Saved From Living Death: How Genetically Modifying Chestnuts Could Bring Them Back
Scientist Superheroes: The US Government's Crisis Science Team
Exploring Caves in California: An Otherworldly Experience
Scrounging for Research Dollars
The Human Microbiome: A Rogue's Gallery
The State of the Universe: Matter and Age Up, Dark Energy Down
Geological Side Trips from Interstate 80: Through Folsom to Loomis
Antiques Roadshow of the Solar System
Gallegos Winery and the Hayward Fault
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Together these two partners created the \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/exhibits/permanent/index.php?sGalKey=gtwt&galKey=lt\">Genetics: Technology with a Twist\u003c/a> exhibition.\r\n\r\nYou can also see \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/author/dr-barry-starr/\">additional posts by Barry at KQED Science\u003c/a>, and read his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/dr-barry-starr/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4a5680e4c642ea0f0f3041af16018969?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"geneticsboy","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Dr. Barry Starr | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4a5680e4c642ea0f0f3041af16018969?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4a5680e4c642ea0f0f3041af16018969?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/dr-barry-starr"},"ben-burress":{"type":"authors","id":"6180","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6180","found":true},"name":"Ben Burress","firstName":"Ben","lastName":"Burress","slug":"ben-burress","email":"bburress@chabotspace.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> has been a staff astronomer at Chabot Space & Science Center since July 1999. He graduated from Sonoma State University in 1985 with a bachelor’s degree in physics (and minor in astronomy), after which he signed on for a two-year stint in the Peace Corps, where he taught physics and mathematics in the African nation of Cameroon. From 1989-96 he served on the crew of NASA’s Kuiper Airborne Observatory at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, CA. From 1996-99, he was Head Observer at the Naval Prototype Optical Interferometer program at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, AZ.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/ben-burress/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Ben Burress | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/ben-burress"},"andrew-alden":{"type":"authors","id":"6228","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6228","found":true},"name":"Andrew Alden","firstName":"Andrew","lastName":"Alden","slug":"andrew-alden","email":"alden@andrew-alden.com","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Andrew Alden earned his geology degree at the University of New Hampshire and moved back to the Bay Area to work at the U.S. Geological Survey for six years. He has \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/\">written on geology for About.com\u003c/a> since its founding in 1997. In 2007, he started the Oakland Geology blog, which won recognition as \"Best of the East Bay\" from the \u003ci>East Bay Express\u003c/i> in 2010. In writing about geology in the Bay Area and surroundings, he hopes to share some of the useful and pleasurable insights that geologists give us—not just facts about the deep past, but an attitude that might be called the \u003ci>deep present\u003c/i>.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/andrew-alden/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Andrew Alden | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/andrew-alden"},"rachaeltom":{"type":"authors","id":"6409","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6409","found":true},"name":"Rachael Tom","firstName":"Rachael","lastName":"Tom","slug":"rachaeltom","email":"rachael.cecelia@gmail.com","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":"KQED Contributor","bio":"Rachael is an Animal Keeper and blogger at CuriOdyssey with over 15 years of experience working with wildlife. She volunteers at The Marine Mammal Center, is President of the Bay Area chapter for the American Association of Zookeepers (AAZK), and is a member of AAZK's Communication Committee and Professional Development Committee. Rachael earned her B.A. in Environmental Sustainability and Social Justice from San Francisco State University.\r\n\r\nRead her \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/rachaeltom/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/7d9d50390923f9b8de1280b943e3aea9?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Rachael Tom | KQED","description":"KQED Contributor","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/7d9d50390923f9b8de1280b943e3aea9?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/7d9d50390923f9b8de1280b943e3aea9?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/rachaeltom"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_54809":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_54809","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"54809","score":null,"sort":[1369064595000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"saved-from-living-death-how-genetically-modifying-chestnuts-could-bring-them-back","title":"Saved From Living Death: How Genetically Modifying Chestnuts Could Bring Them Back","publishDate":1369064595,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54812\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/20/saved-from-living-death-how-genetically-modifying-chestnuts-could-bring-them-back/chestnut1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54812\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-54812\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Chestnut1.jpg\" alt=\"We are getting very close to being able to bring back these gorgeous trees that used to dominate forests in the Eastern U.S. Now the big question is whether we should. Image courtesy of Wikipedia commons. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Chestnut1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Chestnut1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">We are getting very close to being able to bring back these gorgeous trees that used to dominate forests in the Eastern U.S. Now the big question is whether we should. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Castanea_dentata_large.jpg\">Wikimedia commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Around the turn of the 20th century, the forests in the eastern U.S. were dominated by the American chestnut. These “sequoia of the east” ruled the roost back then and were the cornerstone tree species. By midcentury, though, almost all of these majestic trees had been turned into shrubs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, this wasn’t magic. Instead, a fungus arrived from Asia that prevented the trees from growing bigger than this. Nowadays the only tall chestnuts are a few that happened to be planted outside of the tree’s old range. And even some of these are starting to be done in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ever since the blight started stunting the chestnut, scientists have been looking for ways to help these trees fight back. And now they may finally be getting close to a solution. Well, actually, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23038446\">multiple solutions\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The one I want to focus on here is a very clever genetic modification that involves moving a wheat gene into the American chestnut. Early studies look to be very promising and these trees have even been shown to be resistant in the field. The researchers are hoping to get approval soon from the U.S. government for widespread planting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54816\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 265px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/20/saved-from-living-death-how-genetically-modifying-chestnuts-could-bring-them-back/chestnutblight/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54816\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-54816\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Chestnutblight.jpg\" alt=\"These orange spots will eventually do this tree in. Just like it has with most every other American chestnut. Image courtesy of Wikimedia commons.\" width=\"265\" height=\"240\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These orange spots will eventually do this tree in just like it has with most every other American chestnut. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chestnut_blight_on_tree_in_Adams_County_Ohio.jpg\">Wikimedia commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The idea behind this method rests on the knowledge that the chestnut blight needs an acidic environment to do its dirty work. The way this little monster accomplishes this is by making and then pumping oxalic acid into the tree. This is incredibly damaging to the chestnut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The obvious solution is to find a way to neutralize this oxalic acid. We are looking for a solution as simple as those old chemistry experiments where we neutralized hydrochloric acid with sodium hydroxide. This is where wheat can help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wheat makes an enzyme called oxalate oxidase (OxO) that breaks down oxalic acid. The researchers took the gene that has the instructions for this enzyme, the \u003cem>oxo \u003c/em>gene, and put it into the chestnut tree. The tree now makes the enzyme so that it can neutralize the blight’s oxalic acid. This approach appears to be working in making the trees more blight-resistant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When researchers \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23543108\">looked at different trees\u003c/a> that made different amounts of the enzyme, they found that only those that made a lot were resistant to the blight. In other words, there was a correlation between the amount of enzyme and resistance. When the gene was in the right place in the tree’s DNA, it could make a lot of enzyme so the tree could fight off the blight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54819\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/20/saved-from-living-death-how-genetically-modifying-chestnuts-could-bring-them-back/chestnut2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54819\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-54819\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Chestnut2.jpg\" alt=\"Just because we might be able to turn back time to when these trees rules, should we? Image courtesy of Wikimedia commons.\" width=\"250\" height=\"431\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Just because we might be able to turn back time to when these trees ruled, should we? Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PSM_V84_D565_American_chestnut_mitchel_county.jpg\">Wikimedia commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So now we have a GM tree that might restore these forests back to what they were a century or so ago. Now we have to decide whether to plant them or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not really an issue of the tree having been created through genetic engineering. It is very hard to come up with plausible ways that a tree with this gene could have a significant effect on the environment. The trees aren’t modified so they make their own pesticides, survive spraying by herbicides or anything like that. They simply make an enzyme from wheat that successfully battles a killer fungus by neutralizing an acid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, it has more to do with upsetting the new balance that has arisen over the last few decades in the forests back east. The forests have adjusted to the loss of the American chestnut and reintroducing the tree will only plunge the forests back into a period of readjustment. This temporary state of flux will be disruptive and so should be done for more than nostalgic reasons. There should be some environmental or economic benefit in bringing the American chestnut back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Again, this discussion is not dependent on the fact that the tree is GM. The same arguments can be made for the American/Japanese/Chinese hybrids that look to be resistant too. In fact, this discussion isn’t really that different from those brought up with regards to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/25/resurrection-biology-the-reality-of-bringing-back-extinct-species/\">bringing back extinct species\u003c/a>. Like those folks in Monty Python’s \u003cem>The Holy Grail\u003c/em>, the American chestnut isn’t quite dead yet, but it is close.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So we finally have ways to bring back the American chestnut. But it may be that it took us so long to find them that we don’t need them anymore. The forests have moved on, maybe we should too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54832\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 663px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/20/saved-from-living-death-how-genetically-modifying-chestnuts-could-bring-them-back/chestnutrange/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54832\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-54832\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/ChestnutRange.jpg\" alt=\"Natural range of the American chestnut as reported in 1914. The cross hatching shows the extent of the blight back then. Image courtesy of Wikimedia commons.\" width=\"663\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/ChestnutRange.jpg 663w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/ChestnutRange-400x362.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 663px) 100vw, 663px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Natural range of the American chestnut as reported in 1914. The cross hatching shows the extent of the blight back then. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PSM_V84_D557_Natural_range_of_the_american_chestnut.jpg\">Wikimedia commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The American chestnut was the king of the trees in forests in the eastern U.S. until a fungus from Asia brought them down. We are getting very close to making a resistant American chestnut. Now the question is whether or not we should plant it out in the wild. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1369082247,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":842},"headData":{"title":"Saved From Living Death: How Genetically Modifying Chestnuts Could Bring Them Back | KQED","description":"The American chestnut was the king of the trees in forests in the eastern U.S. until a fungus from Asia brought them down. We are getting very close to making a resistant American chestnut. Now the question is whether or not we should plant it out in the wild. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Saved From Living Death: How Genetically Modifying Chestnuts Could Bring Them Back","datePublished":"2013-05-20T15:43:15.000Z","dateModified":"2013-05-20T20:37:27.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"54809 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=54809","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/20/saved-from-living-death-how-genetically-modifying-chestnuts-could-bring-them-back/","disqusTitle":"Saved From Living Death: How Genetically Modifying Chestnuts Could Bring Them Back","path":"/quest/54809/saved-from-living-death-how-genetically-modifying-chestnuts-could-bring-them-back","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54812\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/20/saved-from-living-death-how-genetically-modifying-chestnuts-could-bring-them-back/chestnut1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54812\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-54812\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Chestnut1.jpg\" alt=\"We are getting very close to being able to bring back these gorgeous trees that used to dominate forests in the Eastern U.S. Now the big question is whether we should. Image courtesy of Wikipedia commons. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Chestnut1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Chestnut1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">We are getting very close to being able to bring back these gorgeous trees that used to dominate forests in the Eastern U.S. Now the big question is whether we should. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Castanea_dentata_large.jpg\">Wikimedia commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Around the turn of the 20th century, the forests in the eastern U.S. were dominated by the American chestnut. These “sequoia of the east” ruled the roost back then and were the cornerstone tree species. By midcentury, though, almost all of these majestic trees had been turned into shrubs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, this wasn’t magic. Instead, a fungus arrived from Asia that prevented the trees from growing bigger than this. Nowadays the only tall chestnuts are a few that happened to be planted outside of the tree’s old range. And even some of these are starting to be done in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ever since the blight started stunting the chestnut, scientists have been looking for ways to help these trees fight back. And now they may finally be getting close to a solution. Well, actually, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23038446\">multiple solutions\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The one I want to focus on here is a very clever genetic modification that involves moving a wheat gene into the American chestnut. Early studies look to be very promising and these trees have even been shown to be resistant in the field. The researchers are hoping to get approval soon from the U.S. government for widespread planting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54816\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 265px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/20/saved-from-living-death-how-genetically-modifying-chestnuts-could-bring-them-back/chestnutblight/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54816\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-54816\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Chestnutblight.jpg\" alt=\"These orange spots will eventually do this tree in. Just like it has with most every other American chestnut. Image courtesy of Wikimedia commons.