Science on the SPOT: Up all Night with SOFIA, NASA's Flying Observatory
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Up All Night on NASA's Flying Telescope
Everything is Illuminated, All the Time
Science on the SPOT: Color By Nano - The Art of Kate Nichols
New Nanoparticles Shed Light on Cell Behavior
Sponsored
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She has written for the Berkeley Science Review and the UC Museum of Paleontology’s Understanding Evolution and Understanding Science websites.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/aef770c1852a70b094a8f4ef2c3107e6?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Jennifer Skene | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/aef770c1852a70b094a8f4ef2c3107e6?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/aef770c1852a70b094a8f4ef2c3107e6?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/jennifer-skene"},"christopher-smallwood":{"type":"authors","id":"10205","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10205","found":true},"name":"Christopher Smallwood","firstName":"Christopher","lastName":"Smallwood","slug":"christopher-smallwood","email":"csmallw@berkeley.edu","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Christopher Smallwood is a Graduate Student in Physics at UC Berkeley. 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His past research interests have included Bose-Einstein condensation, rubidium-based atomic clocks, hydrogen masers, lenses and mirrors, mayflies, mousetrap cars, toothpick bridges, fawn lilies, the slinky, Legos, vinegar and baking soda volcanoes, wolves, choo-choo trains, and the word \"moon.\"","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/0c2d0e1987e4e99007eb08137dc65ebb?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Christopher Smallwood | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/0c2d0e1987e4e99007eb08137dc65ebb?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/0c2d0e1987e4e99007eb08137dc65ebb?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/christopher-smallwood"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_40021":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_40021","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"40021","score":null,"sort":[1340825456000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"science-on-the-spot-sofia-observatory","title":"Science on the SPOT: Up all Night with SOFIA, NASA's Flying Observatory","publishDate":1340825456,"format":"video","headTitle":"Science on the SPOT | QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":3296,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Seen from the exterior with its rear canopy closed, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/SOFIA/\">Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA)\u003c/a> aircraft looks much like a typical jumbo jet you might see at any airport-- perhaps even reminiscent of another well-known, heavily modified Boeing 747, Air Force One. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"SOFIA has a lot of characteristics that are very similar to a normal passenger airplane,\" explains Erick Young, Director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sofia.usra.edu/index.html\">SOFIA Science Center\u003c/a> at NASA/Ames Research Center in Mountain View, CA. \"Except for the fact that we’ve completely gutted the insides, and there’s a hole in the side of the airplane the size of a garage door, and there’s a 17-ton telescope mounted in the back. But other than that it’s pretty much like a regular airplane.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may appear modest from the outside, but SOFIA is more than a telescope tucked into a re-purposed commercial airliner. Obscured from view is a complete flying astronomical observation platform centered around a 2.7 meter-wide \u003ca href=\"http://science.howstuffworks.com/telescope3.htm\">reflecting telescope\u003c/a>, which carries a dozen or more astronomers, observers and crew \u003ca href=\"http://airs.jpl.nasa.gov/maps/satellite_feed/atmosphere_layers/\">above the clouds\u003c/a> to observe objects and phenomena too cold to be seen in visible light. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40032\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 315px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/WS301_SOFIA_young.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/WS301_SOFIA_young.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"WS301_SOFIA_young\" width=\"315\" height=\"177\" class=\"size-full wp-image-40032\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Erick Young is the Director of the SOFIA Science Center, and is responsible for the airplane crew and science operations of the observatory. Credit: NASA / Tom Tschida.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"The appearance of things that we can see in visible light is primarily because things are hot enough to give off light at visible light wavelengths,\" says Young. \" If you get things too cold, then things look redder and redder and eventually they’re so red that the human eye can’t see them anymore. And then what we are actually sensing is a different kind of light and it’s called infrared. And that’s basically the heat radiation that’s coming from objects. And so what we can look at are not things that are thousands of degrees hot, but things that are hundreds or tens of degrees above absolute zero. And it turns out that there’s a lot of material in the universe- the dust, planets like the Earth, clouds in space. They’re all too cold to normally emit in visible light, but by looking in the infrared, we’re able to sense them, detect them, and measure their properties.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our most familiar instrument for observing and measuring the electromagnetic radiation emitted by objects, the human eye, senses a narrow range of energy wavelengths. These are waves with wavelengths of 380 nanometers (violet) to about 740 nanometers (red). Although astronomy has its origin in observing the universe in this part of the spectrum, there are also telescopes and instruments that measure incredibly short, energetic wavelengths such as Gamma rays and X-rays, as well as extremely long wavelengths such as radio waves. Infrared or \"IR\" astronomers study that expansive swath of wavelengths just below the visible range, but still above the radio end of the spectrum. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://science.hq.nasa.gov/kids/imagers/ems/index.html\">\u003cimg alt=\"\" src=\"http://science.hq.nasa.gov/kids/imagers/ems/ems_length_final.gif\" class=\"aligncenter\" width=\"619\" height=\"147\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003csmall>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://science.hq.nasa.gov/kids/imagers/ems/index.html\">NASA\u003c/a>\u003c/small>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But why go through the trouble of \u003ca href=\"http://ericfdiaz.wordpress.com/why-does-infrared-astronomy-matters/\">observing objects in the IR spectrum\u003c/a> from the stratosphere, 12+ kilometers above the surface of the earth? There are several major infrared telescopes operating both on the ground and in space: at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/mko/\">Mauna Kea Observatories\u003c/a> in Hawaii, or \u003ca href=\"http://www.noao.edu/kpno/\">Kitt Peak National Observatory\u003c/a> in Arizona, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We put a telescope on the airplane because there are parts of the spectrum which are completely blocked and completely opaque in the Earth’s atmosphere. This was primarily in the infrared part of the spectrum,\" explains Young. \"The main thing that blocks the infrared light from reaching the ground is water vapor in the Earth’s atmosphere. And if we want to observe many of these wavelengths, we have to get to some place where there’s no water vapor and SOFIA will fly above more than 99% of the water vapor in the atmosphere.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flying telescopes may not be commonplace, but are hardly a new idea. SOFIA is merely the latest and largest in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.sofia.usra.edu/Edu/docs/97-Whiting_AeroHistory.pdf\">line of airborne observatories\u003c/a> going back to the 1920's, when eclipse chasers first carried a modest instrument aboard a 2-seater biplane. SOFIA's most recent ancestor is the the \u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/missions/kao/\">Kuiper Airborne observatory (KAO)\u003c/a>, a converted C-141 aircraft with a 36-inch mirror that flew missions from 1974 to 1995, and can be seen peacefully enjoying its retirement on a nearby patch of Moffett Field tarmac. The idea within NASA to use a 747-SP as a telescope platform goes back at least to \u003ca href=\"http://www.sofia.usra.edu/Sofia/history/sofia_history.html\">the late 1970's\u003c/a>. Technical challenges, years of delays and cost overruns nearly ended the project more than once. But SOFIA' construction eventually prevailed, test flights began in 2010, and it made its first scientific observations this past year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although all science operations are managed here in the Bay Area within Moffett Field's \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/home/index.html\">NASA Ames Research Center\u003c/a>, SOFIA's primary home is near Palmdale, California, at \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/home/index.html\">Dryden Flight Research Center\u003c/a>. SOFIA is a collaboration between NASA and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dlr.de/dlr/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-10002/\">German Aerospace Center, DLR\u003c/a> (Deutches Zentrum fur Luft-und Raumfahrt). The Germans provided the telescope; NASA provided the airplane and crew responsible for the science operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another operational advantage of flying the instruments on a plane is flexibility. Unlike IR telescopes that we have launched into space, such as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/\">Spitzer Space Telescope\u003c/a>, SOFIA comes home every night. It can swap out, repair, or update existing instruments as needed. To take advantage of this flexibility, SOFIA has available a collection of 9 specially-designed primary instruments to attach to the telescope, that each cover a specific range of wavelengths across and around the IR spectrum. Lastly, these instruments need not hew to the stringent weight requirements of their space-based counterparts, which saves money and allows use of instrumentation normally too big to launch on a rocket.