Reporter's Notes: Looking for Mars Life on Planet Earth
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Poop contains a lot of interesting stuff including tons of microbes, like bacteria. Depending on our own health, our poop can harbor both helpful and harmful microbes. And as a result, poop can spread disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So where do microbes in poop come from? Poop is a waste product formed in our intestines during digestion. Lots of different species of bacteria and other microscopic organisms like fungi and yeast live in our gut and they help our bodies break down food, make vitamins (like vitamin B and K), and fend off harmful bacteria. Some of these microbes living in our gut actually get passed in our poop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If we’re sick, our poop can also contain bacteria, viruses, and parasites that cause illnesses. In fact there are a lot of diseases that are spread in poop. For example, in the United States every now and then you may hear of E.coli outbreaks. E.coli is a type of bacteria that has lots of different varieties. Most are harmless and live in the gut of healthy people and animals and are passed in our poop. However, there are a couple of types of E.coli that can make people sick and cause diarrhea and vomiting if you ingest them. In the U.S. people sometimes get E.coli by eating undercooked beef that’s been contaminated by E.coli from the gut of cows, or from raw fruits or veggies contaminated by cattle poop from runoff from cattle fields. If you get E.coli you could pass it to another person if you don’t properly wash your hands after going to the bathroom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can also get sick if poop contaminates drinking water. In the U.S. and other developed countries this doesn’t happen often because we have sewage treatment plants and water treatment processes set up to make sure our drinking water is clean and free of harmful microbes. However, many places throughout the world, particularly developing countries, don’t have sewage and water treatment so it’s really easy for bacteria and other microbes from poop to contaminate drinking water. Some common diseases spread this way include \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs107/en/\">cholera\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/topics/typhoid_fever/en/\">typhoid fever\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/giardia-infection/basics/definition/con-20024686\">giardiasis\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/topics/rotavirus_infections/en/\">rotavirus\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But poop isn’t all bad. In fact, doctors are starting to use healthy poop to treat some types of intestinal diseases, such as a condition known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/tc/clostridium-difficile-colitis-overview\"> C.diff colitis\u003c/a>. Check out this \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kNU6hOwiGcs\"> Gross Science video \u003c/a> by our friends at NOVA that explains all about this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This Science Spotlight video is part of our \u003ca href=\"http://water.woop.ie/\" target=\"_blank\">Engineering Is: Cleaning Poop from Drinking Water\u003c/a> e-book. The e-book explores the science and engineering principles behind a device designed by scientists and engineers at Stanford University that purifies drinking water in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The e-book includes videos, interactives and media making opportunities. You can find all of our e-books at \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\">kqed.org/ebooks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Poop contains a lot of interesting stuff, including all kinds of microbes. Learn what these microbes do and how they can spread disease.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1444415984,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":8,"wordCount":502},"headData":{"title":"Science Spotlight: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly of Poop | KQED","description":"Poop contains a lot of interesting stuff, including all kinds of microbes. 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Poop contains a lot of interesting stuff including tons of microbes, like bacteria. Depending on our own health, our poop can harbor both helpful and harmful microbes. And as a result, poop can spread disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So where do microbes in poop come from? Poop is a waste product formed in our intestines during digestion. Lots of different species of bacteria and other microscopic organisms like fungi and yeast live in our gut and they help our bodies break down food, make vitamins (like vitamin B and K), and fend off harmful bacteria. Some of these microbes living in our gut actually get passed in our poop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If we’re sick, our poop can also contain bacteria, viruses, and parasites that cause illnesses. In fact there are a lot of diseases that are spread in poop. For example, in the United States every now and then you may hear of E.coli outbreaks. E.coli is a type of bacteria that has lots of different varieties. Most are harmless and live in the gut of healthy people and animals and are passed in our poop. However, there are a couple of types of E.coli that can make people sick and cause diarrhea and vomiting if you ingest them. In the U.S. people sometimes get E.coli by eating undercooked beef that’s been contaminated by E.coli from the gut of cows, or from raw fruits or veggies contaminated by cattle poop from runoff from cattle fields. If you get E.coli you could pass it to another person if you don’t properly wash your hands after going to the bathroom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can also get sick if poop contaminates drinking water. In the U.S. and other developed countries this doesn’t happen often because we have sewage treatment plants and water treatment processes set up to make sure our drinking water is clean and free of harmful microbes. However, many places throughout the world, particularly developing countries, don’t have sewage and water treatment so it’s really easy for bacteria and other microbes from poop to contaminate drinking water. Some common diseases spread this way include \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs107/en/\">cholera\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/topics/typhoid_fever/en/\">typhoid fever\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/giardia-infection/basics/definition/con-20024686\">giardiasis\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/topics/rotavirus_infections/en/\">rotavirus\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But poop isn’t all bad. In fact, doctors are starting to use healthy poop to treat some types of intestinal diseases, such as a condition known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/tc/clostridium-difficile-colitis-overview\"> C.diff colitis\u003c/a>. Check out this \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kNU6hOwiGcs\"> Gross Science video \u003c/a> by our friends at NOVA that explains all about this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This Science Spotlight video is part of our \u003ca href=\"http://water.woop.ie/\" target=\"_blank\">Engineering Is: Cleaning Poop from Drinking Water\u003c/a> e-book. The e-book explores the science and engineering principles behind a device designed by scientists and engineers at Stanford University that purifies drinking water in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The e-book includes videos, interactives and media making opportunities. You can find all of our e-books at \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\">kqed.org/ebooks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/74286/science-spotlight-the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly-of-poop","authors":["6544"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_13187","quest_267","quest_13184","quest_12946","quest_898","quest_13181","quest_13185","quest_13182","quest_3351","quest_1812","quest_2261","quest_13183","quest_2349","quest_3071"],"collections":["quest_13362"],"featImg":"quest_74296","label":"source_quest_74286"},"quest_36705":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_36705","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"36705","score":null,"sort":[1335970850000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"classification-challenge-documenting-microbes-biodiversity%e2%80%99s-hidden-treasure","title":"Classification Challenge: Documenting Microbes, Biodiversity’s Hidden Treasure ","publishDate":1335970850,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36715\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/02/classification-challenge-documenting-microbes-biodiversity%e2%80%99s-hidden-treasure/journal-pbio640/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36715\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-36715\" title=\"tubeworms and bacteria\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/journal.pbio640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"tubeworms and bacteria\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The tubeworm Lamellibrachia luymesi lives around hydrocarbon-releasing ocean floor seeps in the Gulf ofMexico. It gets the sulfide it needs to survive from amenagerie of bacteria and archaea that live in the sedimentssurrounding the vent. (Credit: PLoS Biology)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The impulse to classify life seems hard-wired in our species, a relic perhaps of an ancient need to forage in landscapes rife with poisonous roots, fruits, shoots and fungi. Not that the need has disappeared. You get just once chance to mistake \u003cem>Amanita phalloides\u003c/em>—aka the “death cap”—for the delectable paddy straw mushroom \u003cem>(Volvariella volvacea).\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Linnaeus’ \u003cem>Systema Naturae\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nintroduced the modern framework for classification, helping scientists categorize life as a first step to understanding it. Taxonomists have now described roughly 1.5 million species, just a fraction of the true measure of the planet’s biodiversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Figuring out how many species inhabit Earth remains one of science’s most enduring, and elusive, challenges. A recent census effort, \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/IGomnF\">published last summer,\u003c/a> placed the estimate at around 8.7 million species on land and sea, with the vast majority still awaiting description.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper raised a stir, not least because its estimate of microbial diversity was so low (for bacteria, about 10,000 species), to the consternation of many, including \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/IGpebS\">UC Davis professor Jonathan Eisen,\u003c/a> an evolutionary biologist and microbe ambassador. But I’ll return to that in a moment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taking stock of the number of species on the planet helps biologists predict how losing them might impact ecosystems. But we’re losing species faster than biologists can discover and describe them, let alone identify the conditions they need to survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a \u003ca href=\"http://sci.odu.edu/biology/directory/Butchart%20et%20al%20Global%20biodiversity%20declines%20Science.pdf\">somber report published a few years ago\u003c/a> made clear, the Convention on Biological Diversity’s push to reduce the rate of biodiversity loss by 2010 has largely failed. Several categories of animals skirt the brink of extinction while threats to ecosystem health, from nitrogen pollution to overfishing, continue unabated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peter Kareiva, chief scientist for The Nature Conservancy, \u003ca href=\"http://breakthroughjournal.org/content/authors/peter-kareiva-robert-lalasz-an-1/conservation-in-the-anthropoce.shtml\">described our failure in an essay: \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Biodiversity on Earth continues its rapid decline. We continue to lose forests in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. There are so few wild tigers and apes that they will be lost forever if current trends continue. Simply put, we are losing many more special places and species than we're saving.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kareiva’s point was not that we should all hang our heads in defeat, or dig in our heels and fence off more and more land from our ever-expanding ecological footprint. He suggested something more radical: recognize the resilience of nature—not “nature” with a capital “N” but nature as a complex system of physical forces and chemical processes—and our place in it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Embrace your inner microbe\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And here’s where microbes come in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider this: by the numbers, you’re more microbe than human. Microbes outnumber you by at least 10 to 1. Your eyelashes, hair, saliva and skin offer prime habitat to a multitude of microorganisms. What looks like a body part to you looks like a niche to microbes. When you type, you \u003ca href=\"http://www.hhmi.org/news/knight20100315.html\">leave a unique microbial fingerprint on your keyboard.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the real action takes place in your gut, Microbe Megalopolis, population 100 trillion, give or take a few. And here’s where it gets interesting. Your gut microflora and mine differ. And these variations can spell the difference between health and disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Relman, a Stanford microbiologist and “microbiome” pioneer, \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/JACQbY\">told a reporter\u003c/a> that the diversity and individual variation of our gut microbial communities suggests that “one of the most important ecosystems on the planet might be the human body.