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Her science radio stories appear on KQED and NPR.\r\n\r\nEmail her at astanden@kqed.org","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3d021b72de685a788b0487b059d0a6a1?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"news","roles":["subscriber"]},{"site":"futureofyou","roles":["subscriber"]},{"site":"stateofhealth","roles":["subscriber"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Amy Standen | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3d021b72de685a788b0487b059d0a6a1?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3d021b72de685a788b0487b059d0a6a1?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/amystanden"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_53795":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_53795","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"53795","score":null,"sort":[1367619373000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"in-search-of-the-bacterial-garden-of-eden","title":"In Search of the Bacterial Garden of Eden","publishDate":1367619373,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A vast and teeming crew\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's something to stop and consider: You are mostly not you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ninety percent of the cells in your body don't have your DNA. They weren't in you when you were in the womb. Instead, they belong to trillions of tiny bacteria and other microbes that live in your stomach, your mouth and on your skin, among other places. Collectively, they make up between five and ten pounds of your body weight, a vast and teeming crew known as the microbiome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have known about the microbiome for some time, but the advent of relatively inexpensive DNA sequencing has transformed the research, making it possible to sequence – and therefore identify – thousands of species of bacteria and other microbes at once.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cstrong>The Human Microbiome: A Rogue's Gallery\u003c/strong>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53922\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/03/the-human-microbiome-a-rogues-gallery/\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-53922\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/rogues.jpg\" alt=\"rogues\" width=\"320\" height=\"217\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">What are these creatures living inside us? Find out here.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Among those doing the cataloging is Katie Pollard, a geneticist at the Gladstone Institutes in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not long ago, Pollard was chatting with a few colleagues in a weekly meeting when one of them, a grad student named Chris Gignoux, mentioned some field work he'd been doing in a remote part of South Africa with an indigenous sheep and goat herding group called the Khoisan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Khiosan are thought to be the oldest genetic group on earth, ancestors of the rest of us. Even their language is unique, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c246fZ-7z1w\">“click” language\u003c/a> with consonants found nowhere else in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gignoux is part of a team trying to \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/ncomms/journal/v3/n10/fig_tab/ncomms2140_F2.html\">piece together\u003c/a> the Khoisan's evolutionary history by studying their DNA, which the team extracts from saliva samples collected during field research trips to South Africa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the scientists were running into a problem. The Khoisan samples were contaminated with non-human cells: bacteria and other microbes that live in the Khoisan's mouths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The exact DNA that they were viewing as contamination was very interesting to us,” says Pollard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> A garden in your gut\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"The exact DNA that they were viewing as contamination was very interesting to us,” says Pollard.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In recent years, scientists have come to see these bacteria and other microbes as a delicate ecosystem inside each of us. You can think of it as a garden in your guts, one you are constantly tending and adding to every time you eat a meal or are exposed to something in your environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And just like a garden, things can get out of whack. Invasive species take over; certain plants die off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when this happens, scientists believe, people can get sick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Fischbach is an assistant professor in the school of pharmacy at UCSF. He reels off a list of diseases that might – repeat, \u003cem>might\u003c/em> -- be connected to changes in our microbiome: “the inflammatory bowel diseases, including Crohn's disease. Possibly diabetes and obesity. Possibly even allergic diseases like asthma.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is new science. No one really knows. But Fischbach and others who study the microbiome are excited about the potential here, in part because of two recent discoveries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53921\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/pollard.jpg\" alt=\"Katie Pollard, a geneticist at the Gladstone Institutes in San Francisco, is working on cataloging the human microbiome. (Courtesy photo)\" width=\"640\" height=\"485\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Katie Pollard, a geneticist at the Gladstone Institutes in San Francisco, is working on cataloging the human microbiome. (Courtesy photo)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecal transplants and an unlikely connection\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One was the announcement last year that people suffering from a stubborn bacterial infection called C.difficile were cured after receiving \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3365524/\">fecal transplants\u003c/a>. They ingested fresh feces – collected from healthy donors and teeming with healthy bacteria – through a tube in their nose. It was a microbiome transplant, and it worked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second development came last month, when a researcher at the Cleveland Clinic published \u003ca href=\"http://my.clevelandclinic.org/media_relations/library/2013/2013-04-07-cleveland-clinic-researchers-discover-link-between-heart-disease-and-compound-found-in-red-meat-energy-drinks.aspx\">results\u003c/a> connecting bacteria in people's guts to heart disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nobody would have put heart disease on that list,” says Fischbach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says the announcement sent ripples of optimism throughout the microbiome research community. “The notion that you could come up with something that is going to surprise even those who have been working on it for some time is very much in the air.