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.sofia.usra.edu/Science/telescope/sci_tele_spectral.html\">\u003cimg alt=\"\" src=\"http://www.sofia.usra.edu/Science/telescope/images/spectral_sofia.gif\" width=\"450\" height=\"330\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The nine \"first-light\" SOFIA instruments plotted on the axes of spectral resolution and observing wavelength. Source: NASA.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After a successful run of several science test flights in 2011, SOFIA is currently in the shop for a major upgrade to its avionics systems. Upon returning later in 2012, the observatory plans to ramp up to 3 missions week by 2014, a schedule it hopes to keep for the next 20 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Erick Young expects that the future of IR astronomy with SOFIA is very bright - or warm, as the case may be. In fact, as the 1st generation of instruments are just being put through their paces, the \u003ca href=\"http://soma.larc.nasa.gov/SOFIA/\">call for the second generation has already begun\u003c/a>. \"The instrumentation that’s available on the infrared is still rapidly evolving, particularly at the very long wavelengths that SOFIA operates at. The technology is still relatively in the infancy. And so one can expect that as the years go by, we’ll have huge increases in our capabilities as the technology improves. And SOFIA will definitely be able to take advantage of that.\"\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"SOFIA is more than a telescope tucked into a re-purposed commercial airliner. It's a complete flying astronomical observation platform which carries a dozen or more astronomers, observers and crew far above the clouds to observe objects and phenomena too cold to be seen in visible light. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457566257,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":1168},"headData":{"title":"Science on the SPOT: Up all Night with SOFIA, NASA's Flying Observatory | KQED","description":"SOFIA is more than a telescope tucked into a re-purposed commercial airliner. It's a complete flying astronomical observation platform which carries a dozen or more astronomers, observers and crew far above the clouds to observe objects and phenomena too cold to be seen in visible light. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Science on the SPOT: Up all Night with SOFIA, NASA's Flying Observatory","datePublished":"2012-06-27T19:30:56.000Z","dateModified":"2016-03-09T23:30:57.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"40021 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=videos&p=40021","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/27/science-on-the-spot-sofia-observatory/","disqusTitle":"Science on the SPOT: Up all Night with SOFIA, NASA's Flying Observatory","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sw2uVNbqjDo","path":"/quest/40021/science-on-the-spot-sofia-observatory","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Seen from the exterior with its rear canopy closed, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/SOFIA/\">Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA)\u003c/a> aircraft looks much like a typical jumbo jet you might see at any airport-- perhaps even reminiscent of another well-known, heavily modified Boeing 747, Air Force One. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"SOFIA has a lot of characteristics that are very similar to a normal passenger airplane,\" explains Erick Young, Director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sofia.usra.edu/index.html\">SOFIA Science Center\u003c/a> at NASA/Ames Research Center in Mountain View, CA. \"Except for the fact that we’ve completely gutted the insides, and there’s a hole in the side of the airplane the size of a garage door, and there’s a 17-ton telescope mounted in the back. But other than that it’s pretty much like a regular airplane.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may appear modest from the outside, but SOFIA is more than a telescope tucked into a re-purposed commercial airliner. Obscured from view is a complete flying astronomical observation platform centered around a 2.7 meter-wide \u003ca href=\"http://science.howstuffworks.com/telescope3.htm\">reflecting telescope\u003c/a>, which carries a dozen or more astronomers, observers and crew \u003ca href=\"http://airs.jpl.nasa.gov/maps/satellite_feed/atmosphere_layers/\">above the clouds\u003c/a> to observe objects and phenomena too cold to be seen in visible light. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40032\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 315px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/WS301_SOFIA_young.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/WS301_SOFIA_young.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"WS301_SOFIA_young\" width=\"315\" height=\"177\" class=\"size-full wp-image-40032\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Erick Young is the Director of the SOFIA Science Center, and is responsible for the airplane crew and science operations of the observatory. Credit: NASA / Tom Tschida.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"The appearance of things that we can see in visible light is primarily because things are hot enough to give off light at visible light wavelengths,\" says Young. \" If you get things too cold, then things look redder and redder and eventually they’re so red that the human eye can’t see them anymore. And then what we are actually sensing is a different kind of light and it’s called infrared. And that’s basically the heat radiation that’s coming from objects. And so what we can look at are not things that are thousands of degrees hot, but things that are hundreds or tens of degrees above absolute zero. And it turns out that there’s a lot of material in the universe- the dust, planets like the Earth, clouds in space. They’re all too cold to normally emit in visible light, but by looking in the infrared, we’re able to sense them, detect them, and measure their properties.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our most familiar instrument for observing and measuring the electromagnetic radiation emitted by objects, the human eye, senses a narrow range of energy wavelengths. These are waves with wavelengths of 380 nanometers (violet) to about 740 nanometers (red). Although astronomy has its origin in observing the universe in this part of the spectrum, there are also telescopes and instruments that measure incredibly short, energetic wavelengths such as Gamma rays and X-rays, as well as extremely long wavelengths such as radio waves. Infrared or \"IR\" astronomers study that expansive swath of wavelengths just below the visible range, but still above the radio end of the spectrum. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://science.hq.nasa.gov/kids/imagers/ems/index.html\">\u003cimg alt=\"\" src=\"http://science.hq.nasa.gov/kids/imagers/ems/ems_length_final.gif\" class=\"aligncenter\" width=\"619\" height=\"147\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003csmall>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://science.hq.nasa.gov/kids/imagers/ems/index.html\">NASA\u003c/a>\u003c/small>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But why go through the trouble of \u003ca href=\"http://ericfdiaz.wordpress.com/why-does-infrared-astronomy-matters/\">observing objects in the IR spectrum\u003c/a> from the stratosphere, 12+ kilometers above the surface of the earth? There are several major infrared telescopes operating both on the ground and in space: at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/mko/\">Mauna Kea Observatories\u003c/a> in Hawaii, or \u003ca href=\"http://www.noao.edu/kpno/\">Kitt Peak National Observatory\u003c/a> in Arizona, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We put a telescope on the airplane because there are parts of the spectrum which are completely blocked and completely opaque in the Earth’s atmosphere. This was primarily in the infrared part of the spectrum,\" explains Young. \"The main thing that blocks the infrared light from reaching the ground is water vapor in the Earth’s atmosphere. And if we want to observe many of these wavelengths, we have to get to some place where there’s no water vapor and SOFIA will fly above more than 99% of the water vapor in the atmosphere.