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But now, they're coming back through the Golden Gate in growing numbers and researchers are trying to understand why they’re returning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best place to look for them is 220 feet above the water on the pedestrian walkway across the Golden Gate Bridge. That's where Bill Keener of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ggcetacean.org/Home_Page.html\">Golden Gate Cetacean Research\u003c/a> photographs them, holding a massive telephoto lens over the side of the railing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's a porpoise right there, coming very, very close,\" he says pointing. A dark shape appears in the water. It's a harbor porpoise, coming up for air. \"And here's a mother and calf coming straight at us.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The porpoises have dark gray backs and pale bellies. They're about five feet long, smaller than most of their dolphin relatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Look at that! That one's on its side,\" Keener says. \"The porpoise turned on its side. It's spinning and it's feeding.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Porpoises spin as they go after schools of herring and anchovies, which means these porpoises are feeding in the middle of a heavily-trafficked shipping lane. \"The porpoises have found a way to not only avoid the ships, but it's also the noise they make,\" says Keener.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Studying a Shy Marine Mammal\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seeing this behavior is huge for Keener. Harbor porpoises are notoriously shy in the open ocean, so they're tough for researchers to study. Here in the bay, Keener and his colleagues have identified 250 individual porpoises with their photos by looking for \u003ca href=\"http://www.ggcetacean.org/Harbor_Porpoise.html\">unique scars and color patterns\u003c/a> on the animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28094\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 283px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/Porpoise-mating-bahvior.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-28094\" title=\"Porpoise-mating-bahvior\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/Porpoise-mating-bahvior.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"283\" height=\"215\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Porpoise mating display as seen from the bridge. (Photo: William Keener/Golden Gate Cetacean Research)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When these researchers first started their work on the bridge, they caused a bit of a stir. \"You noticed there was a Golden Gate Bridge patrol officer here just a few minutes ago,\" says Keener. \"Well, we're staring down at the water for hours. They'd start getting worried about us. But they know us now. They know what we're doing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, the big question is why harbor porpoises disappeared in the first place. Keener says the bay has historically been porpoise habitat. Their bones have been found from hundreds of years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And then there were reports in the 1930s. And then we don't really have reports from around World War II. And there were a lot of things going on during World War II that could have caused that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco Bay became a wartime port and a major ship-building center. The Navy strung a \u003ca href=\"http://www.militarymuseum.org/Tiburon.html\">seven-mile-long net underwater\u003c/a> across the opening of the bay to keep out Japanese submarines. Hundreds of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/goga/historyculture/mines-and-submarines.htm\">mines were planted\u003c/a> in the waters outside the Golden Gate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keener says all that activity certainly would have disturbed the porpoises. But there's a bigger change that may have driven them away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Changing Bay\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cstrong>Seeing Porpoises\u003c/strong>\n\u003cp>The best time to spot harbor porpoises from the Golden Gate Bridge walkway is an hour or two prior to a high tide. Check out a \u003ca href=\"http://cencoos.org/sections/conditions/tides.shtml\">tide table\u003c/a> to time your visit and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ggcetacean.org/Contact_Us.html\">report your sightings\u003c/a> online.\u003c/p>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>To see it, we head toward the Golden Gate Bridge on a twenty-two foot boat with Jonathan Stern, a whale researcher at San Francisco State University. Stern was the first person to spot the porpoises in the bay three years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I just couldn't figure out what they were doing here. It's like when you see somebody you're used to seeing at work and you see them somewhere, in Hawaii or something. What are you doing here? You're out of place,\" says Stern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bay we're gliding over today is a far cry from the bay in the 1950s and 60s. As the Bay Area boomed, so did water pollution. Keener says raw sewage used to flow right into the bay. \"I remember coming across the Bay Bridge when I was very young and it would just smell. It would stink.