QUEST TV - Back to the Wild: Wolves, Seeds and Snapshots
Tales from the Ghost Forests
Up, Up and Away: Escaping a Tsunami Vertically
Web Extra: Orca Sounds vs. Underwater Noise
Cultural Differences in Northwest Orcas
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Also, tag along with a Wisconsin scientist encouraging native bees to pollinate crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Segment Details\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Watch the full 1/2 hour television episode above or watch individual segments and read accompanying articles, as they become available:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"Wolves and the Ecology of Fear\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/wolves-and-the-ecology-of-fear/\">Wolves and the Ecology of Fear\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"Wolves and the Ecology of Fear\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/wolves-and-the-ecology-of-fear/\">Saving Our Seeds\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"Meet the Natives: Wild Bees\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/what-can-insects-teach-us-about-sustainability/\">Meet the Natives: Wild Bees\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Track wolves from their prey’s POV, explore seed diversity, and see the Great Plains from a new angle. Also, tag along with a scientist encouraging native bees to pollinate crops.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457560808,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":4,"wordCount":98},"headData":{"title":"QUEST TV - Back to the Wild: Wolves, Seeds and Snapshots | KQED","description":"Track wolves from their prey’s POV, explore seed diversity, and see the Great Plains from a new angle. Also, tag along with a scientist encouraging native bees to pollinate crops.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"QUEST TV - Back to the Wild: Wolves, Seeds and Snapshots","datePublished":"2014-04-16T14:00:47.000Z","dateModified":"2016-03-09T22:00:08.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"69714 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=videos&p=69714","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/04/16/quest-tv-back-to-the-wild-wolves-seeds-and-snapshots/","disqusTitle":"QUEST TV - Back to the Wild: Wolves, Seeds and Snapshots","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tzSMQKXyN80","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/69714/quest-tv-back-to-the-wild-wolves-seeds-and-snapshots","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003ch2>Episode Description\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Discover why wolves in Washington state and other feared predators are an essential part of any ecosystem; find out how saving seeds in the Midwest is preserving food diversity; and meet a Great Plains photographer documenting the wild nature of our iconic landscapes. Also, tag along with a Wisconsin scientist encouraging native bees to pollinate crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Segment Details\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Watch the full 1/2 hour television episode above or watch individual segments and read accompanying articles, as they become available:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"Wolves and the Ecology of Fear\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/wolves-and-the-ecology-of-fear/\">Wolves and the Ecology of Fear\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"Wolves and the Ecology of Fear\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/wolves-and-the-ecology-of-fear/\">Saving Our Seeds\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"Meet the Natives: Wild Bees\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/what-can-insects-teach-us-about-sustainability/\">Meet the Natives: Wild Bees\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/69714/quest-tv-back-to-the-wild-wolves-seeds-and-snapshots","authors":["10216"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_3229","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_12828","quest_326","quest_921","quest_926","quest_12829","quest_3933","quest_10351","quest_10468","quest_3929","quest_2187","quest_2349","quest_12830","quest_2579","quest_13364","quest_2893","quest_3071","quest_3178","quest_10339"],"featImg":"quest_69717","label":"source_quest_69714"},"quest_25809":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_25809","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"25809","score":null,"sort":[1318014395000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"tales-from-the-ghost-forests","title":"Tales from the Ghost Forests","publishDate":1318014395,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25811\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/WilliamsDavid_KCTS_MarqueeImageOption1-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"black and white image of dead upright trees and water\" title=\"WilliamsDavid_KCTS_MarqueeImageOption1\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25811\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ghost forest on Washington state's Copalis River during a very high fair-weather tide in December 1997. Photo courtesy of the USGS public domain\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If a megathrust earthquake struck the modern world, most of us would know about it within seconds. Bill Steele, Director of Information Services at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnsn.org/welcome.html\" target=\"_blank\">Pacific Northwest Seismic Network\u003c/a>, would get a detailed account from an extensive array of seismometers located around the globe. Regular citizens would probably get an email, tweet, or Facebook note from a friend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what if the quake hit hundreds of years ago? How were scientists able to determine that a Cascadia Subduction Zone megathrust trembler hit sometime between 9:00 and 10:00 p.m. on January 26, 1700?