Producer's Notes: Your Videos on QUEST - Joshua Cassidy
Mastodons, Mummies, and Meteorites: Evidence of Life Out There?
Arsenic and Old Lakes: NASA Finds Life NOT As We Know It
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From 1996-99, he was Head Observer at the Naval Prototype Optical Interferometer program at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, AZ.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/ben-burress/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Ben Burress | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/ben-burress"},"joshua-cassidy":{"type":"authors","id":"6219","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6219","found":true},"name":"Josh Cassidy","firstName":"Josh","lastName":"Cassidy","slug":"joshua-cassidy","email":"jcassidy@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":["science"],"title":"Digital Video Producer","bio":"Josh is a Senior Video Producer for KQED Science, and the Lead Producer and Cinematographer for Deep Look. After receiving his BS in Wildlife Biology from Ohio University, he went on to participate in marine mammal research for NOAA, USGS and the Intersea Foundation. He also served as the president of The Pacific Cetacean Group, a nonprofit organization dedicated to teaching students K-6 about whales. Josh studied science and natural history filmmaking at San Francisco State University and Montana State University.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f2582a0801a35af53b734d56bcac2bbe?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["author","edit_others_posts"]}],"headData":{"title":"Josh Cassidy | KQED","description":"Digital Video Producer","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f2582a0801a35af53b734d56bcac2bbe?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f2582a0801a35af53b734d56bcac2bbe?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/joshua-cassidy"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_47542":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_47542","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"47542","score":null,"sort":[1354295952000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"still-curious-about-mars-in-2012","title":"Still Curious About Mars in 2012","publishDate":1354295952,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47544\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/30/still-curious-about-mars-in-2012/pia14156/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47544\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/PIA14156.jpg\" alt=\"Artist illustration of NASA's Mars Science Laboratory rover, Curiosity.\" title=\"Artist illustration of NASA's Mars Science Laboratory rover, Curiosity.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-47544\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/PIA14156.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/PIA14156-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration of NASA's Mars Science Laboratory rover, Curiosity.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We've been thinking about life on Mars for a long, long time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first it was easy. Before the telescope, Mars was a brilliant spark of orange light that moved about the sky with the other planets, seemingly with a life of its own. Its light grew and faded as its distance changed, and it would routinely reverse its course through the stars in retrograde ebbs. Long ago, many cultures saw Mars, and the other visible planets, as living beings themselves: deities that journeyed through the heavens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the invention of the telescope, and especially in the late 19th-century when they got powerful enough to see some details on Mars' face, it was still pretty easy to think about Mars and life, though life on Mars, and not Mars as a living being, was the main fare for the imagination. Polar ice caps reminiscent of Earth's and perceptible surface markings and color variations, both of which changed in extent and detail with Martian seasons, seemed to make Mars—or the human imagination—pulse with life. Fiction writers and scientists alike \u003ca href=\"http://cde.nwc.edu/SCI2108/course_documents/solar_system/innerplanets/mars/lowell/lowell_mars.htm\" title=\"Percival Lowell's Mars\" target=\"_blank\">speculated on the existence\u003c/a> of vegetation, animal life, liquid water, and even intelligent civilizations existent on the Red Planet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as our telescopes grew even more powerful, and especially when we started sending cameras and telescopes to Mars on robotic spacecraft, imagining Martian life became more challenging. Even the first robots to land on Mars only added to the sterile picture of a lifeless Mars. It seemed that the possibilities of finding life there were drying up like the dusty, rusty, desert planet itself. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week I heard a rumor, which many of you heard as well, that NASA is preparing to make a big announcement concerning Mars and a recent discovery by the SAM instrument on board the rover Curiosity. People have been asking, \"What big announcement is NASA going to make? Will it really be earth-shaking, as some have suggested?\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.spaceflightnow.com/mars/msl/121128rumors/\" title=\"Curiosity discovery\" target=\"_blank\">NASA is qualifying the rumor\u003c/a>—which spread through the blogosphere and Twittersphere like cyberfire—with a sober and soundly scientific assessment that the announcement (expected on Monday) will be scientifically interesting, but not earth-shaking. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given that the SAM instrument (a set of chemistry experiments including a mass spectrometer, a laser spectrograph, a gas chromatograph, and a pre-subinertial photomegatronic oscillator—okay, only kidding about the last one) is designed to find organic compounds required by life as we know it, I'd say that the announcement will have something to do with organic compounds. I'm not being flippant; my point is that SAM (and Curiosity for that matter) was not designed to find life, fossils, remains or excrements of life, or even megalithic pyramids created by intelligent civilizations. (Although, the latter would certainly show up on one of Curiosity's cameras if it were pointed in the right direction….)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity was sent to Mars to assess the suitability for life in Mars' past. Other missions (Spirit and Opportunity, Mars Odyssey, Mars Express, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/18174-mars-water-streals-seasonal-flows.html\" title=\"Seasonal streaks on Mars captured by Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\" target=\"_blank\">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\u003c/a>) have revealed that liquid water, one basic requirement for life as we know it, very likely once flowed on Mars. But life (AWKI) also requires the right mix of organic compounds—compounds of nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon—to emerge, form, and thrive. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is Curiosity's charge, a mission that will unfold over the next two years as the rover climbs the slopes of Mount Sharp, a huge pile of sedimentary layers formed over the last 2 billion years or so--the very pages of the book of Mars' geologic history. Read on, Curiosity, read on!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think the wildfire of speculation, the furor of questing curiosity that erupted and became amplified by cyberspace, is an indication that we, as a culture and a species, are still looking for life on our neighbor planet; still hunting for life there, still wanting, hoping, to find it. I'm optimistic that we may find it, eventually—and in the meantime, I only have to wait until Monday to hear the latest from NASA, whatever exactly that will be. \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA is preparing to make a big announcement concerning Mars and a recent discovery by the SAM instrument on board the rover Curiosity, though has qualified the nature of the announcement to scientifically interesting, and not \"earth-shaking\" as the blogosphere has hyped it in speculation.