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the Clean Water Act was passed in 1972, the bay's water quality began to improve. But Stern says it took time for the food web to come back. \"It takes the biology a while to track the chemistry. So it's not surprising that it's taken years for this ecosystem to generate like this.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stern says it's also possible that the porpoises had to rediscover the bay. \"Because over 60 years, we're talking about a number of generations of porpoises. So it's quite likely that San Francisco Bay as a location, as a habitat was out of the institutional memory of the harbor porpoises off the coast here.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28091\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/Porpoise2-web1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-28091\" title=\"Porpoise2-web\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/Porpoise2-web1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"320\" height=\"213\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bill Keener and Jonathan Stern search for porpoises in the bay.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As we slow down under the bridge's span, Keener keeps an eye out. \"There are porpoises between us and the south tower at 200 yards,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keener and Stern have a special permit that allows them to approach the porpoises. We wait, listening for them to surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I just heard one here. Here's a cow-calf pair close to the boat and we'll hear this puff,\" Keener says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We hear two loud puffs as the porpoises surface just off the bow. \"The old time sailors used to call them puffing pigs. That's the exhalation,\" says Keener.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The harbor porpoises seem calm around boats in the bay, which Stern says will let researchers study their life cycle and social structure, as well as how they might react to big events like the upcoming America's Cup race. Overall, he says it's a good sign that the porpoises are here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's one of those very few good news environmental stories. And it's in our backyard. You know, there was the will to get the bay cleaner and we're now starting to see the effects of that. It gives one hope.\"\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Harbor porpoises haven’t been seen in San Francisco Bay for more than 60 years. Now, they’re returning in growing numbers and researchers are working to understand why.\r\n\r\n","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1450495655,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":28,"wordCount":1005},"headData":{"title":"Porpoises Return to San Francisco Bay | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"28060 http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/porpoises-return-to-san-francisco-bay/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/02/porpoises-return-to-san-francisco-bay/","disqusTitle":"Porpoises Return to San Francisco Bay","source":"Biology","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/biology/","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/12/2011-12-05-quest.mp3","path":"/quest/28060/porpoises-return-to-san-francisco-bay","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.acsonline.org/factpack/HarborPorpoise.htm\">Harbor porpoises\u003c/a> haven't been seen in San Francisco Bay for more than 60 years. But now, they're coming back through the Golden Gate in growing numbers and researchers are trying to understand why they’re returning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best place to look for them is 220 feet above the water on the pedestrian walkway across the Golden Gate Bridge. That's where Bill Keener of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ggcetacean.org/Home_Page.html\">Golden Gate Cetacean Research\u003c/a> photographs them, holding a massive telephoto lens over the side of the railing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's a porpoise right there, coming very, very close,\" he says pointing. A dark shape appears in the water. It's a harbor porpoise, coming up for air. \"And here's a mother and calf coming straight at us.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The porpoises have dark gray backs and pale bellies. They're about five feet long, smaller than most of their dolphin relatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Look at that! That one's on its side,\" Keener says. \"The porpoise turned on its side. It's spinning and it's feeding.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Porpoises spin as they go after schools of herring and anchovies, which means these porpoises are feeding in the middle of a heavily-trafficked shipping lane. \"The porpoises have found a way to not only avoid the ships, but it's also the noise they make,\" says Keener.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Studying a Shy Marine Mammal\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seeing this behavior is huge for Keener. Harbor porpoises are notoriously shy in the open ocean, so they're tough for researchers to study. Here in the bay, Keener and his colleagues have identified 250 individual porpoises with their photos by looking for \u003ca href=\"http://www.ggcetacean.org/Harbor_Porpoise.html\">unique scars and color patterns\u003c/a> on the animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28094\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 283px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/Porpoise-mating-bahvior.