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The story starts in the 1980s when geologist Brian Atwater, dendrochronologist David Yamaguchi, and others began to investigate the Pacific coast of Oregon and Washington. Traveling by foot and boat through the region’s many bays and river mouths, the scientists examined thousands of dead western red cedar and Sitka spruce. The trees had not fallen to the ground but stuck upright out of the sand in great groves, known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.burkemuseum.org/static/earthquakes/bigone/detective.html\" target=\"_blank\">ghost forests\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Intriguingly, James Graham Cooper, a naturalist living on the Washington coast in 1853-1854, had noticed the dead trees, too. He thought they had died slowly, sinking into quicksand. Atwater, however, knew differently. When a magnitude 9.5 earthquake hit Chile in 1960, coastal marshes had dropped several feet, allowing sea water to flow in and quickly kill the trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the spruce and cedar still stood in place, Atwater and Yamaguchi realized they had a clock that would tell precisely when the trees died. All they had to do was look at the trees’ growth rings. Those rings would reveal how the trees had lived and when they had died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pnsn.org/HAZARDS/CASCADIA/tree_rings.html\" target=\"_blank\">Tree ring analysis\u003c/a>, or dendrochonology, is based on the fact that trees add new material each year: early, lighter-colored cells followed by darker cells. Each set is known as a tree, annual, or growth ring. Width depends on the climatic conditions with wider rings in a good growing season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yamaguchi found that the trees had wide rings right up until the time they died. This indicated that disease had not killed the trees. He and other researchers then compared the rings of the dead trees with those living nearby. These trees spanned nearly a thousand years of time, from 993 to 1986. Using this data, they tried to match the growth rings of the living trees with the growth ring of the dead trees. A match would tell when the ghost forest trees died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They had a problem, though. Erosion of the tree’s trunks had obliterated the final rings. Fortunately, in 1996, they dug up eight stumps whose roots had not decayed. In all but one case the rings showed the trees had died between August 1699 and May 1700. Narrowing the timing down to January 26 required another line of evidence, and the assistance of colleagues and documents from Japan.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"When a megathrust earthquake strikes, scientists around the world know in seconds. But what about hundreds of years ago? How, exactly, do scientists know there was a megathrust quake on the Cascadia Subduction Zone on January 26, 1700 between 9:00 and 10:00 p.m.? The answer lies in a ghost forest discovered on the Washington coast that reveals the secrets of one of the most powerful earthquakes to hit the planet. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1318014395,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":512},"headData":{"title":"Tales from the Ghost Forests | KQED","description":"When a megathrust earthquake strikes, scientists around the world know in seconds. But what about hundreds of years ago? How, exactly, do scientists know there was a megathrust quake on the Cascadia Subduction Zone on January 26, 1700 between 9:00 and 10:00 p.m.? The answer lies in a ghost forest discovered on the Washington coast that reveals the secrets of one of the most powerful earthquakes to hit the planet. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Tales from the Ghost Forests","datePublished":"2011-10-07T19:06:35.000Z","dateModified":"2011-10-07T19:06:35.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"25809 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=25809","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/07/tales-from-the-ghost-forests/","disqusTitle":"Tales from the Ghost Forests","path":"/quest/25809/tales-from-the-ghost-forests","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25811\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/WilliamsDavid_KCTS_MarqueeImageOption1-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"black and white image of dead upright trees and water\" title=\"WilliamsDavid_KCTS_MarqueeImageOption1\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25811\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ghost forest on Washington state's Copalis River during a very high fair-weather tide in December 1997. Photo courtesy of the USGS public domain\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If a megathrust earthquake struck the modern world, most of us would know about it within seconds. Bill Steele, Director of Information Services at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnsn.org/welcome.html\" target=\"_blank\">Pacific Northwest Seismic Network\u003c/a>, would get a detailed account from an extensive array of seismometers located around the globe. Regular citizens would probably get an email, tweet, or Facebook note from a friend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what if the quake hit hundreds of years ago? How were scientists able to determine that a Cascadia Subduction Zone megathrust trembler hit sometime between 9:00 and 10:00 p.m. on January 26, 1700?