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36708\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 277px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/02/classification-challenge-documenting-microbes-biodiversity%e2%80%99s-hidden-treasure/cover_art1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36708\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-36708\" title=\"gut microbe\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/gutmicrobe-277x360.jpg\" alt=\"gut microbe\" width=\"277\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">B. thetaiotaomicron, a prominent human gutbacterium, and the intestine. (Image: PLoS Biology)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Researchers have now implicated the microbiome in allergies, autoimmune disease, obesity, and a variety of other conditions. And it all started with one study that showed that when you transplant a microbial community from one mouse to another, the phenotype--traits associated with that community, in this case, obesity--goes with it, explains Eisen. “That changed everything. Until that paper came along no one had shown that microbes played that big a role.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We know microbes are the most abundant life form on Earth. But that doesn’t mean we can take them for granted. Many of their natural habitats—both landscapes and organisms—are disappearing. When host organisms disappear, the microbes will go with them. The reverse could also be true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most captive breeding programs to restore endangered species to the wild concentrate on genetic diversity as the key to survival. “But no one’s really saying we need to worry about their microbes too,” says Eisen. “No one’s focusing on whatever we need to do to make sure they have the right microbial community with them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An improbable field guide\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 6,000 to 8,000 species of bacteria have been described so far, but biologists like Eisen think there may be hundreds of thousands or even billions of niches to exploit. Trying to count microbe species is a losing proposition, he thinks. But trying to characterize microbe diversity by thinking in terms of niches isn’t. Microbes exploit different niches just like any other organism, from Darwin’s finches to Arctic foxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A self-described “bird nerd” since he was 7 years old, Eisen thinks the best way to get a handle on the seemingly intractable diversity of microbial life on the planet is to \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yoD6Fs5yRdU\">think in terms of field guides\u003c/a>. Document everything you know about different types of microbes, their niches, range, biology, genetics and ways to identify them. That becomes both a reference and an organizational framework for gathering and making sense of the mountains of data, mostly genetic, gathered from the places microbes live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using “metagenomic” tools, scientists sift through reams of genetic material extracted from environmental samples by matching gene sequences to known organisms or, if nothing matches, to something roughly similar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DNA is obviously different from skeletons, bones and fossils, Eisen says, but the classification, clustering and taxonomy methods are no different from what ecologists, archeologists and paleontologists have been doing for thousands of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, the microbe field guide is a tad more ambitious than any field guide to birds. The enormity of the task was perhaps best expressed by metagenomic pioneer Julian Davies in a \u003ca href=\"http://nature.berkeley.edu/brunslab/espm131/readings/gewin2006.pdf\">quote beloved by microbe hunters:\u003c/a> “Once the diversity of the microbial world is catalogued, it will make astronomy look like a pitiful science.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s hard to overstate microbes’ importance to the planet. They drive the global carbon and nitrogen cycles that make life possible, regulate climate, purify groundwater and detoxify waste. If it weren’t for the ancient forebears of \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/JBGTVx\">ocean-dwelling cyanobacteria,\u003c/a> which pumped oxygen into Earth’s atmosphere after emerging some 3.5 billion years ago, we probably wouldn’t exist.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Figuring out how many species inhabit Earth remains one of science’s most enduring, and elusive, challenges.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1366754060,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":26,"wordCount":1189},"headData":{"title":"Classification Challenge: Documenting Microbes, Biodiversity’s Hidden Treasure | KQED","description":"Figuring out how many species inhabit Earth remains one of science’s most enduring, and elusive, challenges.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Classification Challenge: Documenting Microbes, Biodiversity’s Hidden Treasure ","datePublished":"2012-05-02T15:00:50.000Z","dateModified":"2013-04-23T21:54:20.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"36705 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=36705","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/02/classification-challenge-documenting-microbes-biodiversity%e2%80%99s-hidden-treasure/","disqusTitle":"Classification Challenge: Documenting Microbes, Biodiversity’s Hidden Treasure ","path":"/quest/36705/classification-challenge-documenting-microbes-biodiversity%e2%80%99s-hidden-treasure","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36715\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/02/classification-challenge-documenting-microbes-biodiversity%e2%80%99s-hidden-treasure/journal-pbio640/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36715\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-36715\" title=\"tubeworms and bacteria\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/journal.pbio640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"tubeworms and bacteria\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The tubeworm Lamellibrachia luymesi lives around hydrocarbon-releasing ocean floor seeps in the Gulf ofMexico. It gets the sulfide it needs to survive from amenagerie of bacteria and archaea that live in the sedimentssurrounding the vent. (Credit: PLoS Biology)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The impulse to classify life seems hard-wired in our species, a relic perhaps of an ancient need to forage in landscapes rife with poisonous roots, fruits, shoots and fungi. Not that the need has disappeared. You get just once chance to mistake \u003cem>Amanita phalloides\u003c/em>—aka the “death cap”—for the delectable paddy straw mushroom \u003cem>(Volvariella volvacea).\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Linnaeus’ \u003cem>Systema Naturae\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nintroduced the modern framework for classification, helping scientists categorize life as a first step to understanding it. Taxonomists have now described roughly 1.5 million species, just a fraction of the true measure of the planet’s biodiversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Figuring out how many species inhabit Earth remains one of science’s most enduring, and elusive, challenges. A recent census effort, \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/IGomnF\">published last summer,\u003c/a> placed the estimate at around 8.7 million species on land and sea, with the vast majority still awaiting description.