\" width=\"265\" height=\"240\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These orange spots will eventually do this tree in just like it has with most every other American chestnut. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chestnut_blight_on_tree_in_Adams_County_Ohio.jpg\">Wikimedia commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The idea behind this method rests on the knowledge that the chestnut blight needs an acidic environment to do its dirty work. The way this little monster accomplishes this is by making and then pumping oxalic acid into the tree. This is incredibly damaging to the chestnut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The obvious solution is to find a way to neutralize this oxalic acid. We are looking for a solution as simple as those old chemistry experiments where we neutralized hydrochloric acid with sodium hydroxide. This is where wheat can help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wheat makes an enzyme called oxalate oxidase (OxO) that breaks down oxalic acid. The researchers took the gene that has the instructions for this enzyme, the \u003cem>oxo \u003c/em>gene, and put it into the chestnut tree. The tree now makes the enzyme so that it can neutralize the blight’s oxalic acid. This approach appears to be working in making the trees more blight-resistant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When researchers \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23543108\">looked at different trees\u003c/a> that made different amounts of the enzyme, they found that only those that made a lot were resistant to the blight. In other words, there was a correlation between the amount of enzyme and resistance. When the gene was in the right place in the tree’s DNA, it could make a lot of enzyme so the tree could fight off the blight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54819\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/20/saved-from-living-death-how-genetically-modifying-chestnuts-could-bring-them-back/chestnut2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54819\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-54819\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Chestnut2.jpg\" alt=\"Just because we might be able to turn back time to when these trees rules, should we? Image courtesy of Wikimedia commons.\" width=\"250\" height=\"431\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Just because we might be able to turn back time to when these trees ruled, should we? Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PSM_V84_D565_American_chestnut_mitchel_county.jpg\">Wikimedia commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So now we have a GM tree that might restore these forests back to what they were a century or so ago. Now we have to decide whether to plant them or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not really an issue of the tree having been created through genetic engineering. It is very hard to come up with plausible ways that a tree with this gene could have a significant effect on the environment. The trees aren’t modified so they make their own pesticides, survive spraying by herbicides or anything like that. They simply make an enzyme from wheat that successfully battles a killer fungus by neutralizing an acid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, it has more to do with upsetting the new balance that has arisen over the last few decades in the forests back east. The forests have adjusted to the loss of the American chestnut and reintroducing the tree will only plunge the forests back into a period of readjustment. This temporary state of flux will be disruptive and so should be done for more than nostalgic reasons. There should be some environmental or economic benefit in bringing the American chestnut back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Again, this discussion is not dependent on the fact that the tree is GM. The same arguments can be made for the American/Japanese/Chinese hybrids that look to be resistant too. In fact, this discussion isn’t really that different from those brought up with regards to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/25/resurrection-biology-the-reality-of-bringing-back-extinct-species/\">bringing back extinct species\u003c/a>. Like those folks in Monty Python’s \u003cem>The Holy Grail\u003c/em>, the American chestnut isn’t quite dead yet, but it is close.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So we finally have ways to bring back the American chestnut. But it may be that it took us so long to find them that we don’t need them anymore. The forests have moved on, maybe we should too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54832\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 663px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/20/saved-from-living-death-how-genetically-modifying-chestnuts-could-bring-them-back/chestnutrange/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54832\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-54832\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/ChestnutRange.jpg\" alt=\"Natural range of the American chestnut as reported in 1914. The cross hatching shows the extent of the blight back then. Image courtesy of Wikimedia commons.\" width=\"663\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/ChestnutRange.jpg 663w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/ChestnutRange-400x362.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 663px) 100vw, 663px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Natural range of the American chestnut as reported in 1914. The cross hatching shows the extent of the blight back then. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PSM_V84_D557_Natural_range_of_the_american_chestnut.jpg\">Wikimedia commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/54809/saved-from-living-death-how-genetically-modifying-chestnuts-could-bring-them-back","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_11993","quest_1196","quest_1293","quest_11518","quest_3319"],"featImg":"quest_54812","label":"quest"},"quest_54579":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_54579","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"54579","score":null,"sort":[1368474553000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"scientist-superheroes-the-us-governments-crisis-science-team","title":"Scientist Superheroes: The US Government's Crisis Science Team","publishDate":1368474553,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/13/scientist-superheroes-the-us-governments-crisis-science-team/science-during-crisis-640-360/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54580\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Science-During-Crisis-640-360.jpg\" alt=\"Science During Crisis 640 360\" width=\"542\" height=\"420\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-54580\">\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If your town were suddenly struck by an earthquake or hurricane, you could count on the arrival of police, firefighters, and medical technicians to aid in the emergency response. As of this past January, the US government has added a new team of responders to this list—scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Strategic Sciences Group was formed under Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar in order to help the department “act quickly, decisively and effectively when hurricanes, droughts, oil spills, wildfires or other crises strike.” The group was initially tested as a pilot program during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill and is now a permanent part of the Department of the Interior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But don’t expect to see people in lab coats rushing into burning buildings or diving into flooding rivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Strategic Sciences Group’s mission,” says group co-leader Gary Machlis, “is to very quickly assemble a team of scientists to develop scenarios of what the cascading consequences of a crisis might be.” These scenarios are projections of all the different ways in which the disaster might play out. The projections are then delivered to the President and other national leaders to help inform real-time, emergency-response decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During Deepwater Horizon, for example, calculations regarding oil flow rates helped decision-makers respond to obvious problems such as ecosystem contamination, as well as some subtler consequences: long-term displacement of oyster harvesters, disproportionate economic impacts upon cultural communities, and diminished hurricane resilience due to wetland stress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54582\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 485px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/alg_oil_rig_explosion.jpeg\" alt=\"Deepwater Horizon in flames, April 21, 2010.\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Deepwater Horizon in flames, April 21, 2010.\u003cbr>(AP Photo/U.S. Coast Guard)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>With such a breadth of potential consequences to examine, its clear that the Strategic Sciences Group’s task is not simple. What is surprising however, is that many of the group’s difficulties stem from the nature of the scientific process itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Scientists are very accustomed to being deliberate in their work,” says Marcia Mcnutt, who worked with the Strategic Sciences Group during her tenure as director of the United States Geological Survey. “The idea that they might get critical info on a Monday night and need to have their best guess of what that info means by six am Tuesday morning is just not the normal way science operates.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, Machlis adds, the rapidly determined results must also be communicated persuasively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It isn’t enough to do good science. You might have an extraordinary, complex scenario figured out that’s important for leaders to know, but if you can’t tell that story clearly and effectively, it’s of less value.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These requirements—the ability to work with urgency, cope with uncertainty, and communicate well with non-scientists—separate crisis science from traditional scientific research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When creating the Strategic Sciences Group, Machlis responded to these unique demands by borrowing ideas from an unusual agency: The Office of Strategic Services, or OSS, which was established during World War II to coordinate espionage activities behind enemy lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Machlis says he has learned four important lessons from the historic military-intelligence organization:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\n\u003c/p>\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003ch2>1. Who You Hire Matters\u003c/h2>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\n\u003c/p>\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54625\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 447px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Donovan-Officers-Resize.jpg\" alt=\"OSS founder Maj. Gen. William J. Donovan with members of the OSS Operational Groups\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">OSS founder Maj. Gen. William J. Donovan with members of the OSS\u003cbr>Photo Courtesy of the OSS Society\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>“The ideal candidate for the OSS were PhD’s that could win a bar fight,” says Machlis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While martial arts training is not an actual requirement, the Strategic Sciences Group does seek scientists with a certain mental and physical tenacity. “They‘ve got to be expert in their own discipline, able to transcend their own discipline and work well with other scientists, and they have to be able to work extremely hard under very intense conditions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003ch2>2. Expertise Not Representation\u003c/h2>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\n“Our goal is to get the very best people in the field working on these science teams. It is less about do we need one person from this agency and one person from this agency to make sure it’s representative.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From government scientists to graduate students, anyone with the necessary skills can be recruited and put onto Machlis’ lists, or “rosters”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003ch2>3. Be Flexible\u003c/h2>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54584\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 403px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/13/scientist-superheroes-the-us-governments-crisis-science-team/strategic-sciences-working-group/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54584\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Strategic-Sciences-Working-Group.jpg\" alt=\"US Department of the Interior Strategic Sciences Working Group, New Orleans, LA, July 2010.\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">US Department of the Interior Strategic Sciences Working Group, New Orleans, LA, July 2010. Photo Credit: Jason Newman\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Machlis ensures that the rosters are highly interdisciplinary. The 30 scientists who have already been called to action include “an anthropologist with expertise in disaster response from Louisiana, a public health medical officer from Washington, DC, a coastal geomorphologist from California, an ecologist working with a major natural history museum, and a Forest Service social scientist with expertise in urban ecology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such diversity allows the Strategic Sciences Group to be highly adaptable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Each crisis that might happen, whether it’s an oil spill, whether it’s an earth quake, whether it’s a dam failure, there’s always going to be many elements of it that are unique. We need to be flexible enough to choose a team that has reliable expert scientists appropriate to that crisis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003ch2>4. Avoid Bureaucracy\u003c/h2>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\n“We stay focused on the mission rather than developing a lot of complicated, time-consuming bureaucratic processes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to avoid creating a large government agency, Machlis only activates the rostered scientists when a disaster occurs. At all other times, the Strategic Sciences Group is made up of only three people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This three person team, when there are no current crises, spends its time evaluating the consequences of potential crises.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By considering situations such as “a forest fire in the sierras during Yosemite’s tourist season, or a pandemic, or an arctic oil spill,” the group hopes to pre-emptively increase response preparedness. Ultimately, Machlis aims to have the capacity to address simultaneous, bi-coastal disasters. For example: an earthquake in California and a hurricane in New York on the same day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When will the group be ready for such a situation?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would hope that we’re prepared for that within the year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark that down as December 31st, 2013--the date when you can expect not only police and firefighters, but also scientists, to play a role in addressing the next major natural or man-made disaster.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"If your town were suddenly struck by an earthquake or hurricane, you could count on the arrival of police, firefighters, and medical technicians to aid in the emergency response. As of this past January, the US government has added a new team of responders to this list—scientists.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1368638741,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":33,"wordCount":1055},"headData":{"title":"Scientist Superheroes: The US Government's Crisis Science Team | KQED","description":"If your town were suddenly struck by an earthquake or hurricane, you could count on the arrival of police, firefighters, and medical technicians to aid in the emergency response. As of this past January, the US government has added a new team of responders to this list—scientists.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Scientist Superheroes: The US Government's Crisis Science Team","datePublished":"2013-05-13T19:49:13.000Z","dateModified":"2013-05-15T17:25:41.