mission Reveals New Clues About Water on the Moon | KQED","description":"NASA scientists reveal that water on the moon isn’t spread out in vast oceans, but rather is concentrated in oases, and that the lunar surface appears to contain a wealth of other materials.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"6670 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2010/07/20/nasa-moon-mission-reveals-new-clues-about-water-on-the-moon/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/07/21/nasa-moon-mission-reveals-new-clues-about-water-on-the-moon/","disqusTitle":"NASA Moon Mission Reveals New Clues About Water on the Moon","path":"/quest/6670/nasa-moon-mission-reveals-new-clues-about-water-on-the-moon","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/nasa-ames-rocket-to-the-moon\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/07/NASA_scaled_LCROSS_167848main_lcross_hires.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Artist's rendering of the LCROSS spacecraft and its upper stage Centaur rocket. Image courtesy of NASA.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Originally reported for KQED News.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, NASA scientists in Mountain View made international headlines when they crashed a rocket into the moon and announced they had found water there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday, they revealed that the water – which exists as ice and vapor – isn’t spread out in vast oceans, but rather is concentrated in oases, and that the lunar surface appears to contain a wealth of other materials, from mercury to magnesium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both discoveries could be instrumental in one day making it easier to set up a lunar colony, the researchers said, because of the high cost of transporting materials to the moon, which can exceed thousands of dollars per pound. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s water and much more,” said Anthony Colaprete, an astrophysicist at NASA Ames Research Center in Mountain View. “The others, from a scientific standpoint and a resource standpoint may prove to be as important or more important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Colaprete is the principal investigator on the mission to find water on the moon, which is known as \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/nasa-ames-rocket-to-the-moon\">LCROSS\u003c/a> or the Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite. Last year, the scientists shot an unmanned spacecraft from Cape Canaveral, Florida, and in October, they deliberately crashed its rocket at 6,000 mph into Cabeus, a cold, dark crater on the moon’s south pole that hasn’t seen sunlight in billions of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The impact sent up a plume of lunar soil and debris several miles over the crater’s rim, exposing it to sunlight. Meanwhile, the spacecraft collected data for four crucial minutes, allowing scientists to analyze the chemical makeup of the ejected lunar soil, before it too crashed into the crater. In the nine months since then, the LCROSS team has been sifting through the information to glean clues about earth’s 4.5 billion year-old neighbor. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How wet is the moon? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As wet as the Sahara, perhaps wetter in some places”, said Colaprete. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday, at the third annual Lunar Science Forum at NASA Ames, researchers discussed everything from the physics of the LCROSS impact to the complex chemistry of the moon. Among their findings: \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-\tThe distribution of water on the moon is not uniform, but “chunky”, occurring in deposits in dark craters like the one LCROSS struck.\u003cbr>\n-\tThe range of chemicals found on the moon is wider than once thought and includes mercury, magnesium, sulfur dioxide and possibly, formaldehyde, along with sodium, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide and methane.\u003cbr>\n-\tThe total amount of water in the target site and the plume observed by LCROSS: 26 gallons \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how did the water get there? According to Colaprete, it’s likely a combination of sources. One way it could have arrived is from solar wind depositing hydrogen into the lunar granules which contain oxygen atoms. Another way is from impacts by icy comets slamming into the moon, a theory supported by the observation of these other chemicals and hydrocarbons that also exist in comets. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last manned lunar mission was Apollo 17 in 1972. In recent years, the U.S., along with Japan, China and India have launched various unmanned lunar mission. NASA is scheduled to launch two other lunar exploratory missions, GRAIL and LADEE in 2011 and 2012, respectively, to map the moon’s interior structure and further analyze the moon’s dust. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometime in the next several decades, a new generation of astronauts may return to set up a lunar outpost, setting the stage for future missions to Mars. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the next 20 years, next 10 years, you’re going to see the moon continue to expand in its diversity, and its complexity and its interest, among the communities of both laypeople and professionals and that’s going to pull us there,” said Colaprete. “There’s a lot you can do with the moon. It’s fundamental to understanding our place in the solar system and we’ve always appreciated that and recent studies have accentuated it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.52119957659491 -122.0086669921875\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/6670/nasa-moon-mission-reveals-new-clues-about-water-on-the-moon","authors":["6176"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_242","quest_243","quest_13192","quest_3351","quest_1583","quest_1631","quest_1700","quest_30","quest_1870","quest_1918","quest_1919","quest_13203","quest_2141","quest_2218","quest_2349","quest_2530","quest_2539","quest_2740","quest_3108"],"label":"quest"},"quest_17338":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_17338","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"17338","score":null,"sort":[1170132180000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"lcross-animation-web-only","title":"LCROSS animation (web only)","publishDate":1170132180,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>[jwvideo id=\"101d_nasa_web_extra\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why do NASA scientists in Mountain View want to crash a rocket on the moon? Watch an animation of the entire mission to find out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Narrated by: Tony Colaprete, Team Leader LCROSS mission. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Why do NASA scientists in Mountain View want to crash a rocket on the moon? Watch an animation of the entire mission to find out.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nNarrated by: Tony Colaprete, Team Leader LCROSS mission. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1332447307,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":5,"wordCount":38},"headData":{"title":"LCROSS animation (web only) | KQED","description":"Why do NASA scientists in Mountain View want to crash a rocket on the moon? Watch an animation of the entire mission to find out.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nNarrated by: Tony Colaprete, Team Leader LCROSS mission. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"17338 http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/lcross-animation-web-only/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/01/29/lcross-animation-web-only/","disqusTitle":"LCROSS animation (web only)","path":"/quest/17338/lcross-animation-web-only","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>[jwvideo id=\"101d_nasa_web_extra\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why do NASA scientists in Mountain View want to crash a rocket on the moon? Watch an animation of the entire mission to find out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Narrated by: Tony Colaprete, Team Leader LCROSS mission. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/17338/lcross-animation-web-only","authors":["10169","6176"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_8"],"tags":["quest_3351","quest_1631","quest_1870","quest_1919","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_13202","quest_2445","quest_2893"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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