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper raised a stir, not least because its estimate of microbial diversity was so low (for bacteria, about 10,000 species), to the consternation of many, including \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/IGpebS\">UC Davis professor Jonathan Eisen,\u003c/a> an evolutionary biologist and microbe ambassador. But I’ll return to that in a moment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taking stock of the number of species on the planet helps biologists predict how losing them might impact ecosystems. But we’re losing species faster than biologists can discover and describe them, let alone identify the conditions they need to survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a \u003ca href=\"http://sci.odu.edu/biology/directory/Butchart%20et%20al%20Global%20biodiversity%20declines%20Science.pdf\">somber report published a few years ago\u003c/a> made clear, the Convention on Biological Diversity’s push to reduce the rate of biodiversity loss by 2010 has largely failed. Several categories of animals skirt the brink of extinction while threats to ecosystem health, from nitrogen pollution to overfishing, continue unabated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peter Kareiva, chief scientist for The Nature Conservancy, \u003ca href=\"http://breakthroughjournal.org/content/authors/peter-kareiva-robert-lalasz-an-1/conservation-in-the-anthropoce.shtml\">described our failure in an essay: \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Biodiversity on Earth continues its rapid decline. We continue to lose forests in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. There are so few wild tigers and apes that they will be lost forever if current trends continue. Simply put, we are losing many more special places and species than we're saving.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kareiva’s point was not that we should all hang our heads in defeat, or dig in our heels and fence off more and more land from our ever-expanding ecological footprint. He suggested something more radical: recognize the resilience of nature—not “nature” with a capital “N” but nature as a complex system of physical forces and chemical processes—and our place in it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Embrace your inner microbe\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And here’s where microbes come in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider this: by the numbers, you’re more microbe than human. Microbes outnumber you by at least 10 to 1. Your eyelashes, hair, saliva and skin offer prime habitat to a multitude of microorganisms. What looks like a body part to you looks like a niche to microbes. When you type, you \u003ca href=\"http://www.hhmi.org/news/knight20100315.html\">leave a unique microbial fingerprint on your keyboard.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the real action takes place in your gut, Microbe Megalopolis, population 100 trillion, give or take a few. And here’s where it gets interesting. Your gut microflora and mine differ. And these variations can spell the difference between health and disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Relman, a Stanford microbiologist and “microbiome” pioneer, \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/JACQbY\">told a reporter\u003c/a> that the diversity and individual variation of our gut microbial communities suggests that “one of the most important ecosystems on the planet might be the human body.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36708\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 277px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/02/classification-challenge-documenting-microbes-biodiversity%e2%80%99s-hidden-treasure/cover_art1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36708\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-36708\" title=\"gut microbe\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/gutmicrobe-277x360.jpg\" alt=\"gut microbe\" width=\"277\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">B. thetaiotaomicron, a prominent human gutbacterium, and the intestine. (Image: PLoS Biology)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Researchers have now implicated the microbiome in allergies, autoimmune disease, obesity, and a variety of other conditions. And it all started with one study that showed that when you transplant a microbial community from one mouse to another, the phenotype--traits associated with that community, in this case, obesity--goes with it, explains Eisen. “That changed everything. Until that paper came along no one had shown that microbes played that big a role.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We know microbes are the most abundant life form on Earth. But that doesn’t mean we can take them for granted. Many of their natural habitats—both landscapes and organisms—are disappearing. When host organisms disappear, the microbes will go with them. The reverse could also be true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most captive breeding programs to restore endangered species to the wild concentrate on genetic diversity as the key to survival. “But no one’s really saying we need to worry about their microbes too,” says Eisen. “No one’s focusing on whatever we need to do to make sure they have the right microbial community with them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An improbable field guide\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 6,000 to 8,000 species of bacteria have been described so far, but biologists like Eisen think there may be hundreds of thousands or even billions of niches to exploit. Trying to count microbe species is a losing proposition, he thinks. But trying to characterize microbe diversity by thinking in terms of niches isn’t. Microbes exploit different niches just like any other organism, from Darwin’s finches to Arctic foxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A self-described “bird nerd” since he was 7 years old, Eisen thinks the best way to get a handle on the seemingly intractable diversity of microbial life on the planet is to \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yoD6Fs5yRdU\">think in terms of field guides\u003c/a>. Document everything you know about different types of microbes, their niches, range, biology, genetics and ways to identify them. That becomes both a reference and an organizational framework for gathering and making sense of the mountains of data, mostly genetic, gathered from the places microbes live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using “metagenomic” tools, scientists sift through reams of genetic material extracted from environmental samples by matching gene sequences to known organisms or, if nothing matches, to something roughly similar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DNA is obviously different from skeletons, bones and fossils, Eisen says, but the classification, clustering and taxonomy methods are no different from what ecologists, archeologists and paleontologists have been doing for thousands of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, the microbe field guide is a tad more ambitious than any field guide to birds. The enormity of the task was perhaps best expressed by metagenomic pioneer Julian Davies in a \u003ca href=\"http://nature.berkeley.edu/brunslab/espm131/readings/gewin2006.pdf\">quote beloved by microbe hunters:\u003c/a> “Once the diversity of the microbial world is catalogued, it will make astronomy look like a pitiful science.