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"54579 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=54579","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/13/scientist-superheroes-the-us-governments-crisis-science-team/","disqusTitle":"Scientist Superheroes: The US Government's Crisis Science Team","path":"/quest/54579/scientist-superheroes-the-us-governments-crisis-science-team","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/13/scientist-superheroes-the-us-governments-crisis-science-team/science-during-crisis-640-360/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54580\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Science-During-Crisis-640-360.jpg\" alt=\"Science During Crisis 640 360\" width=\"542\" height=\"420\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-54580\">\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If your town were suddenly struck by an earthquake or hurricane, you could count on the arrival of police, firefighters, and medical technicians to aid in the emergency response. As of this past January, the US government has added a new team of responders to this list—scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Strategic Sciences Group was formed under Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar in order to help the department “act quickly, decisively and effectively when hurricanes, droughts, oil spills, wildfires or other crises strike.” The group was initially tested as a pilot program during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill and is now a permanent part of the Department of the Interior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But don’t expect to see people in lab coats rushing into burning buildings or diving into flooding rivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Strategic Sciences Group’s mission,” says group co-leader Gary Machlis, “is to very quickly assemble a team of scientists to develop scenarios of what the cascading consequences of a crisis might be.” These scenarios are projections of all the different ways in which the disaster might play out. The projections are then delivered to the President and other national leaders to help inform real-time, emergency-response decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During Deepwater Horizon, for example, calculations regarding oil flow rates helped decision-makers respond to obvious problems such as ecosystem contamination, as well as some subtler consequences: long-term displacement of oyster harvesters, disproportionate economic impacts upon cultural communities, and diminished hurricane resilience due to wetland stress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54582\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 485px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/alg_oil_rig_explosion.jpeg\" alt=\"Deepwater Horizon in flames, April 21, 2010.\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Deepwater Horizon in flames, April 21, 2010.\u003cbr>(AP Photo/U.S. Coast Guard)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>With such a breadth of potential consequences to examine, its clear that the Strategic Sciences Group’s task is not simple. What is surprising however, is that many of the group’s difficulties stem from the nature of the scientific process itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Scientists are very accustomed to being deliberate in their work,” says Marcia Mcnutt, who worked with the Strategic Sciences Group during her tenure as director of the United States Geological Survey. “The idea that they might get critical info on a Monday night and need to have their best guess of what that info means by six am Tuesday morning is just not the normal way science operates.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, Machlis adds, the rapidly determined results must also be communicated persuasively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It isn’t enough to do good science. You might have an extraordinary, complex scenario figured out that’s important for leaders to know, but if you can’t tell that story clearly and effectively, it’s of less value.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These requirements—the ability to work with urgency, cope with uncertainty, and communicate well with non-scientists—separate crisis science from traditional scientific research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When creating the Strategic Sciences Group, Machlis responded to these unique demands by borrowing ideas from an unusual agency: The Office of Strategic Services, or OSS, which was established during World War II to coordinate espionage activities behind enemy lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Machlis says he has learned four important lessons from the historic military-intelligence organization:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\n\u003c/p>\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003ch2>1. Who You Hire Matters\u003c/h2>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\n\u003c/p>\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54625\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 447px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Donovan-Officers-Resize.jpg\" alt=\"OSS founder Maj. Gen. William J. Donovan with members of the OSS Operational Groups\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">OSS founder Maj. Gen. William J. Donovan with members of the OSS\u003cbr>Photo Courtesy of the OSS Society\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>“The ideal candidate for the OSS were PhD’s that could win a bar fight,” says Machlis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While martial arts training is not an actual requirement, the Strategic Sciences Group does seek scientists with a certain mental and physical tenacity. “They‘ve got to be expert in their own discipline, able to transcend their own discipline and work well with other scientists, and they have to be able to work extremely hard under very intense conditions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003ch2>2. Expertise Not Representation\u003c/h2>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\n“Our goal is to get the very best people in the field working on these science teams. It is less about do we need one person from this agency and one person from this agency to make sure it’s representative.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From government scientists to graduate students, anyone with the necessary skills can be recruited and put onto Machlis’ lists, or “rosters”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003ch2>3. Be Flexible\u003c/h2>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54584\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 403px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/13/scientist-superheroes-the-us-governments-crisis-science-team/strategic-sciences-working-group/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54584\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Strategic-Sciences-Working-Group.jpg\" alt=\"US Department of the Interior Strategic Sciences Working Group, New Orleans, LA, July 2010.\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">US Department of the Interior Strategic Sciences Working Group, New Orleans, LA, July 2010. Photo Credit: Jason Newman\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Machlis ensures that the rosters are highly interdisciplinary. The 30 scientists who have already been called to action include “an anthropologist with expertise in disaster response from Louisiana, a public health medical officer from Washington, DC, a coastal geomorphologist from California, an ecologist working with a major natural history museum, and a Forest Service social scientist with expertise in urban ecology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such diversity allows the Strategic Sciences Group to be highly adaptable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Each crisis that might happen, whether it’s an oil spill, whether it’s an earth quake, whether it’s a dam failure, there’s always going to be many elements of it that are unique. We need to be flexible enough to choose a team that has reliable expert scientists appropriate to that crisis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003ch2>4. Avoid Bureaucracy\u003c/h2>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\n“We stay focused on the mission rather than developing a lot of complicated, time-consuming bureaucratic processes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to avoid creating a large government agency, Machlis only activates the rostered scientists when a disaster occurs. At all other times, the Strategic Sciences Group is made up of only three people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This three person team, when there are no current crises, spends its time evaluating the consequences of potential crises.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By considering situations such as “a forest fire in the sierras during Yosemite’s tourist season, or a pandemic, or an arctic oil spill,” the group hopes to pre-emptively increase response preparedness. Ultimately, Machlis aims to have the capacity to address simultaneous, bi-coastal disasters. For example: an earthquake in California and a hurricane in New York on the same day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When will the group be ready for such a situation?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would hope that we’re prepared for that within the year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark that down as December 31st, 2013--the date when you can expect not only police and firefighters, but also scientists, to play a role in addressing the next major natural or man-made disaster.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/54579/scientist-superheroes-the-us-governments-crisis-science-team","authors":["1410"],"categories":["quest_9"],"tags":["quest_11988","quest_11987","quest_11518","quest_11984","quest_11985","quest_11990","quest_11986","quest_11989"],"featImg":"quest_54580","label":"quest"},"quest_53462":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_53462","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"53462","score":null,"sort":[1367938834000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"exploring-caves-in-californi-an-otherworldly-experience","title":"Exploring Caves in California: An Otherworldly Experience","publishDate":1367938834,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53477\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/07/exploring-caves-in-californi-an-otherworldly-experience/cave1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53477\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-53477\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave1.jpg\" alt=\"A tour group explores California Cavern.\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave1-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Rachael Rufino\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While most people are out enjoying the warmer weather spring offers, there are some who cannot wait to make their way underground. With the rainy season behind us, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Caverns\" target=\"_blank\">California Caverns\u003c/a> are opening up for those who aren't afraid of the dark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tour guides interpret the eerie speleothems (cave formations), created by water droplets and mineral deposits. Most of the formations follow the laws of gravity. Stalactites appear to grow downward as water droplets following down the same path leave minerals behind. Stalagmites on the other hand, appear to grow upward, as water droplets fall and land in the same place depositing minerals over time. Helictite crystals, however, actually defy gravity. Although their formation is not fully understood, water pressure and capillary forces are said to play a key role. This results in one of the most delicate, extraterrestrial-looking speleothems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53476\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/07/exploring-caves-in-californi-an-otherworldly-experience/cave3/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53476\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-53476\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave3.jpg\" alt=\"Helictite formations at Black Chasm Cavern.\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave3.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave3-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Rachael Rufino\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Simpler formation names inspired by more familiar objects include \"soda straws,\" \"angel wings,\" and \"bacon.\" Their formation is so slow, a speleothem that is a couple inches long can be several hundred years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53475\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/07/exploring-caves-in-californi-an-otherworldly-experience/cave4/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53475\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-53475\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave4.jpg\" alt='\"Angel Wing\" formations are created by mineral deposits as water droplets flow down cave walls.' width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave4.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave4-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Rachael Rufino\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Although bats are an iconic cave inhabitant, you won't find them here. Small crustaceans are one of the few residents confirmed living in this isolated environment. One species is endemic to Black Chasm Cavern, meaning, the entire population exists only in that cave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An environment that is so secluded means that the slightest disturbance can throw its ecosystem off balance. Algae has unnaturally began to grow in the caves because of the heat given off by light bulbs. When touring, it is important to observe the formations without touching them, as the oils from our skin can degrade the fragile speleothems. To help preserve these chambers, tour guides will immediately turn lights off when leaving, and in California Cavern, a pristine chamber called the \"Jungle Room\" is only shown to visitors who have demonstrated respect for the cave and its rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53478\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/07/exploring-caves-in-californi-an-otherworldly-experience/cave2-1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53478\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-53478\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave2-1.jpg\" alt=\"A flood in California Cavern makes a wonderful habitat for small invertebrates.\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave2-1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave2-1-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Rachael Rufino\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Located just 3 hours from San Francisco, exploring \u003ca href=\"http://www.caverntours.com/BlackRt.htm\">Black Chasm Cavern\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.caverntours.com/CalifRt.htm\">California Cavern\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.caverntours.com/MoCavRt.htm\">Moaning Cavern\u003c/a> is a fascinating way to spend the weekend for all ages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"While most people are out enjoying the warmer weather spring offers, there are some who cannot wait to make their way underground. With the rainy season behind us, California Caverns are opening up for those who aren't afraid of the dark.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1368565477,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":8,"wordCount":362},"headData":{"title":"Exploring Caves in California: An Otherworldly Experience | KQED","description":"While most people are out enjoying the warmer weather spring offers, there are some who cannot wait to make their way underground. With the rainy season behind us, California Caverns are opening up for those who aren't afraid of the dark.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Exploring Caves in California: An Otherworldly Experience","datePublished":"2013-05-07T15:00:34.000Z","dateModified":"2013-05-14T21:04:37.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"53462 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=53462","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/07/exploring-caves-in-californi-an-otherworldly-experience/","disqusTitle":"Exploring Caves in California: An Otherworldly Experience","path":"/quest/53462/exploring-caves-in-californi-an-otherworldly-experience","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53477\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/07/exploring-caves-in-californi-an-otherworldly-experience/cave1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53477\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-53477\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave1.jpg\" alt=\"A tour group explores California Cavern.\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave1-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Rachael Rufino\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While most people are out enjoying the warmer weather spring offers, there are some who cannot wait to make their way underground. With the rainy season behind us, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Caverns\" target=\"_blank\">California Caverns\u003c/a> are opening up for those who aren't afraid of the dark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tour guides interpret the eerie speleothems (cave formations), created by water droplets and mineral deposits. Most of the formations follow the laws of gravity. Stalactites appear to grow downward as water droplets following down the same path leave minerals behind. Stalagmites on the other hand, appear to grow upward, as water droplets fall and land in the same place depositing minerals over time. Helictite crystals, however, actually defy gravity. Although their formation is not fully understood, water pressure and capillary forces are said to play a key role. This results in one of the most delicate, extraterrestrial-looking speleothems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53476\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/07/exploring-caves-in-californi-an-otherworldly-experience/cave3/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53476\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-53476\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave3.jpg\" alt=\"Helictite formations at Black Chasm Cavern.\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave3.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave3-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Rachael Rufino\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Simpler formation names inspired by more familiar objects include \"soda straws,\" \"angel wings,\" and \"bacon.