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flying telescopes may not be commonplace, but are hardly a new idea. SOFIA is merely the latest and largest in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.sofia.usra.edu/Edu/docs/97-Whiting_AeroHistory.pdf\">line of airborne observatories\u003c/a> going back to the 1920's, when eclipse chasers first carried a modest instrument aboard a 2-seater biplane. SOFIA's most recent ancestor is the the \u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/missions/kao/\">Kuiper Airborne observatory (KAO)\u003c/a>, a converted C-141 aircraft with a 36-inch mirror that flew missions from 1974 to 1995, and can be seen peacefully enjoying its retirement on a nearby patch of Moffett Field tarmac. The idea within NASA to use a 747-SP as a telescope platform goes back at least to \u003ca href=\"http://www.sofia.usra.edu/Sofia/history/sofia_history.html\">the late 1970's\u003c/a>. Technical challenges, years of delays and cost overruns nearly ended the project more than once. But SOFIA' construction eventually prevailed, test flights began in 2010, and it made its first scientific observations this past year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although all science operations are managed here in the Bay Area within Moffett Field's \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/home/index.html\">NASA Ames Research Center\u003c/a>, SOFIA's primary home is near Palmdale, California, at \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/home/index.html\">Dryden Flight Research Center\u003c/a>. SOFIA is a collaboration between NASA and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dlr.de/dlr/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-10002/\">German Aerospace Center, DLR\u003c/a> (Deutches Zentrum fur Luft-und Raumfahrt). The Germans provided the telescope; NASA provided the airplane and crew responsible for the science operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another operational advantage of flying the instruments on a plane is flexibility. Unlike IR telescopes that we have launched into space, such as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/\">Spitzer Space Telescope\u003c/a>, SOFIA comes home every night. It can swap out, repair, or update existing instruments as needed. To take advantage of this flexibility, SOFIA has available a collection of 9 specially-designed primary instruments to attach to the telescope, that each cover a specific range of wavelengths across and around the IR spectrum. Lastly, these instruments need not hew to the stringent weight requirements of their space-based counterparts, which saves money and allows use of instrumentation normally too big to launch on a rocket.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.sofia.usra.edu/Science/telescope/sci_tele_spectral.html\">\u003cimg alt=\"\" src=\"http://www.sofia.usra.edu/Science/telescope/images/spectral_sofia.gif\" width=\"450\" height=\"330\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The nine \"first-light\" SOFIA instruments plotted on the axes of spectral resolution and observing wavelength. Source: NASA.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After a successful run of several science test flights in 2011, SOFIA is currently in the shop for a major upgrade to its avionics systems. Upon returning later in 2012, the observatory plans to ramp up to 3 missions week by 2014, a schedule it hopes to keep for the next 20 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Erick Young expects that the future of IR astronomy with SOFIA is very bright - or warm, as the case may be. In fact, as the 1st generation of instruments are just being put through their paces, the \u003ca href=\"http://soma.larc.nasa.gov/SOFIA/\">call for the second generation has already begun\u003c/a>. \"The instrumentation that’s available on the infrared is still rapidly evolving, particularly at the very long wavelengths that SOFIA operates at. The technology is still relatively in the infancy. And so one can expect that as the years go by, we’ll have huge increases in our capabilities as the technology improves. And SOFIA will definitely be able to take advantage of that.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/40021/science-on-the-spot-sofia-observatory","authors":["6166","6219"],"series":["quest_3296"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_16","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_11234","quest_13192","quest_246","quest_3577","quest_1469","quest_3351","quest_1657","quest_30","quest_1918","quest_2033","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_13","quest_2739","quest_2780","quest_2808","quest_2891","quest_3034","quest_3071"],"featImg":"quest_40024","label":"quest_3296"},"quest_33527":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_33527","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"33527","score":null,"sort":[1332279309000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-calligraphers-golden-touch","title":"The Calligrapher's Golden Touch","publishDate":1332279309,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33529\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/20/the-calligraphers-golden-touch/initialn/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33529\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/initialN.jpg\" alt=\"Illuminated Initial N\" title=\"initialN\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33529\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/initialN.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/initialN-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illuminated Initial N, Spanish, 1290-1310, on view at the Getty\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I had a fantastic middle school history teacher named Mr. Saunders. One day, after we had been learning about illuminated manuscripts, Mr. Saunders gave us a class period of complete silence--except for a tape of Gregorian chants--to create our own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We didn't have any gold leaf, so our manuscripts were not technically \"illuminated,\" merely illustrated. But it was one of my favorite classes, and I've been fond of the art form ever since. So when I was in LA this weekend and noticed that the Getty was showing a new \u003ca href=\"http://www.getty.edu/art/exhibitions/gothic_grandeur/\" title=\"The Getty - Gothic Grandeur\">illuminated manuscript exhibit\u003c/a>, I had to check it out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/20/the-calligraphers-golden-touch/ingmirei/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33530\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ingmireI.jpg\" alt=\"Initial I of the Bible, illuminated by Thomas Ingmire\" title=\"ingmireI\" width=\"165\" height=\"166\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33530\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ingmireI.jpg 165w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ingmireI-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ingmireI-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ingmireI-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ingmireI-128x128.jpg 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ingmireI-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 165px) 100vw, 165px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, I realize that the Getty is in Southern California, and here I am on a Northern California blog, but I have an excuse: the only work in the exhibit that wasn't centuries old belonged to San Francisco master calligrapher \u003ca href=\"http://www.thomasingmire.com/home_f.html\" title=\"Thomas Ingmire\">Thomas Ingmire\u003c/a>! Did you know we had a master calligrapher? Neither did I!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ingmire had created a series of pages to demonstrate all the steps of the illumination process. The artist first paints glue over the areas to be illuminated, then sticks gold leaf to the glue and brushes any extra leaf away. At this point, though, the gold is dull matte and the page can hardly be called illuminated. How to make it glossy?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33531\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 248px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/20/the-calligraphers-golden-touch/intiali/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33531\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/intialI-248x360.jpg\" alt=\"Initial I, Italian, 1250-1262, on view at the Getty\" title=\"intialI\" width=\"248\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-33531\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Initial I, Italian, 1250-1262, on view at the Getty\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gloss, or shine, or illumination--whatever you want to call it--comes from \u003cem>specular reflection\u003c/em>, the same thing that makes a mirror work. When a surface is very smooth at the microscopic level, all the light rays hitting it are reflected at the same angle. A mirror has almost perfect specular reflection, because it's almost perfectly smooth. But if the surface has microscopic bumps and ridges, they reflect light rays in all different directions, leading to \u003cem>diffuse reflection\u003c/em>--a matte surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the gold leaf has to be smoothed by rubbing it with something hard, traditionally bone. You may already be familiar with this technique, called \u003cem>burnishing\u003c/em>, if you were unlucky enough to have a boring history teacher and spent the class period smoothing gum wrappers with your thumbnail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was not a gum-chewing child--but I \u003cem>was\u003c/em> an amateur calligrapher, in addition to being infatuated with illuminated manuscripts. After looking at Ingmire's series at the Getty, I thought, \"Maybe I'll try this when I get home!