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1370998212,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":702},"headData":{"title":"Still Curious About Mars in 2012 | KQED","description":"NASA is preparing to make a big announcement concerning Mars and a recent discovery by the SAM instrument on board the rover Curiosity, though has qualified the nature of the announcement to scientifically interesting, and not "earth-shaking" as the blogosphere has hyped it in speculation.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Still Curious About Mars in 2012","datePublished":"2012-11-30T17:19:12.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T00:50:12.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"47542 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=47542","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/30/still-curious-about-mars-in-2012/","disqusTitle":"Still Curious About Mars in 2012","path":"/quest/47542/still-curious-about-mars-in-2012","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47544\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/30/still-curious-about-mars-in-2012/pia14156/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47544\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/PIA14156.jpg\" alt=\"Artist illustration of NASA's Mars Science Laboratory rover, Curiosity.\" title=\"Artist illustration of NASA's Mars Science Laboratory rover, Curiosity.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-47544\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/PIA14156.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/PIA14156-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration of NASA's Mars Science Laboratory rover, Curiosity.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We've been thinking about life on Mars for a long, long time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first it was easy. Before the telescope, Mars was a brilliant spark of orange light that moved about the sky with the other planets, seemingly with a life of its own. Its light grew and faded as its distance changed, and it would routinely reverse its course through the stars in retrograde ebbs. Long ago, many cultures saw Mars, and the other visible planets, as living beings themselves: deities that journeyed through the heavens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the invention of the telescope, and especially in the late 19th-century when they got powerful enough to see some details on Mars' face, it was still pretty easy to think about Mars and life, though life on Mars, and not Mars as a living being, was the main fare for the imagination. Polar ice caps reminiscent of Earth's and perceptible surface markings and color variations, both of which changed in extent and detail with Martian seasons, seemed to make Mars—or the human imagination—pulse with life. Fiction writers and scientists alike \u003ca href=\"http://cde.nwc.edu/SCI2108/course_documents/solar_system/innerplanets/mars/lowell/lowell_mars.htm\" title=\"Percival Lowell's Mars\" target=\"_blank\">speculated on the existence\u003c/a> of vegetation, animal life, liquid water, and even intelligent civilizations existent on the Red Planet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as our telescopes grew even more powerful, and especially when we started sending cameras and telescopes to Mars on robotic spacecraft, imagining Martian life became more challenging. Even the first robots to land on Mars only added to the sterile picture of a lifeless Mars. It seemed that the possibilities of finding life there were drying up like the dusty, rusty, desert planet itself. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week I heard a rumor, which many of you heard as well, that NASA is preparing to make a big announcement concerning Mars and a recent discovery by the SAM instrument on board the rover Curiosity. People have been asking, \"What big announcement is NASA going to make? Will it really be earth-shaking, as some have suggested?\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.spaceflightnow.com/mars/msl/121128rumors/\" title=\"Curiosity discovery\" target=\"_blank\">NASA is qualifying the rumor\u003c/a>—which spread through the blogosphere and Twittersphere like cyberfire—with a sober and soundly scientific assessment that the announcement (expected on Monday) will be scientifically interesting, but not earth-shaking. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given that the SAM instrument (a set of chemistry experiments including a mass spectrometer, a laser spectrograph, a gas chromatograph, and a pre-subinertial photomegatronic oscillator—okay, only kidding about the last one) is designed to find organic compounds required by life as we know it, I'd say that the announcement will have something to do with organic compounds. I'm not being flippant; my point is that SAM (and Curiosity for that matter) was not designed to find life, fossils, remains or excrements of life, or even megalithic pyramids created by intelligent civilizations. (Although, the latter would certainly show up on one of Curiosity's cameras if it were pointed in the right direction….)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity was sent to Mars to assess the suitability for life in Mars' past. Other missions (Spirit and Opportunity, Mars Odyssey, Mars Express, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/18174-mars-water-streals-seasonal-flows.html\" title=\"Seasonal streaks on Mars captured by Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\" target=\"_blank\">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\u003c/a>) have revealed that liquid water, one basic requirement for life as we know it, very likely once flowed on Mars. But life (AWKI) also requires the right mix of organic compounds—compounds of nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon—to emerge, form, and thrive. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is Curiosity's charge, a mission that will unfold over the next two years as the rover climbs the slopes of Mount Sharp, a huge pile of sedimentary layers formed over the last 2 billion years or so--the very pages of the book of Mars' geologic history. Read on, Curiosity, read on!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think the wildfire of speculation, the furor of questing curiosity that erupted and became amplified by cyberspace, is an indication that we, as a culture and a species, are still looking for life on our neighbor planet; still hunting for life there, still wanting, hoping, to find it. I'm optimistic that we may find it, eventually—and in the meantime, I only have to wait until Monday to hear the latest from NASA, whatever exactly that will be. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/47542/still-curious-about-mars-in-2012","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_544","quest_742","quest_1656","quest_1751","quest_1918","quest_2088","quest_13202","quest_11633"],"featImg":"quest_47544","label":"quest"},"quest_40551":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_40551","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"40551","score":null,"sort":[1341846038000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"seeding-life-through-the-universe","title":"Seeding Life Through the Universe ","publishDate":1341846038,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40556\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/09/seeding-life-through-the-universe/murchisonmeteroite/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40556\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/MurchisonMeteroite.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"MurchisonMeteroite\" width=\"640\" height=\"364\" class=\"size-full wp-image-40556\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/MurchisonMeteroite.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/MurchisonMeteroite-400x228.