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-28094\" title=\"Porpoise-mating-bahvior\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/Porpoise-mating-bahvior.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"283\" height=\"215\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Porpoise mating display as seen from the bridge. (Photo: William Keener/Golden Gate Cetacean Research)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When these researchers first started their work on the bridge, they caused a bit of a stir. \"You noticed there was a Golden Gate Bridge patrol officer here just a few minutes ago,\" says Keener. \"Well, we're staring down at the water for hours. They'd start getting worried about us. But they know us now. They know what we're doing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, the big question is why harbor porpoises disappeared in the first place. Keener says the bay has historically been porpoise habitat. Their bones have been found from hundreds of years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And then there were reports in the 1930s. And then we don't really have reports from around World War II. And there were a lot of things going on during World War II that could have caused that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco Bay became a wartime port and a major ship-building center. The Navy strung a \u003ca href=\"http://www.militarymuseum.org/Tiburon.html\">seven-mile-long net underwater\u003c/a> across the opening of the bay to keep out Japanese submarines. Hundreds of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/goga/historyculture/mines-and-submarines.htm\">mines were planted\u003c/a> in the waters outside the Golden Gate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keener says all that activity certainly would have disturbed the porpoises. But there's a bigger change that may have driven them away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Changing Bay\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cstrong>Seeing Porpoises\u003c/strong>\n\u003cp>The best time to spot harbor porpoises from the Golden Gate Bridge walkway is an hour or two prior to a high tide. Check out a \u003ca href=\"http://cencoos.org/sections/conditions/tides.shtml\">tide table\u003c/a> to time your visit and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ggcetacean.org/Contact_Us.html\">report your sightings\u003c/a> online.\u003c/p>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>To see it, we head toward the Golden Gate Bridge on a twenty-two foot boat with Jonathan Stern, a whale researcher at San Francisco State University. Stern was the first person to spot the porpoises in the bay three years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I just couldn't figure out what they were doing here. It's like when you see somebody you're used to seeing at work and you see them somewhere, in Hawaii or something. What are you doing here? You're out of place,\" says Stern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bay we're gliding over today is a far cry from the bay in the 1950s and 60s. As the Bay Area boomed, so did water pollution. Keener says raw sewage used to flow right into the bay. \"I remember coming across the Bay Bridge when I was very young and it would just smell. It would stink.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the Clean Water Act was passed in 1972, the bay's water quality began to improve. But Stern says it took time for the food web to come back. \"It takes the biology a while to track the chemistry. So it's not surprising that it's taken years for this ecosystem to generate like this.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stern says it's also possible that the porpoises had to rediscover the bay. \"Because over 60 years, we're talking about a number of generations of porpoises. So it's quite likely that San Francisco Bay as a location, as a habitat was out of the institutional memory of the harbor porpoises off the coast here.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28091\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/Porpoise2-web1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-28091\" title=\"Porpoise2-web\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/Porpoise2-web1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"320\" height=\"213\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bill Keener and Jonathan Stern search for porpoises in the bay.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As we slow down under the bridge's span, Keener keeps an eye out. \"There are porpoises between us and the south tower at 200 yards,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keener and Stern have a special permit that allows them to approach the porpoises. We wait, listening for them to surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I just heard one here. Here's a cow-calf pair close to the boat and we'll hear this puff,\" Keener says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We hear two loud puffs as the porpoises surface just off the bow. \"The old time sailors used to call them puffing pigs. That's the exhalation,\" says Keener.