\" Then I read up on \u003ca href=\"http://www.illuminatedpage.com/gilding.html\" title=\"The Illuminated Page - Gilding\">working\u003c/a> with \u003ca href=\"http://baronmorgan.gallowglass.org/articles/cna04_basicgilding.html\" title=\"Basic Gilding for Illumination\">gold leaf\u003c/a>--and decided to write about it instead.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"When I was in LA this weekend and noticed that the Getty was showing a new illuminated manuscript exhibit, I had to check it out. The only work in the exhibit that wasn't centuries old belonged to San Francisco master calligrapher Thomas Ingmire.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1332966089,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":429},"headData":{"title":"The Calligrapher's Golden Touch | KQED","description":"When I was in LA this weekend and noticed that the Getty was showing a new illuminated manuscript exhibit, I had to check it out. The only work in the exhibit that wasn't centuries old belonged to San Francisco master calligrapher Thomas Ingmire.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Calligrapher's Golden Touch","datePublished":"2012-03-20T21:35:09.000Z","dateModified":"2012-03-28T20:21:29.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"33527 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=33527","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/20/the-calligraphers-golden-touch/","disqusTitle":"The Calligrapher's Golden Touch","path":"/quest/33527/the-calligraphers-golden-touch","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33529\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/20/the-calligraphers-golden-touch/initialn/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33529\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/initialN.jpg\" alt=\"Illuminated Initial N\" title=\"initialN\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33529\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/initialN.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/initialN-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illuminated Initial N, Spanish, 1290-1310, on view at the Getty\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I had a fantastic middle school history teacher named Mr. Saunders. One day, after we had been learning about illuminated manuscripts, Mr. Saunders gave us a class period of complete silence--except for a tape of Gregorian chants--to create our own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We didn't have any gold leaf, so our manuscripts were not technically \"illuminated,\" merely illustrated. But it was one of my favorite classes, and I've been fond of the art form ever since. So when I was in LA this weekend and noticed that the Getty was showing a new \u003ca href=\"http://www.getty.edu/art/exhibitions/gothic_grandeur/\" title=\"The Getty - Gothic Grandeur\">illuminated manuscript exhibit\u003c/a>, I had to check it out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/20/the-calligraphers-golden-touch/ingmirei/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33530\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ingmireI.jpg\" alt=\"Initial I of the Bible, illuminated by Thomas Ingmire\" title=\"ingmireI\" width=\"165\" height=\"166\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33530\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ingmireI.jpg 165w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ingmireI-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ingmireI-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ingmireI-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ingmireI-128x128.jpg 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ingmireI-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 165px) 100vw, 165px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, I realize that the Getty is in Southern California, and here I am on a Northern California blog, but I have an excuse: the only work in the exhibit that wasn't centuries old belonged to San Francisco master calligrapher \u003ca href=\"http://www.thomasingmire.com/home_f.html\" title=\"Thomas Ingmire\">Thomas Ingmire\u003c/a>! Did you know we had a master calligrapher? Neither did I!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ingmire had created a series of pages to demonstrate all the steps of the illumination process. The artist first paints glue over the areas to be illuminated, then sticks gold leaf to the glue and brushes any extra leaf away. At this point, though, the gold is dull matte and the page can hardly be called illuminated. How to make it glossy?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33531\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 248px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/20/the-calligraphers-golden-touch/intiali/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33531\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/intialI-248x360.jpg\" alt=\"Initial I, Italian, 1250-1262, on view at the Getty\" title=\"intialI\" width=\"248\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-33531\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Initial I, Italian, 1250-1262, on view at the Getty\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gloss, or shine, or illumination--whatever you want to call it--comes from \u003cem>specular reflection\u003c/em>, the same thing that makes a mirror work. When a surface is very smooth at the microscopic level, all the light rays hitting it are reflected at the same angle. A mirror has almost perfect specular reflection, because it's almost perfectly smooth. But if the surface has microscopic bumps and ridges, they reflect light rays in all different directions, leading to \u003cem>diffuse reflection\u003c/em>--a matte surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the gold leaf has to be smoothed by rubbing it with something hard, traditionally bone. You may already be familiar with this technique, called \u003cem>burnishing\u003c/em>, if you were unlucky enough to have a boring history teacher and spent the class period smoothing gum wrappers with your thumbnail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was not a gum-chewing child--but I \u003cem>was\u003c/em> an amateur calligrapher, in addition to being infatuated with illuminated manuscripts. After looking at Ingmire's series at the Getty, I thought, \"Maybe I'll try this when I get home!\" Then I read up on \u003ca href=\"http://www.illuminatedpage.com/gilding.html\" title=\"The Illuminated Page - Gilding\">working\u003c/a> with \u003ca href=\"http://baronmorgan.gallowglass.org/articles/cna04_basicgilding.html\" title=\"Basic Gilding for Illumination\">gold leaf\u003c/a>--and decided to write about it instead.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/33527/the-calligraphers-golden-touch","authors":["6324"],"categories":["quest_16"],"tags":["quest_216","quest_3309","quest_10857","quest_10856","quest_3351","quest_1657","quest_1797","quest_3307","quest_2349","quest_13202","quest_10858"],"featImg":"quest_33529","label":"quest"},"quest_26549":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_26549","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"26549","score":null,"sort":[1329498023000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"up-all-night-on-nasas-flying-telescope","title":"Up All Night on NASA's Flying Telescope","publishDate":1329498023,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/02/2012-02-20-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26551\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/NASA-Sofia.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/NASA-Sofia-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"NASA-Sofia\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-26551\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA's Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy, also known as SOFIA. (Photo: NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The new \u003ca href=\"http://www.sofia.usra.edu/\">SOFIA observatory\u003c/a> isn't your average NASA project. Engineers took a 30-year old 747 airplane, cut a hole in the side and installed a 17-ton telescope. Most telescopes are either on the ground or somewhere in orbit, but SOFIA falls somewhere in the middle, flying around at about 40,000 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I got the chance to hitch a ride on one of its recent research flights as the plane left Moffett Field at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/home/index.html\">NASA Ames Research Center\u003c/a>. It's definitely not the kind of flight where you get a bag of peanuts and movie. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers take advantage of the nighttime sky, so we left at dusk for 10-hour tour flying zigzags across the Pacific Ocean. Each leg of the journey is carefully calculated so the telescope can pinpoint a far away star. The plane interior is packed with computers and equipment. It also lacks insulation since much of it was removed to install the telescope, so it's both cold and loud inside. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At four in the morning, the astronomers are still hard at work. If they're as tired as I am, they certainly aren't showing it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For me, this is very exciting,\" says Ian McLean, a professor at the University of California-Los Angeles. He usually works on the ground. \"All my career has been ground-based astronomy. So, it's only my second flight.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McLean says there's a good reason to do astronomy in the stratosphere. The atmosphere is thinner, which means it's easier for the telescope to see the stars. \"It's almost as good as space,\" says McLean. \"Not quite, but almost.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And unlike the \u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/\">Hubble Space Telescope\u003c/a>, this telescope lands everyday, which means the scientists can update and fix the equipment. \"By the time you get a mission into orbit, the technology you're using is relatively old. Here we can stay state of the art all the time,\" says McLean. NASA began developing SOFIA in 1997 and almost cancelled the project at one point. It flew its first science mission in November 2010 and now costs about $80 million a year to operate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Searching for a \"Holy Grail\"\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McLean says the SOFIA telescope could show astronomers something that's considered a Holy Grail in their field: seeing a star being born. It happens in huge, dusty clouds – stellar nurseries, as Mclean calls them. \"The cloud is huge, light years across and it's gradually contracting to form a whole nursery of stars.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26560\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/SOFIA_101711_JoshC_7679.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/SOFIA_101711_JoshC_7679.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"SOFIA_101711_JoshC_7679\" width=\"320\" height=\"207\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26560\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Inside NASA's SOFIA Observatory, somewhere over the Pacific Ocean.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But there's a problem. Astronomers can't see what's happening inside the clouds because, once again, they're made of dust and it's hard to see through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We don't mean dust bunnies, but we mean little, tiny little grains of solid material. Doesn't matter how big a telescope you have, you can't see inside it,\" McLean says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's why SOFIA looks at a special kind of light called \u003ca href=\"http://science.hq.nasa.gov/kids/imagers/ems/index.html\">infrared light\u003c/a>. If you look through a telescope on the ground, you're looking at the visible light from space – the light our eyes can see. Infrared light is invisible to us, but it penetrates space dust, which means the telescope can see through the dust too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You get to see what you can't see with your eye. It's like a window has been opened,\" says McLean. They're looking for exactly how stellar nurseries give birth to young stars. McLean says catching a star as it's forming can reveal clues about how own solar system formed. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But star birth isn't the only thing these researchers want to see. They're also looking at the way stars die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Star on the Way Out\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the plane makes as sharp right turn, the telescope focuses on an object called NGC 7027. It's a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_nebula\">planetary nebula\u003c/a> – also known as a dying star. McLean and his team are capturing an infrared image of the nebula, which is about 3,000 light years away. They can also see what it's made of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It has a distinctive shape. It's oval. There's a hole in the middle and that's because it literally is a shell of gas that came off the star,\" says McLean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>7027 is dying because the star has run out of fuel – the same fate that our sun will face in about five billion years. As it dies, the star casts off its outer layers, shedding huge amounts of material to form a cloud around it. But it's not entirely a sad story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It won't be wasted,\" says McLean. \"The material that was thrown off by that star in its dying phase, somewhere, millions, perhaps billions of years from now, will find its way into a new star and the planets that form around it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From dead stars come new stars – and planets like our own. The oxygen and nitrogen in our bodies were once formed inside a star. \"The cosmos is within us,\" as astronomer \u003ca href=\"http://www.carlsagan.com/\">Carl Sagan\u003c/a> once said. \"We're made of star stuff.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As sky begins to lighten, we descend towards the Dryden Aircraft Operations Facility in the Mojave Desert, where the plane is based. The SOFIA telescope is now undergoing service upgrades and then will return to the skies three times a week. Astronomers from around the world are lining up to get on board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/sofia_slideshow/_files/iframe.html?noscale=640x393\" width=\"640\" height=\"393\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The Obama Administration’s new budget for NASA was released last week, and calls for cuts to many space programs. But one California-based project is likely to get more money. The SOFIA flying observatory, a telescope mounted on an airplane, is considered more nimble and cost-effective than other projects. Reporter Lauren Sommer recently caught a ride as it flew over the Pacific Ocean.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1329840247,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/sofia_slideshow/_files/iframe.html"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":24,"wordCount":947},"headData":{"title":"Up All Night on NASA's Flying Telescope | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Up All Night on NASA's Flying Telescope","datePublished":"2012-02-17T17:00:23.000Z","dateModified":"2012-02-21T16:04:07.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"26549 http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/up-all-night-on-nasas-flying-telescope/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/17/up-all-night-on-nasas-flying-telescope/","disqusTitle":"Up All Night on NASA's Flying Telescope","path":"/quest/26549/up-all-night-on-nasas-flying-telescope","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/02/2012-02-20-quest.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/02/2012-02-20-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26551\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/NASA-Sofia.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/NASA-Sofia-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"NASA-Sofia\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-26551\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA's Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy, also known as SOFIA. (Photo: NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The new \u003ca href=\"http://www.sofia.usra.edu/\">SOFIA observatory\u003c/a> isn't your average NASA project. Engineers took a 30-year old 747 airplane, cut a hole in the side and installed a 17-ton telescope. Most telescopes are either on the ground or somewhere in orbit, but SOFIA falls somewhere in the middle, flying around at about 40,000 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I got the chance to hitch a ride on one of its recent research flights as the plane left Moffett Field at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/home/index.html\">NASA Ames Research Center\u003c/a>. It's definitely not the kind of flight where you get a bag of peanuts and movie. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers take advantage of the nighttime sky, so we left at dusk for 10-hour tour flying zigzags across the Pacific Ocean. Each leg of the journey is carefully calculated so the telescope can pinpoint a far away star. The plane interior is packed with computers and equipment. It also lacks insulation since much of it was removed to install the telescope, so it's both cold and loud inside. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At four in the morning, the astronomers are still hard at work. If they're as tired as I am, they certainly aren't showing it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For me, this is very exciting,\" says Ian McLean, a professor at the University of California-Los Angeles. He usually works on the ground. \"All my career has been ground-based astronomy. So, it's only my second flight.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McLean says there's a good reason to do astronomy in the stratosphere. The atmosphere is thinner, which means it's easier for the telescope to see the stars. \"It's almost as good as space,\" says McLean. \"Not quite, but almost.