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The story starts in the 1980s when geologist Brian Atwater, dendrochronologist David Yamaguchi, and others began to investigate the Pacific coast of Oregon and Washington. Traveling by foot and boat through the region’s many bays and river mouths, the scientists examined thousands of dead western red cedar and Sitka spruce. The trees had not fallen to the ground but stuck upright out of the sand in great groves, known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.burkemuseum.org/static/earthquakes/bigone/detective.html\" target=\"_blank\">ghost forests\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Intriguingly, James Graham Cooper, a naturalist living on the Washington coast in 1853-1854, had noticed the dead trees, too. He thought they had died slowly, sinking into quicksand. Atwater, however, knew differently. When a magnitude 9.5 earthquake hit Chile in 1960, coastal marshes had dropped several feet, allowing sea water to flow in and quickly kill the trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the spruce and cedar still stood in place, Atwater and Yamaguchi realized they had a clock that would tell precisely when the trees died. All they had to do was look at the trees’ growth rings. Those rings would reveal how the trees had lived and when they had died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pnsn.org/HAZARDS/CASCADIA/tree_rings.html\" target=\"_blank\">Tree ring analysis\u003c/a>, or dendrochonology, is based on the fact that trees add new material each year: early, lighter-colored cells followed by darker cells. Each set is known as a tree, annual, or growth ring. Width depends on the climatic conditions with wider rings in a good growing season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yamaguchi found that the trees had wide rings right up until the time they died. This indicated that disease had not killed the trees. He and other researchers then compared the rings of the dead trees with those living nearby. These trees spanned nearly a thousand years of time, from 993 to 1986. Using this data, they tried to match the growth rings of the living trees with the growth ring of the dead trees. A match would tell when the ghost forest trees died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They had a problem, though. Erosion of the tree’s trunks had obliterated the final rings. Fortunately, in 1996, they dug up eight stumps whose roots had not decayed. In all but one case the rings showed the trees had died between August 1699 and May 1700. Narrowing the timing down to January 26 required another line of evidence, and the assistance of colleagues and documents from Japan.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/25809/tales-from-the-ghost-forests","authors":["10282"],"categories":["quest_9","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_10268","quest_10212","quest_10265","quest_907","quest_10266","quest_3623","quest_3933","quest_3351","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_3288","quest_10267","quest_3003"],"featImg":"quest_25811","label":"quest"},"quest_24915":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_24915","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"24915","score":null,"sort":[1316650715000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"up-up-and-away-escaping-a-tsunami-vertically","title":"Up, Up and Away: Escaping a Tsunami Vertically","publishDate":1316650715,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24958\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/kcts-safe-haven-post-image-el300.jpg\" alt=\"sketch elevation of tower / berm\" title=\"kcts-safe-haven-post-image-el300\" width=\"300\" height=\"213\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24958\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Proposed tower and berm structure by Ronald Kasprisin. Image courtesy of the Washington Emergency Management Division.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>CAMP MURRAY, WASHINGTON- When natural disaster strikes, most of us instinctively run for the hills. But what if you live in the flats, and can't outrun or even out-drive a fast-approaching tsunami wave?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The low-lying coast on the west coast of Washington state is one such region. Residents face both the risk of a major earthquake from the Cascadia fault, and tsunami waves predicted to pummel the shore only 30-40 minutes after the quake. John Schelling, Earthquake Program Manager at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.emd.wa.gov/\">Washington State Emergency Management Division\u003c/a>, claims that when a tsunami is approaching, residents need to be prepared to evacuate—vertically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schelling worked with a team of engineers to plan a series of \u003ca href=\"https://catalyst.uw.edu/workspace/file/download/e466fc0f6a68c61dae189b1a0ab9d2b36c6c0502e30f0e6271fa76c56b903097?inline=1\">towers, buildings and berms\u003c/a> to provide a vertical escape option that is easily accessible and can withstand the massive force of a tsunami. The proposal, dubbed \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/ProjectSafeHaven?ref=ts\">Project Safe Haven\u003c/a>,\" is well underway in Washington's coastal communities, including Ocean Shores and Westport where community members have come together to figure out what “heading for higher ground” will look like for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The community members themselves have been the drivers for a lot of the effort that’s gone on in the Safe Haven Project,” says Schelling. “We’ve tried to make sure all of these are multipurpose so that people interact with them on a daily basis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there will be much more physics and engineering going into these buildings than meets the eye.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24950\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/kcts-safe-haven-post-map300.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"kcts-safe-haven-post-map300\" width=\"300\" height=\"489\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24950\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Locations on Washington coast for proposed vertical evacuation structures. Image courtesy of the Washington Emergency Management Division. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The structures themselves have to be designed to withstand at least a magnitude 9 earthquake,” says Schelling. “You’re talking about a significant amount of geotechnical engineering and analysis to make sure the footings that are placed support the weight of the structure, as well as account for the forces that are coming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Designing a structure to withstand an earthquake of that size is a task in itself, but these buildings and towers will also then need to withstand the force of the approaching tsunami wave. The engineering answer to this challenge? “The ground floor would be sacrificial, the walls are designed to wash away, and allow water to flow in and out,” says Schelling. Meanwhile, the top floors, where the evacuees would be gathered, are left intact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a different design concept than berms which are essentially small, hollow hills that can be easily accessed, including by those people who may have trouble quickly climbing to safety in towers or buildings. These structures will be strategically placed throughout the communities most vulnerable to a tsunami. The goal is not only to get as many people to safety as possible; it’s to get as many people to safety as quickly as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the berms would have the largest foot print on the landscape, they will be able to hold anywhere from 100 to 10,000 people above the water. The outer mound will be constructed from soil to provide a natural slope that can easily be climbed. Schelling says the inside will be a “reinforced concrete core” to keep the berm from collapsing during an earthquake and steady as the tsunami waves hit the coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other benefit to berms is that the mound of earth, similar to the one in Gasworks Park in Seattle, can provide safety without looking too man-made and disrupting the natural environment. “It’s designed to blend in and provide a nice aesthetic to the natural and built environment that people love about the coast,” says Schelling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For these safe havens, the sky is the limit. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Additional Links\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/ProjectSafeHaven?sk=info\">Project Safe Haven: Tsunami Vertical Evacuation on the Washington Coast on Facebook\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.emd.wa.gov/preparedness/prep_tsunami_evacuation.shtml\">Washington Military Department: Emergency Management Division's Tsunami Evacuation Tips\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Colette Kent\u003c/strong>, intern at KCTS 9 and student at George Washington University, contributed to this blog.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Northwest disaster officials and communities propose new structures for people to get to safety when a killer tsunami wave is on the way, not by trying to outrun the wave, but by trying to out-climb it. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1316650715,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":685},"headData":{"title":"Up, Up and Away: Escaping a Tsunami Vertically | KQED","description":"Northwest disaster officials and communities propose new structures for people to get to safety when a killer tsunami wave is on the way, not by trying to outrun the wave, but by trying to out-climb it. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Up, Up and Away: Escaping a Tsunami Vertically","datePublished":"2011-09-22T00:18:35.000Z","dateModified":"2011-09-22T00:18:35.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"24915 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=24915","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/21/up-up-and-away-escaping-a-tsunami-vertically/","disqusTitle":"Up, Up and Away: Escaping a Tsunami Vertically","path":"/quest/24915/up-up-and-away-escaping-a-tsunami-vertically","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24958\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/kcts-safe-haven-post-image-el300.jpg\" alt=\"sketch elevation of tower / berm\" title=\"kcts-safe-haven-post-image-el300\" width=\"300\" height=\"213\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24958\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Proposed tower and berm structure by Ronald Kasprisin. Image courtesy of the Washington Emergency Management Division.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>CAMP MURRAY, WASHINGTON- When natural disaster strikes, most of us instinctively run for the hills. But what if you live in the flats, and can't outrun or even out-drive a fast-approaching tsunami wave?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The low-lying coast on the west coast of Washington state is one such region. Residents face both the risk of a major earthquake from the Cascadia fault, and tsunami waves predicted to pummel the shore only 30-40 minutes after the quake. John Schelling, Earthquake Program Manager at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.emd.wa.gov/\">Washington State Emergency Management Division\u003c/a>, claims that when a tsunami is approaching, residents need to be prepared to evacuate—vertically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schelling worked with a team of engineers to plan a series of \u003ca href=\"https://catalyst.uw.edu/workspace/file/download/e466fc0f6a68c61dae189b1a0ab9d2b36c6c0502e30f0e6271fa76c56b903097?inline=1\">towers, buildings and berms\u003c/a> to provide a vertical escape option that is easily accessible and can withstand the massive force of a tsunami. The proposal, dubbed \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/ProjectSafeHaven?ref=ts\">Project Safe Haven\u003c/a>,\" is well underway in Washington's coastal communities, including Ocean Shores and Westport where community members have come together to figure out what “heading for higher ground” will look like for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The community members themselves have been the drivers for a lot of the effort that’s gone on in the Safe Haven Project,” says Schelling. “We’ve tried to make sure all of these are multipurpose so that people interact with them on a daily basis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there will be much more physics and engineering going into these buildings than meets the eye.