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also fueling the excitement is the recent completion of the \u003ca href=\"http://commonfund.nih.gov/hmp/\">Human Microbiome Project\u003c/a>, an effort, funded by the National Institutes of Health, to identify and catalogue the microbiota of 242 healthy American volunteers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that scientists are starting to get a handle on what kinds of microbes live in the human body and, roughly, how those populations differ from one individual to another, a key question will be whether there is such a thing as an “ideal” microbiome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, if a bad, or imbalanced microbiome can make people sick, what does a good, balanced microbiome look like? What are the microbes that have evolved to keep us healthy, and how do they do it?\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nWas there a microbial Garden of Eden?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a hard question to answer because most of us have made huge, sweeping changes to our microbiomes at least several times in our lives by taking antibiotics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Relman, a professor of medicine at Stanford, was one of the first scientists to use DNA sequencing to study the makeup of the microbiome, using a swab from the inside of his own cheek.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Antibiotics are \"more like a cluster bomb,\" says Relman. \"They're indiscriminate. And there's a lot of collateral damage.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Since then, his work has explored how antibiotics affect the microbiome, and how long those \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2010/09/14/1000087107\">changes persist\u003c/a>. He says while antibiotics have saved millions of lives, they’re a blunt instrument.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the past, we thought of antibiotics as magic bullets,” Relman says. “But – I hate using the military metaphor – they're more like a cluster bomb, or a neutron bomb. They're indiscriminate. And there's a lot of collateral damage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That collateral damage includes healthy bacteria, which may play important roles in digestion and other functions. Antibiotics can also create ideal environments for harmful bacteria to thrive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes, the balance restores itself. Other times, the changes may be permanent. If a particular strain of bacteria is lost, it can't be passed on from one human generation to the next.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this is hard to study. Because there’s almost no one out there who hasn't taken antibiotics. Which brings us back to the Khoisan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Learning from the Khoisan\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What occurred to Katie Pollard is that the Khoisan for the most part haven’t had that repeated antibiotic exposure. If researchers can find bacteria in the Khoisan that don’t show up in the saliva of industrialized groups, she says, “that would suggest that something in the modern lifestyle has potentially wiped out these bacteria.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This work is just beginning. So far, Pollard's team has identified about 900 species of microbes in the Khoisan saliva. Next, they'll compare those species to samples from other populations to see whether there are any completely novel microbes in the Khoisan, microbes she and others haven't seen before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lest anyone start thinking that the Khoisan microbiome could be some sort of wholesale solution to modern ills (maybe imported through some kind of trans-Atlantic fecal transplant?) think again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among those 900 bacterial species identified, says Pollard, are several that you definitely wouldn't want, a fact that becomes clear when you look at photos of the Khoisan, many of whom are missing teeth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many of the bacteria we've found are known pathogens,” says Pollard, “in terms of gum disease or enhancing plaque.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Modern medicine has not been all bad for the microbiome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pollard and others who do DNA sequencing on gut microbes face a massive computational challenge, one that makes the human genome project look like a cakewalk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the end result, say Pollard and others, could be new insights into how we could tweak, even curate the bacteria in our bodies, to make ourselves healthier.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Now that scientists are starting to get a handle on what kinds of microbes live in the human body and, roughly, how those populations differ from one individual to another, a key question will be whether there is such a thing as an “ideal” microbiome. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1450498658,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":42,"wordCount":1325},"headData":{"title":"In Search of the Bacterial Garden of Eden | KQED","description":"Now that scientists are starting to get a handle on what kinds of microbes live in the human body and, roughly, how those populations differ from one individual to another, a key question will be whether there is such a thing as an “ideal” microbiome. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"In Search of the Bacterial Garden of Eden","datePublished":"2013-05-03T22:16:13.000Z","dateModified":"2015-12-19T04:17:38.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"53795 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=audio_reports&p=53795","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/03/in-search-of-the-bacterial-garden-of-eden/","disqusTitle":"In Search of the Bacterial Garden of Eden","source":"Biology","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/biology/","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/05/2013-05-06-science.mp3","path":"/quest/53795/in-search-of-the-bacterial-garden-of-eden","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A vast and teeming crew\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's something to stop and consider: You are mostly not you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ninety percent of the cells in your body don't have your DNA. They weren't in you when you were in the womb. Instead, they belong to trillions of tiny bacteria and other microbes that live in your stomach, your mouth and on your skin, among other places. Collectively, they make up between five and ten pounds of your body weight, a vast and teeming crew known as the microbiome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have known about the microbiome for some time, but the advent of relatively inexpensive DNA sequencing has transformed the research, making it possible to sequence – and therefore identify – thousands of species of bacteria and other microbes at once.