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Farrell received an A.B. from Indiana University and an M.S. from the Institute of Design (Chicago).","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8e69be51227b457222b9c375f05315c9?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Michael Farrell | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8e69be51227b457222b9c375f05315c9?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8e69be51227b457222b9c375f05315c9?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/michaelfarrell"},"abramlueders":{"type":"authors","id":"10301","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10301","found":true},"name":"Abram Lueders","firstName":"Abram","lastName":"Lueders","slug":"abramlueders","email":"alueders@unlnotes.unl.edu","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Abram Lueders is a web interactive project assistant at NET. 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When he's not wired into his cubicle, Abram enjoys baking, writing, and doodling adorable animals in the margins of his notebooks.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6157a35931afd24f5de485cc859f1162?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Abram Lueders | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6157a35931afd24f5de485cc859f1162?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6157a35931afd24f5de485cc859f1162?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/abramlueders"},"jaugustine":{"type":"authors","id":"10447","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10447","found":true},"name":"Jon Augustine","firstName":"Jon","lastName":"Augustine","slug":"jaugustine","email":"jaugustine@netad.unl.edu","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Associate Producer for QUEST, NET Nebraska.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/a159fa0e9fcb7b7f49fd7b98792e3bdb?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["leadcoordinator","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Jon Augustine | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/a159fa0e9fcb7b7f49fd7b98792e3bdb?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/a159fa0e9fcb7b7f49fd7b98792e3bdb?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/jaugustine"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_61613":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_61613","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"61613","score":null,"sort":[1393340441000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"bison-and-cranes-reunited-to-support-habitat-restoration","title":"Bison and Cranes Reunited to Support Habitat Restoration","publishDate":1393340441,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>When you think of a quiet, sandy island, your mind probably drifts to a warm, tropical paradise. But forget your snorkel and flip-flops for a minute. Grab your binoculars and trail boots as we pay a visit to the islands of central Nebraska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wait. Nebraska?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s right. Over the eons and through the endless, flat landscape, the meandering Platte River has carved out acre upon acre of landmasses surrounded by the river’s north and south channels. These are not just large sandbars that wash away as quickly as they form. They are long, narrow swaths of sand and loam that support riparian forests, prairie grasses, and wetland ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quiet islands are popular neighborhoods for local fauna, but for well over a century now one old friend of the prairie has been noticeably absent: the American bison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the settlement of the Great Plains by European immigrants in the 1800s, the massive wild herds of bison were reduced to a few hundred animals in the Yellowstone area of the Rocky Mountains. But this year, thanks to the work of a nonprofit organization called \u003ca href=\"http://www.cranetrust.org/\">the Crane Trust\u003c/a>, a small group of the giant herbivores have made their triumphant return to \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/place/Shoemaker+Island/@40.777235,-98.5061781,13z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x879977c7f57b7f31:0xa3d83c878ce560ed\">Shoemaker Island\u003c/a>, an 11-mile-long, 1.25-mile-wide plot of grassy habitat surrounded by river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Morten, the Crane Trust’s land manager, said there are currently six bison on the island. They make up an “exhibition” herd, a herd that the public can easily access and view, but eventually a “wild” herd of 40 animals will arrive and wander 1,000 acres of the island at their own pace, eating what they want to eat, and behaving the way they want to behave in a natural grassland environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why bison? Why on an island? And why is an organization called the Crane Trust initiating an effort to manage a herd of big mammals?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 295px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/sandhillcranenesting712x4801.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/sandhillcranenesting712x4801-623x360.jpg\" alt=\"Sandhill Crane - US Fish and Wildlife Service\" width=\"295\" height=\"172\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">During the spring months, hundreds of thousands of Sandhill Cranes descend on the Platte River in central Nebraska before finishing their migration to summer nesting grounds further north. \u003cem>(Photo provided courtesy of the US Fish and Wildlife Service)\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We're a nonprofit organization dedicated to protecting habitat for whooping cranes, sandhill cranes, and other migratory birds, and we do that through land management, science, and outreach and education efforts,” said Mary Harner, the director of science for the Crane Trust. The group of scientists and conservationists manages approximately 10,000 acres of land around and on the Platte River in central Nebraska so that the annual arrival of approximately 550,000 birds goes off without a hitch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To date, the Crane Trust has accomplished this through a variety of actions that mimic the natural events that would have occurred on a pre-settled prairie landscape. For instance, controlled burns are utilized where there once would have been naturally occurring wildfires fostering the growth and diversity of prairie vegetation. Trees and overgrowth are removed with tractors and chainsaws to replicate the effects of the natural but catastrophic floods of the past, floods that are now stymied by river basin management and widespread irrigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s all done in an effort to keep the river exactly how the cranes have known it for centuries, and it turns out that bison have a big hand (or hoof) in maintaining a healthy, crane-friendly habitat. The Crane Trust has typically used cattle to mimic the presence of the enormous, thundering migratory bison herds of the past, but cows enjoy a different diet and don’t weigh as much as bison. They’re not a perfect replacement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greg Wright, the Crane Trust’s wildlife biologist, said, “We expect to see [the bison] graze differently and wallow and use the land differently than would a cattle substitute.” Little behaviors like these have been shown to have \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/09/05/revitalizing-grasslands-one-steak-at-a-time/\">big impacts on prairie landscapes\u003c/a>, and the Crane Trust team will be taking notes on how Shoemaker Island changes with the addition of the bison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some of the more rare, hard to find plants may respond differently to bison than they would another set-back process,” Wright said. “So the vegetation is probably our number one indicator, but we expect things like our grassland birds or small mammals or, further along, the snakes and lizards and those types of things to respond in some way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">There were millions and millions of bison and we want people to be able to see that, to be able to see the animals themselves.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>As the bison settle in, scientists at the Crane Trust will be measuring variables like species richness and species diversity in the island’s vegetation. The new herd will also help biologists learn more about the difference in the ways that cattle and bison affect grassland ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ll continue cattle grazing on other properties we have,” Harner said. “Some of those sites will provide the opportunity for comparative research.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to learn about the bison and their direct impact on grasslands compared to cattle,” Morton explained. “We also want to show that these were the original grazers out here on the Great Plains. There were millions and millions of bison and we want people to be able to see that, to be able to see the animals themselves.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while 40 head of bison is a far cry from the millions that once roamed the prairie, Wright said there is still a buzz in the air as locals prepare to see the majestic crane and the mighty bison reunited on this beloved river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Along the Platte River, this is probably the first time in over 100 years that bison and cranes have coexisted in these kinds of numbers,” Wright said, “The neat thing about it is that because it is a natural grassland, it will give people a glimpse…back in time to what things once looked like. So if you can…block out the fast food signs in the distance and the hum of the interstate and things like that, it'll give you an idea of what would have occurred.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Find out how the reintroduction of bison to a central Nebraska island can help restore habitat for flocks of sandhill cranes during their annual visit on the Platte River.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442701471,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":1049},"headData":{"title":"Bison and Cranes Reunited to Support Habitat Restoration | KQED","description":"Find out how the reintroduction of bison to a central Nebraska island can help restore habitat for flocks of sandhill cranes during their annual visit on the Platte River.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"61613 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=61613","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/02/25/bison-and-cranes-reunited-to-support-habitat-restoration/","disqusTitle":"Bison and Cranes Reunited to Support Habitat Restoration","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/61613/bison-and-cranes-reunited-to-support-habitat-restoration","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When you think of a quiet, sandy island, your mind probably drifts to a warm, tropical paradise. But forget your snorkel and flip-flops for a minute. Grab your binoculars and trail boots as we pay a visit to the islands of central Nebraska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wait. Nebraska?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s right. Over the eons and through the endless, flat landscape, the meandering Platte River has carved out acre upon acre of landmasses surrounded by the river’s north and south channels. These are not just large sandbars that wash away as quickly as they form. They are long, narrow swaths of sand and loam that support riparian forests, prairie grasses, and wetland ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quiet islands are popular neighborhoods for local fauna, but for well over a century now one old friend of the prairie has been noticeably absent: the American bison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the settlement of the Great Plains by European immigrants in the 1800s, the massive wild herds of bison were reduced to a few hundred animals in the Yellowstone area of the Rocky Mountains. But this year, thanks to the work of a nonprofit organization called \u003ca href=\"http://www.cranetrust.org/\">the Crane Trust\u003c/a>, a small group of the giant herbivores have made their triumphant return to \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/place/Shoemaker+Island/@40.777235,-98.5061781,13z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x879977c7f57b7f31:0xa3d83c878ce560ed\">Shoemaker Island\u003c/a>, an 11-mile-long, 1.25-mile-wide plot of grassy habitat surrounded by river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Morten, the Crane Trust’s land manager, said there are currently six bison on the island. They make up an “exhibition” herd, a herd that the public can easily access and view, but eventually a “wild” herd of 40 animals will arrive and wander 1,000 acres of the island at their own pace, eating what they want to eat, and behaving the way they want to behave in a natural grassland environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why bison? Why on an island? And why is an organization called the Crane Trust initiating an effort to manage a herd of big mammals?