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The harbor porpoises seem calm around boats in the bay, which Stern says will let researchers study their life cycle and social structure, as well as how they might react to big events like the upcoming America's Cup race. Overall, he says it's a good sign that the porpoises are here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's one of those very few good news environmental stories. And it's in our backyard. You know, there was the will to get the bay cleaner and we're now starting to see the effects of that. It gives one hope.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/28060/porpoises-return-to-san-francisco-bay","authors":["239"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_17"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_13178","quest_326","quest_1099","quest_10523","quest_10103","quest_1741","quest_13203","quest_2034","quest_2262","quest_13","quest_2487","quest_3155"],"featImg":"quest_28068","label":"source_quest_28060"},"quest_25644":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_25644","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"25644","score":null,"sort":[1317684912000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"red-tide-rising","title":"Red Tide Rising: Harmful Phytoplankton Blooms","publishDate":1317684912,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/abalone.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/abalone-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"abalone\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25647\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About a month ago, thousands of \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_abalone\">abalone\u003c/a> and other invertebrates \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2011/09/17/BA9J1L5B8P.DTL\">washed up along the Sonoma coast\u003c/a>, killed by what people thought was probably a red tide, a.k.a. a \u003ca href=\"http://www.whoi.edu/website/redtide/home\">harmful algal bloom\u003c/a>. Phytoplankton—photosynthetic organisms like algae and bacteria—can multiply in number, turning the water red with their bright-colored cells and wreaking havoc on marine organisms. An interdisciplinary team of researchers banded together to find out what was going on along the Sonoma coast. Within a few weeks, they’d figured it out: sure enough, it was a red tide.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was the first time a red tide had widespread impact on wildlife along the coast of California. From Bodega Bay to Salt Point, 50 miles north, invertebrates like abalone, urchins, and gumboot chitons were affected by the red tide. I talked with Laura Rogers-Bennett, Senior Biologist Specialist with the California Department of Fish and Game and the UC Davis Wildlife Health Center, who did surveys to quantify the extent of the damage. She and her colleagues surveyed several sites and found a lot of dead abalone. At \u003ca href=\"http://rrparks.mcn.org/fortross/\">Fort Ross\u003c/a>, 30% of the abalone had died. At \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/DEFAULT.ASP?page_id=453\">Salt Point\u003c/a>, abalone mortality was 12%, and at \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber_Cove,_California\">Timber Cove\u003c/a>, mortality was 25%. They took tissue samples from abalone and other invertebrates, and they conducted underwater surveys to look at the geographic distribution of affected organisms. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Red tides can kill marine life in two ways. The first way is by depleting the oxygen in the water, during the algal bloom and during the subsequent die-off and decomposition of the phytoplankton. With low levels of oxygen in the water, marine life suffocates. Red tide events that kill through oxygen depletion have particular characteristics. They are usually small and localized—the size of a large living room, says Rogers-Bennett. They often occur in areas with very little water movement, like the back of coves, and they affect all the organisms in the area, including the fish, which either die or swim away. Recent underwater surveys indicated that this red tide was not killing via oxygen depletion. For one, the area affected was far larger than a living room. And the red tide affected organisms in multiple patches, some of which were in very exposed areas, not just the still backwaters of coves. Plus, the fish did not seem to be affected. Because of this evidence, scientists suspected the phytoplankton bloom was releasing a biotoxin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To identify the biotoxin, the researchers sent water and tissue samples to Rita Horner at the University of Washington and David Crane at Fish and Game’s Office of Spill Prevention and Response. They determined that the most abundant phytoplankton species was a dinoflagellate called Gonyaulax spinifera, which releases a toxin called a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yessotoxin\">Yessotoxin\u003c/a>. However, the dinoflagellate and the toxin are poorly understood, says Rogers-Bennett. Yessotoxin was present in very low amounts—about one part per billion—and we don’t know how much toxin must be present for an organism to suffer ill effects. So we don’t know for sure whether Gonyaulax spinifera and its Yessotoxin are responsible for the death of the invertebrates, or whether the true guilty party is some other, unidentified toxin. Rogers-Bennett and her colleagues are seeking funding to do additional tests of the Yessotoxin, its toxicity, and its effects on the invertebrates. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studying this red tide is a team effort, involving researchers from UC Davis, UC Santa Cruz, Sonoma State, the California Department of Public Health, and NOAA. Researchers have done bird surveys, which indicate that the toxin is not moving throughout the food web. And they’ve tested for \u003ca href=\"http://www.whoi.edu/redtide/page.do?pid=14279\">toxins that affect humans\u003c/a>, but thankfully none present. Next, researchers plan to look at archived satellite images of the red tide to see how it moved throughout the area, and they want to do more extensive subtidal surveys, to learn more about the geographic pattern of its effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of the recent mass mortality of abalone, the Fish and Game \u003ca href=\"http://cdfgnews.wordpress.com/2011/09/15/abalone-fishery-closure/\">closed the Sonoma abalone fishery\u003c/a> in September. Normally, recreational abalone collectors can take abalone from the coast through November, but because the population took a big hit, it needs some time to recover. Rogers-Bennett hopes that the fishery and its managers will keep this in mind as the next abalone season approaches in April. The abalone fishery is not a commercial fishery; it is illegal to buy and sell abalone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is now a new red tide off the Sonoma coast. This one, called \u003ca href=\"http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Ceratium\">Ceratium\u003c/a>, is not toxic, but it is lending the water a brownish red hue. Recent conditions have been perfect for a red tide: calm water and abundant sunshine, thanks to fog-free days. The conditions preceding last month’s deadly red tide were similar. Globally, red tides are on the rise, because of warmer sea surface temperatures and an increase nutrient in coastal waters because of human activity. However, neither of these red tides is tied to warm surface waters or higher-than-usual nutrient input. The causes of these recent red tides remain a mystery.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"About a month ago, thousands of abalone and other invertebrates washed up along the Sonoma coast, killed by what people thought was probably a red tide, a.k.a. a harmful algal bloom. An interdisciplinary team of researchers banded together to find out what was going on. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1325109164,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":858},"headData":{"title":"Red Tide Rising: Harmful Phytoplankton Blooms | KQED","description":"About a month ago, thousands of abalone and other invertebrates washed up along the Sonoma coast, killed by what people thought was probably a red tide, a.k.a. a harmful algal bloom. An interdisciplinary team of researchers banded together to find out what was going on. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"25644 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=25644","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/03/red-tide-rising/","disqusTitle":"Red Tide Rising: Harmful Phytoplankton Blooms","WpOldSlug":"red-tide-identified","path":"/quest/25644/red-tide-rising","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/abalone.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/abalone-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"abalone\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25647\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About a month ago, thousands of \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_abalone\">abalone\u003c/a> and other invertebrates \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2011/09/17/BA9J1L5B8P.DTL\">washed up along the Sonoma coast\u003c/a>, killed by what people thought was probably a red tide, a.k.a. a \u003ca href=\"http://www.whoi.edu/website/redtide/home\">harmful algal bloom\u003c/a>. Phytoplankton—photosynthetic organisms like algae and bacteria—can multiply in number, turning the water red with their bright-colored cells and wreaking havoc on marine organisms. An interdisciplinary team of researchers banded together to find out what was going on along the Sonoma coast. Within a few weeks, they’d figured it out: sure enough, it was a red tide.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was the first time a red tide had widespread impact on wildlife along the coast of California. From Bodega Bay to Salt Point, 50 miles north, invertebrates like abalone, urchins, and gumboot chitons were affected by the red tide. I talked with Laura Rogers-Bennett, Senior Biologist Specialist with the California Department of Fish and Game and the UC Davis Wildlife Health Center, who did surveys to quantify the extent of the damage. She and her colleagues surveyed several sites and found a lot of dead abalone. At \u003ca href=\"http://rrparks.mcn.org/fortross/\">Fort Ross\u003c/a>, 30% of the abalone had died. At \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/DEFAULT.ASP?page_id=453\">Salt Point\u003c/a>, abalone mortality was 12%, and at \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber_Cove,_California\">Timber Cove\u003c/a>, mortality was 25%. They took tissue samples from abalone and other invertebrates, and they conducted underwater surveys to look at the geographic distribution of affected organisms. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Red tides can kill marine life in two ways. The first way is by depleting the oxygen in the water, during the algal bloom and during the subsequent die-off and decomposition of the phytoplankton. With low levels of oxygen in the water, marine life suffocates. Red tide events that kill through oxygen depletion have particular characteristics. They are usually small and localized—the size of a large living room, says Rogers-Bennett. They often occur in areas with very little water movement, like the back of coves, and they affect all the organisms in the area, including the fish, which either die or swim away. Recent underwater surveys indicated that this red tide was not killing via oxygen depletion. For one, the area affected was far larger than a living room. And the red tide affected organisms in multiple patches, some of which were in very exposed areas, not just the still backwaters of coves. Plus, the fish did not seem to be affected. Because of this evidence, scientists suspected the phytoplankton bloom was releasing a biotoxin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To identify the biotoxin, the researchers sent water and tissue samples to Rita Horner at the University of Washington and David Crane at Fish and Game’s Office of Spill Prevention and Response. They determined that the most abundant phytoplankton species was a dinoflagellate called Gonyaulax spinifera, which releases a toxin called a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yessotoxin\">Yessotoxin\u003c/a>. However, the dinoflagellate and the toxin are poorly understood, says Rogers-Bennett. Yessotoxin was present in very low amounts—about one part per billion—and we don’t know how much toxin must be present for an organism to suffer ill effects. So we don’t know for sure whether Gonyaulax spinifera and its Yessotoxin are responsible for the death of the invertebrates, or whether the true guilty party is some other, unidentified toxin. Rogers-Bennett and her colleagues are seeking funding to do additional tests of the Yessotoxin, its toxicity, and its effects on the invertebrates. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studying this red tide is a team effort, involving researchers from UC Davis, UC Santa Cruz, Sonoma State, the California Department of Public Health, and NOAA. Researchers have done bird surveys, which indicate that the toxin is not moving throughout the food web. And they’ve tested for \u003ca href=\"http://www.whoi.edu/redtide/page.do?pid=14279\">toxins that affect humans\u003c/a>, but thankfully none present. Next, researchers plan to look at archived satellite images of the red tide to see how it moved throughout the area, and they want to do more extensive subtidal surveys, to learn more about the geographic pattern of its effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of the recent mass mortality of abalone, the Fish and Game \u003ca href=\"http://cdfgnews.wordpress.com/2011/09/15/abalone-fishery-closure/\">closed the Sonoma abalone fishery\u003c/a> in September. Normally, recreational abalone collectors can take abalone from the coast through November, but because the population took a big hit, it needs some time to recover. Rogers-Bennett hopes that the fishery and its managers will keep this in mind as the next abalone season approaches in April. The abalone fishery is not a commercial fishery; it is illegal to buy and sell abalone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is now a new red tide off the Sonoma coast. This one, called \u003ca href=\"http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Ceratium\">Ceratium\u003c/a>, is not toxic, but it is lending the water a brownish red hue. Recent conditions have been perfect for a red tide: calm water and abundant sunshine, thanks to fog-free days. The conditions preceding last month’s deadly red tide were similar. Globally, red tides are on the rise, because of warmer sea surface temperatures and an increase nutrient in coastal waters because of human activity. However, neither of these red tides is tied to warm surface waters or higher-than-usual nutrient input. The causes of these recent red tides remain a mystery.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/25644/red-tide-rising","authors":["10200"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_10252","quest_116","quest_3449","quest_1490","quest_1739","quest_10103","quest_3705","quest_13202","quest_10253","quest_10251","quest_2727","quest_3803"],"featImg":"quest_25647","label":"quest"},"quest_24149":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_24149","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"24149","score":null,"sort":[1315934989000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"your-videos-on-quest-dan-griffin-of-gg-films","title":"Your Videos on QUEST: Dan Griffin of GG Films","publishDate":1315934989,"format":"video","headTitle":"Your Videos on QUEST | QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":3300,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>We're excited to present our second \u003cem>Your Videos on QUEST\u003c/em> segment featuring an excerpt of the short video by Dan Griffin of GG Films, \"Ocean Babies on Acid\". For several years now, QUEST has been producing \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/your-photos-on-quest-bryant-austin/\">Your Photos on QUEST\u003c/a>\u003c/em> segments wherein we feature the still images of Bay Area photographers who shoot nature, environment and science photos. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This season, we wanted to expand that idea to include films and videos on similar topics. The thinking is, we here on QUEST are never at a loss for story topics about science here in the Bay Area. There must be a bunch of other media makers telling these kinds of stories so let's get some different perspectives from the community. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24170\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/508i-Palumbi_640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"508i Palumbi_640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-24170\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stanford marine biologist, Stephen Palumbi\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>QUEST folks have long been fans of the video work that \u003ca href=\"http://ggfilms.com/\">Dan Griffin/ GG Films\u003c/a> has been doing with Stanford marine biologist, \u003ca href=\"http://palumbi.stanford.edu/\">Stephen Palumbi\u003c/a>. Together they create \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/group/microdocs\">\"Microdocs\"\u003c/a> which they define as \"short attention span science video.\" Their videos are usually 2-3 minutes long and feature one specific aspect of marine ecosystem sustainability. Microdocs topics focus largely on coral reef health, sustainability and diversity- subjects that have required them to travel to such remote tropical locations as American Samoa, The Bahamas, Fiji and Micronesia. Ahh, the price that we pay for our art...\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24165\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/508i-urchin-large-beaker_640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"508i urchin large beaker_640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-24165\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Purple sea urchin in beaker\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Ocean Babies on Acid\" focuses on an experiment that Stephen Palumbi and UC Davis marine biologist \u003ca href=\"http://bml.ucdavis.edu/research/faculty/eric-sanford/\">Eric Sanford\u003c/a> are doing to study the effects of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/acidic-seas/\">ocean acidification\u003c/a> on sea urchin larvae off the California and Oregon coasts. One of their goals is to find out if the increased acidity caused in part by increased CO2 levels in the atmosphere makes it difficult for marine species to grow their shells. The study is unique in that they're not only studying the external aspects of these creatures but also delving into how ocean acidification may effect the animals on a genetic level. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can watch the full-length video on the Microdocs site here:\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/group/microdocs/index.html\">Ocean Babies on Acid\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"\"Ocean Babies on Acid\" focuses on an experiment that Stephen Palumbi and UC Davis marine biologist Eric Sanford are doing to study the effects of ocean acidification on sea urchin larvae off the California and Oregon coasts.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457631599,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":7,"wordCount":344},"headData":{"title":"Your Videos on QUEST: Dan Griffin of GG Films | KQED","description":""Ocean Babies on Acid" focuses on an experiment that Stephen Palumbi and UC Davis marine biologist Eric Sanford are doing to study the effects of ocean acidification on sea urchin larvae off the California and Oregon coasts.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"24149 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=videos&p=24149","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/13/your-videos-on-quest-dan-griffin-of-gg-films/","disqusTitle":"Your Videos on QUEST: Dan Griffin of GG Films","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4sz-qX8xIk4","path":"/quest/24149/your-videos-on-quest-dan-griffin-of-gg-films","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>We're excited to present our second \u003cem>Your Videos on QUEST\u003c/em> segment featuring an excerpt of the short video by Dan Griffin of GG Films, \"Ocean Babies on Acid\". For several years now, QUEST has been producing \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/your-photos-on-quest-bryant-austin/\">Your Photos on QUEST\u003c/a>\u003c/em> segments wherein we feature the still images of Bay Area photographers who shoot nature, environment and science photos. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This season, we wanted to expand that idea to include films and videos on similar topics. The thinking is, we here on QUEST are never at a loss for story topics about science here in the Bay Area. There must be a bunch of other media makers telling these kinds of stories so let's get some different perspectives from the community. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24170\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/508i-Palumbi_640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"508i Palumbi_640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-24170\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stanford marine biologist, Stephen Palumbi\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>QUEST folks have long been fans of the video work that \u003ca href=\"http://ggfilms.com/\">Dan Griffin/ GG Films\u003c/a> has been doing with Stanford marine biologist, \u003ca href=\"http://palumbi.stanford.edu/\">Stephen Palumbi\u003c/a>. Together they create \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/group/microdocs\">\"Microdocs\"\u003c/a> which they define as \"short attention span science video.