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cstrong>The Human Microbiome: A Rogue's Gallery\u003c/strong>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53922\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/03/the-human-microbiome-a-rogues-gallery/\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-53922\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/rogues.jpg\" alt=\"rogues\" width=\"320\" height=\"217\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">What are these creatures living inside us? Find out here.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Among those doing the cataloging is Katie Pollard, a geneticist at the Gladstone Institutes in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not long ago, Pollard was chatting with a few colleagues in a weekly meeting when one of them, a grad student named Chris Gignoux, mentioned some field work he'd been doing in a remote part of South Africa with an indigenous sheep and goat herding group called the Khoisan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Khiosan are thought to be the oldest genetic group on earth, ancestors of the rest of us. Even their language is unique, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c246fZ-7z1w\">“click” language\u003c/a> with consonants found nowhere else in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gignoux is part of a team trying to \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/ncomms/journal/v3/n10/fig_tab/ncomms2140_F2.html\">piece together\u003c/a> the Khoisan's evolutionary history by studying their DNA, which the team extracts from saliva samples collected during field research trips to South Africa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the scientists were running into a problem. The Khoisan samples were contaminated with non-human cells: bacteria and other microbes that live in the Khoisan's mouths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The exact DNA that they were viewing as contamination was very interesting to us,” says Pollard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> A garden in your gut\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"The exact DNA that they were viewing as contamination was very interesting to us,” says Pollard.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In recent years, scientists have come to see these bacteria and other microbes as a delicate ecosystem inside each of us. You can think of it as a garden in your guts, one you are constantly tending and adding to every time you eat a meal or are exposed to something in your environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And just like a garden, things can get out of whack. Invasive species take over; certain plants die off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when this happens, scientists believe, people can get sick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Fischbach is an assistant professor in the school of pharmacy at UCSF. He reels off a list of diseases that might – repeat, \u003cem>might\u003c/em> -- be connected to changes in our microbiome: “the inflammatory bowel diseases, including Crohn's disease. Possibly diabetes and obesity. Possibly even allergic diseases like asthma.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is new science. No one really knows. But Fischbach and others who study the microbiome are excited about the potential here, in part because of two recent discoveries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53921\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/pollard.jpg\" alt=\"Katie Pollard, a geneticist at the Gladstone Institutes in San Francisco, is working on cataloging the human microbiome. (Courtesy photo)\" width=\"640\" height=\"485\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Katie Pollard, a geneticist at the Gladstone Institutes in San Francisco, is working on cataloging the human microbiome. (Courtesy photo)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecal transplants and an unlikely connection\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One was the announcement last year that people suffering from a stubborn bacterial infection called C.difficile were cured after receiving \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3365524/\">fecal transplants\u003c/a>. They ingested fresh feces – collected from healthy donors and teeming with healthy bacteria – through a tube in their nose. It was a microbiome transplant, and it worked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second development came last month, when a researcher at the Cleveland Clinic published \u003ca href=\"http://my.clevelandclinic.org/media_relations/library/2013/2013-04-07-cleveland-clinic-researchers-discover-link-between-heart-disease-and-compound-found-in-red-meat-energy-drinks.aspx\">results\u003c/a> connecting bacteria in people's guts to heart disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nobody would have put heart disease on that list,” says Fischbach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says the announcement sent ripples of optimism throughout the microbiome research community. “The notion that you could come up with something that is going to surprise even those who have been working on it for some time is very much in the air.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also fueling the excitement is the recent completion of the \u003ca href=\"http://commonfund.nih.gov/hmp/\">Human Microbiome Project\u003c/a>, an effort, funded by the National Institutes of Health, to identify and catalogue the microbiota of 242 healthy American volunteers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that scientists are starting to get a handle on what kinds of microbes live in the human body and, roughly, how those populations differ from one individual to another, a key question will be whether there is such a thing as an “ideal” microbiome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, if a bad, or imbalanced microbiome can make people sick, what does a good, balanced microbiome look like? What are the microbes that have evolved to keep us healthy, and how do they do it?\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nWas there a microbial Garden of Eden?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a hard question to answer because most of us have made huge, sweeping changes to our microbiomes at least several times in our lives by taking antibiotics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Relman, a professor of medicine at Stanford, was one of the first scientists to use DNA sequencing to study the makeup of the microbiome, using a swab from the inside of his own cheek.