Geological Outings Around the Bay: The Moraga Formation
Bay Area Volcanoes
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All photos by Andrew Alden.","credit":null,"description":null,"imgSizes":{"thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmtop-400x225.jpg","width":400,"height":225,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-32":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmtop-32x32.jpg","width":32,"height":32,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-64":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmtop-64x64.jpg","width":64,"height":64,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-96":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmtop-96x96.jpg","width":96,"height":96,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-128":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmtop-128x128.jpg","width":128,"height":128,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"detail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmtop-75x75.jpg","width":75,"height":75,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmtop.jpg","width":640,"height":360}},"fetchFailed":false,"isLoading":false},"quest_14119":{"type":"attachments","id":"quest_14119","meta":{"index":"attachments_1591205162","site":"quest","id":"14119","found":true},"title":"volc-konocti","publishDate":1304020238,"status":"inherit","parent":14117,"modified":1304020238,"caption":null,"credit":null,"description":"\u003cp class=\"attachment\">\u003ca href='http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/volc-konocti2.jpg' title='volc-konocti'>\u003cimg width=\"300\" height=\"201\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/volc-konocti2.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium\" alt=\"volc-konocti\" title=\"volc-konocti\" />\u003c/a>\u003c/p>","imgSizes":{"guest-author-32":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/volc-konocti2-32x32.jpg","width":32,"height":32,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-64":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/volc-konocti2-64x64.jpg","width":64,"height":64,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-96":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/volc-konocti2-96x96.jpg","width":96,"height":96,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-128":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/volc-konocti2-128x128.jpg","width":128,"height":128,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"detail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/volc-konocti2-75x75.jpg","width":75,"height":75,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/volc-konocti2.jpg","width":300,"height":201}},"fetchFailed":false,"isLoading":false}},"audioPlayerReducer":{"postId":"stream_live"},"authorsReducer":{"andrew-alden":{"type":"authors","id":"6228","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6228","found":true},"name":"Andrew Alden","firstName":"Andrew","lastName":"Alden","slug":"andrew-alden","email":"alden@andrew-alden.com","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Andrew Alden earned his geology degree at the University of New Hampshire and moved back to the Bay Area to work at the U.S. Geological Survey for six years. He has \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/\">written on geology for About.com\u003c/a> since its founding in 1997. In 2007, he started the Oakland Geology blog, which won recognition as \"Best of the East Bay\" from the \u003ci>East Bay Express\u003c/i> in 2010. In writing about geology in the Bay Area and surroundings, he hopes to share some of the useful and pleasurable insights that geologists give us—not just facts about the deep past, but an attitude that might be called the \u003ci>deep present\u003c/i>.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/andrew-alden/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Andrew Alden | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/andrew-alden"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_23196":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_23196","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"23196","score":null,"sort":[1314300409000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation","title":"Geological Outings Around the Bay: The Moraga Formation","publishDate":1314300409,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23203\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragafmtop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23203\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmtop-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragafmtop\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-23203\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A pillar of Moraga Formation lava sets off the view across Strawberry Canyon and the Bay from Grizzly Peak Boulevard in northernmost Oakland. All photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Berkeley Hills are not just a great vantage point above the central Bay Area—they're also a textbook for geology students. And one of the main chapters in that textbook is our local lava, the Moraga Formation. Dating from 9 to 10 million years ago, this distinctive set of rocks can be visited in many places. Let's have a look at five localities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everywhere it occurs, the Moraga is a strong volcanic rock that underlies hills. But it was laid down on flat ground in late Miocene time, erupting from two or three vents near a range of high hills to its west, where the Bay lies today. The outcrops of the Moraga Formation lie on the map in the outline of a firebird flying northwest. Here's what I mean. Click the image for a 1000-pixel version.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23200\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 502px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragafmmap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23200\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmmap-502x360.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragafmmap\" width=\"502\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-23200\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Moraga Formation is brown on this geologic map, derived from {link url=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2000/2342/\"}USGS Misc. Field Studies Map 2342{/link}. Localities 1 through 5 are shown in this article.