\" Their formation is so slow, a speleothem that is a couple inches long can be several hundred years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53475\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/07/exploring-caves-in-californi-an-otherworldly-experience/cave4/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53475\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-53475\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave4.jpg\" alt='\"Angel Wing\" formations are created by mineral deposits as water droplets flow down cave walls.' width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave4.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave4-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Rachael Rufino\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Although bats are an iconic cave inhabitant, you won't find them here. Small crustaceans are one of the few residents confirmed living in this isolated environment. One species is endemic to Black Chasm Cavern, meaning, the entire population exists only in that cave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An environment that is so secluded means that the slightest disturbance can throw its ecosystem off balance. Algae has unnaturally began to grow in the caves because of the heat given off by light bulbs. When touring, it is important to observe the formations without touching them, as the oils from our skin can degrade the fragile speleothems. To help preserve these chambers, tour guides will immediately turn lights off when leaving, and in California Cavern, a pristine chamber called the \"Jungle Room\" is only shown to visitors who have demonstrated respect for the cave and its rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53478\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/07/exploring-caves-in-californi-an-otherworldly-experience/cave2-1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53478\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-53478\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave2-1.jpg\" alt=\"A flood in California Cavern makes a wonderful habitat for small invertebrates.\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave2-1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave2-1-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Rachael Rufino\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Located just 3 hours from San Francisco, exploring \u003ca href=\"http://www.caverntours.com/BlackRt.htm\">Black Chasm Cavern\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.caverntours.com/CalifRt.htm\">California Cavern\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.caverntours.com/MoCavRt.htm\">Moaning Cavern\u003c/a> is a fascinating way to spend the weekend for all ages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/53462/exploring-caves-in-californi-an-otherworldly-experience","authors":["6409"],"categories":["quest_9"],"tags":["quest_438","quest_11611","quest_11937","quest_11960","quest_1370","quest_11518","quest_3307","quest_11958","quest_11959"],"featImg":"quest_53476","label":"quest"},"quest_53732":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_53732","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"53732","score":null,"sort":[1367854251000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"scrounging-for-research-dollars","title":"Scrounging for Research Dollars","publishDate":1367854251,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53735\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 639px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/06/scrounging-for-research-dollars/lab/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53735\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-53735\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Lab.jpg\" alt=\"I don't have time for this, I need to get back to writing grants! Image courtesy of David Shankbone, Wikimedia Commons.\" width=\"639\" height=\"340\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Lab.jpg 639w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Lab-400x213.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 639px) 100vw, 639px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">I don't have time for this, I need to get back to writing grants! Image courtesy of David Shankbone, Wikimedia Commons.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you’re a scientist these days, getting the money to do your research is a lot like getting into Stanford or Yale. Assuming you aren’t rich or connected, being incredibly skilled, hardworking and accomplished isn’t enough. You need to get lucky too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The big difference is that in terms of funding for research, there aren’t really any back up schools. If you don’t get into your Ivy League college, you don’t get your college degree. The best you can do is scrape together a few part-time jobs to stay in business so you can apply over and over again to the same school. No wonder so many scientists are becoming discouraged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For those of you who don’t know how scientists at universities get their money, here is a quick, crash course. First off, scientists aren’t paid by a university to do their research. They are expected to raise that money on their own. They are given a bit of money to get started, but the university supplies almost no money after that. In fact, they take a good chunk of the money you manage to raise for overhead costs (buildings, electricity, name recognition, etc.).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This didn’t used to be a big deal. Yes, it was an inconvenience but there was enough money so that if you had a good idea and some data to support it, you had a pretty good shot at getting funded. This is no longer true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These days most higher-level scientists are spending less and less time doing science and more and more time writing grants to try to get research funded. If they don’t have a big name and/or come from a big school, odds are most if not all of the grants won’t be funded. And even if they have the reputation and come from what is deemed to be a big school, they still may end up penniless.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Someone I know at Stanford summarized his situation like this:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This year I'll be submitting six RO1 grants, each of which take about a month's worth of effort. Given that the current funding levels are less than 10%, I'll be lucky if one gets funded so I can keep doing my research. Three of these proposals are seeking funding to continue existing research projects that serve the scientific community; if they aren’t funded, those projects will stop.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you can tell, he is writing as fast as he can to try to keep at least some of his projects going. He is not doing much research on his own, he is just trying to get enough money so the graduate students and other people in his lab can do some science. Not what he was trained for!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only that, but as he says, some of his ongoing projects will lose their funding. This isn’t because they aren’t worthy. Instead they won’t be funded because they didn’t get the lucky six numbers to win the lottery this round.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53738\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/06/scrounging-for-research-dollars/obamanas/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53738\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-53738\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/ObamaNAS.jpg\" alt=\"President Obama recognizes the problems with science funding. \" width=\"250\" height=\"230\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">President Obama recognizes the problems with science funding.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Chaotic funding like this slows research down as ideas are not allowed to flower but instead die or go dormant. And even if they are picked up again, research is slowed as the new group has to learn the subtleties of that particular project. This is no way to run a business!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least some people in government are recognizing this reality. President Obama in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.bizjournals.com/twincities/news/2013/04/29/obama-sequester-could-cost-us-up-to.html\">speech \u003c/a>to the National Academy of Sciences suggested that sequestration could cost two years of research. And this is just the sequestration; it doesn’t include the lost years from the drop off in funding that has already happened in the last few years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you might expect, this isn’t just a U.S. problem. A recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/occams-corner/2013/apr/02/1?CMP=twt_fd\">article \u003c/a>in the Guardian points out that the same sorts of things are happening in Europe and Australia too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a time of decreased funding, we have to decide if having fewer scientists able to do research is OK. If it is, then we can keep the same system in place and have scientists writing grant after grant, trying to raise money for their research. Hopefully the best grant writers are also the best scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If we want more scientists able to do research, then we have to decide what to do. One idea might be to streamline the granting process to save money so that more grants are funded. The occasional stinker of a project might slip through, but that might be OK if many more grants can be funded. Another idea would be more money for research, but you can’t squeeze blood from a turnip. There simply may not be the money to fund research under the current system so that a scientist has a reasonable chance at getting funded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The worst part is we have to count on Congress to try to deal with this. I suspect things will go on like they have been for a very long time.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"If you’re a scientist these days, getting the money to do your research is a lot like getting into Stanford or Yale. Assuming you aren’t rich or connected, being incredibly skilled, hardworking and accomplished isn’t enough. You need to get lucky too.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1367973483,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":894},"headData":{"title":"Scrounging for Research Dollars | KQED","description":"If you’re a scientist these days, getting the money to do your research is a lot like getting into Stanford or Yale. Assuming you aren’t rich or connected, being incredibly skilled, hardworking and accomplished isn’t enough. You need to get lucky too.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Scrounging for Research Dollars","datePublished":"2013-05-06T15:30:51.000Z","dateModified":"2013-05-08T00:38:03.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"53732 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=53732","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/06/scrounging-for-research-dollars/","disqusTitle":"Scrounging for Research Dollars","path":"/quest/53732/scrounging-for-research-dollars","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53735\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 639px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/06/scrounging-for-research-dollars/lab/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53735\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-53735\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Lab.jpg\" alt=\"I don't have time for this, I need to get back to writing grants! Image courtesy of David Shankbone, Wikimedia Commons.\" width=\"639\" height=\"340\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Lab.jpg 639w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Lab-400x213.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 639px) 100vw, 639px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">I don't have time for this, I need to get back to writing grants! Image courtesy of David Shankbone, Wikimedia Commons.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you’re a scientist these days, getting the money to do your research is a lot like getting into Stanford or Yale. Assuming you aren’t rich or connected, being incredibly skilled, hardworking and accomplished isn’t enough. You need to get lucky too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The big difference is that in terms of funding for research, there aren’t really any back up schools. If you don’t get into your Ivy League college, you don’t get your college degree. The best you can do is scrape together a few part-time jobs to stay in business so you can apply over and over again to the same school. No wonder so many scientists are becoming discouraged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For those of you who don’t know how scientists at universities get their money, here is a quick, crash course. First off, scientists aren’t paid by a university to do their research. They are expected to raise that money on their own. They are given a bit of money to get started, but the university supplies almost no money after that. In fact, they take a good chunk of the money you manage to raise for overhead costs (buildings, electricity, name recognition, etc.).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This didn’t used to be a big deal. Yes, it was an inconvenience but there was enough money so that if you had a good idea and some data to support it, you had a pretty good shot at getting funded. This is no longer true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These days most higher-level scientists are spending less and less time doing science and more and more time writing grants to try to get research funded. If they don’t have a big name and/or come from a big school, odds are most if not all of the grants won’t be funded. And even if they have the reputation and come from what is deemed to be a big school, they still may end up penniless.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Someone I know at Stanford summarized his situation like this:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This year I'll be submitting six RO1 grants, each of which take about a month's worth of effort. Given that the current funding levels are less than 10%, I'll be lucky if one gets funded so I can keep doing my research. Three of these proposals are seeking funding to continue existing research projects that serve the scientific community; if they aren’t funded, those projects will stop.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you can tell, he is writing as fast as he can to try to keep at least some of his projects going. He is not doing much research on his own, he is just trying to get enough money so the graduate students and other people in his lab can do some science. Not what he was trained for!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only that, but as he says, some of his ongoing projects will lose their funding. This isn’t because they aren’t worthy. Instead they won’t be funded because they didn’t get the lucky six numbers to win the lottery this round.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53738\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/06/scrounging-for-research-dollars/obamanas/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53738\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-53738\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/ObamaNAS.jpg\" alt=\"President Obama recognizes the problems with science funding. \" width=\"250\" height=\"230\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">President Obama recognizes the problems with science funding.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Chaotic funding like this slows research down as ideas are not allowed to flower but instead die or go dormant. And even if they are picked up again, research is slowed as the new group has to learn the subtleties of that particular project. This is no way to run a business!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least some people in government are recognizing this reality. President Obama in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.bizjournals.com/twincities/news/2013/04/29/obama-sequester-could-cost-us-up-to.html\">speech \u003c/a>to the National Academy of Sciences suggested that sequestration could cost two years of research. And this is just the sequestration; it doesn’t include the lost years from the drop off in funding that has already happened in the last few years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you might expect, this isn’t just a U.S. problem. A recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/occams-corner/2013/apr/02/1?CMP=twt_fd\">article \u003c/a>in the Guardian points out that the same sorts of things are happening in Europe and Australia too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a time of decreased funding, we have to decide if having fewer scientists able to do research is OK. If it is, then we can keep the same system in place and have scientists writing grant after grant, trying to raise money for their research. Hopefully the best grant writers are also the best scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If we want more scientists able to do research, then we have to decide what to do. One idea might be to streamline the granting process to save money so that more grants are funded. The occasional stinker of a project might slip through, but that might be OK if many more grants can be funded. Another idea would be more money for research, but you can’t squeeze blood from a turnip. There simply may not be the money to fund research under the current system so that a scientist has a reasonable chance at getting funded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The worst part is we have to count on Congress to try to deal with this. I suspect things will go on like they have been for a very long time.