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24950\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/kcts-safe-haven-post-map300.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"kcts-safe-haven-post-map300\" width=\"300\" height=\"489\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24950\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Locations on Washington coast for proposed vertical evacuation structures. Image courtesy of the Washington Emergency Management Division. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The structures themselves have to be designed to withstand at least a magnitude 9 earthquake,” says Schelling. “You’re talking about a significant amount of geotechnical engineering and analysis to make sure the footings that are placed support the weight of the structure, as well as account for the forces that are coming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Designing a structure to withstand an earthquake of that size is a task in itself, but these buildings and towers will also then need to withstand the force of the approaching tsunami wave. The engineering answer to this challenge? “The ground floor would be sacrificial, the walls are designed to wash away, and allow water to flow in and out,” says Schelling. Meanwhile, the top floors, where the evacuees would be gathered, are left intact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a different design concept than berms which are essentially small, hollow hills that can be easily accessed, including by those people who may have trouble quickly climbing to safety in towers or buildings. These structures will be strategically placed throughout the communities most vulnerable to a tsunami. The goal is not only to get as many people to safety as possible; it’s to get as many people to safety as quickly as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the berms would have the largest foot print on the landscape, they will be able to hold anywhere from 100 to 10,000 people above the water. The outer mound will be constructed from soil to provide a natural slope that can easily be climbed. Schelling says the inside will be a “reinforced concrete core” to keep the berm from collapsing during an earthquake and steady as the tsunami waves hit the coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other benefit to berms is that the mound of earth, similar to the one in Gasworks Park in Seattle, can provide safety without looking too man-made and disrupting the natural environment. “It’s designed to blend in and provide a nice aesthetic to the natural and built environment that people love about the coast,” says Schelling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For these safe havens, the sky is the limit. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Additional Links\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/ProjectSafeHaven?sk=info\">Project Safe Haven: Tsunami Vertical Evacuation on the Washington Coast on Facebook\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.emd.wa.gov/preparedness/prep_tsunami_evacuation.shtml\">Washington Military Department: Emergency Management Division's Tsunami Evacuation Tips\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Colette Kent\u003c/strong>, intern at KCTS 9 and student at George Washington University, contributed to this blog.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/24915/up-up-and-away-escaping-a-tsunami-vertically","authors":["10240"],"categories":["quest_8","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_10213","quest_10212","quest_907","quest_10209","quest_3933","quest_3351","quest_2141","quest_10211","quest_2349","quest_3288","quest_2963","quest_3003","quest_10210"],"featImg":"quest_24923","label":"quest"},"quest_23327":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_23327","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"23327","score":null,"sort":[1315864821000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"web-extra-orca-sounds-vs-underwater-noise","title":"Web Extra: Orca Sounds vs. Underwater Noise","publishDate":1315864821,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>FRIDAY HARBOR, SAN JUAN ISLAND - How do we distinguish orca sounds from other underwater noise?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Friday Harbor, a decade-old \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrophone\">hydrophone\u003c/a> system running 200 meters along Snug Harbor is constantly recording sounds that come through Haro Strait.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Val Veirs, the owner of \u003ca href=\"http://orcasound.net/\">Orcasound\u003c/a>, uses custom software to detect interesting sounds recorded by his hydrophones. When a sequence of sounds displays a particular harmonic structure, it gets converted into an .mp3 sound file that is uploaded into a database for further research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how exactly do hydrophones work?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When underwater sounds push against a hydrophone, a small voltage is created. That voltage is pre-amplified and then sent up cables to computers for analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/webextraorcas-marqueeimage2-to-use-within-blog-post.