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 295px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/sandhillcranenesting712x4801.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/sandhillcranenesting712x4801-623x360.jpg\" alt=\"Sandhill Crane - US Fish and Wildlife Service\" width=\"295\" height=\"172\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">During the spring months, hundreds of thousands of Sandhill Cranes descend on the Platte River in central Nebraska before finishing their migration to summer nesting grounds further north. \u003cem>(Photo provided courtesy of the US Fish and Wildlife Service)\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We're a nonprofit organization dedicated to protecting habitat for whooping cranes, sandhill cranes, and other migratory birds, and we do that through land management, science, and outreach and education efforts,” said Mary Harner, the director of science for the Crane Trust. The group of scientists and conservationists manages approximately 10,000 acres of land around and on the Platte River in central Nebraska so that the annual arrival of approximately 550,000 birds goes off without a hitch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To date, the Crane Trust has accomplished this through a variety of actions that mimic the natural events that would have occurred on a pre-settled prairie landscape. For instance, controlled burns are utilized where there once would have been naturally occurring wildfires fostering the growth and diversity of prairie vegetation. Trees and overgrowth are removed with tractors and chainsaws to replicate the effects of the natural but catastrophic floods of the past, floods that are now stymied by river basin management and widespread irrigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s all done in an effort to keep the river exactly how the cranes have known it for centuries, and it turns out that bison have a big hand (or hoof) in maintaining a healthy, crane-friendly habitat. The Crane Trust has typically used cattle to mimic the presence of the enormous, thundering migratory bison herds of the past, but cows enjoy a different diet and don’t weigh as much as bison. They’re not a perfect replacement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greg Wright, the Crane Trust’s wildlife biologist, said, “We expect to see [the bison] graze differently and wallow and use the land differently than would a cattle substitute.” Little behaviors like these have been shown to have \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/09/05/revitalizing-grasslands-one-steak-at-a-time/\">big impacts on prairie landscapes\u003c/a>, and the Crane Trust team will be taking notes on how Shoemaker Island changes with the addition of the bison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some of the more rare, hard to find plants may respond differently to bison than they would another set-back process,” Wright said. “So the vegetation is probably our number one indicator, but we expect things like our grassland birds or small mammals or, further along, the snakes and lizards and those types of things to respond in some way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">There were millions and millions of bison and we want people to be able to see that, to be able to see the animals themselves.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>As the bison settle in, scientists at the Crane Trust will be measuring variables like species richness and species diversity in the island’s vegetation. The new herd will also help biologists learn more about the difference in the ways that cattle and bison affect grassland ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ll continue cattle grazing on other properties we have,” Harner said. “Some of those sites will provide the opportunity for comparative research.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to learn about the bison and their direct impact on grasslands compared to cattle,” Morton explained. “We also want to show that these were the original grazers out here on the Great Plains. There were millions and millions of bison and we want people to be able to see that, to be able to see the animals themselves.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while 40 head of bison is a far cry from the millions that once roamed the prairie, Wright said there is still a buzz in the air as locals prepare to see the majestic crane and the mighty bison reunited on this beloved river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Along the Platte River, this is probably the first time in over 100 years that bison and cranes have coexisted in these kinds of numbers,” Wright said, “The neat thing about it is that because it is a natural grassland, it will give people a glimpse…back in time to what things once looked like. So if you can…block out the fast food signs in the distance and the hum of the interstate and things like that, it'll give you an idea of what would have occurred.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/61613/bison-and-cranes-reunited-to-support-habitat-restoration","authors":["10447"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_326","quest_12508","quest_12649","quest_12648","quest_12646","quest_12492","quest_12269","quest_9907","quest_10353","quest_1293","quest_1506","quest_9934","quest_9905","quest_12559","quest_12491","quest_12587","quest_3289","quest_12354","quest_12244","quest_12645","quest_12647","quest_3140"],"featImg":"quest_67693","label":"source_quest_61613"},"quest_64251":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_64251","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"64251","score":null,"sort":[1390316426000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"denimite-discovering-new-frontiers-for-old-jeans","title":"Denimite: Discovering New Frontiers for Old Jeans","publishDate":1390316426,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Let’s start with a quick history lesson regarding gold -- and your pants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the California gold rush of the mid-1800s, an industrious young Bavarian immigrant arrived in San Francisco to seek a cut of the fortunes through the sale of his dry goods. Shortly after arriving, the man became aware of the great need that local miners had for dependable, durable clothing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He began by fashioning canvas tarps into uncomfortable pants, but the idea eventually evolved into a product that proved to have real legs. By 1873, the man, Levi Strauss, was tailoring a French fabric from the \u003ca href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps?client=safari&oe=UTF-8&q=nimes+france&ie=UTF-8&hq=&hnear=0x12b42d0bd6e85339:0xde88134f9f200c03,Nimes,+France&gl=us&ei=lY7VUuvdLaLcyQG9koHgDg&ved=0CMoBELYD\" target=\"_blank\">city of Nimes\u003c/a> (the French “de nimes” means\u003cem> \u003c/em>“of Nimes”) and using an indigo dye that inspired visions of the blue uniforms worn by sailors in Genoa, Italy. This combination of places, materials, people, and historical events (and Strauss’s patented rivets for utmost durability) led to a new global craze: denim blue jeans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A century and a half later, denim has invaded the wardrobes of every stratum of society. From the roughneck biker in a jean jacket with the sleeves cut off, to the Midwest farmer in overalls, to the fashionable city slicker, to Brett Favre in a backyard football game\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66009\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 252px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/LeviStraussPD.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66009 \" style=\"border: 1px solid black\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/LeviStraussPD-360x360.jpg\" alt=\"Portrait of Levi Strauss (Public Domain)\" width=\"252\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Levi Strauss--the man who made denim famous. \u003cem>(Public Domain)\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In terms of infiltrating society, the invention of Levi Strauss ranks among the likes of automobiles, telephones, and light bulbs. You couldn’t avoid it if you tried.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, if Jen Carlson and Josh Shear have their way, the denim invasion has only just begun. Based in Lincoln, Nebraska, the entrepreneurial husband and wife team has recently developed a product they call “Denimite.” It could immortalize your favorite old pair of jeans by turning it into solid countertops, jewelry, billfolds -- and even car dashboards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their inspiration for creating Denimite comes from a belief that with a little imagination, a product has plenty of useful applications after it has exceeded its intended shelf life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve all known for years that the landfills are too full, there are finite resources for many things, and it makes sense to use what we have access to for a real purpose,” Carlson said. “There are a lot of materials available easily that are technically waste materials that can be made into a new material.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Carlson and Shear this belief has become a lifestyle. After building a straw-bale home in Lincoln in 1999, they recognized a shortage of green building materials in the middle part of the country. Soon they started a business carrying sustainable materials and made a name for themselves locally by manufacturing countertops out of recycled glass. Their unique, colorful, custom-built products can now be found in homes and businesses across the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years their business, \u003ca href=\"http://www.iris-industries.com\" target=\"_blank\">Iris Industries\u003c/a>, has experimented with transforming other materials into solid, sustainable composite building materials. Nonbelievers are treated to a suitcase full of wood-like blocks made of various “feedstocks,” including sunflower seed hulls, shredded magazines, grasses, even recycled U.S. currency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carlson said that turning a loose, flexible material into a solid composite isn’t as complicated a notion as one might think, but it entails loads of math, science, and experimentation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really just the feedstock and the resin binder, which is a partial bio-based binder and what gives it durability. Then it just needs heat and pressure. So from that standpoint it’s very simple,\" Carlson said. \"Getting everything to work correctly -- the right ratios, the right pressures -- there’s a lot of work that goes into that, so that’s what we’ve been researching and developing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66005\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 324px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/JoshShear.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66005 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/JoshShear-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"Josh Shear working with his custom press.\" width=\"324\" height=\"216\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Josh Shear uses a custom built hydraulic press to create square samples of Iris Industry's Denimite and other composite solids. \u003cem>(Jon Augustine/Quest Science)\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The essential ingredient required for Shear and Carlson to work their magic is a solvent-free, VOC-free thermoset epoxy resin that, when combined with a fibrous material (such as denim), heat, and compression, causes an interlocking reaction at the molecular level. “It literally creates a long-chain molecule that now doesn’t change until you get it so hot that the resin breaks down, which would be very, very hot,” said Shear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Typically, raw materials in epoxy resin are extracted from petroleum, but the resin used to make denimite is partially bio-based, meaning that a portion of the petroleum-based components found in traditional epoxies have been \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24136894\" target=\"_blank\">replaced with biomass materials\u003c/a>—specifically \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/webhp?tab=ww&ei=453VUta3LsreyQGDqIC4Cw&ved=0CBgQ1S4#q=itaconic+acid\" target=\"_blank\">itaconic acid\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like a typical cut of composite plywood, Iris Industry’s products are usually made in sheet form and worked with standard wood tools, but Carlson and Shear are especially excited about Denimite because it can be molded into just about any shape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The automotive industry is a really cool and interesting application, as they’re trying to move into more sustainable materials in general anyway,” Carlson said. “We like the idea of using it for a console or dashboard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as epoxy resin technology evolves, Iris Industries hopes to eventually carry fully petroleum-free products. Shear said it’s all part of an effort to see a petroleum-based society shift to a renewable-based society. “What we’re trying to get these things to do is replace, or partially replace, some 100-percent polymer compounds,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And what better way to do it than with one of the most recognizable, durable, and loved inventions in American history? Because of denim’s prevalence, Shear and Carlson believe Denimite has a leg up when it comes to both the product’s popularity and its ability to inspire people to expand their notion of how something can be recycled and repurposed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Said Shear, “We like to see people say, ‘Oh, you can recycle that?’ or ‘Oh, I get that that’s recycled.