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This meteorite has lots of different organic molecules that may have helped to jump start life here on Earth.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Watching \u003cem>Prometheus\u003c/em>, the science-fiction film by Ridley Scott, with my son the other day got me to thinking about panspermia. This is the idea that life sometimes spreads through the universe by riding on interstellar flotsam and jetsam like meteors or asteroids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe a life-bearing planet blows up and some of the chunks have spores or at the very least a few building blocks of life. One of these chunks travels for centuries or millennia (or probably even longer) until it hits a lifeless planet where the spores come to life. Soon the planet is teeming with life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>(SPOILER ALERT)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This isn’t exactly what happened in \u003cem>Prometheus\u003c/em>. At the start of the movie, a humanoid alien disintegrates itself so that it can unleash its DNA into the waters of a lifeless Earth. The DNA then starts dividing and/or mutating, eventually resulting in all the life on Earth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, I assume it is mutating. Otherwise it would be very strange for all life to come from humanoid DNA. Although I suppose the alien could have been a colony of different organisms that were then all released into Earth’s lifeless oceans. Or maybe all the alien’s skin and intestinal bacteria were also released so they could spread throughout the Earth. Or any other of a number of possibilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Technically, though, this isn’t really panspermia. It is more akin to something called exogenesis. In panspermia, the spread of life is accidental. It is deliberate with exogenesis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I am a sucker for science-fiction movies like \u003cem>Prometheus\u003c/em>. I love the thought of being able to find and confront our extraterrestrial ancestors like ancient Greeks storming Mount Olympus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately there isn’t any good evidence that life on this planet came from another planet. But there are hints that the start of life on Earth may have been aided by space borne organic molecules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have found some very life like molecules on meteorites. For example, one meteorite is reported to have had uracil, a key component of RNA, as well as a number of other DNA-like bases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These probably didn’t come from planets that had life though. Instead they were created through some run-of-the-mill ammonium cyanide chemistry out in space. It may be that organic molecules are more easily created in space than they were on the Earth of four billion years ago. Or even that they are much easier to make than scientists previously thought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So these organic molecules from space might have provided some of the raw materials from which life arose rather than being proof of life elsewhere. Instead of an alien disintegrating so it could release its DNA, maybe lots of meteorites disintegrated and released their organic molecules to give life a jump-start. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is way more satisfying to me than panspermia or exogenesis. With either of these, we are just pushing the problem of the start of life back a step. Life had to evolve on those other planets at some point (or at least at a single planet somewhere) so panspermia doesn’t really answer the biggest question—where did we come from. It just rephrases the question to how did our extraterrestrial ancestors evolve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_TPQUgUOPhY]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Richard Dawkins on organic molecules from space\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Watching Prometheus the other day with my son got me to thinking about panspermia. This is the idea that life sometimes spreads through the universe by riding on interstellar flotsam and jetsam like meteors or asteroids.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1342628975,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":584},"headData":{"title":"Seeding Life Through the Universe | KQED","description":"Watching Prometheus the other day with my son got me to thinking about panspermia. This is the idea that life sometimes spreads through the universe by riding on interstellar flotsam and jetsam like meteors or asteroids.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Seeding Life Through the Universe ","datePublished":"2012-07-09T15:00:38.000Z","dateModified":"2012-07-18T16:29:35.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"40551 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=40551","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/09/seeding-life-through-the-universe/","disqusTitle":"Seeding Life Through the Universe ","path":"/quest/40551/seeding-life-through-the-universe","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40556\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/09/seeding-life-through-the-universe/murchisonmeteroite/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40556\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/MurchisonMeteroite.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"MurchisonMeteroite\" width=\"640\" height=\"364\" class=\"size-full wp-image-40556\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/MurchisonMeteroite.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/MurchisonMeteroite-400x228.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This meteorite has lots of different organic molecules that may have helped to jump start life here on Earth.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Watching \u003cem>Prometheus\u003c/em>, the science-fiction film by Ridley Scott, with my son the other day got me to thinking about panspermia. This is the idea that life sometimes spreads through the universe by riding on interstellar flotsam and jetsam like meteors or asteroids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe a life-bearing planet blows up and some of the chunks have spores or at the very least a few building blocks of life. One of these chunks travels for centuries or millennia (or probably even longer) until it hits a lifeless planet where the spores come to life. Soon the planet is teeming with life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>(SPOILER ALERT)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This isn’t exactly what happened in \u003cem>Prometheus\u003c/em>. At the start of the movie, a humanoid alien disintegrates itself so that it can unleash its DNA into the waters of a lifeless Earth. The DNA then starts dividing and/or mutating, eventually resulting in all the life on Earth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, I assume it is mutating. Otherwise it would be very strange for all life to come from humanoid DNA. Although I suppose the alien could have been a colony of different organisms that were then all released into Earth’s lifeless oceans. Or maybe all the alien’s skin and intestinal bacteria were also released so they could spread throughout the Earth. Or any other of a number of possibilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Technically, though, this isn’t really panspermia. It is more akin to something called exogenesis. In panspermia, the spread of life is accidental. It is deliberate with exogenesis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I am a sucker for science-fiction movies like \u003cem>Prometheus\u003c/em>. I love the thought of being able to find and confront our extraterrestrial ancestors like ancient Greeks storming Mount Olympus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately there isn’t any good evidence that life on this planet came from another planet. But there are hints that the start of life on Earth may have been aided by space borne organic molecules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have found some very life like molecules on meteorites. For example, one meteorite is reported to have had uracil, a key component of RNA, as well as a number of other DNA-like bases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These probably didn’t come from planets that had life though. Instead they were created through some run-of-the-mill ammonium cyanide chemistry out in space. It may be that organic molecules are more easily created in space than they were on the Earth of four billion years ago. Or even that they are much easier to make than scientists previously thought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So these organic molecules from space might have provided some of the raw materials from which life arose rather than being proof of life elsewhere. Instead of an alien disintegrating so it could release its DNA, maybe lots of meteorites disintegrated and released their organic molecules to give life a jump-start. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is way more satisfying to me than panspermia or exogenesis. With either of these, we are just pushing the problem of the start of life back a step. Life had to evolve on those other planets at some point (or at least at a single planet somewhere) so panspermia doesn’t really answer the biggest question—where did we come from. It just rephrases the question to how did our extraterrestrial ancestors evolve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/_TPQUgUOPhY'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/_TPQUgUOPhY'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Richard Dawkins on organic molecules from space\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/40551/seeding-life-through-the-universe","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_4"],"tags":["quest_11271","quest_1032","quest_11268","quest_1656","quest_11272","quest_11269","quest_11270","quest_13202","quest_3319"],"featImg":"quest_40556","label":"quest"},"quest_14222":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_14222","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"14222","score":null,"sort":[1304449238000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"producers-notes-your-videos-on-quest-joshua-cassidy","title":"Producer's Notes: Your Videos on QUEST - Joshua Cassidy","publishDate":1304449238,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Drive about thirty minutes south from San Francisco along Highway 1 and you will come to the town of Moss Beach. When you get there, look for a small sign on the right that says \"Marine Life Refuge\". At the end of the road you will find \u003ca href=\"http://fitzgeraldreserve.org/\">Fitzgerald Marine Reserve\u003c/a>, a place where you can leave city life behind and experience an ephemeral world that is only available to humans when the gravitational pull of the moon and sun create a low tide. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I first ventured out onto the rocky algae covered reef of the FMR in 2004. At the time, I had made a life changing decision to give up a career in biology and venture into the \u003ca href=\"http://www.joshuacassidy.com/JoshuaCassidy.com/Home.html\">field of natural history filmmaking\u003c/a>. Excluding the countless hours I had spent watching nature shows on TV, I had no formal film production training. What I did have was a new video camera, a wool cap, and a child-like fascination with exploring nature. Over the next year, I spent every available daylight low tide at the reserve figuring out how to capture the feeling of coming face-to-face with a hermit crab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Filming in a marine environment presents a host of special challenges. Electronics and saltwater are not friends, but I had decided to make a film entirely within one foot above and below the water line. To do so I would have to get creative. For the majority of the underwater shots, I used a homemade aquascope made out of a black plastic tube that I cut to fit on the end of my camera’s lens. I glued a piece of clear \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poly(methyl_methacrylate)\">Plexiglas \u003c/a>on the other end, which allowed me to film in inches of water without the glare produced by the sun reflecting off the surface. Later I stepped up to a \"splash bag\", which is basically a glorified Ziploc bag with a clear lens on one end. The splash bag seals the camera inside and has the added advantage of protecting the camera when you slip on a spot of slick algae and slide down some jagged rocks into the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second most useful piece of equipment I acquired for the film was a close-up filter, which is basically a magnifying glass that screws onto the lens. This allowed me to get the detailed shots of the tide pool inhabitants. I like the idea of filming animals from their own perspective, which in this case meant sitting or lying on the rocks to get the camera at the same level as the subject. This sounds easy enough, but when sitting on cold wet rocks, it doesn’t take long before the shivers start to make your hands (and thus your camera) shake. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the concerns with filming very small creatures on the rocky shore is the potential to forget where you are and have the tide sneak back in, trapping you far out on a rock. More dangerous is the potential of a rogue wave coming without warning and sweeping an unaware visitor out to sea. This leads to the adage \"Don’t turn your back to the sea.\" Keep that in mind when you make your own trip to Fitzgerald Marine Reserve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The animals that live in the intertidal zone have adapted well to the demanding lifestyle of competing for space and resources in a rugged and fluctuating environment that is relentlessly pounded by the Pacific surf and surge. What they have not adapted to is having people step on them. When I am out on the rocks filming or introducing a friend to the reserve I always abide by the rules for tide pool etiquette: \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>•\tNo collecting! The reserve was formed to protect the intertidal inhabitants and even a short time in your pail will be detrimental to them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>•\tWatch where you step and be careful with the intertidal creatures. Don’t love the tide pools to death by inadvertently stepping on their residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>•\tKeep your distance from the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbor_seal\">Harbor seals\u003c/a> that haul out on the rocks to rest or sun themselves. It is illegal to harass the seals no matter how cute they are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>•\tDress the part. Wear layers, a hat, and some old tennis shoes. The rocks and barnacles are too sharp to comfortably walk barefoot. I find surfing booties to be ideal on the slick rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>•\tKeep an eye on the waves so you don’t have to take an unplanned swim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>•\tHave fun. Bring the family, friends, and anyone else who might be suffering from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/nature-deficit-disorder\">Nature Deficit Disorder\u003c/a>. We have the power to protect what we love, and we only love that which we know.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lastly, if you venture out to the pools but you don’t immediately see any wildlife don’t just move on. Many of the creatures are shy and skittish, and will hide at first sign of your footsteps and shadows. Just relax and wait for a couple minutes. You will soon see that the pools are teaming with a dazzling quantity of colorful snails, sculpins, anemones, and hermit crabs. \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Fitzgerald Marine Reserve is a place where you can leave city life behind and experience an ephemeral world that is only available to humans when the gravitational pull of the moon and sun create a low tide.