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And unlike the \u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/\">Hubble Space Telescope\u003c/a>, this telescope lands everyday, which means the scientists can update and fix the equipment. \"By the time you get a mission into orbit, the technology you're using is relatively old. Here we can stay state of the art all the time,\" says McLean. NASA began developing SOFIA in 1997 and almost cancelled the project at one point. It flew its first science mission in November 2010 and now costs about $80 million a year to operate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Searching for a \"Holy Grail\"\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McLean says the SOFIA telescope could show astronomers something that's considered a Holy Grail in their field: seeing a star being born. It happens in huge, dusty clouds – stellar nurseries, as Mclean calls them. \"The cloud is huge, light years across and it's gradually contracting to form a whole nursery of stars.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26560\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/SOFIA_101711_JoshC_7679.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/SOFIA_101711_JoshC_7679.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"SOFIA_101711_JoshC_7679\" width=\"320\" height=\"207\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26560\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Inside NASA's SOFIA Observatory, somewhere over the Pacific Ocean.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But there's a problem. Astronomers can't see what's happening inside the clouds because, once again, they're made of dust and it's hard to see through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We don't mean dust bunnies, but we mean little, tiny little grains of solid material. Doesn't matter how big a telescope you have, you can't see inside it,\" McLean says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's why SOFIA looks at a special kind of light called \u003ca href=\"http://science.hq.nasa.gov/kids/imagers/ems/index.html\">infrared light\u003c/a>. If you look through a telescope on the ground, you're looking at the visible light from space – the light our eyes can see. Infrared light is invisible to us, but it penetrates space dust, which means the telescope can see through the dust too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You get to see what you can't see with your eye. It's like a window has been opened,\" says McLean. They're looking for exactly how stellar nurseries give birth to young stars. McLean says catching a star as it's forming can reveal clues about how own solar system formed. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But star birth isn't the only thing these researchers want to see. They're also looking at the way stars die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Star on the Way Out\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the plane makes as sharp right turn, the telescope focuses on an object called NGC 7027. It's a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_nebula\">planetary nebula\u003c/a> – also known as a dying star. McLean and his team are capturing an infrared image of the nebula, which is about 3,000 light years away. They can also see what it's made of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It has a distinctive shape. It's oval. There's a hole in the middle and that's because it literally is a shell of gas that came off the star,\" says McLean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>7027 is dying because the star has run out of fuel – the same fate that our sun will face in about five billion years. As it dies, the star casts off its outer layers, shedding huge amounts of material to form a cloud around it. But it's not entirely a sad story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It won't be wasted,\" says McLean. \"The material that was thrown off by that star in its dying phase, somewhere, millions, perhaps billions of years from now, will find its way into a new star and the planets that form around it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From dead stars come new stars – and planets like our own. The oxygen and nitrogen in our bodies were once formed inside a star. \"The cosmos is within us,\" as astronomer \u003ca href=\"http://www.carlsagan.com/\">Carl Sagan\u003c/a> once said. \"We're made of star stuff.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As sky begins to lighten, we descend towards the Dryden Aircraft Operations Facility in the Mojave Desert, where the plane is based. The SOFIA telescope is now undergoing service upgrades and then will return to the skies three times a week. Astronomers from around the world are lining up to get on board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/sofia_slideshow/_files/iframe.html?noscale=640x393\" width=\"640\" height=\"393\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/26549/up-all-night-on-nasas-flying-telescope","authors":["239"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_8"],"tags":["quest_13192","quest_246","quest_252","quest_3577","quest_1469","quest_1657","quest_1918","quest_13203","quest_2033","quest_13202","quest_2739","quest_2780","quest_2808","quest_2891","quest_3034"],"featImg":"quest_26551","label":"quest"},"quest_15631":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_15631","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"15631","score":null,"sort":[1310400775000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"everything-is-illuminated-all-the-time","title":"Everything is Illuminated, All the Time","publishDate":1310400775,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/earthatnight.jpg\">\u003cem>The earth at night as viewed from a space, in a composite image from \u003ca href=\"http://www.werc.usgs.gov/OLDsitedata/pubbriefs/fisherpbfeb2009b.html\">NASA\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The world is not as dark as it used to be. Streetlights, parking lot security lights, office building lights, and neon signs shine all through the night. Light pollution can come directly from light bulbs, or it can bounce off of dust and water droplets in the air, creating a bright haze called skyglow. This 24-7 illumination can be \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/earthday/gall_earth_night.html\">seen from space\u003c/a>, and it has negative effects on humans and wildlife. But there are ways to dim the lights and reduce their effects—and save energy in the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Astronomers have long aware of the problems associated with nighttime illumination—it makes stars disappear. Big telescopes are built away from big cities for this reason, although \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/20/us/20whipple.html\">bright lights have a way of encroaching\u003c/a>. QUEST blogger Ben Burress talks about light pollution and astronomy \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2007/07/06/dark-secrets/\">here\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2009/01/16/globe-at-night-measuring-light-pollution-with-human-eyes/\">here\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Non-astronomers are affected by nighttime lighting, too; exposure to light at night affects our circadian rhythm, the 24-hour cycle deep inside our bodies. Seeing light at night can cause sleep disorders. And long-term exposure to light at night has been \u003ca href=\"http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/avoid-breast-cancer-sleep-in-the-dark-404522.html\">linked to breast cancer\u003c/a>, because light inhibits the production of melatonin, which slows the growth of cancer cells. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exposure to light affects animals, too. Anyone who has sat next to a porch light on a summer evening knows that moths are drawn to light—along with a multitude of other insects. Outdoor lights disturb insects’ nighttime navigation, and affect their feeding and mating. \u003ca href=\"http://www.werc.usgs.gov/OLDsitedata/pubbriefs/fisherpbfeb2009b.html\">Lizards are often found feeding\u003c/a> on the tasty insect snacks that gather around lights. Often, these lizards are not normally nocturnal—staying up at night gives them access to a “night-light niche” and an abundant food source. It also creates the opportunity for interactions between animals that would never meet in the dark conditions of previous centuries. Some lizards get a double benefit, basking in the warmth given off by artificial lights (incandescent lights are really inefficient; most of the energy they use goes to producing heat, not light). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Night lights make birds sing at odd hours, and mess with their mating and migration schedules. During migration, birds are drawn to the light from tall buildings and towers, resulting in deadly collisions. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea turtles are perhaps the most famous example of animals affected by light. Hatchlings swim towards the light—historically the horizon above the ocean. But now that beaches are backed by well-lit condos and hotels, baby turtles crawl further onshore instead of out to sea. There is evidence that sea turtles are drawn to light with short wavelengths, and using bulbs with longer wavelengths or using filters that cut out short light wavelengths reduces the number of baby turtles crawling in the wrong direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simple fixes, like different bulbs or shades that focus light on the ground, can do a lot to re-darken the night sky, as does turning off unnecessary lighting. Dimmer, more efficient bulbs that provide enough light for human needs—but not too much—are a step in the right direction, and can save on energy costs. \u003ca href=\"http://www.darksky.