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66049\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Untitled-1landscape1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-66049 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Untitled-1landscape1-640x213.jpg\" alt=\"Samples of Iris Industries Products\" width=\"640\" height=\"213\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Josh Shear and Jen Carlson use a variety of recycled materials to create solid composites--from magazines and shredded money to fabric and farm waste. Above are samples of finished products made from sunflower seed hulls, denim, and walnut shells. \u003cem>(Jon Augustine/QUEST Science)\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A husband and wife team explore the potential for using recycled denim to create solid composite countertops, dashboards and other unexpected items.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442706053,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":21,"wordCount":1059},"headData":{"title":"Denimite: Discovering New Frontiers for Old Jeans | KQED","description":"A husband and wife team explore the potential for using recycled denim to create solid composite countertops, dashboards and other unexpected items.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"64251 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=64251","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/01/21/denimite-discovering-new-frontiers-for-old-jeans/","disqusTitle":"Denimite: Discovering New Frontiers for Old Jeans","path":"/quest/64251/denimite-discovering-new-frontiers-for-old-jeans","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Let’s start with a quick history lesson regarding gold -- and your pants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the California gold rush of the mid-1800s, an industrious young Bavarian immigrant arrived in San Francisco to seek a cut of the fortunes through the sale of his dry goods. Shortly after arriving, the man became aware of the great need that local miners had for dependable, durable clothing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He began by fashioning canvas tarps into uncomfortable pants, but the idea eventually evolved into a product that proved to have real legs. By 1873, the man, Levi Strauss, was tailoring a French fabric from the \u003ca href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps?client=safari&oe=UTF-8&q=nimes+france&ie=UTF-8&hq=&hnear=0x12b42d0bd6e85339:0xde88134f9f200c03,Nimes,+France&gl=us&ei=lY7VUuvdLaLcyQG9koHgDg&ved=0CMoBELYD\" target=\"_blank\">city of Nimes\u003c/a> (the French “de nimes” means\u003cem> \u003c/em>“of Nimes”) and using an indigo dye that inspired visions of the blue uniforms worn by sailors in Genoa, Italy. This combination of places, materials, people, and historical events (and Strauss’s patented rivets for utmost durability) led to a new global craze: denim blue jeans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A century and a half later, denim has invaded the wardrobes of every stratum of society. From the roughneck biker in a jean jacket with the sleeves cut off, to the Midwest farmer in overalls, to the fashionable city slicker, to Brett Favre in a backyard football game\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66009\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 252px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/LeviStraussPD.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66009 \" style=\"border: 1px solid black\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/LeviStraussPD-360x360.jpg\" alt=\"Portrait of Levi Strauss (Public Domain)\" width=\"252\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Levi Strauss--the man who made denim famous. \u003cem>(Public Domain)\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In terms of infiltrating society, the invention of Levi Strauss ranks among the likes of automobiles, telephones, and light bulbs. You couldn’t avoid it if you tried.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, if Jen Carlson and Josh Shear have their way, the denim invasion has only just begun. Based in Lincoln, Nebraska, the entrepreneurial husband and wife team has recently developed a product they call “Denimite.” It could immortalize your favorite old pair of jeans by turning it into solid countertops, jewelry, billfolds -- and even car dashboards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their inspiration for creating Denimite comes from a belief that with a little imagination, a product has plenty of useful applications after it has exceeded its intended shelf life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve all known for years that the landfills are too full, there are finite resources for many things, and it makes sense to use what we have access to for a real purpose,” Carlson said. “There are a lot of materials available easily that are technically waste materials that can be made into a new material.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Carlson and Shear this belief has become a lifestyle. After building a straw-bale home in Lincoln in 1999, they recognized a shortage of green building materials in the middle part of the country. Soon they started a business carrying sustainable materials and made a name for themselves locally by manufacturing countertops out of recycled glass. Their unique, colorful, custom-built products can now be found in homes and businesses across the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years their business, \u003ca href=\"http://www.iris-industries.com\" target=\"_blank\">Iris Industries\u003c/a>, has experimented with transforming other materials into solid, sustainable composite building materials. Nonbelievers are treated to a suitcase full of wood-like blocks made of various “feedstocks,” including sunflower seed hulls, shredded magazines, grasses, even recycled U.S. currency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carlson said that turning a loose, flexible material into a solid composite isn’t as complicated a notion as one might think, but it entails loads of math, science, and experimentation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really just the feedstock and the resin binder, which is a partial bio-based binder and what gives it durability. Then it just needs heat and pressure. So from that standpoint it’s very simple,\" Carlson said. \"Getting everything to work correctly -- the right ratios, the right pressures -- there’s a lot of work that goes into that, so that’s what we’ve been researching and developing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66005\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 324px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/JoshShear.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66005 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/JoshShear-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"Josh Shear working with his custom press.\" width=\"324\" height=\"216\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Josh Shear uses a custom built hydraulic press to create square samples of Iris Industry's Denimite and other composite solids. \u003cem>(Jon Augustine/Quest Science)\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The essential ingredient required for Shear and Carlson to work their magic is a solvent-free, VOC-free thermoset epoxy resin that, when combined with a fibrous material (such as denim), heat, and compression, causes an interlocking reaction at the molecular level. “It literally creates a long-chain molecule that now doesn’t change until you get it so hot that the resin breaks down, which would be very, very hot,” said Shear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Typically, raw materials in epoxy resin are extracted from petroleum, but the resin used to make denimite is partially bio-based, meaning that a portion of the petroleum-based components found in traditional epoxies have been \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24136894\" target=\"_blank\">replaced with biomass materials\u003c/a>—specifically \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/webhp?tab=ww&ei=453VUta3LsreyQGDqIC4Cw&ved=0CBgQ1S4#q=itaconic+acid\" target=\"_blank\">itaconic acid\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like a typical cut of composite plywood, Iris Industry’s products are usually made in sheet form and worked with standard wood tools, but Carlson and Shear are especially excited about Denimite because it can be molded into just about any shape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The automotive industry is a really cool and interesting application, as they’re trying to move into more sustainable materials in general anyway,” Carlson said. “We like the idea of using it for a console or dashboard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as epoxy resin technology evolves, Iris Industries hopes to eventually carry fully petroleum-free products. Shear said it’s all part of an effort to see a petroleum-based society shift to a renewable-based society. “What we’re trying to get these things to do is replace, or partially replace, some 100-percent polymer compounds,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And what better way to do it than with one of the most recognizable, durable, and loved inventions in American history? Because of denim’s prevalence, Shear and Carlson believe Denimite has a leg up when it comes to both the product’s popularity and its ability to inspire people to expand their notion of how something can be recycled and repurposed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Said Shear, “We like to see people say, ‘Oh, you can recycle that?’ or ‘Oh, I get that that’s recycled.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66049\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Untitled-1landscape1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-66049 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Untitled-1landscape1-640x213.jpg\" alt=\"Samples of Iris Industries Products\" width=\"640\" height=\"213\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Josh Shear and Jen Carlson use a variety of recycled materials to create solid composites--from magazines and shredded money to fabric and farm waste. Above are samples of finished products made from sunflower seed hulls, denim, and walnut shells. \u003cem>(Jon Augustine/QUEST Science)\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/64251/denimite-discovering-new-frontiers-for-old-jeans","authors":["10447"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_5","quest_6","quest_8"],"tags":["quest_12561","quest_12560","quest_12563","quest_12269","quest_12562","quest_12565","quest_12564","quest_9934","quest_3929","quest_12559","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_3289","quest_12354","quest_2387","quest_3978","quest_12566"],"featImg":"quest_66003","label":"quest"},"quest_53521":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_53521","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"53521","score":null,"sort":[1375192807000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"purslane-resilient-weed-wild-edible","title":"Tough and Tasty: Recasting a Resilient Weed as a Wild Edible ","publishDate":1375192807,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58462\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/ross1.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-58462 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/ross1-640x358.png\" alt=\"ross\" width=\"640\" height=\"358\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>(Photo by Jon Augustine/QUEST)\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If a farmer told you \u003cstrong>not \u003c/strong>to pull a weed, would you be worried about him? Maybe you’d insist he get out of the heat and drink some water, or take a vacation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>Believe it or not, that farmer may have good reason to protect his weeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the middle of July 2012, the costliest drought in recorded history had Nebraska in its grip. Not a sprinkle of rain had fallen on Ross Brockley’s farm since June 4, and wouldn’t again until July 31. His half-dozen acres of vegetable gardens were green thanks only to constant watering by hand and diligent weeding performed by Brockley, his wife, Barb, and me, his lone farmhand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here in the southeast corner of the state, residents had spent their summer watching scorched soil crack and fields of crops turn brown. On this particular day I noticed a very healthy plant in an empty garden bed. It didn’t resemble anything I recognized as food so I pulled it up.