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/53732/scrounging-for-research-dollars","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_4"],"tags":["quest_11947","quest_11518","quest_11949","quest_11948","quest_11950","quest_3319"],"featImg":"quest_53735","label":"quest"},"quest_53885":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_53885","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"53885","score":null,"sort":[1367619239000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-human-microbiome-a-rogues-gallery","title":"The Human Microbiome: A Rogue's Gallery","publishDate":1367619239,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Scientists are starting to get a handle on what kinds of microbes live in the human body and, roughly, how those populations differ from one individual to another. A key question now is whether there is such a thing as an “ideal” microbiome. In the meantime, get to know some of the microbes that may be in your gut. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53890\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/03/the-human-microbiome-a-rogues-gallery/empylori/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53890\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-53890\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/EMpylori.jpg\" alt=\"H. pylori has lived in our stomachs for 200,000 years. (Photo: Yutaka Tsutsumi)\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/EMpylori.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/EMpylori-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>H. pylori\u003c/em> has lived in our stomachs for 200,000 years. (Photo: Dr. Yutaka Tsutsumi)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Helicobacter pylori\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humans have a love-hate relationship with \u003cem>H. pylori\u003c/em>. It has dwelled inside our stomachs for 200,000 or so years, but its role is unclear. Scientists believe the microbe causes peptic ulcers and have linked it with an increased risk of stomach cancer. But the percentage of people with \u003cem>H. pylori\u003c/em> has been shrinking, particularly in the Western world where antibiotic use has been widespread for more than half a century. Those lacking in \u003cem>H. pylori\u003c/em> may be at higher risk for asthma or obesity, since the bacteria helps tell us when we’re full. Scientists aren’t sure whether the absence of the microbe actually causes asthma or obesity, but the two occurrences do correlate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2012/10/22/121022fa_fact_specter\">Source\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53889\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/03/the-human-microbiome-a-rogues-gallery/clostridium_difficile_01/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53889\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-53889\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Clostridium_difficile_01.png\" alt='C. difficile can cause some nasty problems if left unchecked by \"good\" bacteria. (Photo: Centers for Disease Control)' width=\"320\" height=\"auto\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Clostridium_difficile_01.png 447w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Clostridium_difficile_01-400x268.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 447px) 100vw, 447px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">C. difficile can cause some nasty problems if left unchecked by \"good\" bacteria. (Photo: Centers for Disease Control)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cdiv>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Clostridium difficile\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The “good” bacteria in your gut often keep bad stuff at bay. When the good guys are destroyed (possibly with antibiotics), \u003cem>C. difficile\u003c/em> takes over, which can cause severe diarrhea or deadly inflammation of the colon. The condition most commonly affects hospitalized older adults or those in long-term care. The cure: more antibiotics — or a fecal transplant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/c-difficile/DS00736\">Source\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bifidobacterium\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53888\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/03/the-human-microbiome-a-rogues-gallery/bifidobacterium/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53888\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-53888\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Bifidobacterium.jpg\" alt=\"Bifidobacterium lives throughout the body and can be damaged by antibiotic treatments. (Photo: Wikimedia Commons)\" width=\"320\" height=\"auto\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bifidobacterium lives throughout the body and can be damaged by antibiotic treatments. (Photo: Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">The gut biota ecosystem is a dramatically changing environment in the first two years of life. Bifidobacterium include a range of bacteria species that exist symbiotically throughout our bodies. But the evolution of Bifidobacterium in infant bodies can be stunted by early antibiotic treatment. The bacteria are linked with many probiotic benefits, and scientists do not yet understand the long-term health consequences of reducing their numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22948872\">Source\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53891\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/03/the-human-microbiome-a-rogues-gallery/p-ging/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53891\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-53891\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/p-ging.jpg\" alt=\"P. gingivalis can make your teeth fall out. (Photo: Flickr user AJC1)\" width=\"320\" height=\"auto\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">P. gingivalis can make your teeth fall out. (Photo: Flickr user AJC1)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Porphyromonas gingivalis\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Did you brush your teeth this morning? The microflora in our mouths can cause some real problems. Take \u003cem>P. gingivalis\u003c/em> (pictured). The bacteria places a role in the onset of periodontitis, an inflammation of the gums that causes teeth to fall out. \u003cem>P. gingivalis\u003c/em> is also associated with rheumatoid arthritis and heart disease. It’s less abundant in the mouth than, say, \u003cem>Streptococcus parasanguinis\u003c/em>. Those bacteria colonize the surface of your teeth, forming plaque.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Get to know some of the microbes that may be in your gut. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1367621473,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":470},"headData":{"title":"The Human Microbiome: A Rogue's Gallery | KQED","description":"Get to know some of the microbes that may be in your gut. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Human Microbiome: A Rogue's Gallery","datePublished":"2013-05-03T22:13:59.000Z","dateModified":"2013-05-03T22:51:13.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"53885 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=53885","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/03/the-human-microbiome-a-rogues-gallery/","disqusTitle":"The Human Microbiome: A Rogue's Gallery","path":"/quest/53885/the-human-microbiome-a-rogues-gallery","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Scientists are starting to get a handle on what kinds of microbes live in the human body and, roughly, how those populations differ from one individual to another. A key question now is whether there is such a thing as an “ideal” microbiome. In the meantime, get to know some of the microbes that may be in your gut. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53890\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/03/the-human-microbiome-a-rogues-gallery/empylori/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53890\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-53890\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/EMpylori.jpg\" alt=\"H. pylori has lived in our stomachs for 200,000 years. (Photo: Yutaka Tsutsumi)\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/EMpylori.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/EMpylori-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>H. pylori\u003c/em> has lived in our stomachs for 200,000 years. (Photo: Dr. Yutaka Tsutsumi)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Helicobacter pylori\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humans have a love-hate relationship with \u003cem>H. pylori\u003c/em>. It has dwelled inside our stomachs for 200,000 or so years, but its role is unclear. Scientists believe the microbe causes peptic ulcers and have linked it with an increased risk of stomach cancer. But the percentage of people with \u003cem>H. pylori\u003c/em> has been shrinking, particularly in the Western world where antibiotic use has been widespread for more than half a century. Those lacking in \u003cem>H. pylori\u003c/em> may be at higher risk for asthma or obesity, since the bacteria helps tell us when we’re full. Scientists aren’t sure whether the absence of the microbe actually causes asthma or obesity, but the two occurrences do correlate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2012/10/22/121022fa_fact_specter\">Source\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53889\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/03/the-human-microbiome-a-rogues-gallery/clostridium_difficile_01/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53889\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-53889\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Clostridium_difficile_01.png\" alt='C. difficile can cause some nasty problems if left unchecked by \"good\" bacteria. (Photo: Centers for Disease Control)' width=\"320\" height=\"auto\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Clostridium_difficile_01.png 447w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Clostridium_difficile_01-400x268.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 447px) 100vw, 447px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">C. difficile can cause some nasty problems if left unchecked by \"good\" bacteria. (Photo: Centers for Disease Control)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cdiv>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Clostridium difficile\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The “good” bacteria in your gut often keep bad stuff at bay. When the good guys are destroyed (possibly with antibiotics), \u003cem>C. difficile\u003c/em> takes over, which can cause severe diarrhea or deadly inflammation of the colon. The condition most commonly affects hospitalized older adults or those in long-term care. The cure: more antibiotics — or a fecal transplant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/c-difficile/DS00736\">Source\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bifidobacterium\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53888\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/03/the-human-microbiome-a-rogues-gallery/bifidobacterium/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53888\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-53888\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Bifidobacterium.jpg\" alt=\"Bifidobacterium lives throughout the body and can be damaged by antibiotic treatments. (Photo: Wikimedia Commons)\" width=\"320\" height=\"auto\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bifidobacterium lives throughout the body and can be damaged by antibiotic treatments. (Photo: Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">The gut biota ecosystem is a dramatically changing environment in the first two years of life. Bifidobacterium include a range of bacteria species that exist symbiotically throughout our bodies. But the evolution of Bifidobacterium in infant bodies can be stunted by early antibiotic treatment. The bacteria are linked with many probiotic benefits, and scientists do not yet understand the long-term health consequences of reducing their numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22948872\">Source\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53891\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/03/the-human-microbiome-a-rogues-gallery/p-ging/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53891\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-53891\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/p-ging.jpg\" alt=\"P. gingivalis can make your teeth fall out. (Photo: Flickr user AJC1)\" width=\"320\" height=\"auto\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">P. gingivalis can make your teeth fall out. (Photo: Flickr user AJC1)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Porphyromonas gingivalis\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Did you brush your teeth this morning? The microflora in our mouths can cause some real problems. Take \u003cem>P. gingivalis\u003c/em> (pictured). The bacteria places a role in the onset of periodontitis, an inflammation of the gums that causes teeth to fall out. \u003cem>P. gingivalis\u003c/em> is also associated with rheumatoid arthritis and heart disease. It’s less abundant in the mouth than, say, \u003cem>Streptococcus parasanguinis\u003c/em>. Those bacteria colonize the surface of your teeth, forming plaque.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/53885/the-human-microbiome-a-rogues-gallery","authors":["1429"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_11518","quest_11952"],"featImg":"quest_53889","label":"quest"},"quest_53756":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_53756","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"53756","score":null,"sort":[1367593244000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-state-of-the-universe-matter-and-age-up-dark-energy-down","title":"The State of the Universe: Matter and Age Up, Dark Energy Down","publishDate":1367593244,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53757\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/03/the-state-of-the-universe-matter-and-age-up-dark-energy-down/cobe-wmap-planck-maps/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53757\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-53757\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/cobe-wmap-planck-maps.jpg\" alt=\"Smile, universe, for your baby picture! Maps of the early universe by the COBE, WMAP, and Planck missions. Image credit: NASA\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/cobe-wmap-planck-maps.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/cobe-wmap-planck-maps-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Smile, universe, for your baby picture! Maps of the early universe by the COBE, WMAP, and Planck missions. Image credit: NASA\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On news that the universe may be 100 million years older than previously estimated, cosmological markets have seen a reduction in the benchmark of universal expansion, the \u003ca title=\"The Hubble Constant\" href=\"http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/uni_expansion.html\" target=\"_blank\">Hubble Constant\u003c/a>, down to a new low of 67.15 kilometers per second per megaparsec. This has led to a drop in the dark energy market, down from initial estimates by 3.1% to 68.3% of the total universal mass/energy inventory. On the brighter side, stocks of the highly sought-after dark matter commodities are up to 26.8%, and good-old reliable normal matter fundamentals have inched upward to 4.9%, up from the previous 4.6%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca title=\"NASA Science News\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2013/21mar_cmb/\" target=\"_blank\">news \u003c/a>comes not from Wall Street but from cosmological observations by the European Space Agency's Planck mission, and analysis of those measurements by European, NASA and Canadian scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What do the numbers mean?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That the age of the universe is 100 million years greater than previously calculated is interesting, but it won't force the Barenaked Ladies to change the lyrics in the Big Bang Theory's opening theme song; \"…nearly 14 billion years ago…\" works whether the number is 13.7 or the more recent 13.8 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The small refinements in the percentages of the universe composed of normal matter, \u003ca title=\"Dark Matter and Dark Energy\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/what-is-dark-energy/\" target=\"_blank\">dark matter and dark energy\u003c/a> are probably more interesting to scientists as far as the absolute numbers go. But the mere fact that a quarter of the universe is made of stuff we can't see (dark matter) and over two-thirds of the universe is made of stuff we can neither see nor at present understand (dark energy) is a stupefying fact. It means that what we can see in the universe (planets, stars, galaxies—normal matter) is only about 5% of what's actually there. Stupefying!