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=669&Itemid=110\">Dark sky conservation\u003c/a> and stricter lighting ordinances will help. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was surprised by the negative health effects of exposure to nighttime lighting—something to keep in mind as I work late into the night, basking like a lizard in the glow of my computer screen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.879329 -122.2463347\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The world is not as dark as it used to be. Light pollution can come directly from light bulbs, or it can bounce off of dust and water droplets in the air, creating a bright haze called skyglow. But there are ways to dim the lights and reduce their effects—and save energy in the process.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1310604789,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":585},"headData":{"title":"Everything is Illuminated, All the Time | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Everything is Illuminated, All the Time","datePublished":"2011-07-11T16:12:55.000Z","dateModified":"2011-07-14T00:53:09.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"15631 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=15631","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/11/everything-is-illuminated-all-the-time/","disqusTitle":"Everything is Illuminated, All the Time","path":"/quest/15631/everything-is-illuminated-all-the-time","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/earthatnight.jpg\">\u003cem>The earth at night as viewed from a space, in a composite image from \u003ca href=\"http://www.werc.usgs.gov/OLDsitedata/pubbriefs/fisherpbfeb2009b.html\">NASA\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The world is not as dark as it used to be. Streetlights, parking lot security lights, office building lights, and neon signs shine all through the night. Light pollution can come directly from light bulbs, or it can bounce off of dust and water droplets in the air, creating a bright haze called skyglow. This 24-7 illumination can be \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/earthday/gall_earth_night.html\">seen from space\u003c/a>, and it has negative effects on humans and wildlife. But there are ways to dim the lights and reduce their effects—and save energy in the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Astronomers have long aware of the problems associated with nighttime illumination—it makes stars disappear. Big telescopes are built away from big cities for this reason, although \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/20/us/20whipple.html\">bright lights have a way of encroaching\u003c/a>. QUEST blogger Ben Burress talks about light pollution and astronomy \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2007/07/06/dark-secrets/\">here\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2009/01/16/globe-at-night-measuring-light-pollution-with-human-eyes/\">here\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Non-astronomers are affected by nighttime lighting, too; exposure to light at night affects our circadian rhythm, the 24-hour cycle deep inside our bodies. Seeing light at night can cause sleep disorders. And long-term exposure to light at night has been \u003ca href=\"http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/avoid-breast-cancer-sleep-in-the-dark-404522.html\">linked to breast cancer\u003c/a>, because light inhibits the production of melatonin, which slows the growth of cancer cells. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exposure to light affects animals, too. Anyone who has sat next to a porch light on a summer evening knows that moths are drawn to light—along with a multitude of other insects. Outdoor lights disturb insects’ nighttime navigation, and affect their feeding and mating. \u003ca href=\"http://www.werc.usgs.gov/OLDsitedata/pubbriefs/fisherpbfeb2009b.html\">Lizards are often found feeding\u003c/a> on the tasty insect snacks that gather around lights. Often, these lizards are not normally nocturnal—staying up at night gives them access to a “night-light niche” and an abundant food source. It also creates the opportunity for interactions between animals that would never meet in the dark conditions of previous centuries. Some lizards get a double benefit, basking in the warmth given off by artificial lights (incandescent lights are really inefficient; most of the energy they use goes to producing heat, not light). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Night lights make birds sing at odd hours, and mess with their mating and migration schedules. During migration, birds are drawn to the light from tall buildings and towers, resulting in deadly collisions. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea turtles are perhaps the most famous example of animals affected by light. Hatchlings swim towards the light—historically the horizon above the ocean. But now that beaches are backed by well-lit condos and hotels, baby turtles crawl further onshore instead of out to sea. There is evidence that sea turtles are drawn to light with short wavelengths, and using bulbs with longer wavelengths or using filters that cut out short light wavelengths reduces the number of baby turtles crawling in the wrong direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simple fixes, like different bulbs or shades that focus light on the ground, can do a lot to re-darken the night sky, as does turning off unnecessary lighting. Dimmer, more efficient bulbs that provide enough light for human needs—but not too much—are a step in the right direction, and can save on energy costs. \u003ca href=\"http://www.darksky.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=669&Itemid=110\">Dark sky conservation\u003c/a> and stricter lighting ordinances will help. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was surprised by the negative health effects of exposure to nighttime lighting—something to keep in mind as I work late into the night, basking like a lizard in the glow of my computer screen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.879329 -122.2463347\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/15631/everything-is-illuminated-all-the-time","authors":["10200"],"categories":["quest_9"],"tags":["quest_385","quest_475","quest_921","quest_1657","quest_1659","quest_1661","quest_3684"],"featImg":"quest_15634","label":"quest"},"quest_17543":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_17543","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"17543","score":null,"sort":[1284566400000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"science-on-the-spot-color-by-nano-the-art-of-kate-nichols","title":"Science on the SPOT: Color By Nano - The Art of Kate Nichols","publishDate":1284566400,"format":"video","headTitle":"Science on the SPOT | QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":3296,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Artist Kate Nichols longed to paint with the iridescent colors of butterfly wings, but no such pigments existed. So she became the first artist-in-residence at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory to synthesize nanoparticles and incorporate them into her artwork. From the laboratory to the studio, see how Kate uses the phenomenon known as \"structural color\" to transform nanotechnology into creativity. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Artist Kate Nichols longed to paint with the iridescent colors of butterfly wings, but no such pigments existed. So she became the first artist-in-residence at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory to synthesize nanoparticles and incorporate them into her artwork. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1486514324,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":3,"wordCount":63},"headData":{"title":"Science on the SPOT: Color By Nano - The Art of Kate Nichols | KQED","description":"Artist Kate Nichols longed to paint with the iridescent colors of butterfly wings, but no such pigments existed. So she became the first artist-in-residence at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory to synthesize nanoparticles and incorporate them into her artwork. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Science on the SPOT: Color By Nano - The Art of Kate Nichols","datePublished":"2010-09-15T16:00:00.000Z","dateModified":"2017-02-08T00:38:44.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"17543 http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-color-by-nano-the-art-of-kate-nichols/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/09/15/science-on-the-spot-color-by-nano-the-art-of-kate-nichols/","disqusTitle":"Science on the SPOT: Color By Nano - The Art of Kate Nichols","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BO4TSb_rPkg","path":"/quest/17543/science-on-the-spot-color-by-nano-the-art-of-kate-nichols","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Artist Kate Nichols longed to paint with the iridescent colors of butterfly wings, but no such pigments existed. So she became the first artist-in-residence at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory to synthesize nanoparticles and incorporate them into her artwork. From the laboratory to the studio, see how Kate uses the phenomenon known as \"structural color\" to transform nanotechnology into creativity. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/17543/science-on-the-spot-color-by-nano-the-art-of-kate-nichols","authors":["2100"],"series":["quest_3296"],"categories":["quest_5","quest_16"],"tags":["quest_653","quest_1558","quest_3351","quest_1626","quest_1657","quest_1909","quest_2141","quest_2203","quest_13","quest_2812"],"featImg":"quest_240525","label":"quest_3296"},"quest_2900":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_2900","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"2900","score":null,"sort":[1246310821000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"new-nanoparticles-shed-light-on-cell-behavior","title":"New Nanoparticles Shed Light on Cell Behavior","publishDate":1246310821,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/06/bright_nano.jpg\">\u003cem>(left) A cell imaged with an optical microscope. (right) The same cell imaged by allowing the cell to absorb UCNPs and then irradiating it with infrared light. Each nanocrystal is one thousand times smaller than the width of a human hair. Image courtesy of PNAS.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cem>\"Like a silent black mist, nanoparticles began to come into the room underneath the west door...Inside the room, the particles appeared to spin and swirl aimlessly, but I knew they would self-organize in a few moments.\" \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thus proceeds Michael Crichton's 2002 thriller, \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Prey-Michael-Crichton/dp/0061703087/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1246068370&sr=1-1\">\u003cem>Prey\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/em>, as the protagonists face off against a malicious swarm of flesh-hungry nano-robots that are the offspring of a most unholy marriage of biological, computer science, and engineering research efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Real science capabilities lag somewhat behind, but researchers succeeded recently in demonstrating an exciting new class of nanoparticle with potential applications in biological imaging. The new crystals, more formally known as lanthanide-doped upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs), were fabricated and studied under the direction of principle investigators Bruce Cohen and James Schuck at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's \u003ca href=\"http://foundry.lbl.gov/\">Molecular Foundry\u003c/a>, and results were published on June 18\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> in a paper by Shiwei Wu and others in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Happily, while Crichton's nanoparticles coordinated an attack on a your vital organs, these particles behave more like benign light bulbs. After allowing a living cell to absorb the UCNPs, researchers shine \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum#Infrared_radiation\">infrared\u003c/a> laser light on the cell, and the nanocrystals within light up like a Christmas tree in red or green arrays of dots. These, in turn, can easily be spotted using an optical microscope and used to map out particle distributions within a cell, yielding information impossible to obtain by other methods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The method, known as single-molecule imaging, has been demonstrated using other nanoparticle types, but UCNPs are unique because of their uncommon brightness and stability, and because they are powered by infrared light. This is both good for the studied cells, because infrared light is less damaging than \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum#Visible_radiation_.28light.29\">visible\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum#X-rays\">X-ray\u003c/a> frequencies, and good for the people measuring them, because it can probe more deeply into tissue than other types of light. In fact, one prospect for future research is the imaging of entire animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reflecting on the research effort's long-term goals, Cohen commented that cross-disciplinary sharing of ideas is crucial. \"In general, we'd like to bring nanoscience to the larger scientific community, especially biology, where few researchers have had much exposure to it,\" he said. \"Our goal is to make interesting and useful new materials that will let them do all sorts of experiments that would otherwise be impossible.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.873798 -122.254475\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Happily, while Michael Crichton's nanoparticles coordinate an attack on a your vital organs, these new bright, stable particles behave more like benign light bulbs in your cells.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1309997879,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":9,"wordCount":451},"headData":{"title":"New Nanoparticles Shed Light on Cell Behavior | KQED","description":"Happily, while Michael Crichton's nanoparticles coordinate an attack on a your vital organs, these new bright, stable particles behave more like benign light bulbs in your cells.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"New Nanoparticles Shed Light on Cell Behavior","datePublished":"2009-06-29T21:27:01.000Z","dateModified":"2011-07-07T00:17:59.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"2900 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=2900","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/06/29/new-nanoparticles-shed-light-on-cell-behavior/","disqusTitle":"New Nanoparticles Shed Light on Cell Behavior","path":"/quest/2900/new-nanoparticles-shed-light-on-cell-behavior","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/06/bright_nano.jpg\">\u003cem>(left) A cell imaged with an optical microscope. (right) The same cell imaged by allowing the cell to absorb UCNPs and then irradiating it with infrared light. Each nanocrystal is one thousand times smaller than the width of a human hair. Image courtesy of PNAS.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cem>\"Like a silent black mist, nanoparticles began to come into the room underneath the west door...Inside the room, the particles appeared to spin and swirl aimlessly, but I knew they would self-organize in a few moments.\" \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thus proceeds Michael Crichton's 2002 thriller, \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Prey-Michael-Crichton/dp/0061703087/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1246068370&sr=1-1\">\u003cem>Prey\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/em>, as the protagonists face off against a malicious swarm of flesh-hungry nano-robots that are the offspring of a most unholy marriage of biological, computer science, and engineering research efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Real science capabilities lag somewhat behind, but researchers succeeded recently in demonstrating an exciting new class of nanoparticle with potential applications in biological imaging. The new crystals, more formally known as lanthanide-doped upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs), were fabricated and studied under the direction of principle investigators Bruce Cohen and James Schuck at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's \u003ca href=\"http://foundry.lbl.gov/\">Molecular Foundry\u003c/a>, and results were published on June 18\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> in a paper by Shiwei Wu and others in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Happily, while Crichton's nanoparticles coordinated an attack on a your vital organs, these particles behave more like benign light bulbs. After allowing a living cell to absorb the UCNPs, researchers shine \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum#Infrared_radiation\">infrared\u003c/a> laser light on the cell, and the nanocrystals within light up like a Christmas tree in red or green arrays of dots. These, in turn, can easily be spotted using an optical microscope and used to map out particle distributions within a cell, yielding information impossible to obtain by other methods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The method, known as single-molecule imaging, has been demonstrated using other nanoparticle types, but UCNPs are unique because of their uncommon brightness and stability, and because they are powered by infrared light. This is both good for the studied cells, because infrared light is less damaging than \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum#Visible_radiation_.28light.29\">visible\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum#X-rays\">X-ray\u003c/a> frequencies, and good for the people measuring them, because it can probe more deeply into tissue than other types of light. In fact, one prospect for future research is the imaging of entire animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reflecting on the research effort's long-term goals, Cohen commented that cross-disciplinary sharing of ideas is crucial. \"In general, we'd like to bring nanoscience to the larger scientific community, especially biology, where few researchers have had much exposure to it,\" he said. \"Our goal is to make interesting and useful new materials that will let them do all sorts of experiments that would otherwise be impossible.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.873798 -122.254475\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/2900/new-nanoparticles-shed-light-on-cell-behavior","authors":["10205"],"categories":["quest_8","quest_16"],"tags":["quest_1446","quest_1610","quest_1630","quest_1657","quest_1905","quest_1908","quest_2238","quest_2637","quest_3030","quest_3037","quest_3189"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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