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Even amid the dead stalks of drought-stricken corn, purslane was defiantly rearing its little red branches.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Don’t do that!” Brockley yelped from across the garden. “I’m saving it,” he said sternly. “We’ll eat that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Really?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plant looked like a bundle of long red worms, each with several green oval-shaped cartoon ears. It looked more like something suited for a compost pile than a cultivated garden. This drought had clearly taken a toll on Brockley’s mental state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He picked up the plant I had just discarded, broke off two stems, and put one in his mouth. He held the other in front of my face, indicating that I was to follow his lead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s purslane,” he said as he chewed, “and it’s primo!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I hesitantly took a bite and chewed it slowly. “Peppery,” I thought. The crunch felt like a snap pea with the skin of an apple. Then came a blast of citrus flavor. I would have told Brockley that I enjoyed it, but I couldn’t bring myself to interrupt his obvious state of food bliss. I simply looked on as he finished eating the entire plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cobject width=\"560\" height=\"315\" classid=\"d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000\" codebase=\"http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0\">\u003cparam name=\"allowFullScreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cparam name=\"allowscriptaccess\" value=\"always\">\u003cparam name=\"src\" value=\"//www.youtube.com/v/HubIGpwJFkE?version=3&hl=en_US\">\u003cparam name=\"allowfullscreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cembed width=\"560\" height=\"315\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/HubIGpwJFkE?version=3&hl=en_US\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" allowscriptaccess=\"always\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After this introduction to purslane, I started seeing it everywhere -- from my yard to cracks in sidewalks to the shoulders of gravel roads. Even amid the dead stalks of drought-stricken corn, purslane was defiantly rearing its little red branches. The stuff seemed to be laughing in the face of the unrelenting dry spell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I wondered if my conditioned aversion to weeds had been keeping me from trying other wild edibles, so I sought out an expert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/purslaneoxtailsoup-1.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/purslaneoxtailsoup-1.png\" alt=\"purslaneoxtailsoup-1\" width=\"242\" height=\"747\">\u003c/a>Kay Young is a local legend among plant people. In 1993, she authored \u003ca href=\"http://tinyurl.com/lhy55p6\">\u003cstrong>Wild Seasons: Gathering and Cooking Wild Plants of the Great Plains\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>, and has been active in Lincoln’s gardening community for decades. The 82-year-old has dedicated her life to local folklore, horticulture, and ethnobotany. A quick tour of her backyard revealed a variety of nurtured plants that one would expect to see in a yard-waste bin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She walked me around her property, showing off several edible plants that occur naturally in our prairie ecosystems. We nipped at milkweed, lambsquarter, various flower blossoms, dandelions, and more. Young’s current favorite is Virginia mountain mint, which is native to Nebraska. It makes a refreshing, sugar-free drink when refrigerated in a pitcher of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At her driveway we snacked on purslane that she’d planted in flowerpots. She recommended including the leaves in tacos and burritos and praised its ability to replace less reliable greens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you make a sandwich with mayonnaise or salad dressing, it doesn’t get wimpy the way lettuce does,” she said of purslane’s hardy leaves. “And in the summer, when the lettuce is getting bitter, purslane is still just wonderful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, so with minimal to no help, purslane and other wild plants are thriving during the country’s worst drought in decades. On top of that, they taste good. But the label “edible” is just a nice way of saying it’s something to chew on that won’t kill you, right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wrong. For instance, purslane might be one of the healthiest greens out there. \u003ca href=\"http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0716-97602004000200013&script=sci_arttext\">A study by the Center for Genetics, Nutrition and Health,\u003c/a> a nonprofit research organization in Washington, D.C., states that purslane is the “richest source of omega-3 fatty acids of any green leafy vegetable yet examined.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Omega-3 fatty acids contribute to proper metabolism, and according to the same report, their presence is waning in a Western diet that strays from nutrient sources that humans evolved to need.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In developing new sources of food, the study of dietary composition of wild plants is essential,” the report concludes. “Their cultivation should lead to increased production of plants rich in omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants, both of which reduce the risk of chronic diseases.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">Reading this made me wonder why we weren’t cultivating nutritious, drought-tolerant weeds like purslane. Could some of these wild edibles become dinner-table staples in the near future?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/purslane_breakoutphoto.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-58260\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/purslane_breakoutphoto-640x325.png\" alt=\"purslane_breakoutphoto\" width=\"640\" height=\"325\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To answer that question I visited Bob Henrickson, an assistant director of the \u003ca href=\"http://arboretum.unl.edu\">Nebraska State Arboretum\u003c/a> at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Henrickson agreed that people are failing themselves by not indulging in the prairie’s naturally occurring food sources. He acknowledged that cultivating these so-called weeds would require less water and potentially reduce the need for pesticides and chemical fertilizers, but he was not optimistic that vast fields of purslane, milkweed, or gooseberries would soon replace the established, lucrative crops of the Great Plains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re never gonna outcompete corn and beans,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He suggested that the best chance to get wild edibles onto dinner plates on a larger scale is to introduce them to urban gardeners who grow food to support their own dietary values and not their pocketbooks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Use them with the attitude that ‘it’s going to enhance my food,’ not that ‘I’m going to save me and the planet,’ and you’ll find yourself using them more and more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back at the farm, Brockley agrees with that sentiment. He just wants to see his customers using common sense in their relationship with purslane instead of worrying about his mental health when he eats it in front of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People say, ‘That stuff grows in the cracks of my sidewalk. I don’t want to eat that.’ But when you think about it, it’s growing in the cracks of sidewalks during the worst drought of most of our lives. Isn’t that exactly what you want to eat?” asks Brockley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Whatever is in that plant, keeping it alive and healthy,” he adds, “I want in my blood.”\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Find out why some residents of a drought-plagued state are welcoming a weed to their gardens—and their dinner plates.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1375399144,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":30,"wordCount":1205},"headData":{"title":"Tough and Tasty: Recasting a Resilient Weed as a Wild Edible | KQED","description":"Find out why some residents of a drought-plagued state are welcoming a weed to their gardens—and their dinner plates.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"53521 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=53521","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/07/30/purslane-resilient-weed-wild-edible/","disqusTitle":"Tough and Tasty: Recasting a Resilient Weed as a Wild Edible ","path":"/quest/53521/purslane-resilient-weed-wild-edible","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58462\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/ross1.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-58462 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/ross1-640x358.png\" alt=\"ross\" width=\"640\" height=\"358\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>(Photo by Jon Augustine/QUEST)\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If a farmer told you \u003cstrong>not \u003c/strong>to pull a weed, would you be worried about him? Maybe you’d insist he get out of the heat and drink some water, or take a vacation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>Believe it or not, that farmer may have good reason to protect his weeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the middle of July 2012, the costliest drought in recorded history had Nebraska in its grip. Not a sprinkle of rain had fallen on Ross Brockley’s farm since June 4, and wouldn’t again until July 31. His half-dozen acres of vegetable gardens were green thanks only to constant watering by hand and diligent weeding performed by Brockley, his wife, Barb, and me, his lone farmhand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here in the southeast corner of the state, residents had spent their summer watching scorched soil crack and fields of crops turn brown. On this particular day I noticed a very healthy plant in an empty garden bed. It didn’t resemble anything I recognized as food so I pulled it up.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Even amid the dead stalks of drought-stricken corn, purslane was defiantly rearing its little red branches.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Don’t do that!” Brockley yelped from across the garden. “I’m saving it,” he said sternly. “We’ll eat that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Really?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plant looked like a bundle of long red worms, each with several green oval-shaped cartoon ears. It looked more like something suited for a compost pile than a cultivated garden. This drought had clearly taken a toll on Brockley’s mental state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He picked up the plant I had just discarded, broke off two stems, and put one in his mouth. He held the other in front of my face, indicating that I was to follow his lead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s purslane,” he said as he chewed, “and it’s primo!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I hesitantly took a bite and chewed it slowly. “Peppery,” I thought. The crunch felt like a snap pea with the skin of an apple. Then came a blast of citrus flavor. I would have told Brockley that I enjoyed it, but I couldn’t bring myself to interrupt his obvious state of food bliss. I simply looked on as he finished eating the entire plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cobject width=\"560\" height=\"315\" classid=\"d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000\" codebase=\"http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0\">\u003cparam name=\"allowFullScreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cparam name=\"allowscriptaccess\" value=\"always\">\u003cparam name=\"src\" value=\"//www.youtube.com/v/HubIGpwJFkE?version=3&hl=en_US\">\u003cparam name=\"allowfullscreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cembed width=\"560\" height=\"315\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/HubIGpwJFkE?version=3&hl=en_US\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" allowscriptaccess=\"always\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After this introduction to purslane, I started seeing it everywhere -- from my yard to cracks in sidewalks to the shoulders of gravel roads. Even amid the dead stalks of drought-stricken corn, purslane was defiantly rearing its little red branches. The stuff seemed to be laughing in the face of the unrelenting dry spell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I wondered if my conditioned aversion to weeds had been keeping me from trying other wild edibles, so I sought out an expert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/purslaneoxtailsoup-1.