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planck's mission is to measure minute differences in the brightness of the \u003ca title=\"Cosmic Microwave Background\" href=\"http://www.space.com/20330-cosmic-microwave-background-explained-infographic.html\" target=\"_blank\">Cosmic Microwave Background\u003c/a> (CMB) radiation, the faint glow of microwaves coming from every direction in the sky. Originally discovered by accident in 1964, CMB radiation comes from the greatest observable distances in the universe, and from the earliest time that light became able to travel freely through space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Astronomers became very interested in these cosmic microwave emissions, for in collecting and measuring those photons they were essentially taking a picture of the very early universe, not long after the Big Bang (the theory, not the TV show). The CMB is the \"afterglow of creation,\" and for astronomers to discover and study it was something akin to when anthropologists first found fossils of the earliest hominids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you look out at distant galaxies you are seeing the light that left them in the distant past—how far in the past depends on how far away the galaxy is. The most distant galaxy that we have seen is a portal back in time over 13 billion years, a time when the universe was barely past infancy. But look a bit farther into space, a bit further backward in time, and you are looking at a time before galaxies had formed from the expanding gaseous universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The limit of our ability to peer backward is met at the time before which the hot gases of the Big Bang aftermath were too dense for light to travel freely, and instead bounced around within the hot dense soup (those lyrics also need no adjustment) of atomic nuclei and electrons--similar to how light bounces between water droplets in a cloud. We see this far, but no farther because we are looking into an opaque cloud that existed before the universe was 370,000 years young.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As our picture-taking of the earliest face of the universe became more refined, a more detailed map of the CMB's variations in brightness was resolved, starting with the relatively blurry blotch-map brought by the \u003ca title=\"COBE mission\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/missions/cobe/\" target=\"_blank\">COBE \u003c/a>mission, to a more detailed all-sky image by the \u003ca title=\"WMAP mission\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/missions/wmap/\" target=\"_blank\">WMAP \u003c/a>mission, and now the clearest picture yet by \u003ca title=\"Planck mission\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/missions/planck/\" target=\"_blank\">Planck\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The color variations in the map represent minute differences in the temperature and density of the gases of the early universe—subtle variations that eventually snowballed (so to speak) to become denser concentrations of matter, and the seeds of the earliest galaxies and galaxy clusters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, in comparing the blotchy facial features of this infant shot to photos of the universe taken at later times we have assembled a more complete life picture of how the cosmos has grown and developed. And no one had to change the lyrics of their song either!\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The European Space Agency's Planck mission has generated a map of the infant universe that refines our understanding of what it's all made of and has upped its age by 100 million years. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1367972277,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":781},"headData":{"title":"The State of the Universe: Matter and Age Up, Dark Energy Down | KQED","description":"The European Space Agency's Planck mission has generated a map of the infant universe that refines our understanding of what it's all made of and has upped its age by 100 million years. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The State of the Universe: Matter and Age Up, Dark Energy Down","datePublished":"2013-05-03T15:00:44.000Z","dateModified":"2013-05-08T00:17:57.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"53756 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=53756","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/03/the-state-of-the-universe-matter-and-age-up-dark-energy-down/","disqusTitle":"The State of the Universe: Matter and Age Up, Dark Energy Down","path":"/quest/53756/the-state-of-the-universe-matter-and-age-up-dark-energy-down","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53757\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/03/the-state-of-the-universe-matter-and-age-up-dark-energy-down/cobe-wmap-planck-maps/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53757\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-53757\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/cobe-wmap-planck-maps.jpg\" alt=\"Smile, universe, for your baby picture! Maps of the early universe by the COBE, WMAP, and Planck missions. Image credit: NASA\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/cobe-wmap-planck-maps.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/cobe-wmap-planck-maps-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Smile, universe, for your baby picture! Maps of the early universe by the COBE, WMAP, and Planck missions. Image credit: NASA\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On news that the universe may be 100 million years older than previously estimated, cosmological markets have seen a reduction in the benchmark of universal expansion, the \u003ca title=\"The Hubble Constant\" href=\"http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/uni_expansion.html\" target=\"_blank\">Hubble Constant\u003c/a>, down to a new low of 67.15 kilometers per second per megaparsec. This has led to a drop in the dark energy market, down from initial estimates by 3.1% to 68.3% of the total universal mass/energy inventory. On the brighter side, stocks of the highly sought-after dark matter commodities are up to 26.8%, and good-old reliable normal matter fundamentals have inched upward to 4.9%, up from the previous 4.6%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca title=\"NASA Science News\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2013/21mar_cmb/\" target=\"_blank\">news \u003c/a>comes not from Wall Street but from cosmological observations by the European Space Agency's Planck mission, and analysis of those measurements by European, NASA and Canadian scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What do the numbers mean?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That the age of the universe is 100 million years greater than previously calculated is interesting, but it won't force the Barenaked Ladies to change the lyrics in the Big Bang Theory's opening theme song; \"…nearly 14 billion years ago…\" works whether the number is 13.7 or the more recent 13.8 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The small refinements in the percentages of the universe composed of normal matter, \u003ca title=\"Dark Matter and Dark Energy\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/what-is-dark-energy/\" target=\"_blank\">dark matter and dark energy\u003c/a> are probably more interesting to scientists as far as the absolute numbers go. But the mere fact that a quarter of the universe is made of stuff we can't see (dark matter) and over two-thirds of the universe is made of stuff we can neither see nor at present understand (dark energy) is a stupefying fact. It means that what we can see in the universe (planets, stars, galaxies—normal matter) is only about 5% of what's actually there. Stupefying!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planck's mission is to measure minute differences in the brightness of the \u003ca title=\"Cosmic Microwave Background\" href=\"http://www.space.com/20330-cosmic-microwave-background-explained-infographic.html\" target=\"_blank\">Cosmic Microwave Background\u003c/a> (CMB) radiation, the faint glow of microwaves coming from every direction in the sky. Originally discovered by accident in 1964, CMB radiation comes from the greatest observable distances in the universe, and from the earliest time that light became able to travel freely through space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Astronomers became very interested in these cosmic microwave emissions, for in collecting and measuring those photons they were essentially taking a picture of the very early universe, not long after the Big Bang (the theory, not the TV show). The CMB is the \"afterglow of creation,\" and for astronomers to discover and study it was something akin to when anthropologists first found fossils of the earliest hominids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you look out at distant galaxies you are seeing the light that left them in the distant past—how far in the past depends on how far away the galaxy is. The most distant galaxy that we have seen is a portal back in time over 13 billion years, a time when the universe was barely past infancy. But look a bit farther into space, a bit further backward in time, and you are looking at a time before galaxies had formed from the expanding gaseous universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The limit of our ability to peer backward is met at the time before which the hot gases of the Big Bang aftermath were too dense for light to travel freely, and instead bounced around within the hot dense soup (those lyrics also need no adjustment) of atomic nuclei and electrons--similar to how light bounces between water droplets in a cloud. We see this far, but no farther because we are looking into an opaque cloud that existed before the universe was 370,000 years young.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As our picture-taking of the earliest face of the universe became more refined, a more detailed map of the CMB's variations in brightness was resolved, starting with the relatively blurry blotch-map brought by the \u003ca title=\"COBE mission\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/missions/cobe/\" target=\"_blank\">COBE \u003c/a>mission, to a more detailed all-sky image by the \u003ca title=\"WMAP mission\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/missions/wmap/\" target=\"_blank\">WMAP \u003c/a>mission, and now the clearest picture yet by \u003ca title=\"Planck mission\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/missions/planck/\" target=\"_blank\">Planck\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The color variations in the map represent minute differences in the temperature and density of the gases of the early universe—subtle variations that eventually snowballed (so to speak) to become denser concentrations of matter, and the seeds of the earliest galaxies and galaxy clusters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, in comparing the blotchy facial features of this infant shot to photos of the universe taken at later times we have assembled a more complete life picture of how the cosmos has grown and developed. And no one had to change the lyrics of their song either!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/53756/the-state-of-the-universe-matter-and-age-up-dark-energy-down","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_544","quest_11956","quest_11518","quest_11955","quest_2739","quest_3034"],"featImg":"quest_53757","label":"quest"},"quest_53744":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_53744","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"53744","score":null,"sort":[1367514487000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-through-folsom-to-loomis","title":"Geological Side Trips from Interstate 80: Through Folsom to Loomis","publishDate":1367514487,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>You could crawl through Sacramento during rush hour on your way to (or from) Reno and Tahoe, or you could take a 36-mile side trip through water, history, greenery and geology in the granite lands and early gold country of Folsom. Here's the route as it appears on Google Maps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/02/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-through-folsom-to-loomis/folsommap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53745\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-53745\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsommap.png\" alt=\"folsommap\" width=\"500\" height=\"325\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsommap.png 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsommap-400x260.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make this side trip, turn off I-80 just west of Sacramento onto US 50. This point is the western end of US 50; you can stay on that historic route past South Lake Tahoe and across Nevada to reach the Atlantic at Ocean City, Maryland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Route 50 starts at sea level and stays on the level ground of the Central Valley, following the American River toward the mountains. Twenty miles later you've climbed just 130 feet. All of the ups and downs of the road are related to interchanges and overcrossings, not topography. You won't see it from the highway, but most of the ground is gravel tailings, piled up over decades of gold mining in the bed of the American River. The river course is open to the public in Sacramento County's \u003ca href=\"http://www.msa2.saccounty.net/parks/Pages/RegionalParksDetails.aspx?pn=American%20River%20Parkway\">American River Parkway\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Hazel Avenue, 21 miles into the drive, exit and turn left (just above the \"E\" in Gold River on the map). It's a few hundred yards to the Nimbus Fish Hatchery, which has been here since the 1950s. You can tour the hatchery, or you can sit and watch the river flow. The last dam on the river, the relatively low Nimbus Dam, is just to the east.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53746\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/02/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-through-folsom-to-loomis/folsom-hatchery/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53746\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-53746\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsom-hatchery.jpg\" alt=\"Nimbus Fish Hatchery\" width=\"600\" height=\"375\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsom-hatchery.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsom-hatchery-400x250.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And here we finally have topography, and rocks. The rock in the cliffs is mapped as the Turlock Lake Formation, which consists of sandstone and siltstone about a half million years old. At that time the rising Sierra Nevada was shedding this sediment in vast fan-shaped aprons up and down the eastern Central Valley. The wonderful \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/24/side-trips-from-interstate-5-the-deep-san-joaquin-valley/\">fossil beds of the Fairmead Landfill site\u003c/a>, down by Chowchilla, are in this formation, but no one has reported anything like that around here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Return to US 50, go east another mile, and take Folsom Boulevard north. Now let's look at the geologic map of the route (derived from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.quake.ca.gov/gmaps/GMC/stategeologicmap.html\">State Geologic Map\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/02/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-through-folsom-to-loomis/folsomgeomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53747\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-53747\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsomgeomap.png\" alt=\"folsomgeomap\" width=\"500\" height=\"325\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsomgeomap.png 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsomgeomap-400x260.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Turlock Lake Formation makes up most of the area marked QPc, and the pink area is granite. That's what you'll see in the northern half of this side trip, between the towns of Folsom and Loomis. But first you pass a high pile of clean boulder gravel, two miles from US 50.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/02/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-through-folsom-to-loomis/folsomgravel/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53748\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-53748\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsomgravel.jpg\" alt=\"folsomgravel\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsomgravel.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsomgravel-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is just a tiny bit of the tailings left behind by the gold syndicates, much of it over a century ago. Pull over if you can and climb on it. Folsom began as a gold-rush town, and if you have the time there's a lot of history to explore. Along here you'll also catch glimpses of the sprawling, monumental \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=882\">Folsom Dam\u003c/a>, built in the 1950s for flood control and power generation. Folsom Lake behind it is a major outdoor asset for the capital region. There are several opportunities along the route to visit the lake and wet your feet in \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=500\">Folsom Lake State Recreation Area\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>North of Folsom, the road will take you all the way to Auburn if you like, but we'll leave it at the town of Granite Bay and take Laird Road north to I-80 at Loomis. This is the pleasant, green part of the drive. By now you've surely noticed the abundant granite boulders and outcrops. They're all part of the Rocklin Pluton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/02/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-through-folsom-to-loomis/folsom-granite/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53749\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-53749\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsom-granite.jpg\" alt=\"folsom-granite\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsom-granite.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsom-granite-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the same rock that makes up the High Sierra, but here it's humble and charming instead of grand and rugged. If it were lifted up three miles and sculpted by erosion for a few million years, it would look like Yosemite. The Rocklin Pluton is an outlier, far to the west of most Sierran granitic intrusions. Its high-quality stone, so convenient to rail and river shipping, was first quarried early during statehood and has been used in public buildings and industrial infrastructure ever since. To get deeper into the subject, once back on I-80 you can take the next exit, Penryn Road, and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/06/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-griffith-quarry-in-penryn/\">visit the old Griffith Quarry\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"An hour of crowded freeway or a jaunt through granite, greenery and history? The choice is yours.