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s hard to overstate microbes’ importance to the planet. They drive the global carbon and nitrogen cycles that make life possible, regulate climate, purify groundwater and detoxify waste. If it weren’t for the ancient forebears of \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/JBGTVx\">ocean-dwelling cyanobacteria,\u003c/a> which pumped oxygen into Earth’s atmosphere after emerging some 3.5 billion years ago, we probably wouldn’t exist.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/36705/classification-challenge-documenting-microbes-biodiversity%e2%80%99s-hidden-treasure","authors":["6322"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_326","quest_10936","quest_10557","quest_11055","quest_1812","quest_11054","quest_11056","quest_3307","quest_13202"],"featImg":"quest_36715","label":"quest"},"quest_28567":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_28567","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"28567","score":null,"sort":[1324080013000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"biofuels-face-a-reality-check","title":"Biofuels Face a Reality Check","publishDate":1324080013,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/12/2011-12-19-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28569\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/DSC00009.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-28569\" title=\"DSC00009\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/DSC00009-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A woody grass called Miscanthus is one of the biofuel feedstocks being examined.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Despite all the buzz around biofuels, commercial production has been slow to scale up. As a result, the EPA scaled back its goals for advanced biofuels earlier this year. Still, some Bay Area scientists recently made a breakthrough that could move us one step closer to a day when our cars run on fuels from plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea behind biofuels is pretty simple. Plants take sunlight and use that energy to make sugars. The biofuels industry wants to transform those sugars into fuel. That requires some molecular rearranging, so they’re looking to microbes to do the job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the \u003ca href=\"http://www.jbei.org/\">Joint BioEnergy Institute\u003c/a> (JBEI) in Emeryville, e.coli is the microbe of choice. Researcher Greg Bokinsky shows me racks of glass tubes that are home to e.coli cultures that have been biologically engineered. They’ve created e.coli that munch on a woody plant called \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panicum_virgatum\">switchgrass\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’ve heard anything about biofuels, you’ve probably heard about ethanol that’s made from corn, which you can buy at gas stations today. But ethanol can’t be transported long distances because it corrodes pipelines. And using corn for fuel has also raised some concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Corn is used extensively to feed animals. Corn is also used for some food as well, human consumption. So we want to be very careful about using corn itself,” says Jay Keasling, CEO of JBEI.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Engineering Microbes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JBEI was founded 5 years ago with a $125 million grant from the Department of Energy. It’s a partnership between UC Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab and other groups with the mission of creating biofuels from plants that aren’t used for food – also known as cellulosic biofuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Switchgrass is one that gets mentioned a lot,” says Keasling. “Switchgrass is a native to much of the Midwest. It grows without a lot of water and fertilizer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But unlocking the energy inside switchgrass is no easy task. “Plants have evolved to be tough. There are beetles, there are fungi that want to attack them all the time and get access to those sugars. So they’ve evolved defense mechanisms,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/DSC00005-2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-28582\" title=\"DSC00005-2\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/DSC00005-2.jpg\" alt=\"A jar of ground-up switchgrass at the Joint BioEnergy Institute.\" width=\"240\" height=\"194\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first line of defense is like a barbed wire fence. Plants protect their sugars with a tough material called lignin. Keasling’s team breaks through it using a liquid salt solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once it’s gone, the sugars still have to be broken down further. Most companies use industrial enzymes to do that. But this is where Keasling’s \u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.lbl.gov/news-releases/2011/11/29/e-coli-make-three-fuels/\">engineered e.coli\u003c/a> comes in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’ve done is we’ve gone to places like the rainforest in Puerto Rico and to compost piles. We’ve sequenced the organisms that are breaking down that biomass and then cloned those genes into e.coli,” Keasling says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The e.coli break down the sugars for themselves, saving an expensive step in the process. Using the sugars, they produce fuels. “Really they’re pooping out fuels,” says Keasling. “And these are fuels that can be put directly into gasoline engines, diesel engines or jet engines.” These microbes are an exciting breakthrough for Keasling, since they could help bring down the cost of production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Federal Goals Scale Back\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government was once excited about cellulosic biofuels, too. In 2006, former President George W Bush included them in his State of the Union address, saying “we'll also fund additional research in cutting-edge methods of producing ethanol, not just from corn but from wood chips and stalks or switchgrass. Our goal is to make this new kind of ethanol practical and competitive within 6 years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Congress set up tax credits for cellulosic biofuels with a goal of seeing 500 million gallons produced in 2012. Since then, the industry has faced a harsh reality. The \u003ca href=\"http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/1e5ab1124055f3b28525781f0042ed40/477321f362225aac852578b60068bf16!OpenDocument\">goal for next year\u003c/a> has been cut back to just 12 million gallons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was oversold. There was a lot of hype around it. It’s a tough problem. We can’t expect this to happen overnight,” says Keasling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keasling says if there’s anything that casts a shadow over biofuels, it’s the price of their biggest competitor. “If oil is under $100 a barrel, we’re not going to see many advanced biofuels on the market. They’re just not going to be able to compete. It’s virtually impossible,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chris Somerville, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.energybiosciencesinstitute.org/\">Energy Biosciences Institute\u003c/a> (EBI), agrees. “The costs are still not where we need them to be.” EBI is also run by UC Berkeley and Berkeley Lab, among other collaborators. It was started with a $500 million grant from BP.