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/purslaneoxtailsoup-1.png\" alt=\"purslaneoxtailsoup-1\" width=\"242\" height=\"747\">\u003c/a>Kay Young is a local legend among plant people. In 1993, she authored \u003ca href=\"http://tinyurl.com/lhy55p6\">\u003cstrong>Wild Seasons: Gathering and Cooking Wild Plants of the Great Plains\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>, and has been active in Lincoln’s gardening community for decades. The 82-year-old has dedicated her life to local folklore, horticulture, and ethnobotany. A quick tour of her backyard revealed a variety of nurtured plants that one would expect to see in a yard-waste bin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She walked me around her property, showing off several edible plants that occur naturally in our prairie ecosystems. We nipped at milkweed, lambsquarter, various flower blossoms, dandelions, and more. Young’s current favorite is Virginia mountain mint, which is native to Nebraska. It makes a refreshing, sugar-free drink when refrigerated in a pitcher of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At her driveway we snacked on purslane that she’d planted in flowerpots. She recommended including the leaves in tacos and burritos and praised its ability to replace less reliable greens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you make a sandwich with mayonnaise or salad dressing, it doesn’t get wimpy the way lettuce does,” she said of purslane’s hardy leaves. “And in the summer, when the lettuce is getting bitter, purslane is still just wonderful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, so with minimal to no help, purslane and other wild plants are thriving during the country’s worst drought in decades. On top of that, they taste good. But the label “edible” is just a nice way of saying it’s something to chew on that won’t kill you, right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wrong. For instance, purslane might be one of the healthiest greens out there. \u003ca href=\"http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0716-97602004000200013&script=sci_arttext\">A study by the Center for Genetics, Nutrition and Health,\u003c/a> a nonprofit research organization in Washington, D.C., states that purslane is the “richest source of omega-3 fatty acids of any green leafy vegetable yet examined.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Omega-3 fatty acids contribute to proper metabolism, and according to the same report, their presence is waning in a Western diet that strays from nutrient sources that humans evolved to need.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In developing new sources of food, the study of dietary composition of wild plants is essential,” the report concludes. “Their cultivation should lead to increased production of plants rich in omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants, both of which reduce the risk of chronic diseases.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">Reading this made me wonder why we weren’t cultivating nutritious, drought-tolerant weeds like purslane. Could some of these wild edibles become dinner-table staples in the near future?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/purslane_breakoutphoto.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-58260\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/purslane_breakoutphoto-640x325.png\" alt=\"purslane_breakoutphoto\" width=\"640\" height=\"325\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To answer that question I visited Bob Henrickson, an assistant director of the \u003ca href=\"http://arboretum.unl.edu\">Nebraska State Arboretum\u003c/a> at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Henrickson agreed that people are failing themselves by not indulging in the prairie’s naturally occurring food sources. He acknowledged that cultivating these so-called weeds would require less water and potentially reduce the need for pesticides and chemical fertilizers, but he was not optimistic that vast fields of purslane, milkweed, or gooseberries would soon replace the established, lucrative crops of the Great Plains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re never gonna outcompete corn and beans,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He suggested that the best chance to get wild edibles onto dinner plates on a larger scale is to introduce them to urban gardeners who grow food to support their own dietary values and not their pocketbooks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Use them with the attitude that ‘it’s going to enhance my food,’ not that ‘I’m going to save me and the planet,’ and you’ll find yourself using them more and more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back at the farm, Brockley agrees with that sentiment. He just wants to see his customers using common sense in their relationship with purslane instead of worrying about his mental health when he eats it in front of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People say, ‘That stuff grows in the cracks of my sidewalk. I don’t want to eat that.’ But when you think about it, it’s growing in the cracks of sidewalks during the worst drought of most of our lives. Isn’t that exactly what you want to eat?” asks Brockley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Whatever is in that plant, keeping it alive and healthy,” he adds, “I want in my blood.”\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/53521/purslane-resilient-weed-wild-edible","authors":["10447"],"categories":["quest_3229"],"tags":["quest_85","quest_12173","quest_12171","quest_830","quest_886","quest_12174","quest_12175","quest_12168","quest_1073","quest_1122","quest_12169","quest_9934","quest_3930","quest_12172","quest_2022","quest_12167","quest_3289","quest_12170","quest_12176","quest_13364","quest_12060","quest_10511","quest_9885"],"featImg":"quest_58461","label":"quest"},"quest_26481":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_26481","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"26481","score":null,"sort":[1320779438000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"your-photos-on-quest-great-plains-photographer","title":"Your Photos on QUEST: Mike Forsberg","publishDate":1320779438,"format":"video","headTitle":"Your Photos on QUEST | QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":3297,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>Article by \u003ca title=\"Michael Farrell\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/michaelfarrell\" target=\"_blank\">Michael Farrell\u003c/a> of \u003ca title=\"quest nebraska\" href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/tag/nebraska/\" target=\"_blank\">QUEST Nebraska\u003c/a>. Map by \u003ca title=\"Abram Lueders\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/abramlueders\" target=\"_blank\">Abram Lueders\u003c/a> of \u003ca title=\"quest nebraska\" href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/tag/nebraska/\" target=\"_blank\">QUEST Nebraska\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I first became aware of \u003ca title=\"mike forsberg\" href=\"http://www.michaelforsberg.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Mike Forsberg\u003c/a>’s \u003cem> work Great Plains: America’s Lingering Wild\u003c/em> two years ago when I was asked to introduce him and his slideshow presentation of images from his book at our \u003ca title=\"audubon \" href=\"http://springcreekprairie.audubon.org/\" target=\"_blank\">local Audubon preserve\u003c/a> where I was board chairman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the next year and a half, I traveled through ten states following Mike with a video production crew to some of the most remote, endangered and stimulating environments to produce the PBS documentary, \u003cem>\u003ca title=\"pbs doc\" href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oEH7nZpNSL8\" target=\"_blank\">Great Plains: America’s Lingering Wild\u003c/a>\u003c/em>. Today’s wildlife photographer has to be proficient with all sorts of new technology -- such as walkie-talkie triggered cameras and infrared camera traps -- that didn’t even exist just a few years ago in order to create striking images that can compete for the shrinking print market. To illustrate this, there is a scene in producer Gary Hochman’s \u003cem>Your Photos on QUEST: Great Plains Photographer \u003c/em>story where you see Mike setting up a camera trap in the Black Hills of South Dakota. A month later, Mike returned to the scene and retrieved the digital photos stored on his camera, captured when the mountain lion and deer shown in the story set off the traps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When most of us think about the Great Plains, we think of very long, flat and boring stretches of interstate highway – endless concrete slabs running east to west. Or we think about flying over the patchwork quilt of vast stretches of irrigated corn, wheat and milo fields or cross-fenced prairie cattle country dotted by windmills, stock tanks and two-track jeep roads that look like ant tracks from above.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26968\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 634px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-26968\" title=\"BIS_080506_002\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/BIS_080506_002-e1320711996919.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"634\" height=\"390\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/BIS_080506_002-e1320711996919.jpg 634w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/BIS_080506_002-e1320711996919-400x246.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 634px) 100vw, 634px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A lone bull bison in Wind Cave National Park, South Dakota Credit: Mike Forsberg\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But to Mike Forsberg and the scientists, land-owners, conservationists and educators who helped him achieve his goal of publishing striking images and words about the last remnants of the wild and untamed prairie, there is much more to and much more at stake in the Great Plains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hidden away in remote, nearly inaccessible places are remarkable creatures most of us will never see or even know exist: black-footed ferrets emerging from their underground dens at dawn; a million \u003ca title=\"bats\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-bats-beneath-us/\" target=\"_blank\">Mexican free-tailed bats\u003c/a> exiting a gypsum cave at dusk; nesting willets in the vast pot-holed Missouri Coteau region; prairie grizzlies and mountain lions caught at night in Mike’s ingenious camera traps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26980\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 638px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-26980\" title=\"MLN_110407_002A\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/MLN_110407_002A1-e1320711367778.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"638\" height=\"399\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/MLN_110407_002A1-e1320711367778.jpg 638w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/MLN_110407_002A1-e1320711367778-400x250.