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1367972589,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":723},"headData":{"title":"Geological Side Trips from Interstate 80: Through Folsom to Loomis | KQED","description":"An hour of crowded freeway or a jaunt through granite, greenery and history? The choice is yours.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Geological Side Trips from Interstate 80: Through Folsom to Loomis","datePublished":"2013-05-02T17:08:07.000Z","dateModified":"2013-05-08T00:23:09.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"53744 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=53744","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/02/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-through-folsom-to-loomis/","disqusTitle":"Geological Side Trips from Interstate 80: Through Folsom to Loomis","path":"/quest/53744/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-through-folsom-to-loomis","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>You could crawl through Sacramento during rush hour on your way to (or from) Reno and Tahoe, or you could take a 36-mile side trip through water, history, greenery and geology in the granite lands and early gold country of Folsom. Here's the route as it appears on Google Maps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/02/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-through-folsom-to-loomis/folsommap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53745\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-53745\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsommap.png\" alt=\"folsommap\" width=\"500\" height=\"325\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsommap.png 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsommap-400x260.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make this side trip, turn off I-80 just west of Sacramento onto US 50. This point is the western end of US 50; you can stay on that historic route past South Lake Tahoe and across Nevada to reach the Atlantic at Ocean City, Maryland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Route 50 starts at sea level and stays on the level ground of the Central Valley, following the American River toward the mountains. Twenty miles later you've climbed just 130 feet. All of the ups and downs of the road are related to interchanges and overcrossings, not topography. You won't see it from the highway, but most of the ground is gravel tailings, piled up over decades of gold mining in the bed of the American River. The river course is open to the public in Sacramento County's \u003ca href=\"http://www.msa2.saccounty.net/parks/Pages/RegionalParksDetails.aspx?pn=American%20River%20Parkway\">American River Parkway\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Hazel Avenue, 21 miles into the drive, exit and turn left (just above the \"E\" in Gold River on the map). It's a few hundred yards to the Nimbus Fish Hatchery, which has been here since the 1950s. You can tour the hatchery, or you can sit and watch the river flow. The last dam on the river, the relatively low Nimbus Dam, is just to the east.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53746\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/02/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-through-folsom-to-loomis/folsom-hatchery/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53746\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-53746\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsom-hatchery.jpg\" alt=\"Nimbus Fish Hatchery\" width=\"600\" height=\"375\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsom-hatchery.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsom-hatchery-400x250.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And here we finally have topography, and rocks. The rock in the cliffs is mapped as the Turlock Lake Formation, which consists of sandstone and siltstone about a half million years old. At that time the rising Sierra Nevada was shedding this sediment in vast fan-shaped aprons up and down the eastern Central Valley. The wonderful \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/24/side-trips-from-interstate-5-the-deep-san-joaquin-valley/\">fossil beds of the Fairmead Landfill site\u003c/a>, down by Chowchilla, are in this formation, but no one has reported anything like that around here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Return to US 50, go east another mile, and take Folsom Boulevard north. Now let's look at the geologic map of the route (derived from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.quake.ca.gov/gmaps/GMC/stategeologicmap.html\">State Geologic Map\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/02/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-through-folsom-to-loomis/folsomgeomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53747\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-53747\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsomgeomap.png\" alt=\"folsomgeomap\" width=\"500\" height=\"325\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsomgeomap.png 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsomgeomap-400x260.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Turlock Lake Formation makes up most of the area marked QPc, and the pink area is granite. That's what you'll see in the northern half of this side trip, between the towns of Folsom and Loomis. But first you pass a high pile of clean boulder gravel, two miles from US 50.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/02/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-through-folsom-to-loomis/folsomgravel/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53748\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-53748\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsomgravel.jpg\" alt=\"folsomgravel\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsomgravel.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsomgravel-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is just a tiny bit of the tailings left behind by the gold syndicates, much of it over a century ago. Pull over if you can and climb on it. Folsom began as a gold-rush town, and if you have the time there's a lot of history to explore. Along here you'll also catch glimpses of the sprawling, monumental \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=882\">Folsom Dam\u003c/a>, built in the 1950s for flood control and power generation. Folsom Lake behind it is a major outdoor asset for the capital region. There are several opportunities along the route to visit the lake and wet your feet in \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=500\">Folsom Lake State Recreation Area\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>North of Folsom, the road will take you all the way to Auburn if you like, but we'll leave it at the town of Granite Bay and take Laird Road north to I-80 at Loomis. This is the pleasant, green part of the drive. By now you've surely noticed the abundant granite boulders and outcrops. They're all part of the Rocklin Pluton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/02/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-through-folsom-to-loomis/folsom-granite/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53749\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-53749\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsom-granite.jpg\" alt=\"folsom-granite\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsom-granite.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsom-granite-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the same rock that makes up the High Sierra, but here it's humble and charming instead of grand and rugged. If it were lifted up three miles and sculpted by erosion for a few million years, it would look like Yosemite. The Rocklin Pluton is an outlier, far to the west of most Sierran granitic intrusions. Its high-quality stone, so convenient to rail and river shipping, was first quarried early during statehood and has been used in public buildings and industrial infrastructure ever since. To get deeper into the subject, once back on I-80 you can take the next exit, Penryn Road, and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/06/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-griffith-quarry-in-penryn/\">visit the old Griffith Quarry\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/53744/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-through-folsom-to-loomis","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_142","quest_11819","quest_1233","quest_10406","quest_11518","quest_11022","quest_2630"],"featImg":"quest_53749","label":"quest"},"quest_52516":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_52516","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"52516","score":null,"sort":[1366385063000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"antiques-roadshow-of-the-solar-system","title":"Antiques Roadshow of the Solar System","publishDate":1366385063,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_52520\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/19/antiques-roadshow-of-the-solar-system/vikingandsagan/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-52520\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/vikingandsagan.jpg\" alt=\"Carl Sagan Poses with Model of Viking Lander\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-52520\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/vikingandsagan.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/vikingandsagan-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Carl Sagan Poses with Model of Viking Lander\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On Earth, evidence of past human civilization and habitation can be gleaned from the rocks, soil and some still-standing monuments of architecture large and small, but the effects over time of weathering and over longer periods of the geologic cycle tend to erode, erase and eradicate those past efforts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as a space-faring culture, we have now left our marks across the solar system on planets, moons, asteroids and in the empty space between them. Some of these “marks” are yet-functioning robotic spacecraft. Some are litter, scattered about the place like so many discarded soda cans, plastic grocery bags, depleted batteries and defunct electronic devices. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Are we trashing our solar system? Well, on the big scale of things, not much -- and at present unavoidably. It’s a big solar system and the number of expended rockets, ejected parachutes, crumpled heat shields, empty fuel tanks and just plain expired or lost robots is quite small. And there’s no economically feasible means at present to clean them up. Besides, whose backyard are they littering?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As our surveillance of the reaches of our solar system grows more sophisticated, we are beginning to run across bits of “junk”. Don’t get me wrong, these are once important and highly useful equipment of exploration that we’ve left behind over the years. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, the discerning eye on NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (the HiRISE camera) has spotted a couple bits of extra-Terran detritus. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Check this out: the \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2013-121&cid=release_2013-121\" title=\"Curiosity's Parachute Spotted by MRO\" target=\"_blank\">discarded parachute of the Curiosity lander\u003c/a>, flapping in the Martian breeze. I wondered where that ended up!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://blog.moonzoo.org/2012/09/03/a-mystery-in-mare-crisium/\" title=\"Luna 24 found by LRO\" target=\"_blank\">Luna 24\u003c/a>, a robotic lunar lander from the 1970s, has been located through images by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. You can search for junk, too, at \u003ca href=\"http://www.moonzoo.org/how_to_take_part\" title=\"Moon Zoo\" target=\"_blank\">Moon Zoo\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And how about this Antiques Skyshow find: The possible last resting place of one of the first robots to land on Mars, \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2013-132&cid=release_2013-132\" title=\"Soviet Mars 3 Lander?\" target=\"_blank\">the Soviet Mars 3 lander\u003c/a>? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some day in the future, when travel about the solar system is a routine vacationing activity, some of the sightseeing historical points of interest may be today’s space junk. I can imagine raised walkways and interpretive signs encircling the dust and wind scoured remains the long lost \u003ca href=\"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3344693.stm\" title=\"Beagle II\" target=\"_blank\">Beagle II lander\u003c/a> on Mars, or the descent module of the Apollo 11 spacecraft on the Moon, or the Huygens lander half sunken in the super-frigid methane muds of Titan or the thoroughly scorched hulk of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/18551-venera-13.html\" title=\"Venera 13 Lander\" target=\"_blank\">Soviet Venera lander\u003c/a> on Venus. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And imagine the \u003ca href=\"http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/\" title=\"The Voyager Mission\" target=\"_blank\">Voyager \u003c/a>and Pioneer spacecraft, coasting outward into interstellar space, one day serving as archaeological finds by alien species living in distant star systems, in the distant future, telling them that we are here—at least, were here, anyway.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"As a space-faring culture, we have now left our marks across the solar system, on planets, moons, asteroids, and in the empty space between them. Some of these “marks” are yet-functioning robotic spacecraft. Some are litter, scattered about the place like so many discarded soda cans, plastic grocery bags, depleted batteries, and defunct electronic devices. Are we trashing our solar system?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1367424392,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":472},"headData":{"title":"Antiques Roadshow of the Solar System | KQED","description":"As a space-faring culture, we have now left our marks across the solar system, on planets, moons, asteroids, and in the empty space between them. Some of these “marks” are yet-functioning robotic spacecraft. Some are litter, scattered about the place like so many discarded soda cans, plastic grocery bags, depleted batteries, and defunct electronic devices. Are we trashing our solar system?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Antiques Roadshow of the Solar System","datePublished":"2013-04-19T15:24:23.000Z","dateModified":"2013-05-01T16:06:32.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"52516 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=52516","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/19/antiques-roadshow-of-the-solar-system/","disqusTitle":"Antiques Roadshow of the Solar System","path":"/quest/52516/antiques-roadshow-of-the-solar-system","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_52520\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/19/antiques-roadshow-of-the-solar-system/vikingandsagan/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-52520\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/vikingandsagan.jpg\" alt=\"Carl Sagan Poses with Model of Viking Lander\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-52520\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/vikingandsagan.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/vikingandsagan-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Carl Sagan Poses with Model of Viking Lander\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On Earth, evidence of past human civilization and habitation can be gleaned from the rocks, soil and some still-standing monuments of architecture large and small, but the effects over time of weathering and over longer periods of the geologic cycle tend to erode, erase and eradicate those past efforts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as a space-faring culture, we have now left our marks across the solar system on planets, moons, asteroids and in the empty space between them. Some of these “marks” are yet-functioning robotic spacecraft. Some are litter, scattered about the place like so many discarded soda cans, plastic grocery bags, depleted batteries and defunct electronic devices. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Are we trashing our solar system? Well, on the big scale of things, not much -- and at present unavoidably. It’s a big solar system and the number of expended rockets, ejected parachutes, crumpled heat shields, empty fuel tanks and just plain expired or lost robots is quite small. And there’s no economically feasible means at present to clean them up. Besides, whose backyard are they littering?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As our surveillance of the reaches of our solar system grows more sophisticated, we are beginning to run across bits of “junk”. Don’t get me wrong, these are once important and highly useful equipment of exploration that we’ve left behind over the years. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, the discerning eye on NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (the HiRISE camera) has spotted a couple bits of extra-Terran detritus. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Check this out: the \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2013-121&cid=release_2013-121\" title=\"Curiosity's Parachute Spotted by MRO\" target=\"_blank\">discarded parachute of the Curiosity lander\u003c/a>, flapping in the Martian breeze. I wondered where that ended up!