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like JBEI, EBI’s mission is also engineering cellulosic biofuels. They’ve developed specially engineered yeast that eat feedstocks like miscanthus. “It’s going to be another 10 years before it really scales up. And it’s not because there’s a big problem. It’s just takes time to build and bring online big industrial facilities that are first of a kind.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Companies, including BP, are now building commercial-scale biofuel plants. But the science is evolving so quickly, Somerville says it’s hard for companies to commit. “If you’re a company that has to lay down some hundreds of millions of dollars for a new facility and you look around and everyday, there’s new advances, you think, well maybe I’ll wait until next week and build a better facility.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although some in Congress are impatient over the progress of advanced biofuels, Somerville is confident that it’s just a matter of time before the industry scales up. “What we’re really trying to do is change the world. And we have this huge entrenched energy sector. And so there’s lots of entrenched players that don’t welcome change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And he says, if we care about addressing climate change, we won’t be able to do it without remaking the fuels that go in our cars.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Despite the buzz around biofuels, the industry been slow to scale up. But Bay Area researchers are making breakthroughs that could move us one step closer to having our cars run on fuels from plants. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1366739106,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":26,"wordCount":1080},"headData":{"title":"Biofuels Face a Reality Check | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Biofuels Face a Reality Check","datePublished":"2011-12-17T00:00:13.000Z","dateModified":"2013-04-23T17:45:06.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"28567 http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/biofuels-face-a-reality-check/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/16/biofuels-face-a-reality-check/","disqusTitle":"Biofuels Face a Reality Check","path":"/quest/28567/biofuels-face-a-reality-check","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/12/2011-12-19-quest.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/12/2011-12-19-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28569\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/DSC00009.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-28569\" title=\"DSC00009\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/DSC00009-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A woody grass called Miscanthus is one of the biofuel feedstocks being examined.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Despite all the buzz around biofuels, commercial production has been slow to scale up. As a result, the EPA scaled back its goals for advanced biofuels earlier this year. Still, some Bay Area scientists recently made a breakthrough that could move us one step closer to a day when our cars run on fuels from plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea behind biofuels is pretty simple. Plants take sunlight and use that energy to make sugars. The biofuels industry wants to transform those sugars into fuel. That requires some molecular rearranging, so they’re looking to microbes to do the job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the \u003ca href=\"http://www.jbei.org/\">Joint BioEnergy Institute\u003c/a> (JBEI) in Emeryville, e.coli is the microbe of choice. Researcher Greg Bokinsky shows me racks of glass tubes that are home to e.coli cultures that have been biologically engineered. They’ve created e.coli that munch on a woody plant called \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panicum_virgatum\">switchgrass\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’ve heard anything about biofuels, you’ve probably heard about ethanol that’s made from corn, which you can buy at gas stations today. But ethanol can’t be transported long distances because it corrodes pipelines. And using corn for fuel has also raised some concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Corn is used extensively to feed animals. Corn is also used for some food as well, human consumption. So we want to be very careful about using corn itself,” says Jay Keasling, CEO of JBEI.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Engineering Microbes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JBEI was founded 5 years ago with a $125 million grant from the Department of Energy. It’s a partnership between UC Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab and other groups with the mission of creating biofuels from plants that aren’t used for food – also known as cellulosic biofuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Switchgrass is one that gets mentioned a lot,” says Keasling. “Switchgrass is a native to much of the Midwest. It grows without a lot of water and fertilizer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But unlocking the energy inside switchgrass is no easy task. “Plants have evolved to be tough. There are beetles, there are fungi that want to attack them all the time and get access to those sugars. So they’ve evolved defense mechanisms,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/DSC00005-2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-28582\" title=\"DSC00005-2\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/DSC00005-2.jpg\" alt=\"A jar of ground-up switchgrass at the Joint BioEnergy Institute.\" width=\"240\" height=\"194\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first line of defense is like a barbed wire fence. Plants protect their sugars with a tough material called lignin. Keasling’s team breaks through it using a liquid salt solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once it’s gone, the sugars still have to be broken down further. Most companies use industrial enzymes to do that. But this is where Keasling’s \u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.lbl.gov/news-releases/2011/11/29/e-coli-make-three-fuels/\">engineered e.coli\u003c/a> comes in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’ve done is we’ve gone to places like the rainforest in Puerto Rico and to compost piles. We’ve sequenced the organisms that are breaking down that biomass and then cloned those genes into e.coli,” Keasling says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The e.coli break down the sugars for themselves, saving an expensive step in the process. Using the sugars, they produce fuels. “Really they’re pooping out fuels,” says Keasling. “And these are fuels that