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This view from the southeast shows the high hills above Berkeley, Grizzly Peak on the left and Vollmer Peak on the right. Both consist of lava flows (Vollmer is made of the slightly younger Bald Peak Basalt). Locality 1 is near Grizzly Peak on Grizzly Peak Boulevard. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23205\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragagrizview/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23205\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragagrizview.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragagrizview\" width=\"640\" height=\"377\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23205\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragagrizview.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragagrizview-400x236.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The foreground with the winding road is Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve (locality 3); behind it is the hidden canyon of Route 24 (locality 2).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Grizzly Peak Boulevard is reached from the west on Claremont Avenue and from the east on Fish Ranch Road; head north and you're immediately in the Moraga Formation. Stop early and often to inspect the rocks. You'll note that everything is strongly tilted, like nearly all rocks of the East Bay hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragagrizcrop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23204\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragagrizcrop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragagrizcrop\" width=\"640\" height=\"344\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-23204\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragagrizcrop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragagrizcrop-400x215.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moraga1sthandspec/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23198\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moraga1sthandspec.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moraga1sthandspec\" width=\"360\" height=\"259\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-23198\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Moraga Formation consists of lava flows, sedimentary rocks that were laid down between eruptions, and occasional beds of tuff—rock composed of volcanic ash. Rocks like this hand specimen show former gas bubbles, or vesicles. These are a sign that the lava was near the ground surface, allowing water vapor and carbon dioxide to come out of solution and propel eruptions. The Moraga formation is noteworthy for the amount of vesiculated lava it has.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just south of the trailhead to Grizzly Peak, a rampart of lava stands up on the west side of the road. Enjoy the view.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragafmrampart/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23201\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmrampart.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragafmrampart\" width=\"640\" height=\"376\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-23201\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmrampart.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmrampart-400x235.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To the north, the Moraga Formation underlies most of Tilden Park all the way up to Inspiration Point. But let's turn around and \u003ci>really\u003c/i> see it. This photo is a view south showing the next two localities, the Route 24 cut and behind it Sibley Volcanic Preserve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragavwsouth/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23197\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragavwsouth.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragavwsouth\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-23197\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragavwsouth.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragavwsouth-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take Fish Ranch Road down to Route 24 and head east; make a u-turn at the Wilder Road exit and pull off on the Fish Ranch Road exit heading west. You may observe signs forbidding pedestrians. This is what you'll see across the highway. (Of course, when traffic is backed up from the Caldecott Tunnel you can admire these at leisure from your car.) The Moraga Formation consists of two packages, each consisting of five large lava flows, with a section of mostly sedimentary rocks between them. This is the lower set of flows; up is to the left.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragafmrt24/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23202\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmrt24.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragafmrt24\" width=\"640\" height=\"419\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-23202\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmrt24.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmrt24-400x262.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you turn your attention northward, you may see the basal contact of the Moraga Formation, where the first lava flows came down upon the coarse conglomerate beds of the Orinda Formation. The lavas are of basalt and andesite composition and are quite dark, but they may also be red where they flowed into water or over wet ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragafmcontact/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23199\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmcontact.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragafmcontact\" width=\"640\" height=\"324\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-23199\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmcontact.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmcontact-400x203.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragasibfly/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23208\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragasibfly.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragasibfly\" width=\"360\" height=\"475\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-23208\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Locality 3 is Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve, which you reach by going back up Fish Ranch Road and taking Grizzly Peak Boulevard the other direction. Sibley deserves its own separate article, so I will be brief today. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides rocks, Sibley has a lot of wonderful habitat and is interesting at all times of year for its plant and animal life. There are also \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/2008/07/11/the-labyrinths-of-sibley/\">several labyrinths\u003c/a> to discover. And the views are fine in all directions. The only disadvantage is that the parking lot fills up on nice weekends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Sibley's great value to geologists is that it exposes a cross section of a volcano's guts, from its feeder dikes coming up through the underlying Orinda and Claremont formations to the remains of the central vent and a short-lived crater lake. These are things you won't see without a lot of legwork and educated eyes, but a history of quarry operations here has unveiled excellent exposures of features that even duffers can spot. One is the presence of \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/2009/06/09/amygdules/\">amygdules\u003c/a>, or mineral-filled vesicles. You'll find these throughout the Moraga, but they are most visible at Sibley. Collect them only with your camera, please.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The southern exposures of the Moraga are smaller and less well known, but you will surely have them to yourself. At locality 4, the dark lava crops out in a deep cleft along Valley View Drive. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragaorinda/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23207\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragaorinda.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragaorinda\" width=\"360\" height=\"278\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-23207\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geologists have mapped the structure at this location as an anticline or arch, meaning that the whole volcanic section has been folded like a bedsheet being pushed up. The northern part of the Moraga, in contrast, is a syncline or downfold. All three previous localities are on the west side of that syncline, and its axis or center is at the Wilder Road exit on Route 24.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Locality 5 is where Canyon Road cuts across a narrow ridge of Moraga lava. The roadway itself is very narrow, and I can't recommend it. Nor are the rocks exposed there especially revealing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you drive a little farther and park at the Valle Vista Staging Area, it's easy to walk back along the old railroad bed, which has been turned into the Lafayette/Moraga Regional Trail. This is a much more peaceful way to see the rocks, which also include conglomerate of the Orinda Formation. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragamoraga/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23206\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragamoraga.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragamoraga\" width=\"360\" height=\"567\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-23206\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up on the slope are the remains of several old quarries, probably borrow pits for the railroad and road builders. Investigate them carefully, if at all, and watch for rattlesnakes—not that I know they occur here, but doing so is good practice. The Moraga here is dark and cryptic, but I did find a small outcrop of the red variety and—behold—some of the same vesiculated lava we saw at locality 1.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The Moraga Formation's distinctive set of volcanic rocks can be visited in many places in the East Bay hills. Let's have a look at five localities.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1314982549,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":28,"wordCount":1110},"headData":{"title":"Geological Outings Around the Bay: The Moraga Formation | KQED","description":"The Moraga Formation's distinctive set of volcanic rocks can be visited in many places in the East Bay hills. Let's have a look at five localities.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"23196 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=23196","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/","disqusTitle":"Geological Outings Around the Bay: The Moraga Formation","path":"/quest/23196/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23203\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragafmtop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23203\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmtop-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragafmtop\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-23203\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A pillar of Moraga Formation lava sets off the view across Strawberry Canyon and the Bay from Grizzly Peak Boulevard in northernmost Oakland. All photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Berkeley Hills are not just a great vantage point above the central Bay Area—they're also a textbook for geology students. And one of the main chapters in that textbook is our local lava, the Moraga Formation. Dating from 9 to 10 million years ago, this distinctive set of rocks can be visited in many places. Let's have a look at five localities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everywhere it occurs, the Moraga is a strong volcanic rock that underlies hills. But it was laid down on flat ground in late Miocene time, erupting from two or three vents near a range of high hills to its west, where the Bay lies today. The outcrops of the Moraga Formation lie on the map in the outline of a firebird flying northwest. Here's what I mean. Click the image for a 1000-pixel version.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23200\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 502px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragafmmap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23200\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmmap-502x360.