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://blog.moonzoo.org/2012/09/03/a-mystery-in-mare-crisium/\" title=\"Luna 24 found by LRO\" target=\"_blank\">Luna 24\u003c/a>, a robotic lunar lander from the 1970s, has been located through images by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. You can search for junk, too, at \u003ca href=\"http://www.moonzoo.org/how_to_take_part\" title=\"Moon Zoo\" target=\"_blank\">Moon Zoo\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And how about this Antiques Skyshow find: The possible last resting place of one of the first robots to land on Mars, \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2013-132&cid=release_2013-132\" title=\"Soviet Mars 3 Lander?\" target=\"_blank\">the Soviet Mars 3 lander\u003c/a>? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some day in the future, when travel about the solar system is a routine vacationing activity, some of the sightseeing historical points of interest may be today’s space junk. I can imagine raised walkways and interpretive signs encircling the dust and wind scoured remains the long lost \u003ca href=\"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3344693.stm\" title=\"Beagle II\" target=\"_blank\">Beagle II lander\u003c/a> on Mars, or the descent module of the Apollo 11 spacecraft on the Moon, or the Huygens lander half sunken in the super-frigid methane muds of Titan or the thoroughly scorched hulk of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/18551-venera-13.html\" title=\"Venera 13 Lander\" target=\"_blank\">Soviet Venera lander\u003c/a> on Venus. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And imagine the \u003ca href=\"http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/\" title=\"The Voyager Mission\" target=\"_blank\">Voyager \u003c/a>and Pioneer spacecraft, coasting outward into interstellar space, one day serving as archaeological finds by alien species living in distant star systems, in the distant future, telling them that we are here—at least, were here, anyway.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/52516/antiques-roadshow-of-the-solar-system","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_544","quest_11919","quest_11518","quest_2739","quest_2986"],"featImg":"quest_52520","label":"quest"},"quest_52555":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_52555","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"52555","score":null,"sort":[1366312738000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"gallegos-winery-and-the-hayward-fault","title":"Gallegos Winery and the Hayward Fault","publishDate":1366312738,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>In Fremont, construction is underway on the Warm Springs Extension of the BART light-rail system. Two new stations are in the plans, the first one being the \"optional\" Irvington Station at the intersection of Washington Boulevard and Osgood Road. It will be right next to the century-old ruins of the Gallegos Winery, where cultural history coincides, as it so often does in the Bay Area, with geological history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What interests the geologist about the extension is that the rail line will cross the Hayward fault in two more places (BART already crosses the fault inside the tunnel between the Rockridge and Orinda stations). The Fremont Station, at the end of the line today, is just short of the fault. As you look south from the station, the fault comes from behind to the left and crosses to the right just across Walnut Avenue. Tule Pond, the little lake to your left, sits in a sag basin on the fault (learn more about them \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/science-hike/san-andreas-fault-trail-exploration/\">on the San Andreas Fault Trail\u003c/a> across the Bay at Los Trancos Preserve).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new track will cross the fault leftward, dive underground beneath Fremont's Central Park and re-emerge just north of the Irvington Station headed due south. It will cross the fault again, rightward this time, about where Washington Boulevard and Osgood Road meet. Here's the fault superimposed on a Google Maps image of the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_52556\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/18/gallegos-winery-and-the-hayward-fault/gallegosfaultmap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-52556\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/gallegosfaultmap.png\" alt=\"Gallegos Winery site. Fault map from Lienkaemper (1992)\" width=\"500\" height=\"350\" class=\"size-full wp-image-52556\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/gallegosfaultmap.png 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/gallegosfaultmap-400x280.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Circles mark locations where evidence has been gathered on the fault. The red circle marks the Gallegos Winery site. Fault map from Lienkaemper (1992)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The low hill on the east side of Osgood is most probably a pressure ridge, the opposite of a sag basin, that marks the fault just like \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/05/05/geological-outings-around-the-bay-a-visit-to-the-hayward-fault/\">the pressure ridge in Hayward\u003c/a>. Here's how it looks a little south of the station site; the Gallegos Winery was dug into it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_52557\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/18/gallegos-winery-and-the-hayward-fault/gallegoshill/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-52557\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/gallegoshill.jpg\" alt=\"How the Irvington Station area looked in June 2009\" width=\"500\" height=\"356\" class=\"size-full wp-image-52557\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/gallegoshill.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/gallegoshill-400x285.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">How the Irvington Station area looked in June 2009. All photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Hayward fault was attractive to builders before anyone understood faults. One reason is that faults often bring water to the surface; the other is that faults often build useful elevations in the ground. In Irvington, Juan Gallegos built a large state-of-the-art winemaking plant here in 1884 so that grapes could be loaded from the high ground in back and processed with the help of gravity. A rail spur served the front side, carrying thousands of barrels of excellent East Bay zinfandel to a ready market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The three-story brick structure was a landmark much like its counterparts in Napa today, surrounded by gardens and palm trees. The building was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake (107 years ago today), but the land remained a garden estate, having been subdivided long before when phylloxera and a poor economy ended the good times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/18/gallegos-winery-and-the-hayward-fault/gallegostop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-52558\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/gallegostop.jpg\" alt=\"gallegostop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-52558\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/gallegostop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/gallegostop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much later, the Hayward fault was mapped through here, and the abandoned site lent itself to scientific monitoring. One of the fault's \u003ca href=\"http://cires.colorado.edu/~bilham/CREEPDATA/HaywardCreepmeterSimple.html\">four creepmeter installations\u003c/a> is here. A creepmeter is a rod of quartz or Invar metal, securely mounted and housed in an underground climate-controlled vault that extends across the fault (\u003ca href=\"http://cires.colorado.edu/~bilham/CREEPDATA/HaywardScience/FremontCreepSite.jpg\">see the plans here\u003c/a>). It's regularly measured to track the slow, steady fault movement known as creep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_52559\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/18/gallegos-winery-and-the-hayward-fault/gallegoswalls/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-52559\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/gallegoswalls.jpg\" alt=\"Solar power panel serving the Gallegos creepmeter\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"size-full wp-image-52559\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/gallegoswalls.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/gallegoswalls-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Solar power panel serving the Gallegos creepmeter\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The creepmeter shows the fault here moving between 6 and 7 millimeters a year. The wall at the right side of the photo is also being bent by creep. Ideally, when the Irvington Station is built, this site will be spruced up and some interpretive signage put in. Fremont, unlike most \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/21/faulty-civic-awareness-with-the-hayward-fault/\">cities along the Hayward fault\u003c/a>, has done a lot to inform the public about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once upon a time, Fremont was a celebrated wine district. It was good land, watered by thrust-faulted hills. If not for one or two accidents of history, today Fremont might be as prominent as Livermore and Napa as a wine region. Indeed, the whole East Bay could have made a superb viticultural region if the timing of its earthquakes had been a little different. Something to ponder with your aperitif.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The new BART extension will bring riders to one of the best exposures of the Hayward fault.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1367424407,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":685},"headData":{"title":"Gallegos Winery and the Hayward Fault | KQED","description":"The new BART extension will bring riders to one of the best exposures of the Hayward fault.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Gallegos Winery and the Hayward Fault","datePublished":"2013-04-18T19:18:58.000Z","dateModified":"2013-05-01T16:06:47.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"52555 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=52555","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/18/gallegos-winery-and-the-hayward-fault/","disqusTitle":"Gallegos Winery and the Hayward Fault","path":"/quest/52555/gallegos-winery-and-the-hayward-fault","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In Fremont, construction is underway on the Warm Springs Extension of the BART light-rail system. Two new stations are in the plans, the first one being the \"optional\" Irvington Station at the intersection of Washington Boulevard and Osgood Road. It will be right next to the century-old ruins of the Gallegos Winery, where cultural history coincides, as it so often does in the Bay Area, with geological history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What interests the geologist about the extension is that the rail line will cross the Hayward fault in two more places (BART already crosses the fault inside the tunnel between the Rockridge and Orinda stations). The Fremont Station, at the end of the line today, is just short of the fault. As you look south from the station, the fault comes from behind to the left and crosses to the right just across Walnut Avenue. Tule Pond, the little lake to your left, sits in a sag basin on the fault (learn more about them \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/science-hike/san-andreas-fault-trail-exploration/\">on the San Andreas Fault Trail\u003c/a> across the Bay at Los Trancos Preserve).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new track will cross the fault leftward, dive underground beneath Fremont's Central Park and re-emerge just north of the Irvington Station headed due south. It will cross the fault again, rightward this time, about where Washington Boulevard and Osgood Road meet. Here's the fault superimposed on a Google Maps image of the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_52556\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/18/gallegos-winery-and-the-hayward-fault/gallegosfaultmap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-52556\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/gallegosfaultmap.png\" alt=\"Gallegos Winery site. Fault map from Lienkaemper (1992)\" width=\"500\" height=\"350\" class=\"size-full wp-image-52556\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/gallegosfaultmap.png 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/gallegosfaultmap-400x280.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Circles mark locations where evidence has been gathered on the fault. The red circle marks the Gallegos Winery site. Fault map from Lienkaemper (1992)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The low hill on the east side of Osgood is most probably a pressure ridge, the opposite of a sag basin, that marks the fault just like \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/05/05/geological-outings-around-the-bay-a-visit-to-the-hayward-fault/\">the pressure ridge in Hayward\u003c/a>. Here's how it looks a little south of the station site; the Gallegos Winery was dug into it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_52557\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/18/gallegos-winery-and-the-hayward-fault/gallegoshill/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-52557\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/gallegoshill.jpg\" alt=\"How the Irvington Station area looked in June 2009\" width=\"500\" height=\"356\" class=\"size-full wp-image-52557\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/gallegoshill.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/gallegoshill-400x285.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">How the Irvington Station area looked in June 2009. All photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Hayward fault was attractive to builders before anyone understood faults. One reason is that faults often bring water to the surface; the other is that faults often build useful elevations in the ground. In Irvington, Juan Gallegos built a large state-of-the-art winemaking plant here in 1884 so that grapes could be loaded from the high ground in back and processed with the help of gravity. A rail spur served the front side, carrying thousands of barrels of excellent East Bay zinfandel to a ready market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The three-story brick structure was a landmark much like its counterparts in Napa today, surrounded by gardens and palm trees. The building was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake (107 years ago today), but the land remained a garden estate, having been subdivided long before when phylloxera and a poor economy ended the good times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/18/gallegos-winery-and-the-hayward-fault/gallegostop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-52558\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/gallegostop.jpg\" alt=\"gallegostop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-52558\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/gallegostop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/gallegostop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much later, the Hayward fault was mapped through here, and the abandoned site lent itself to scientific monitoring. One of the fault's \u003ca href=\"http://cires.colorado.edu/~bilham/CREEPDATA/HaywardCreepmeterSimple.html\">four creepmeter installations\u003c/a> is here. A creepmeter is a rod of quartz or Invar metal, securely mounted and housed in an underground climate-controlled vault that extends across the fault (\u003ca href=\"http://cires.colorado.edu/~bilham/CREEPDATA/HaywardScience/FremontCreepSite.jpg\">see the plans here\u003c/a>). It's regularly measured to track the slow, steady fault movement known as creep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_52559\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/18/gallegos-winery-and-the-hayward-fault/gallegoswalls/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-52559\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/gallegoswalls.jpg\" alt=\"Solar power panel serving the Gallegos creepmeter\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"size-full wp-image-52559\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/gallegoswalls.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/gallegoswalls-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Solar power panel serving the Gallegos creepmeter\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The creepmeter shows the fault here moving between 6 and 7 millimeters a year. The wall at the right side of the photo is also being bent by creep. Ideally, when the Irvington Station is built, this site will be spruced up and some interpretive signage put in. Fremont, unlike most \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/21/faulty-civic-awareness-with-the-hayward-fault/\">cities along the Hayward fault\u003c/a>, has done a lot to inform the public about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once upon a time, Fremont was a celebrated wine district. It was good land, watered by thrust-faulted hills. If not for one or two accidents of history, today Fremont might be as prominent as Livermore and Napa as a wine region. Indeed, the whole East Bay could have made a superb viticultural region if the timing of its earthquakes had been a little different. Something to ponder with your aperitif.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/52555/gallegos-winery-and-the-hayward-fault","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_10255","quest_11912","quest_909","quest_3582","quest_1325","quest_11518"],"featImg":"quest_52558","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. 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