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 638px) 100vw, 638px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mountain lion walking through camera trap, Black Hills, South Dakota Credit: Mike Forsberg\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And for each of the species Mike captures with digital photography, there are also the people who have dedicated their lives to caring for and about them. We met Jill Morrison and her husband Dave Clarendon who have spent the past three decades \u003ca title=\"fighting\" href=\"http://www.powderriverbasin.org\" target=\"_blank\">fighting\u003c/a> to keep the not-so-habitat-friendly coal-bed methane wells off their ranch near Sheridan, Wyoming. Jill and Dave have seen the water quality decline and the wildlife that supported a secondary outfitting and guided hunting business retreat much higher into the mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We spent a night from dusk to dawn with Travis Livieri four-wheeling around a massive prairie dog town in the \u003ca title=\"contata\" href=\"http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/northamerica/unitedstates/southdakota/placesweprotect/conata-basin.xml\" target=\"_blank\">Conata Basin\u003c/a> near Badlands National Park in South Dakota trying to capture and inoculate the elusive black-footed ferret. Ferrets, who prey on prairie dogs, were thought to be extinct until a rancher’s dog brought in a dead one a few decades ago, setting off a massive effort to live trap the few remaining individuals. After a few failed tries, a captive breeding program finally resulted in success. Travis, then a graduate biology student, was on the first team that reintroduced the ferrets to their natural habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mike Forsberg is enormously dedicated to his self-imposed task of photographing everything of meaning and consequence in the remaining natural world of the Great Plains. He hears birds when no one else does and knows them by their call. He has remarkable distance vision. He clambers up steep hills like a mountain goat with a load of photo gear. He dresses in camouflage and blends in with his surroundings, keeping still for hours at a stretch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What I learned from this experience of a lifetime is that “the lingering wild” is as much a part of Mike Forsberg as it is a part of this rare, beautiful landscape that has once more come into stunning focus for me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msid=218445645608412477546.0004ad6243bcbde47a58b&msa=0&ie=UTF8&t=p&vpsrc=6&ll=41.574361,-102.304687&spn=21.013305,28.081055&z=5&output=embed\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"640\" height=\"640\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\nView \u003ca href=\"http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msid=218445645608412477546.0004ad6243bcbde47a58b&msa=0&ie=UTF8&t=p&vpsrc=6&ll=41.574361,-102.304687&spn=21.013305,28.081055&z=5&source=embed\">A Portrait Of The Plains\u003c/a> in a larger map\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A documentary team led by NET Television producer Mike Farrell and photographer Mike Forsberg spent over a year exploring the vast landscape of the Great Plains, meeting people and exploring problems that are having an impact on the area. What they found was both hopeful and troubling. These are just a few of the things they found on their journey, which will eventually become the PBS documentary Great Plains: America's Lingering Wild. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Mike Forsberg, a nationally renowned photographer, conservationist, and author from Nebraska, spent four years traveling 100,000 miles across the Great Plains—from North Dakota to Texas—to create a portrait of under-appreciated species and habitats of what many consider “flyover country.” ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457639853,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["http://maps.google.com/maps/ms"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":837},"headData":{"title":"Your Photos on QUEST: Mike Forsberg | KQED","description":"Mike Forsberg, a nationally renowned photographer, conservationist, and author from Nebraska, spent four years traveling 100,000 miles across the Great Plains—from North Dakota to Texas—to create a portrait of under-appreciated species and habitats of what many consider “flyover country.” ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"26481 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=videos&p=26481","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/08/your-photos-on-quest-great-plains-photographer/","disqusTitle":"Your Photos on QUEST: Mike Forsberg","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DuCsxQmel0M","path":"/quest/26481/your-photos-on-quest-great-plains-photographer","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Article by \u003ca title=\"Michael Farrell\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/michaelfarrell\" target=\"_blank\">Michael Farrell\u003c/a> of \u003ca title=\"quest nebraska\" href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/tag/nebraska/\" target=\"_blank\">QUEST Nebraska\u003c/a>. Map by \u003ca title=\"Abram Lueders\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/abramlueders\" target=\"_blank\">Abram Lueders\u003c/a> of \u003ca title=\"quest nebraska\" href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/tag/nebraska/\" target=\"_blank\">QUEST Nebraska\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I first became aware of \u003ca title=\"mike forsberg\" href=\"http://www.michaelforsberg.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Mike Forsberg\u003c/a>’s \u003cem> work Great Plains: America’s Lingering Wild\u003c/em> two years ago when I was asked to introduce him and his slideshow presentation of images from his book at our \u003ca title=\"audubon \" href=\"http://springcreekprairie.audubon.org/\" target=\"_blank\">local Audubon preserve\u003c/a> where I was board chairman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the next year and a half, I traveled through ten states following Mike with a video production crew to some of the most remote, endangered and stimulating environments to produce the PBS documentary, \u003cem>\u003ca title=\"pbs doc\" href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oEH7nZpNSL8\" target=\"_blank\">Great Plains: America’s Lingering Wild\u003c/a>\u003c/em>. Today’s wildlife photographer has to be proficient with all sorts of new technology -- such as walkie-talkie triggered cameras and infrared camera traps -- that didn’t even exist just a few years ago in order to create striking images that can compete for the shrinking print market. To illustrate this, there is a scene in producer Gary Hochman’s \u003cem>Your Photos on QUEST: Great Plains Photographer \u003c/em>story where you see Mike setting up a camera trap in the Black Hills of South Dakota. A month later, Mike returned to the scene and retrieved the digital photos stored on his camera, captured when the mountain lion and deer shown in the story set off the traps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When most of us think about the Great Plains, we think of very long, flat and boring stretches of interstate highway – endless concrete slabs running east to west. Or we think about flying over the patchwork quilt of vast stretches of irrigated corn, wheat and milo fields or cross-fenced prairie cattle country dotted by windmills, stock tanks and two-track jeep roads that look like ant tracks from above.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26968\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 634px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-26968\" title=\"BIS_080506_002\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/BIS_080506_002-e1320711996919.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"634\" height=\"390\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/BIS_080506_002-e1320711996919.jpg 634w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/BIS_080506_002-e1320711996919-400x246.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 634px) 100vw, 634px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A lone bull bison in Wind Cave National Park, South Dakota Credit: Mike Forsberg\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But to Mike Forsberg and the scientists, land-owners, conservationists and educators who helped him achieve his goal of publishing striking images and words about the last remnants of the wild and untamed prairie, there is much more to and much more at stake in the Great Plains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hidden away in remote, nearly inaccessible places are remarkable creatures most of us will never see or even know exist: black-footed ferrets emerging from their underground dens at dawn; a million \u003ca title=\"bats\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-bats-beneath-us/\" target=\"_blank\">Mexican free-tailed bats\u003c/a> exiting a gypsum cave at dusk; nesting willets in the vast pot-holed Missouri Coteau region; prairie grizzlies and mountain lions caught at night in Mike’s ingenious camera traps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26980\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 638px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-26980\" title=\"MLN_110407_002A\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/MLN_110407_002A1-e1320711367778.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"638\" height=\"399\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/MLN_110407_002A1-e1320711367778.jpg 638w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/MLN_110407_002A1-e1320711367778-400x250.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 638px) 100vw, 638px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mountain lion walking through camera trap, Black Hills, South Dakota Credit: Mike Forsberg\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And for each of the species Mike captures with digital photography, there are also the people who have dedicated their lives to caring for and about them. We met Jill Morrison and her husband Dave Clarendon who have spent the past three decades \u003ca title=\"fighting\" href=\"http://www.powderriverbasin.org\" target=\"_blank\">fighting\u003c/a> to keep the not-so-habitat-friendly coal-bed methane wells off their ranch near Sheridan, Wyoming. Jill and Dave have seen the water quality decline and the wildlife that supported a secondary outfitting and guided hunting business retreat much higher into the mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We spent a night from dusk to dawn with Travis Livieri four-wheeling around a massive prairie dog town in the \u003ca title=\"contata\" href=\"http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/northamerica/unitedstates/southdakota/placesweprotect/conata-basin.xml\" target=\"_blank\">Conata Basin\u003c/a> near Badlands National Park in South Dakota trying to capture and inoculate the elusive black-footed ferret. Ferrets, who prey on prairie dogs, were thought to be extinct until a rancher’s dog brought in a dead one a few decades ago, setting off a massive effort to live trap the few remaining individuals. After a few failed tries, a captive breeding program finally resulted in success. Travis, then a graduate biology student, was on the first team that reintroduced the ferrets to their natural habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mike Forsberg is enormously dedicated to his self-imposed task of photographing everything of meaning and consequence in the remaining natural world of the Great Plains. He hears birds when no one else does and knows them by their call. He has remarkable distance vision. He clambers up steep hills like a mountain goat with a load of photo gear. He dresses in camouflage and blends in with his surroundings, keeping still for hours at a stretch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What I learned from this experience of a lifetime is that “the lingering wild” is as much a part of Mike Forsberg as it is a part of this rare, beautiful landscape that has once more come into stunning focus for me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msid=218445645608412477546.0004ad6243bcbde47a58b&msa=0&ie=UTF8&t=p&vpsrc=6&ll=41.574361,-102.304687&spn=21.013305,28.081055&z=5&output=embed\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"640\" height=\"640\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\nView \u003ca href=\"http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msid=218445645608412477546.0004ad6243bcbde47a58b&msa=0&ie=UTF8&t=p&vpsrc=6&ll=41.574361,-102.304687&spn=21.013305,28.081055&z=5&source=embed\">A Portrait Of The Plains\u003c/a> in a larger map\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A documentary team led by NET Television producer Mike Farrell and photographer Mike Forsberg spent over a year exploring the vast landscape of the Great Plains, meeting people and exploring problems that are having an impact on the area. What they found was both hopeful and troubling. These are just a few of the things they found on their journey, which will eventually become the PBS documentary Great Plains: America's Lingering Wild. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/26481/your-photos-on-quest-great-plains-photographer","authors":["10297","10298","10301"],"series":["quest_3297"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_326","quest_20","quest_10352","quest_9934","quest_10351","quest_10354","quest_2141","quest_2186","quest_2349","quest_12354","quest_10355","quest_2893","quest_3155"],"featImg":"quest_26536","label":"quest_3297"},"quest_25030":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_25030","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"25030","score":null,"sort":[1316814893000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"mercury-rises-on-coal-costs","title":"Mercury Rises on Coal Costs","publishDate":1316814893,"format":"audio","headTitle":"Coal at the Crossroads | QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":10214,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/09/2011-9-23-quest-nebraska-coal.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Half of the airborne mercury pollution in the US comes from coal-fired power plants. After years of study and debate, the Environmental Protection Agency is planning to announce new limits on mercury from coal plants in November. Meanwhile, utilities are scrambling to meet other new federal regulations and industry groups are asking the government to slow down. Grant Gerlock of NET Nebaska reports for our special radio series, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/coal-at-the-crossroads/\">Coal at the Crossroads\u003c/a>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25034\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/coal-nebraksa-inline640-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Bluestem Lake near Lincoln, Nebraska\" title=\"Bluestem Lake near Lincoln, Nebraska\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25034\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bluestem Lake near Lincoln, Nebraska.