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457656132,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":863},"headData":{"title":"Producer's Notes: Your Videos on QUEST - Joshua Cassidy | KQED","description":"Fitzgerald Marine Reserve is a place where you can leave city life behind and experience an ephemeral world that is only available to humans when the gravitational pull of the moon and sun create a low tide.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Producer's Notes: Your Videos on QUEST - Joshua Cassidy","datePublished":"2011-05-03T19:00:38.000Z","dateModified":"2016-03-11T00:28:52.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"14222 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2011/05/03/producers-notes-your-videos-on-quest-joshua-cassidy/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/05/03/producers-notes-your-videos-on-quest-joshua-cassidy/","disqusTitle":"Producer's Notes: Your Videos on QUEST - Joshua Cassidy","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YUT8XUjXtmY","path":"/quest/14222/producers-notes-your-videos-on-quest-joshua-cassidy","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Drive about thirty minutes south from San Francisco along Highway 1 and you will come to the town of Moss Beach. When you get there, look for a small sign on the right that says \"Marine Life Refuge\". At the end of the road you will find \u003ca href=\"http://fitzgeraldreserve.org/\">Fitzgerald Marine Reserve\u003c/a>, a place where you can leave city life behind and experience an ephemeral world that is only available to humans when the gravitational pull of the moon and sun create a low tide. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I first ventured out onto the rocky algae covered reef of the FMR in 2004. At the time, I had made a life changing decision to give up a career in biology and venture into the \u003ca href=\"http://www.joshuacassidy.com/JoshuaCassidy.com/Home.html\">field of natural history filmmaking\u003c/a>. Excluding the countless hours I had spent watching nature shows on TV, I had no formal film production training. What I did have was a new video camera, a wool cap, and a child-like fascination with exploring nature. Over the next year, I spent every available daylight low tide at the reserve figuring out how to capture the feeling of coming face-to-face with a hermit crab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Filming in a marine environment presents a host of special challenges. Electronics and saltwater are not friends, but I had decided to make a film entirely within one foot above and below the water line. To do so I would have to get creative. For the majority of the underwater shots, I used a homemade aquascope made out of a black plastic tube that I cut to fit on the end of my camera’s lens. I glued a piece of clear \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poly(methyl_methacrylate)\">Plexiglas \u003c/a>on the other end, which allowed me to film in inches of water without the glare produced by the sun reflecting off the surface. Later I stepped up to a \"splash bag\", which is basically a glorified Ziploc bag with a clear lens on one end. The splash bag seals the camera inside and has the added advantage of protecting the camera when you slip on a spot of slick algae and slide down some jagged rocks into the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second most useful piece of equipment I acquired for the film was a close-up filter, which is basically a magnifying glass that screws onto the lens. This allowed me to get the detailed shots of the tide pool inhabitants. I like the idea of filming animals from their own perspective, which in this case meant sitting or lying on the rocks to get the camera at the same level as the subject. This sounds easy enough, but when sitting on cold wet rocks, it doesn’t take long before the shivers start to make your hands (and thus your camera) shake. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the concerns with filming very small creatures on the rocky shore is the potential to forget where you are and have the tide sneak back in, trapping you far out on a rock. More dangerous is the potential of a rogue wave coming without warning and sweeping an unaware visitor out to sea. This leads to the adage \"Don’t turn your back to the sea.\" Keep that in mind when you make your own trip to Fitzgerald Marine Reserve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The animals that live in the intertidal zone have adapted well to the demanding lifestyle of competing for space and resources in a rugged and fluctuating environment that is relentlessly pounded by the Pacific surf and surge. What they have not adapted to is having people step on them. When I am out on the rocks filming or introducing a friend to the reserve I always abide by the rules for tide pool etiquette: \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>•\tNo collecting! The reserve was formed to protect the intertidal inhabitants and even a short time in your pail will be detrimental to them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>•\tWatch where you step and be careful with the intertidal creatures. Don’t love the tide pools to death by inadvertently stepping on their residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>•\tKeep your distance from the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbor_seal\">Harbor seals\u003c/a> that haul out on the rocks to rest or sun themselves. It is illegal to harass the seals no matter how cute they are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>•\tDress the part. Wear layers, a hat, and some old tennis shoes. The rocks and barnacles are too sharp to comfortably walk barefoot. I find surfing booties to be ideal on the slick rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>•\tKeep an eye on the waves so you don’t have to take an unplanned swim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>•\tHave fun. Bring the family, friends, and anyone else who might be suffering from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/nature-deficit-disorder\">Nature Deficit Disorder\u003c/a>. We have the power to protect what we love, and we only love that which we know.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lastly, if you venture out to the pools but you don’t immediately see any wildlife don’t just move on. Many of the creatures are shy and skittish, and will hide at first sign of your footsteps and shadows. Just relax and wait for a couple minutes. You will soon see that the pools are teaming with a dazzling quantity of colorful snails, sculpins, anemones, and hermit crabs. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/14222/producers-notes-your-videos-on-quest-joshua-cassidy","authors":["6219"],"categories":["quest_4"],"tags":["quest_294","quest_718","quest_3576","quest_1656","quest_1739","quest_3666","quest_3387","quest_3767","quest_2893","quest_2937","quest_3813"],"featImg":"quest_14224","label":"quest"},"quest_12701":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_12701","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"12701","score":null,"sort":[1299864659000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"mastodons-mummies-and-meteorites-evidence-of-life-out-there","title":"Mastodons, Mummies, and Meteorites: Evidence of Life Out There?","publishDate":1299864659,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/hoover-chondrite.gif\">\u003cem>Scanning electron microscope image of the Orgueil meteorite. \u003cbr>Credit: Dr. Richard Hoover/Journal of Cosmology\u003cbr>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/01/29/personal-comet/\">The recent publication of the investigation of a rare class of meteorite (the CI1 \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://www4.nau.edu/meteorite/Meteorite/Book-CarbChondrites.html\">Carbonaceous Chondrite\u003c/a>) by Dr. Richard Hoover of NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center has caused another stir among scientists and the news media regarding possible origins of life on Earth, and life in the Universe in general. Exciting stuff—though the report stimulated the \"usual\" spectrum of responses, ranging from the starry-eyed \u003cem>wow\u003c/em>! to the cool-headed\u003cem> let's wait and see \u003c/em>to a tepid-at-best \u003cem>we've \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/11049-alien-life-meteorites-skepticism.html\">heard this hype before\u003c/a>….