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Antibiotics are \"more like a cluster bomb,\" says Relman. \"They're indiscriminate. And there's a lot of collateral damage.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Since then, his work has explored how antibiotics affect the microbiome, and how long those \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2010/09/14/1000087107\">changes persist\u003c/a>. He says while antibiotics have saved millions of lives, they’re a blunt instrument.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the past, we thought of antibiotics as magic bullets,” Relman says. “But – I hate using the military metaphor – they're more like a cluster bomb, or a neutron bomb. They're indiscriminate. And there's a lot of collateral damage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That collateral damage includes healthy bacteria, which may play important roles in digestion and other functions. Antibiotics can also create ideal environments for harmful bacteria to thrive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes, the balance restores itself. Other times, the changes may be permanent. If a particular strain of bacteria is lost, it can't be passed on from one human generation to the next.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this is hard to study. Because there’s almost no one out there who hasn't taken antibiotics. Which brings us back to the Khoisan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Learning from the Khoisan\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What occurred to Katie Pollard is that the Khoisan for the most part haven’t had that repeated antibiotic exposure. If researchers can find bacteria in the Khoisan that don’t show up in the saliva of industrialized groups, she says, “that would suggest that something in the modern lifestyle has potentially wiped out these bacteria.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This work is just beginning. So far, Pollard's team has identified about 900 species of microbes in the Khoisan saliva. Next, they'll compare those species to samples from other populations to see whether there are any completely novel microbes in the Khoisan, microbes she and others haven't seen before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lest anyone start thinking that the Khoisan microbiome could be some sort of wholesale solution to modern ills (maybe imported through some kind of trans-Atlantic fecal transplant?) think again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among those 900 bacterial species identified, says Pollard, are several that you definitely wouldn't want, a fact that becomes clear when you look at photos of the Khoisan, many of whom are missing teeth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many of the bacteria we've found are known pathogens,” says Pollard, “in terms of gum disease or enhancing plaque.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Modern medicine has not been all bad for the microbiome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pollard and others who do DNA sequencing on gut microbes face a massive computational challenge, one that makes the human genome project look like a cakewalk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the end result, say Pollard and others, could be new insights into how we could tweak, even curate the bacteria in our bodies, to make ourselves healthier.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/53795/in-search-of-the-bacterial-garden-of-eden","authors":["210"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_12","quest_17"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_326","quest_1216","quest_11953","quest_11194","quest_11952","quest_13203"],"featImg":"quest_53958","label":"source_quest_53795"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Consider-This-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png","officialWebsiteLink":"http://freakonomics.com/","airtime":"SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"WNYC"},"link":"/radio/program/freakonomics-radio","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/","rss":"https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"}},"fresh-air":{"id":"fresh-air","title":"Fresh Air","info":"Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.","airtime":"MON-FRI 7pm-8pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Fresh-Air-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/fresh-air","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Fresh-Air-p17/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"}},"here-and-now":{"id":"here-and-now","title":"Here & Now","info":"A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.","airtime":"MON-THU 11am-12pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Here-And-Now-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"http://www.wbur.org/hereandnow","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/here-and-now","subsdcribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=426698661","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Here--Now-p211/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"}},"how-i-built-this":{"id":"how-i-built-this","title":"How I Built This with Guy Raz","info":"Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this","airtime":"SUN 7:30pm-8pm","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/how-i-built-this","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/Arts--Culture-Podcasts/How-I-Built-This-p910896/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"}},"inside-europe":{"id":"inside-europe","title":"Inside Europe","info":"Inside Europe, a one-hour weekly news magazine hosted by Helen Seeney and Keith Walker, explores the topical issues shaping the continent. No other part of the globe has experienced such dynamic political and social change in recent years.","airtime":"SAT 3am-4am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Inside-Europe-Podcast-Tile-300x300-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Deutsche Welle"},"link":"/radio/program/inside-europe","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/inside-europe/id80106806?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Inside-Europe-p731/","rss":"https://partner.dw.com/xml/podcast_inside-europe"}},"latino-usa":{"id":"latino-usa","title":"Latino USA","airtime":"MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm","info":"Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"http://latinousa.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/latino-usa","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/xtTd","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Latino-USA-p621/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"}},"live-from-here-highlights":{"id":"live-from-here-highlights","title":"Live from Here Highlights","info":"Chris Thile steps to the mic as the host of Live from Here (formerly A Prairie Home Companion), a live public radio variety show. 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