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/webextraorcas-marqueeimage2-to-use-within-blog-post-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"hydrophone\" title=\"webextraorcas-marqueeimage2 - to use within blog post\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-23891\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The voltage (or sound) is sampled at a very high rate - 196 thousand samples per second - which is 4 times higher than compact disc sample rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Veirs, sampling high frequencies that are above the human hearing range allows him to study the intricacies of orca language; more importantly, he wants to show how noise such as boats and ships make it harder for orcas to communicate and hunt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In studying orcas, Veirs uses a complicated set of algorithms to discriminate against 99.9% of the sounds that come through the hydrophones. Orcas produce sounds that have a very simple harmonic structure, and that’s what his software looks for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Orcas make sounds with frequencies that change in a smooth way, with most of the energy in 3, 4, 5 peaks,” says Veirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And sounds that have a complicated harmonic structure - with many frequencies in it are discriminated by the software, because these are sounds not typically made by orcas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Southern resident orcas in Friday Harbor are considered an \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwr.noaa.gov/Marine-Mammals/Whales-Dolphins-Porpoise/Killer-Whales/ESA-Status/\">endangered population segment by NOAA\u003c/a> (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). Ultimately, Veirs wants to use his research to create public policy that urges boats to slow down, stay farther away from the orcas, and to use quieter engines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once we understand that these noises may make it harder for the whales to forage, to communicate, then we have a chance to take some societal steps to give them a better chance of surviving…That is the best hope we have for them.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"When listening for orca whales underwater, researchers distinguish their sounds from other noises such as boats, ships, and other sea animals with hydrophones. Learn how these instruments work in this web extra from QUEST Northwest.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457569126,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":377},"headData":{"title":"Web Extra: Orca Sounds vs. Underwater Noise | KQED","description":"When listening for orca whales underwater, researchers distinguish their sounds from other noises such as boats, ships, and other sea animals with hydrophones. Learn how these instruments work in this web extra from QUEST Northwest.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Web Extra: Orca Sounds vs. Underwater Noise","datePublished":"2011-09-12T22:00:21.000Z","dateModified":"2016-03-10T00:18:46.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"23327 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=videos&p=23327","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/12/web-extra-orca-sounds-vs-underwater-noise/","disqusTitle":"Web Extra: Orca Sounds vs. Underwater Noise","videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/dKRQCXf5AUc","path":"/quest/23327/web-extra-orca-sounds-vs-underwater-noise","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>FRIDAY HARBOR, SAN JUAN ISLAND - How do we distinguish orca sounds from other underwater noise?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Friday Harbor, a decade-old \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrophone\">hydrophone\u003c/a> system running 200 meters along Snug Harbor is constantly recording sounds that come through Haro Strait.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Val Veirs, the owner of \u003ca href=\"http://orcasound.net/\">Orcasound\u003c/a>, uses custom software to detect interesting sounds recorded by his hydrophones. When a sequence of sounds displays a particular harmonic structure, it gets converted into an .mp3 sound file that is uploaded into a database for further research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how exactly do hydrophones work?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When underwater sounds push against a hydrophone, a small voltage is created. That voltage is pre-amplified and then sent up cables to computers for analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/webextraorcas-marqueeimage2-to-use-within-blog-post.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/webextraorcas-marqueeimage2-to-use-within-blog-post-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"hydrophone\" title=\"webextraorcas-marqueeimage2 - to use within blog post\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-23891\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The voltage (or sound) is sampled at a very high rate - 196 thousand samples per second - which is 4 times higher than compact disc sample rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Veirs, sampling high frequencies that are above the human hearing range allows him to study the intricacies of orca language; more importantly, he wants to show how noise such as boats and ships make it harder for orcas to communicate and hunt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In studying orcas, Veirs uses a complicated set of algorithms to discriminate against 99.9% of the sounds that come through the hydrophones. Orcas produce sounds that have a very simple harmonic structure, and that’s what his software looks for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Orcas make sounds with frequencies that change in a smooth way, with most of the energy in 3, 4, 5 peaks,” says Veirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And sounds that have a complicated harmonic structure - with many frequencies in it are discriminated by the software, because these are sounds not typically made by orcas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Southern resident orcas in Friday Harbor are considered an \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwr.noaa.gov/Marine-Mammals/Whales-Dolphins-Porpoise/Killer-Whales/ESA-Status/\">endangered population segment by NOAA\u003c/a> (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). Ultimately, Veirs wants to use his research to create public policy that urges boats to slow down, stay farther away from the orcas, and to use quieter engines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once we understand that these noises may make it harder for the whales to forage, to communicate, then we have a chance to take some societal steps to give them a better chance of surviving…That is the best hope we have for them.