\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a nutshell, \u003ca href=\"http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2011/03/05/exclusive-nasa-scientists-claims-evidence-alien-life-meteorite/\">Dr. Hoover's study \u003c/a> suggests that encased within the minerals of the studied meteorites are chemical signatures of life and fossils of microbes, some of which are very similar to known Earthly cyanobacteria, and some that are not very like Earth life forms at all. The implication is that life (at least these would-be meteoritic microbes) originated outside of Earth, on some other parent body—possibly a comet—and that the formation of life may be common and ubiquitous in the Universe. It's a very big implication—and as some respondents have cited, big implications require big proof (okay, I'm paraphrasing Carl Sagan's, \"extraordinary claims require extraordinary proof\"). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the challenges in this type of investigation is in distinguishing between \"indigenous\" mineral and microbe-like forms in the meteorites (that is, those that may have come along with the meteorite during its fall to Earth) and contamination by Earthly microbes—because, come on, if the Earth's surface is nothing else, it is absolutely teeming with life in every nook and cranny! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other implications have been mentioned beside life from \"out there\" seeding the early Earth and giving rise to us (in fact, there is no definitive proof that life originated on Earth—and according to one theory, life could not have started here). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One idea goes the other way: life started on Earth early on, prior to the end of the period of heavy bombardment of our world by asteroids and comets, and the blasts of some of those collisions could have kicked the Earthly specimens back into space…maybe only to return to us eons later as \"evidence of extraterrestrial life\"—which would be ironic. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of his analysis, Dr. Hoover included a range of known Earth life as control references--samples from mastodons, Egyptian mummies, insects preserved in amber, fossilized cyanobacteria from ancient rocks, and several others—to compare to the samples from his subject meteorites. According to his publication, the comparison of the samples has shown certain organic chemicals found in terrestrial life lacking in the meteorites—a number of amino acids, and nitrogen—which suggest that the meteorite samples may not bear contamination by Earthly life. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quest for life beyond Earth has gone on for a long time, and a lot of tantalizing clues and possible evidence have been making the rounds. Microbe fossils in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/12/04/new-evidence-of-martian-life-found-in-antarctica/\">meteorites from Mars\u003c/a>? \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/12/03/arsenic-and-old-lakes-nasa-finds-life-not-as-we-know-it/\">Life not-as-we-know-it \u003c/a>living in the waters of Mono Lake? \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/01/30/methane-on-mars-moooooooo/\">Methane plumes \u003c/a>from beneath the Martian surface? Organic molecules in the tails of comets and on \u003ca href=\"http://www.popsci.com/science/article/2010-06/new-cassini-findings-hint-methane-based-life-titan\">Saturn's moon Titan\u003c/a>? And now, possible organics and fossils in the rarest of carbonaceous chondrite meteorites? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the moment, I'll wait and see \u003ca href=\"http://journalofcosmology.com/Life101.html\">how scientists review \u003c/a>Dr. Hoover's study—because, yes, I have heard before what turned out to be hype—but in the back of my mind…wow!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A recent publishing of the investigation of a rare class of meteorite (the CI1 Carbonaceous Chondrite) by Dr. Richard Hoover of NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center has caused another stir among scientists and the news media regarding possible origins of life on Earth and life in the Universe in general.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1299864659,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":608},"headData":{"title":"Mastodons, Mummies, and Meteorites: Evidence of Life Out There? | KQED","description":"A recent publishing of the investigation of a rare class of meteorite (the CI1 Carbonaceous Chondrite) by Dr. Richard Hoover of NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center has caused another stir among scientists and the news media regarding possible origins of life on Earth and life in the Universe in general.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Mastodons, Mummies, and Meteorites: Evidence of Life Out There?","datePublished":"2011-03-11T17:30:59.000Z","dateModified":"2011-03-11T17:30:59.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"12701 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=12701","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/11/mastodons-mummies-and-meteorites-evidence-of-life-out-there/","disqusTitle":"Mastodons, Mummies, and Meteorites: Evidence of Life Out There?","path":"/quest/12701/mastodons-mummies-and-meteorites-evidence-of-life-out-there","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/hoover-chondrite.gif\">\u003cem>Scanning electron microscope image of the Orgueil meteorite. \u003cbr>Credit: Dr. Richard Hoover/Journal of Cosmology\u003cbr>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/01/29/personal-comet/\">The recent publication of the investigation of a rare class of meteorite (the CI1 \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://www4.nau.edu/meteorite/Meteorite/Book-CarbChondrites.html\">Carbonaceous Chondrite\u003c/a>) by Dr. Richard Hoover of NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center has caused another stir among scientists and the news media regarding possible origins of life on Earth, and life in the Universe in general. Exciting stuff—though the report stimulated the \"usual\" spectrum of responses, ranging from the starry-eyed \u003cem>wow\u003c/em>! to the cool-headed\u003cem> let's wait and see \u003c/em>to a tepid-at-best \u003cem>we've \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/11049-alien-life-meteorites-skepticism.html\">heard this hype before\u003c/a>….\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a nutshell, \u003ca href=\"http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2011/03/05/exclusive-nasa-scientists-claims-evidence-alien-life-meteorite/\">Dr. Hoover's study \u003c/a> suggests that encased within the minerals of the studied meteorites are chemical signatures of life and fossils of microbes, some of which are very similar to known Earthly cyanobacteria, and some that are not very like Earth life forms at all. The implication is that life (at least these would-be meteoritic microbes) originated outside of Earth, on some other parent body—possibly a comet—and that the formation of life may be common and ubiquitous in the Universe. It's a very big implication—and as some respondents have cited, big implications require big proof (okay, I'm paraphrasing Carl Sagan's, \"extraordinary claims require extraordinary proof\"). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the challenges in this type of investigation is in distinguishing between \"indigenous\" mineral and microbe-like forms in the meteorites (that is, those that may have come along with the meteorite during its fall to Earth) and contamination by Earthly microbes—because, come on, if the Earth's surface is nothing else, it is absolutely teeming with life in every nook and cranny! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other implications have been mentioned beside life from \"out there\" seeding the early Earth and giving rise to us (in fact, there is no definitive proof that life originated on Earth—and according to one theory, life could not have started here). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One idea goes the other way: life started on Earth early on, prior to the end of the period of heavy bombardment of our world by asteroids and comets, and the blasts of some of those collisions could have kicked the Earthly specimens back into space…maybe only to return to us eons later as \"evidence of extraterrestrial life\"—which would be ironic. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of his analysis, Dr. Hoover included a range of known Earth life as control references--samples from mastodons, Egyptian mummies, insects preserved in amber, fossilized cyanobacteria from ancient rocks, and several others—to compare to the samples from his subject meteorites. According to his publication, the comparison of the samples has shown certain organic chemicals found in terrestrial life lacking in the meteorites—a number of amino acids, and nitrogen—which suggest that the meteorite samples may not bear contamination by Earthly life. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quest for life beyond Earth has gone on for a long time, and a lot of tantalizing clues and possible evidence have been making the rounds. Microbe fossils in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/12/04/new-evidence-of-martian-life-found-in-antarctica/\">meteorites from Mars\u003c/a>? \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/12/03/arsenic-and-old-lakes-nasa-finds-life-not-as-we-know-it/\">Life not-as-we-know-it \u003c/a>living in the waters of Mono Lake? \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/01/30/methane-on-mars-moooooooo/\">Methane plumes \u003c/a>from beneath the Martian surface? Organic molecules in the tails of comets and on \u003ca href=\"http://www.popsci.com/science/article/2010-06/new-cassini-findings-hint-methane-based-life-titan\">Saturn's moon Titan\u003c/a>? And now, possible organics and fossils in the rarest of carbonaceous chondrite meteorites? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the moment, I'll wait and see \u003ca href=\"http://journalofcosmology.com/Life101.html\">how scientists review \u003c/a>Dr. Hoover's study—because, yes, I have heard before what turned out to be hype—but in the back of my mind…wow!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/12701/mastodons-mummies-and-meteorites-evidence-of-life-out-there","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_237","quest_13192","quest_3499","quest_3510","quest_3514","quest_3612","quest_1656","quest_3648","quest_1800","quest_1918","quest_2088"],"featImg":"quest_12710","label":"quest"},"quest_10933":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_10933","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"10933","score":null,"sort":[1291395041000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"arsenic-and-old-lakes-nasa-finds-life-not-as-we-know-it","title":"Arsenic and Old Lakes: NASA Finds Life NOT As We Know It","publishDate":1291395041,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/monolake.jpg\">\u003cem>An alien landscape home to extraterrestrial life? No--it's Mono\u003cbr> Lake in California, but home to a very unexpected form of life!\u003c/em>\u003c/span>I was going to title this blog \"Life is Out There!\" But, that risks sensationalizing the available facts, so I won't.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I'm starting to write this blog before NASA's big announcement of a discovery relating to astrobiology and extraterrestrial life. That announcement will be (was) made on Thursday, December 2nd, 2010 at 11:00 AM PST. What will it be? There's been a lot of wild speculation that NASA is going to report actually finding extraterrestrial life…but let's wait and see. I'll let you know what cat has been let out of the bag by the end of this blog….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the mean time, what about it: Life Out There? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It seems we've been on the verge of finding it somewhere out there for a very long time, in one form or another. Speculation of life and intelligence and civilizations on other worlds has gone on for untold centuries. You might even count the ancient beliefs that the planets were embodiments of deities…but can a deity actually be counted as a form of life? Hmmm. Straying from topic….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even a century-plus ago, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5630660&ps=rs\">Percival Lowell \u003c/a>squinting through the eyepiece of his telescope on Mars Hill thought he saw the signs of life: streaks and lines he perceived on the blurry disk of Mars that he claimed might be canals constructed by a civilization on Mars. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Life on the Moon? While the Apollo program went to the Moon for rocks and glory, they were careful to quarantine their returning astronauts just in case they picked up a Moon bug. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We've been scratching around on Mars since the Viking missions looking for signs (and will soon be scratching some more when the \u003ca href=\"http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/\">Mars Science Laboratory \u003c/a>begins its patrol)—and the sensation created by strange microbe-like rock features in a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/12/04/new-evidence-of-martian-life-found-in-antarctica/\">meteorite from Mars (ALH84001)\u003c/a> as possible Martian fossils is an ongoing investigation. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We also study forms of Terrestrial life we call \"\u003ca href=\"http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/life/cellular-microscopic/extremophile.htm\">extremophiles\u003c/a>\" because of their ability to thrive in extreme heat or cold or toxicity, and we compare those extreme environments to other locations in the solar system that may have similar conditions, looking to those places (especially the watery ones, like Europa and Enceladus and maybe Mars) as possible homes for life. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While I'm waiting for the announcement, I find myself thinking about the possibilities if life is as common in the Universe as some scientists think it might be. Finding other life in our own solar system would be awesome, even if it's fossilized remains of extinct life that we'll never meet microscope-to-photoreceptor. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With evidence suggesting that planets are not only common, but probably far outnumber stars, coupled with profuse examples of Earthly life existing in a vast range of environments, imagine the potential variety of life in the galaxy, or the Universe. Imagine how different, apparently or fundamentally, the spectrum of possible life could be from one end to the other—if that spectrum has ends at all. Imagine how much life might be going on out there right now, maybe even close to home in our stellar neighborhood. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then imagine, as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.seti.org/\">SETI Institute \u003c/a>has, the possibilities of intelligent life with technological civilizations. How vastly different could they be from our intelligence, and our civilization? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mind boggles. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flash! This just in--\u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2010/02dec_monolake/\">NASA's big announcement\u003c/a>: A bacterium has been found in the arsenic-rich environment of Mono Lake; a microbe that has the ability to substitute arsenic for phosphorous in its biochemistry, phosphorous being one of the essential elements for life as we know it (to which arsenic is toxic). While it is an Earthly microbe, the opening comment of the announcement was that this is NOT life as we have known it. (Funny—NASA's search for life on other planets has been for \"life as we know it,\" and here they find an example of another sort right here on Earth….)