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragafmmap\" width=\"502\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-23200\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Moraga Formation is brown on this geologic map, derived from {link url=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2000/2342/\"}USGS Misc. Field Studies Map 2342{/link}. Localities 1 through 5 are shown in this article.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This view from the southeast shows the high hills above Berkeley, Grizzly Peak on the left and Vollmer Peak on the right. Both consist of lava flows (Vollmer is made of the slightly younger Bald Peak Basalt). Locality 1 is near Grizzly Peak on Grizzly Peak Boulevard. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23205\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragagrizview/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23205\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragagrizview.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragagrizview\" width=\"640\" height=\"377\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23205\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragagrizview.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragagrizview-400x236.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The foreground with the winding road is Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve (locality 3); behind it is the hidden canyon of Route 24 (locality 2).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Grizzly Peak Boulevard is reached from the west on Claremont Avenue and from the east on Fish Ranch Road; head north and you're immediately in the Moraga Formation. Stop early and often to inspect the rocks. You'll note that everything is strongly tilted, like nearly all rocks of the East Bay hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragagrizcrop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23204\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragagrizcrop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragagrizcrop\" width=\"640\" height=\"344\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-23204\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragagrizcrop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragagrizcrop-400x215.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moraga1sthandspec/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23198\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moraga1sthandspec.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moraga1sthandspec\" width=\"360\" height=\"259\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-23198\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Moraga Formation consists of lava flows, sedimentary rocks that were laid down between eruptions, and occasional beds of tuff—rock composed of volcanic ash. Rocks like this hand specimen show former gas bubbles, or vesicles. These are a sign that the lava was near the ground surface, allowing water vapor and carbon dioxide to come out of solution and propel eruptions. The Moraga formation is noteworthy for the amount of vesiculated lava it has.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just south of the trailhead to Grizzly Peak, a rampart of lava stands up on the west side of the road. Enjoy the view.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragafmrampart/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23201\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmrampart.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragafmrampart\" width=\"640\" height=\"376\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-23201\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmrampart.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmrampart-400x235.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To the north, the Moraga Formation underlies most of Tilden Park all the way up to Inspiration Point. But let's turn around and \u003ci>really\u003c/i> see it. This photo is a view south showing the next two localities, the Route 24 cut and behind it Sibley Volcanic Preserve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragavwsouth/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23197\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragavwsouth.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragavwsouth\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-23197\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragavwsouth.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragavwsouth-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take Fish Ranch Road down to Route 24 and head east; make a u-turn at the Wilder Road exit and pull off on the Fish Ranch Road exit heading west. You may observe signs forbidding pedestrians. This is what you'll see across the highway. (Of course, when traffic is backed up from the Caldecott Tunnel you can admire these at leisure from your car.) The Moraga Formation consists of two packages, each consisting of five large lava flows, with a section of mostly sedimentary rocks between them. This is the lower set of flows; up is to the left.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragafmrt24/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23202\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmrt24.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragafmrt24\" width=\"640\" height=\"419\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-23202\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmrt24.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmrt24-400x262.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you turn your attention northward, you may see the basal contact of the Moraga Formation, where the first lava flows came down upon the coarse conglomerate beds of the Orinda Formation. The lavas are of basalt and andesite composition and are quite dark, but they may also be red where they flowed into water or over wet ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragafmcontact/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23199\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmcontact.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragafmcontact\" width=\"640\" height=\"324\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-23199\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmcontact.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmcontact-400x203.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragasibfly/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23208\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragasibfly.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragasibfly\" width=\"360\" height=\"475\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-23208\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Locality 3 is Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve, which you reach by going back up Fish Ranch Road and taking Grizzly Peak Boulevard the other direction. Sibley deserves its own separate article, so I will be brief today. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides rocks, Sibley has a lot of wonderful habitat and is interesting at all times of year for its plant and animal life. There are also \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/2008/07/11/the-labyrinths-of-sibley/\">several labyrinths\u003c/a> to discover. And the views are fine in all directions. The only disadvantage is that the parking lot fills up on nice weekends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Sibley's great value to geologists is that it exposes a cross section of a volcano's guts, from its feeder dikes coming up through the underlying Orinda and Claremont formations to the remains of the central vent and a short-lived crater lake. These are things you won't see without a lot of legwork and educated eyes, but a history of quarry operations here has unveiled excellent exposures of features that even duffers can spot. One is the presence of \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/2009/06/09/amygdules/\">amygdules\u003c/a>, or mineral-filled vesicles. You'll find these throughout the Moraga, but they are most visible at Sibley. Collect them only with your camera, please.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The southern exposures of the Moraga are smaller and less well known, but you will surely have them to yourself. At locality 4, the dark lava crops out in a deep cleft along Valley View Drive. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragaorinda/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23207\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragaorinda.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragaorinda\" width=\"360\" height=\"278\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-23207\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geologists have mapped the structure at this location as an anticline or arch, meaning that the whole volcanic section has been folded like a bedsheet being pushed up. The northern part of the Moraga, in contrast, is a syncline or downfold. All three previous localities are on the west side of that syncline, and its axis or center is at the Wilder Road exit on Route 24.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Locality 5 is where Canyon Road cuts across a narrow ridge of Moraga lava. The roadway itself is very narrow, and I can't recommend it. Nor are the rocks exposed there especially revealing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you drive a little farther and park at the Valle Vista Staging Area, it's easy to walk back along the old railroad bed, which has been turned into the Lafayette/Moraga Regional Trail. This is a much more peaceful way to see the rocks, which also include conglomerate of the Orinda Formation. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragamoraga/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23206\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragamoraga.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragamoraga\" width=\"360\" height=\"567\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-23206\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up on the slope are the remains of several old quarries, probably borrow pits for the railroad and road builders. Investigate them carefully, if at all, and watch for rattlesnakes—not that I know they occur here, but doing so is good practice. The Moraga here is dark and cryptic, but I did find a small outcrop of the red variety and—behold—some of the same vesiculated lava we saw at locality 1.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/23196/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_10024","quest_3635","quest_13202","quest_10025","quest_3820"],"featImg":"quest_23203","label":"quest"},"quest_14117":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_14117","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"14117","score":null,"sort":[1304025174000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"bay-area-volcanoes","title":"Bay Area Volcanoes","publishDate":1304025174,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/volc-konocti2.jpg\" alt=\"bay area volcanoes\" class=\"alignleft size-full\">\u003cem>\u003csup>Former volcano Mount Konocti overlooks Clear Lake. Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/snakphotography/\">Stephen Nakatami\u003c/a> of Flickr under Creative Commons license; all other photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/sup>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area has been very familiar with earthquakes for at least 20 million years. Volcanoes might seem more remote, but their traces can be seen in many places. Lava flows and ashfall beds are widespread in our rocks, marking the progress of an ancient volcanic center through the area. And while the nearest active volcanoes are beyond the Sierra Nevada, they're close enough to keep an eye on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has three major sources of volcanism and one minor one. The minor one is what we have in the Bay Area, but let me mention the others first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The classic type of California volcanism arises from subduction. This diagram shows how it looks for northernmost California today, with an oceanic plate traveling beneath North America. Water and sediment on top of the downgoing plate acts like a flux, promoting melting in the overlying plate. That's how volcanoes are produced all around the Pacific \"ring of fire,\" and