can be put directly into gasoline engines, diesel engines or jet engines.” These microbes are an exciting breakthrough for Keasling, since they could help bring down the cost of production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Federal Goals Scale Back\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government was once excited about cellulosic biofuels, too. In 2006, former President George W Bush included them in his State of the Union address, saying “we'll also fund additional research in cutting-edge methods of producing ethanol, not just from corn but from wood chips and stalks or switchgrass. Our goal is to make this new kind of ethanol practical and competitive within 6 years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Congress set up tax credits for cellulosic biofuels with a goal of seeing 500 million gallons produced in 2012. Since then, the industry has faced a harsh reality. The \u003ca href=\"http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/1e5ab1124055f3b28525781f0042ed40/477321f362225aac852578b60068bf16!OpenDocument\">goal for next year\u003c/a> has been cut back to just 12 million gallons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was oversold. There was a lot of hype around it. It’s a tough problem. We can’t expect this to happen overnight,” says Keasling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keasling says if there’s anything that casts a shadow over biofuels, it’s the price of their biggest competitor. “If oil is under $100 a barrel, we’re not going to see many advanced biofuels on the market. They’re just not going to be able to compete. It’s virtually impossible,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chris Somerville, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.energybiosciencesinstitute.org/\">Energy Biosciences Institute\u003c/a> (EBI), agrees. “The costs are still not where we need them to be.” EBI is also run by UC Berkeley and Berkeley Lab, among other collaborators. It was started with a $500 million grant from BP.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like JBEI, EBI’s mission is also engineering cellulosic biofuels. They’ve developed specially engineered yeast that eat feedstocks like miscanthus. “It’s going to be another 10 years before it really scales up. And it’s not because there’s a big problem. It’s just takes time to build and bring online big industrial facilities that are first of a kind.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Companies, including BP, are now building commercial-scale biofuel plants. But the science is evolving so quickly, Somerville says it’s hard for companies to commit. “If you’re a company that has to lay down some hundreds of millions of dollars for a new facility and you look around and everyday, there’s new advances, you think, well maybe I’ll wait until next week and build a better facility.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although some in Congress are impatient over the progress of advanced biofuels, Somerville is confident that it’s just a matter of time before the industry scales up. “What we’re really trying to do is change the world. And we have this huge entrenched energy sector. And so there’s lots of entrenched players that don’t welcome change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And he says, if we care about addressing climate change, we won’t be able to do it without remaking the fuels that go in our cars.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/28567/biofuels-face-a-reality-check","authors":["239"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_6","quest_11765","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_329","quest_3483","quest_529","quest_10572","quest_984","quest_1023","quest_10573","quest_1173","quest_1523","quest_1630","quest_1812","quest_13203","quest_13202","quest_2983"],"featImg":"quest_28569","label":"quest"},"quest_926":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_926","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"926","score":null,"sort":[1226715381000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"reporters-notes-looking-for-mars-life-on-planet-earth","title":"Reporter's Notes: Looking for Mars Life on Planet Earth","publishDate":1226715381,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio//looking-for-mars-life-on-planet-earth-\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/11/mslrover1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>The Mars Science Laboratory. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I hear about the search for alien life, it's hard not to think about all the science fiction movies with little green men and Earth-destroying spacecraft. But it's an idea that's far from science fiction for scientists at NASA Ames.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA is preparing to send their next rover to the surface of Mars, known as the \u003ca href=\"http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/\" target=\"_blank\">Mars Science Laboratory\u003c/a>. It follows the legacy of the twin \u003ca href=\"http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/overview/\" target=\"_blank\">rovers Spirit and Opportunity\u003c/a>, who have survived far longer than NASA scientists expected. After four years, they're still sending data from the Martian surface. (For an update, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/08/29/opportunity-is-still-rockin/\" target=\"_blank\">check out this post\u003c/a> from QUEST blogger Ben Burress).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mars Science Lab rover will have a few upgrades, though. It's much larger than Spirit and Opportunity and will be nuclear-powered -- meaning no solar cells that are vulnerable to dust storms. It will also be carrying the \u003ca href=\"http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/technology/si_is_instrumentation.html\" target=\"_blank\">most advanced lab equipment yet\u003c/a>, some of which will look for organic matter on the surface. The goal to discover how habitable the surface could have been for life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to what kind of life, it's microbial life that many scientists believe is the best case scenario. There have been \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/04/science/space/04mars.html\" target=\"_blank\">a number of recent discoveries\u003c/a> that are promising evidence that liquid water once existed on the surface. But if even the conditions were right for life then, they're certainly not right today. Thanks to a thin atmosphere, Mars is bombarded by solar radiation and conditions are dry and cold. Still, many scientists think there's a possibility that life could survive in the subsurface, where it's warmer and more sheltered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question most of us would ask, though, is: even if we found extraterrestrial life someday, how would we recognize it? NASA scientist Chris McKay explained his take to me. It turns out there are some basic things scientists believe they could look for. You can hear what he has to say in this audio clip:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Audio Player\" skin=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip\" file=\"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2008/11/2008-11-17-quest_blogextra1.mp3\" ]\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McKay