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I realize NASA's talking chemistry and not psychic alien embryos that latch onto your spinal column…but this is pretty awesome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though it isn't quite the same as the eventual announcement of the discovery of extraterrestrial life (which I can see happening at some point), the ramification of this homeland discovery that most excites me is how it \"widens the lens\" of our view on possible environments in which we might find life in the Universe. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Life is out there (I expect), and now we have more places to look for it….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA announces finding \"life NOT as we know it\" in the arsenic-laced waters of Mono Lake.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371064257,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":795},"headData":{"title":"Arsenic and Old Lakes: NASA Finds Life NOT As We Know It | KQED","description":"NASA announces finding "life NOT as we know it" in the arsenic-laced waters of Mono Lake.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Arsenic and Old Lakes: NASA Finds Life NOT As We Know It","datePublished":"2010-12-03T16:50:41.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T19:10:57.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"10933 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=10933","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/12/03/arsenic-and-old-lakes-nasa-finds-life-not-as-we-know-it/","disqusTitle":"Arsenic and Old Lakes: NASA Finds Life NOT As We Know It","path":"/quest/10933/arsenic-and-old-lakes-nasa-finds-life-not-as-we-know-it","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/monolake.jpg\">\u003cem>An alien landscape home to extraterrestrial life? No--it's Mono\u003cbr> Lake in California, but home to a very unexpected form of life!\u003c/em>\u003c/span>I was going to title this blog \"Life is Out There!\" But, that risks sensationalizing the available facts, so I won't.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I'm starting to write this blog before NASA's big announcement of a discovery relating to astrobiology and extraterrestrial life. That announcement will be (was) made on Thursday, December 2nd, 2010 at 11:00 AM PST. What will it be? There's been a lot of wild speculation that NASA is going to report actually finding extraterrestrial life…but let's wait and see. I'll let you know what cat has been let out of the bag by the end of this blog….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the mean time, what about it: Life Out There? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It seems we've been on the verge of finding it somewhere out there for a very long time, in one form or another. Speculation of life and intelligence and civilizations on other worlds has gone on for untold centuries. You might even count the ancient beliefs that the planets were embodiments of deities…but can a deity actually be counted as a form of life? Hmmm. Straying from topic….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even a century-plus ago, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5630660&ps=rs\">Percival Lowell \u003c/a>squinting through the eyepiece of his telescope on Mars Hill thought he saw the signs of life: streaks and lines he perceived on the blurry disk of Mars that he claimed might be canals constructed by a civilization on Mars. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Life on the Moon? While the Apollo program went to the Moon for rocks and glory, they were careful to quarantine their returning astronauts just in case they picked up a Moon bug. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We've been scratching around on Mars since the Viking missions looking for signs (and will soon be scratching some more when the \u003ca href=\"http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/\">Mars Science Laboratory \u003c/a>begins its patrol)—and the sensation created by strange microbe-like rock features in a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/12/04/new-evidence-of-martian-life-found-in-antarctica/\">meteorite from Mars (ALH84001)\u003c/a> as possible Martian fossils is an ongoing investigation. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We also study forms of Terrestrial life we call \"\u003ca href=\"http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/life/cellular-microscopic/extremophile.htm\">extremophiles\u003c/a>\" because of their ability to thrive in extreme heat or cold or toxicity, and we compare those extreme environments to other locations in the solar system that may have similar conditions, looking to those places (especially the watery ones, like Europa and Enceladus and maybe Mars) as possible homes for life. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While I'm waiting for the announcement, I find myself thinking about the possibilities if life is as common in the Universe as some scientists think it might be. Finding other life in our own solar system would be awesome, even if it's fossilized remains of extinct life that we'll never meet microscope-to-photoreceptor. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With evidence suggesting that planets are not only common, but probably far outnumber stars, coupled with profuse examples of Earthly life existing in a vast range of environments, imagine the potential variety of life in the galaxy, or the Universe. Imagine how different, apparently or fundamentally, the spectrum of possible life could be from one end to the other—if that spectrum has ends at all. Imagine how much life might be going on out there right now, maybe even close to home in our stellar neighborhood. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then imagine, as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.seti.org/\">SETI Institute \u003c/a>has, the possibilities of intelligent life with technological civilizations. How vastly different could they be from our intelligence, and our civilization? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mind boggles. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flash! This just in--\u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2010/02dec_monolake/\">NASA's big announcement\u003c/a>: A bacterium has been found in the arsenic-rich environment of Mono Lake; a microbe that has the ability to substitute arsenic for phosphorous in its biochemistry, phosphorous being one of the essential elements for life as we know it (to which arsenic is toxic). While it is an Earthly microbe, the opening comment of the announcement was that this is NOT life as we have known it. (Funny—NASA's search for life on other planets has been for \"life as we know it,\" and here they find an example of another sort right here on Earth….)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I realize NASA's talking chemistry and not psychic alien embryos that latch onto your spinal column…but this is pretty awesome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though it isn't quite the same as the eventual announcement of the discovery of extraterrestrial life (which I can see happening at some point), the ramification of this homeland discovery that most excites me is how it \"widens the lens\" of our view on possible environments in which we might find life in the Universe. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Life is out there (I expect), and now we have more places to look for it….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/10933/arsenic-and-old-lakes-nasa-finds-life-not-as-we-know-it","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_215","quest_237","quest_13192","quest_268","quest_1051","quest_1656","quest_1861","quest_1918"],"featImg":"quest_10936","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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