all of California used to look that way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/CAsubduction2.gif\" alt=\"subduction\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003ci>Cross-section from US Geological Survey Professional Paper 1515\u003c/i>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today the Cascade Range volcanoes are produced by this mechanism. California members of the Cascades include Mount Lassen, which last erupted in 1917, and Mount Shasta, which may have erupted in the 1700s. South of that, this system was interrupted when the San Andreas fault system formed and began extending northward (now the boundary between the two tectonic regimes is a triple junction at Cape Mendocino). An example of Cascade volcanic deposits crops out south of Ocean Beach near San Francisco, a prominent ash bed in the seacliffs of the Merced Formation. It's known as the Rockland ash and came from an ancestor of Lassen volcano, called Mount Tehama, about 600,000 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/volc-OBeachash2.jpg\" alt=\"ash bed\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second major kind of California volcanism is beyond the Sierra, in the Mammoth Lakes area and points south. The last \"supervolcano\" eruption from that area was about 700,000 years ago, and ash from it (the Bishop Tuff) fell here although I don't know where to point you to it. That volcanism is related to stretching of the crust in the Basin and Range province, which basically includes all of Nevada and surrounding counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The third type of volcanism is related to Yellowstone, of all places. The geysers and lava flows of Yellowstone are the current location of an eruptive center that began about 16 million years ago in Oregon and slowly burned its way eastward across Idaho, leaving enormous plains of solid lava behind. Northeastern California has a lot of it. One of the first eruptions in that series came from California, sending a glowing flood of basalt lava our way. It flowed more than 200 kilometers as far as Vacaville, where it's mapped as the Putnam Peak Basalt. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/volc-putnam2.jpg\" alt=\"putnam peak basalt\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003ci>Boulders of basalt akin to that in Yellowstone and Idaho lie west of Winters.\u003c/i>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can inspect this rock at leisure \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geophoto_tours/ig/CAtransecttrip/stop6blackrocks.htm\">on Route 128 west of Winters\u003c/a>, about 2 miles west of Pleasants Valley Road. It's the location given at the top of this post.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OK, on to our own local volcanism. As the San Andreas fault system cut northward through our region, it cut off the preexisting subducting plate like a letter opener slicing across an envelope. The plate continued to descend, leaving behind it a traveling \"slab window\" that briefly allowed the hot underlying rocks of the Earth's mantle to send up magma. In the Bay Area, slab-window volcanic rocks came in three pulses. The first pulse dates from 11 to 8.5 million years ago. Its lavas have been dismembered by motion along the San Andreas and related faults, and now it occurs east of Hollister (the Quien Sabe Volcanics), in the East Bay Hills (well exposed in \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/exploration/sibley-volcanic-regional-preserve-exploration\">Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve\u003c/a>), at \u003ca href=\"http://www.bahiker.com/northbayhikes/burdell.html\">Burdell Mountain\u003c/a> in Marin County, and the Tolay Volcanics between Petaluma and Santa Rosa. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/volc-sibley2.jpg\" alt=\"sibley lava\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003ci>Mineral-filled bubbles in lava beds at Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve\u003c/i>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next pulse of slab-window volcanism produced the large Sonoma Volcanics between 8 and 2.5 million years ago. A good place to see these is at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.petrifiedforest.org/\">Petrified Forest\u003c/a> park west of Calistoga, where whole redwood trunks have been fossilized in the silica-rich ash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/volc-petforest2.jpg\" alt=\"petrified forest\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, slab-window volcanism has migrated north to the Clear Lake/Geysers region. Mount Konocti, overlooking the lake, is a recent volcanic construction. The famous hot springs get their heat from this volcanism. And the huge geothermal power complex at \u003ca href=\"http://www.geysers.com/\">The Geysers\u003c/a>, based on natural steam heated by underlying magma, supplies electricity to the Bay Area, helping you read this story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 38.5175 -122.0561\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Lava flows and ashfall beds are widespread in our rocks, marking the progress of an ancient volcanic center through the area. Indeed, volcanism helps you read this story.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1316922971,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":796},"headData":{"title":"Bay Area Volcanoes | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"14117 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=14117","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/28/bay-area-volcanoes/","disqusTitle":"Bay Area Volcanoes","path":"/quest/14117/bay-area-volcanoes","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/volc-konocti2.jpg\" alt=\"bay area volcanoes\" class=\"alignleft size-full\">\u003cem>\u003csup>Former volcano Mount Konocti overlooks Clear Lake. Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/snakphotography/\">Stephen Nakatami\u003c/a> of Flickr under Creative Commons license; all other photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/sup>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area has been very familiar with earthquakes for at least 20 million years. Volcanoes might seem more remote, but their traces can be seen in many places. Lava flows and ashfall beds are widespread in our rocks, marking the progress of an ancient volcanic center through the area. And while the nearest active volcanoes are beyond the Sierra Nevada, they're close enough to keep an eye on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has three major sources of volcanism and one minor one. The minor one is what we have in the Bay Area, but let me mention the others first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The classic type of California volcanism arises from subduction. This diagram shows how it looks for northernmost California today, with an oceanic plate traveling beneath North America. Water and sediment on top of the downgoing plate acts like a flux, promoting melting in the overlying plate. That's how volcanoes are produced all around the Pacific \"ring of fire,\" and all of California used to look that way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/CAsubduction2.gif\" alt=\"subduction\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003ci>Cross-section from US Geological Survey Professional Paper 1515\u003c/i>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today the Cascade Range volcanoes are produced by this mechanism. California members of the Cascades include Mount Lassen, which last erupted in 1917, and Mount Shasta, which may have erupted in the 1700s. South of that, this system was interrupted when the San Andreas fault system formed and began extending northward (now the boundary between the two tectonic regimes is a triple junction at Cape Mendocino). An example of Cascade volcanic deposits crops out south of Ocean Beach near San Francisco, a prominent ash bed in the seacliffs of the Merced Formation. It's known as the Rockland ash and came from an ancestor of Lassen volcano, called Mount Tehama, about 600,000 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/volc-OBeachash2.jpg\" alt=\"ash bed\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second major kind of California volcanism is beyond the Sierra, in the Mammoth Lakes area and points south. The last \"supervolcano\" eruption from that area was about 700,000 years ago, and ash from it (the Bishop Tuff) fell here although I don't know where to point you to it. That volcanism is related to stretching of the crust in the Basin and Range province, which basically includes all of Nevada and surrounding counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The third type of volcanism is related to Yellowstone, of all places. The geysers and lava flows of Yellowstone are the current location of an eruptive center that began about 16 million years ago in Oregon and slowly burned its way eastward across Idaho, leaving enormous plains of solid lava behind. Northeastern California has a lot of it. One of the first eruptions in that series came from California, sending a glowing flood of basalt lava our way. It flowed more than 200 kilometers as far as Vacaville, where it's mapped as the Putnam Peak Basalt. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/volc-putnam2.jpg\" alt=\"putnam peak basalt\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003ci>Boulders of basalt akin to that in Yellowstone and Idaho lie west of Winters.\u003c/i>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can inspect this rock at leisure \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geophoto_tours/ig/CAtransecttrip/stop6blackrocks.htm\">on Route 128 west of Winters\u003c/a>, about 2 miles west of Pleasants Valley Road. It's the location given at the top of this post.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OK, on to our own local volcanism. As the San Andreas fault system cut northward through our region, it cut off the preexisting subducting plate like a letter opener slicing across an envelope. The plate continued to descend, leaving behind it a traveling \"slab window\" that briefly allowed the hot underlying rocks of the Earth's mantle to send up magma. In the Bay Area, slab-window volcanic rocks came in three pulses. The first pulse dates from 11 to 8.5 million years ago. Its lavas have been dismembered by motion along the San Andreas and related faults, and now it occurs east of Hollister (the Quien Sabe Volcanics), in the East Bay Hills (well exposed in \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/exploration/sibley-volcanic-regional-preserve-exploration\">Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve\u003c/a>), at \u003ca href=\"http://www.bahiker.com/northbayhikes/burdell.html\">Burdell Mountain\u003c/a> in Marin County, and the Tolay Volcanics between Petaluma and Santa Rosa. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/volc-sibley2.jpg\" alt=\"sibley lava\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003ci>Mineral-filled bubbles in lava beds at Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve\u003c/i>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next pulse of slab-window volcanism produced the large Sonoma Volcanics between 8 and 2.5 million years ago. A good place to see these is at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.petrifiedforest.org/\">Petrified Forest\u003c/a> park west of Calistoga, where whole redwood trunks have been fossilized in the silica-rich ash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/volc-petforest2.jpg\" alt=\"petrified forest\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, slab-window volcanism has migrated north to the Clear Lake/Geysers region. Mount Konocti, overlooking the lake, is a recent volcanic construction. The famous hot springs get their heat from this volcanism. And the huge geothermal power complex at \u003ca href=\"http://www.geysers.com/\">The Geysers\u003c/a>, based on natural steam heated by underlying magma, supplies electricity to the Bay Area, helping you read this story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 38.5175 -122.0561\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/14117/bay-area-volcanoes","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_3479","quest_3516","quest_1206","quest_3594","quest_3635","quest_2447","quest_2484","quest_2817","quest_3820","quest_3088","quest_3832"],"featImg":"quest_14119","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. 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Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. 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