brought up another interesting point -- we've already sent earthlings to Mars. The NASA rovers were built in clean rooms, but they're not completely sterile. Chances are there are microbes from Earth on Mars now, protected inside machinery we built. McKay believes this contamination is reversible, and there's already a policy in place to protect both Earth and Mars known as planetary protection. You can hear McKay explain why it's so important in this clip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Audio Player\" skin=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip\" file=\"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2008/11/2008-11-17-quest_blogextra2.mp3\" ]\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No matter what the outcome of the Mars Science Lab mission, there's a lot more to discover about what Mars is like today and about its past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio//looking-for-mars-life-on-planet-earth-\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Watch the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio//looking-for-mars-life-on-planet-earth-\">Looking for Mars Life on Planet Earth\u003c/a> report online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 38.881080 -122.448728\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"When I hear about searching for alien life, it's hard not to think about all those science fiction movies with little green men and Earth-destroying spacecraft. But it's an idea that's far from science fiction for scientists at NASA Ames.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443830573,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":528},"headData":{"title":"Reporter's Notes: Looking for Mars Life on Planet Earth | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Reporter's Notes: Looking for Mars Life on Planet Earth","datePublished":"2008-11-15T02:16:21.000Z","dateModified":"2015-10-03T00:02:53.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"926 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=926","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/11/14/reporters-notes-looking-for-mars-life-on-planet-earth/","disqusTitle":"Reporter's Notes: Looking for Mars Life on Planet Earth","path":"/quest/926/reporters-notes-looking-for-mars-life-on-planet-earth","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2008/11/2008-11-17-quest_blogextra1.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio//looking-for-mars-life-on-planet-earth-\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/11/mslrover1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>The Mars Science Laboratory. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I hear about the search for alien life, it's hard not to think about all the science fiction movies with little green men and Earth-destroying spacecraft. But it's an idea that's far from science fiction for scientists at NASA Ames.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA is preparing to send their next rover to the surface of Mars, known as the \u003ca href=\"http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/\" target=\"_blank\">Mars Science Laboratory\u003c/a>. It follows the legacy of the twin \u003ca href=\"http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/overview/\" target=\"_blank\">rovers Spirit and Opportunity\u003c/a>, who have survived far longer than NASA scientists expected. After four years, they're still sending data from the Martian surface. (For an update, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/08/29/opportunity-is-still-rockin/\" target=\"_blank\">check out this post\u003c/a> from QUEST blogger Ben Burress).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mars Science Lab rover will have a few upgrades, though. It's much larger than Spirit and Opportunity and will be nuclear-powered -- meaning no solar cells that are vulnerable to dust storms. It will also be carrying the \u003ca href=\"http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/technology/si_is_instrumentation.html\" target=\"_blank\">most advanced lab equipment yet\u003c/a>, some of which will look for organic matter on the surface. The goal to discover how habitable the surface could have been for life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to what kind of life, it's microbial life that many scientists believe is the best case scenario. There have been \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/04/science/space/04mars.html\" target=\"_blank\">a number of recent discoveries\u003c/a> that are promising evidence that liquid water once existed on the surface. But if even the conditions were right for life then, they're certainly not right today. Thanks to a thin atmosphere, Mars is bombarded by solar radiation and conditions are dry and cold. Still, many scientists think there's a possibility that life could survive in the subsurface, where it's warmer and more sheltered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question most of us would ask, though, is: even if we found extraterrestrial life someday, how would we recognize it? NASA scientist Chris McKay explained his take to me. It turns out there are some basic things scientists believe they could look for. You can hear what he has to say in this audio clip:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Audio Player\" skin=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip\" file=\"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2008/11/2008-11-17-quest_blogextra1.mp3\" ]\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McKay brought up another interesting point -- we've already sent earthlings to Mars. The NASA rovers were built in clean rooms, but they're not completely sterile. Chances are there are microbes from Earth on Mars now, protected inside machinery we built. McKay believes this contamination is reversible, and there's already a policy in place to protect both Earth and Mars known as planetary protection. You can hear McKay explain why it's so important in this clip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Audio Player\" skin=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip\" file=\"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2008/11/2008-11-17-quest_blogextra2.mp3\" ]\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No matter what the outcome of the Mars Science Lab mission, there's a lot more to discover about what Mars is like today and about its past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio//looking-for-mars-life-on-planet-earth-\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Watch the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio//looking-for-mars-life-on-planet-earth-\">Looking for Mars Life on Planet Earth\u003c/a> report online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 38.881080 -122.448728\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/926/reporters-notes-looking-for-mars-life-on-planet-earth","authors":["239"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_4"],"tags":["quest_13192","quest_252","quest_267","quest_13193","quest_1054","quest_1586","quest_1751","quest_1757","quest_1812","quest_1918","quest_13206","quest_2739"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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