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bluestem Lake near Lincoln, Nebraska is five miles north of a coal-fired power plant. It is also one of 85 bodies of water in the state under a consumption advisory because of fish found to have elevated levels of mercury in their tissues. Half of the airborne mercury pollution in the US comes from coal-fired power plants. After years of study and debate, the EPA is planning to announce new limits on mercury from coal plants in November. Ken Winston of the Nebraska Sierra Club believes the agency is doing the right thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you burn coal, mercury goes up into the atmosphere,” Winston said. “It comes down in the form of rain. Fish eat it. People eat the fish. It can be very damaging and have long term negative impact on the development of children. So it’s something we need to get out of the environment as much as possible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA says its proposed new mercury rules could reduce emissions across the country by 91%. Meanwhile, utilities are scrambling to meet other new federal regulations and industry groups are asking the government to slow down. The Nebraska Public Power District operates two coal plants. Under the proposed mercury rule Environmental Manager, Joe Citta, says the utility will need to install equipment that uses activated carbon in order to remove even more mercury than control systems already in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25033\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/coal-nebraksa640.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/coal-nebraksa640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"coal plant\" title=\"coal-nebraksa640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25033\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sheldon Station coal fired power plant produces 140 pounds of mercury per year. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The system is several million dollars,” Citta said. “But what really makes it expensive is the operating cost because activated carbon is rather pricey.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPPD will spend 35 million dollars to meet another new regulation reducing smog-forming pollutants that cross state lines. That rule, the Cross-State Air Pollution Rule (CSAPR), was announced in July and takes effect in January. Citta says it requires more cuts than many in the industry expected for pollutants like nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur dioxide (SO2).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This caught our state, many other states also,” Citta said. When the final rule came out they had reduced those by an additional 40%. Then with only 6 months to comply…We felt the proposed rule was manageable. We would have had to do some things. But they were certainly more achievable than this additional 40% reduction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nebraska utilities feeling rushed by regulation are hoping to get some extra time. The Nebraska Attorney General’s office is working on a lawsuit against the interstate smog rule that a spokesperson says would protect utilities and consumers from costly federal overreach. A bill in the House of Representatives could slow things down by commissioning a study on the economic impact of the EPA’s emissions agenda. Steve Gates of the American Coalition for Clean Coal Energy says it is a reaction to a lot of regulation in a short period of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In a state like Nebraska where 65% of our electricity comes from coal, something is going to happen and the guess is electricity prices go up immediately,” Gates said. “You know, there’s just a lot of economic implications that really should be looked at before we jump into something that no one knows the outcome economically.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nebraska rails are a major thoroughfare from Wyoming to power plants in the Midwest and southern Plains. Gates says the state’s economic ties to coal show the advantage of having easy access to inexpensive energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re fortunate enough to be in the top ten lowest states for electricity in the country,” Gates said. “What we need to do is find a balance between reducing emissions the best we can while also keeping an eye on what we’re going to do to local economies if we enact something too quickly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA claims that the mercury rule will have a positive economic impact in the end by providing health savings of up to $140 billion from reduced asthma, heart disease and other serious ailments. Gates says the EPA underestimates the cumulative impact of multiple rules all coming down at once, particularly in a bad economy. The Sierra Club’s Ken Winston believes power companies are capable of covering costs that they have not paid in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They can absorb the cost of making these changes much more easily than a person can,” Winston said. “An individual whose child doesn’t develop appropriately because they’ve had mercury poisoning, that’s a life that’s destroyed and we can’t tolerate that.” \u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Additional Links\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nppd.com/\">Nebraska Public Power District (NPPD)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/airquality/powerplanttoxics/\">EPA mercury rule\u003c/a> \u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://sierranebraska.org/\">Nebraska Sierra Club\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sierraclub.org/coal/map/\">Sierra Club - Beyond Coal\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.deq.state.ne.us/SurfaceW.nsf/Pages/FCA\">Fish consumption advisories page\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/crossstaterule/\">Cross-State Air Pollution Rule (CSAPR)\u003c/a> \u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.chron.com/business/energy/article/Texas-sues-EPA-to-block-new-pollution-rule-2182573.php\">Houtson Chronicle - Texas sues EPA to block new pollution rule\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://journalstar.com/news/local/article_f3cf3df3-af06-5791-9e50-07b5b597e476.html\">Nebraska AG lawsuit story\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/white-house-threatens-veto-of-house-bill-to-delay-epa-pollution-rules/2011/09/21/gIQAk2pNlK_story.html\">Washington Post - White House threatens veto of House bill to delay EPA pollution rules\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://cleancoalusa.org/\">The American Coalition for Clean Coal Electricity (ACCCE)\u003c/a> \u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Half of the airborne mercury pollution in the US comes from coal-fired power plants. After years of study and debate, the Environmental Protection Agency is planning to announce new limits on mercury from coal plants in November. Meanwhile, utilities are scrambling to meet other new federal regulations and industry groups are asking the government to slow down.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1316816350,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":948},"headData":{"title":"Mercury Rises on Coal Costs | KQED","description":"Half of the airborne mercury pollution in the US comes from coal-fired power plants. After years of study and debate, the Environmental Protection Agency is planning to announce new limits on mercury from coal plants in November. Meanwhile, utilities are scrambling to meet other new federal regulations and industry groups are asking the government to slow down.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"25030 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=audio_reports&p=25030","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/23/mercury-rises-on-coal-costs/","disqusTitle":"Mercury Rises on Coal Costs","path":"/quest/25030/mercury-rises-on-coal-costs","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/09/2011-9-23-quest-nebraska-coal.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/09/2011-9-23-quest-nebraska-coal.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Half of the airborne mercury pollution in the US comes from coal-fired power plants. After years of study and debate, the Environmental Protection Agency is planning to announce new limits on mercury from coal plants in November. Meanwhile, utilities are scrambling to meet other new federal regulations and industry groups are asking the government to slow down. Grant Gerlock of NET Nebaska reports for our special radio series, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/coal-at-the-crossroads/\">Coal at the Crossroads\u003c/a>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25034\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/coal-nebraksa-inline640-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Bluestem Lake near Lincoln, Nebraska\" title=\"Bluestem Lake near Lincoln, Nebraska\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25034\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bluestem Lake near Lincoln, Nebraska.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bluestem Lake near Lincoln, Nebraska is five miles north of a coal-fired power plant. It is also one of 85 bodies of water in the state under a consumption advisory because of fish found to have elevated levels of mercury in their tissues. Half of the airborne mercury pollution in the US comes from coal-fired power plants. After years of study and debate, the EPA is planning to announce new limits on mercury from coal plants in November. Ken Winston of the Nebraska Sierra Club believes the agency is doing the right thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you burn coal, mercury goes up into the atmosphere,” Winston said. “It comes down in the form of rain. Fish eat it. People eat the fish. It can be very damaging and have long term negative impact on the development of children. So it’s something we need to get out of the environment as much as possible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA says its proposed new mercury rules could reduce emissions across the country by 91%. Meanwhile, utilities are scrambling to meet other new federal regulations and industry groups are asking the government to slow down. The Nebraska Public Power District operates two coal plants. Under the proposed mercury rule Environmental Manager, Joe Citta, says the utility will need to install equipment that uses activated carbon in order to remove even more mercury than control systems already in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25033\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/coal-nebraksa640.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/coal-nebraksa640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"coal plant\" title=\"coal-nebraksa640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25033\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sheldon Station coal fired power plant produces 140 pounds of mercury per year. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The system is several million dollars,” Citta said. “But what really makes it expensive is the operating cost because activated carbon is rather pricey.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPPD will spend 35 million dollars to meet another new regulation reducing smog-forming pollutants that cross state lines. That rule, the Cross-State Air Pollution Rule (CSAPR), was announced in July and takes effect in January. Citta says it requires more cuts than many in the industry expected for pollutants like nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur dioxide (SO2).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This caught our state, many other states also,” Citta said. When the final rule came out they had reduced those by an additional 40%. Then with only 6 months to comply…We felt the proposed rule was manageable. We would have had to do some things. But they were certainly more achievable than this additional 40% reduction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nebraska utilities feeling rushed by regulation are hoping to get some extra time. The Nebraska Attorney General’s office is working on a lawsuit against the interstate smog rule that a spokesperson says would protect utilities and consumers from costly federal overreach. A bill in the House of Representatives could slow things down by commissioning a study on the economic impact of the EPA’s emissions agenda. Steve Gates of the American Coalition for Clean Coal Energy says it is a reaction to a lot of regulation in a short period of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In a state like Nebraska where 65% of our electricity comes from coal, something is going to happen and the guess is electricity prices go up immediately,” Gates said. “You know, there’s just a lot of economic implications that really should be looked at before we jump into something that no one knows the outcome economically.