\" Their videos are usually 2-3 minutes long and feature one specific aspect of marine ecosystem sustainability. Microdocs topics focus largely on coral reef health, sustainability and diversity- subjects that have required them to travel to such remote tropical locations as American Samoa, The Bahamas, Fiji and Micronesia. Ahh, the price that we pay for our art...\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24165\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/508i-urchin-large-beaker_640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"508i urchin large beaker_640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-24165\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Purple sea urchin in beaker\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Ocean Babies on Acid\" focuses on an experiment that Stephen Palumbi and UC Davis marine biologist \u003ca href=\"http://bml.ucdavis.edu/research/faculty/eric-sanford/\">Eric Sanford\u003c/a> are doing to study the effects of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/acidic-seas/\">ocean acidification\u003c/a> on sea urchin larvae off the California and Oregon coasts. One of their goals is to find out if the increased acidity caused in part by increased CO2 levels in the atmosphere makes it difficult for marine species to grow their shells. The study is unique in that they're not only studying the external aspects of these creatures but also delving into how ocean acidification may effect the animals on a genetic level. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can watch the full-length video on the Microdocs site here:\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/group/microdocs/index.html\">Ocean Babies on Acid\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/24149/your-videos-on-quest-dan-griffin-of-gg-films","authors":["209","10239"],"series":["quest_3300"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_5","quest_6","quest_9","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_3923","quest_3351","quest_10103","quest_2034","quest_2035","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_13","quest_3931","quest_2774","quest_10104","quest_2893","quest_10105"],"featImg":"quest_24180","label":"quest_3300"},"quest_17486":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_17486","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"17486","score":null,"sort":[1247020200000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"profile-sylvia-earle","title":"Profile: Sylvia Earle","publishDate":1247020200,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>She's spent much of the last five decades exploring and protecting the world's oceans. Find out why legendary marine biologist Sylvia Earle thinks that we may only have a few years left to save what she calls \"the blue heart of the planet.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Read the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/07/07/producers-notes-profile-sylvia-earle/\">Producer's Notes\u003c/a> for this video.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"She's spent much of the last five decades exploring and protecting the world's oceans. Find out why legendary marine biologist Sylvia Earle thinks that we may only have a few years left to save what she calls \"the blue heart of the planet.\"","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457746686,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":4,"wordCount":55},"headData":{"title":"Profile: Sylvia Earle | KQED","description":"She's spent much of the last five decades exploring and protecting the world's oceans. Find out why legendary marine biologist Sylvia Earle thinks that we may only have a few years left to save what she calls "the blue heart of the planet."","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"17486 http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/profile-sylvia-earle/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/07/07/profile-sylvia-earle/","disqusTitle":"Profile: Sylvia Earle","videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/XeGV9rVRCj4","path":"/quest/17486/profile-sylvia-earle","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>She's spent much of the last five decades exploring and protecting the world's oceans. Find out why legendary marine biologist Sylvia Earle thinks that we may only have a few years left to save what she calls \"the blue heart of the planet.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Read the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/07/07/producers-notes-profile-sylvia-earle/\">Producer's Notes\u003c/a> for this video.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/17486/profile-sylvia-earle","authors":["209","10193"],"categories":["quest_8","quest_9","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_13178","quest_3351","quest_10103","quest_2034","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_13","quest_2858","quest_2893"],"featImg":"quest_74246","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. 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