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nebraska rails are a major thoroughfare from Wyoming to power plants in the Midwest and southern Plains. Gates says the state’s economic ties to coal show the advantage of having easy access to inexpensive energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re fortunate enough to be in the top ten lowest states for electricity in the country,” Gates said. “What we need to do is find a balance between reducing emissions the best we can while also keeping an eye on what we’re going to do to local economies if we enact something too quickly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA claims that the mercury rule will have a positive economic impact in the end by providing health savings of up to $140 billion from reduced asthma, heart disease and other serious ailments. Gates says the EPA underestimates the cumulative impact of multiple rules all coming down at once, particularly in a bad economy. The Sierra Club’s Ken Winston believes power companies are capable of covering costs that they have not paid in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They can absorb the cost of making these changes much more easily than a person can,” Winston said. “An individual whose child doesn’t develop appropriately because they’ve had mercury poisoning, that’s a life that’s destroyed and we can’t tolerate that.” \u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Additional Links\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nppd.com/\">Nebraska Public Power District (NPPD)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/airquality/powerplanttoxics/\">EPA mercury rule\u003c/a> \u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://sierranebraska.org/\">Nebraska Sierra Club\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sierraclub.org/coal/map/\">Sierra Club - Beyond Coal\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.deq.state.ne.us/SurfaceW.nsf/Pages/FCA\">Fish consumption advisories page\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/crossstaterule/\">Cross-State Air Pollution Rule (CSAPR)\u003c/a> \u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.chron.com/business/energy/article/Texas-sues-EPA-to-block-new-pollution-rule-2182573.php\">Houtson Chronicle - Texas sues EPA to block new pollution rule\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://journalstar.com/news/local/article_f3cf3df3-af06-5791-9e50-07b5b597e476.html\">Nebraska AG lawsuit story\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/white-house-threatens-veto-of-house-bill-to-delay-epa-pollution-rules/2011/09/21/gIQAk2pNlK_story.html\">Washington Post - White House threatens veto of House bill to delay EPA pollution rules\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://cleancoalusa.org/\">The American Coalition for Clean Coal Electricity (ACCCE)\u003c/a> \u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/25030/mercury-rises-on-coal-costs","authors":["10231"],"series":["quest_10214"],"categories":["quest_9"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_482","quest_10217","quest_638","quest_3923","quest_923","quest_954","quest_10215","quest_1009","quest_3351","quest_9934","quest_1791","quest_3930","quest_3929","quest_10216","quest_2257","quest_2349","quest_3289","quest_3734"],"featImg":"quest_25033","label":"quest_10214"},"quest_21387":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_21387","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"21387","score":null,"sort":[1314393702000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"science-on-the-spot-salt-creek-tiger-beetles","title":"Science on the SPOT: Salt Creek Tiger Beetles","publishDate":1314393702,"format":"video","headTitle":"Science on the SPOT | QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":3296,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>If you ever want to meet someone enthusiastic about their job, catch up with the staff that works in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.omahazoo.com/exhibits/butterfly-insect-pavilion/\">Omaha Henry Doorly Zoo Butterfly and Insect Pavilion\u003c/a>. The first time I visited to discuss videotaping with them for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/mountain-prairie/species/invertebrates/saltcreektiger/FinalRecoveryOutlineFeb2009.pdf\">Salt Creek tiger beetle recovery project\u003c/a>, they brought out bug after bug for me to see. These insects didn't have anything to do with Salt Creek tiger beetles, but Kay Klatt and her staff wanted me to see the amazing features that different bugs have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_beetle\">atlas beetle\u003c/a> that's black and shiny like a newly washed Harley Davidson motorcycle. There's \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf-cutter_ants\">leafcutter ants\u003c/a> that slice leaves off of trees with a cut as clean as a butcher's knife would make. (Those leaves become fungi, which is actually what they eat.) I'd never seen anything like a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gongylus_gongylodes\">violin mantis\u003c/a> before. This bark-colored creature flexes at the joints as it moves to make it seem more like a robot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Eewww!!\" That's what a lot of people say when they see bugs. Kay Klatt, Supervisor of the Butterfly and Insect Pavilion at Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo, says, \"That's perfect. That's what gets people interested, especially young people. What is that? What does it do? How does that work? That's what might motivate someone to want to work with insects when they grow up.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The staff couldn't stop telling me about the creatures as they showed them to me. They talked about how many times they've been bitten or what species have bitten them, but they even did that with enthusiasm. I learned a lot about many types of bugs in a short amount of time. But the other thing I learned is that rare and fragile creatures like \u003ca href=\"http://drshigley.com/lgh/sctb/\">Salt Creek tiger beetles\u003c/a> are in good hands when people like this are looking out for them. The odds are stacked against \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/mountain-prairie/species/invertebrates/saltcreektiger/\">the tiger beetles\u003c/a>, but if they make it, it will be because there are people with a passion to help them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The passion will be a test of patience for the next several months. All the staff can do with the Salt Creek tiger beetle larvae is feed it. To do that, its food is placed at the top of a tube of soil, then the larvae will come to the top to get it. I was surprised to learn that's about all the staff can do -- watch and wait until (hopefully) the larvae turn into beetles and then can be released into saline habitats near Lincoln next spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/Tiger_Beetle_Slideshow/_files/iframe.html?noscale=640x423\" width=\"640\" height=\"423\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Salt Creek tiger beetle is one of the most endangered species in the United States, with only two to five hundred beetles left. They're found only in a small saline wetland area just north of Lincoln, Nebraska. We visited the wetland with Mitch Paine, a former research assistant at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln who worked with the beetles and comes back every summer to photograph the Salt Creek tiger beetles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Produced by Diego Moreno / QUEST Nebraska. Beetle photographs by Mitch Paine.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The Salt Creek tiger beetle is one of the most endangered species in the United States, with only 200 to 500 beetles left. They're found only in a small saline wetland area just north of Lincoln, Nebraska.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1486515502,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/Tiger_Beetle_Slideshow/_files/iframe.html"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":517},"headData":{"title":"Science on the SPOT: Salt Creek Tiger Beetles | KQED","description":"The Salt Creek tiger beetle is one of the most endangered species in the United States, with only 200 to 500 beetles left. They're found only in a small saline wetland area just north of Lincoln, Nebraska.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"21387 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=videos&p=21387","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/26/science-on-the-spot-salt-creek-tiger-beetles/","disqusTitle":"Science on the SPOT: Salt Creek Tiger Beetles","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RX9cy8JS9I4","path":"/quest/21387/science-on-the-spot-salt-creek-tiger-beetles","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you ever want to meet someone enthusiastic about their job, catch up with the staff that works in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.omahazoo.com/exhibits/butterfly-insect-pavilion/\">Omaha Henry Doorly Zoo Butterfly and Insect Pavilion\u003c/a>. The first time I visited to discuss videotaping with them for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/mountain-prairie/species/invertebrates/saltcreektiger/FinalRecoveryOutlineFeb2009.pdf\">Salt Creek tiger beetle recovery project\u003c/a>, they brought out bug after bug for me to see. These insects didn't have anything to do with Salt Creek tiger beetles, but Kay Klatt and her staff wanted me to see the amazing features that different bugs have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_beetle\">atlas beetle\u003c/a> that's black and shiny like a newly washed Harley Davidson motorcycle. There's \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf-cutter_ants\">leafcutter ants\u003c/a> that slice leaves off of trees with a cut as clean as a butcher's knife would make. (Those leaves become fungi, which is actually what they eat.) I'd never seen anything like a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gongylus_gongylodes\">violin mantis\u003c/a> before. This bark-colored creature flexes at the joints as it moves to make it seem more like a robot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Eewww!!\" That's what a lot of people say when they see bugs. Kay Klatt, Supervisor of the Butterfly and Insect Pavilion at Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo, says, \"That's perfect. That's what gets people interested, especially young people. What is that? What does it do? How does that work? That's what might motivate someone to want to work with insects when they grow up.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The staff couldn't stop telling me about the creatures as they showed them to me. They talked about how many times they've been bitten or what species have bitten them, but they even did that with enthusiasm. I learned a lot about many types of bugs in a short amount of time. But the other thing I learned is that rare and fragile creatures like \u003ca href=\"http://drshigley.com/lgh/sctb/\">Salt Creek tiger beetles\u003c/a> are in good hands when people like this are looking out for them. The odds are stacked against \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/mountain-prairie/species/invertebrates/saltcreektiger/\">the tiger beetles\u003c/a>, but if they make it, it will be because there are people with a passion to help them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The passion will be a test of patience for the next several months. All the staff can do with the Salt Creek tiger beetle larvae is feed it. To do that, its food is placed at the top of a tube of soil, then the larvae will come to the top to get it. I was surprised to learn that's about all the staff can do -- watch and wait until (hopefully) the larvae turn into beetles and then can be released into saline habitats near Lincoln next spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/Tiger_Beetle_Slideshow/_files/iframe.html?noscale=640x423\" width=\"640\" height=\"423\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Salt Creek tiger beetle is one of the most endangered species in the United States, with only two to five hundred beetles left. They're found only in a small saline wetland area just north of Lincoln, Nebraska. We visited the wetland with Mitch Paine, a former research assistant at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln who worked with the beetles and comes back every summer to photograph the Salt Creek tiger beetles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Produced by Diego Moreno / QUEST Nebraska. Beetle photographs by Mitch Paine.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/21387/science-on-the-spot-salt-creek-tiger-beetles","authors":["10250"],"series":["quest_3296"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_302","quest_979","quest_980","quest_1291","quest_9934","quest_9933","quest_9932","quest_3289","quest_12354","quest_9930","quest_3926","quest_3140"],"featImg":"quest_21389","label":"quest_3296"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. 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