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/23327/web-extra-orca-sounds-vs-underwater-noise","authors":["10267"],"categories":["quest_9","quest_16","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_10072","quest_9854","quest_3933","quest_1569","quest_3351","quest_9860","quest_2086","quest_2349","quest_12146","quest_10017","quest_2731","quest_10073","quest_3071"],"featImg":"quest_23888","label":"quest"},"quest_20828":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_20828","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"20828","score":null,"sort":[1311114377000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"cultural-differences-in-northwest-orcas","title":"Cultural Differences in Northwest Orcas","publishDate":1311114377,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Cultural Differences in Northwest Orcas | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22319\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/LarsonDarcie-CulturalDifferences-REPLACEMENT-IMAGE_whale.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22319\" title=\"LarsonDarcie-CulturalDifferences-REPLACEMENT IMAGE_whale\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/LarsonDarcie-CulturalDifferences-REPLACEMENT-IMAGE_whale-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo Credit: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Department of Commerce. Photograph by Captain Budd Christman, NOAA Corps\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>SEATTLE, Wash.—A few years ago, I worked as a naturalist on boats in the San Juan Islands, in northwest Washington State. I was lucky enough to watch the resident orca pods, named J, K and L in the wild with all of their unique natural behaviors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Orcas are a particularly fascinating animal to study because of their social complexities. They live with their mother and her family their whole lives and each family has their own “dialect” of calls. Scientists have made the case in peer-reviewed journals for the existence of culture in some cetaceans including orcas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Groups of orcas can share the same habitat but not interact with each other at all; the salmon-eating resident pods don’t intermingle with the so-called “transient” orcas that prey on marine mammals, yet they are regularly found traversing the same waters within days or even hours of each other. As far as scientists can tell, they are the same species, yet they avoid each other completely and stick with their own cultural diet preferences religiously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether on a boat or from the shore at \u003ca href=\"http://www.thesanjuans.com/san-juan-island-places/sanjuan-parks-forest/lime-kiln-state-park.shtml\">Lime Kiln State Park\u003c/a> on the west side of San Juan Island, I was able to observe the orca’s behaviors. Breaching is one of the orca’s more dramatic behaviors, where it propels its full body up and out of the water, then lands with a great splash. Another unique behavior is called spy-hopping, where the orca sticks its head up and looks around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are also many subtle behaviors to observe. Sometimes I’d see a whale just floating motionless at the surface, or “logging.” It’s not often that you can hear an orca’s calls above the water, but on that day, I was lucky enough to hear a nearby logging whale vocalizing from the surface. Was she aware that humans could hear her? Was she perhaps trying to engage with us in some way? I couldn’t help but speculate about what might be going on in her mind even though I realize that her vocalizations probably had nothing to do with humans despite my “wishful thinking” that she was trying to communicate with me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One summer, a few Southern Resident orcas started a fad of carrying a salmon around on their heads. One whale started it and soon, all of the “cool kids” were doing it. It didn’t seem to be hunting practice or serve any practical purpose. Was it a game to see how long you could carry the salmon without dropping it? We don’t have definitive answers at this point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another example of unique orca behavior involves a “rubbing beach” used by Northern Resident orcas. The beach is located at Robson Bight in the Johnstone Strait region of northern Vancouver Island, Canada. Pods of orcas visit the area and spend time rubbing their bodies across the smooth pebbles just below the surface of the water. Why do they do this? We can’t say for sure, but it could feel good to the orcas, much like a day at the spa. There are health benefits to massage for humans, so perhaps the orcas have introduced a similar concept here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People have long speculated that there may be a rubbing beach used by Southern Residents somewhere, but if there is, no one has proof of it yet. In fact, I don’t know of any other orcas that have a rubbing beach like the Northern Residents. Perhaps it is a unique component of their culture, kind of like here in Seattle where we wear our polar fleece jackets to everything from a hike in the mountains to a fancy dinner downtown.\u003cbr>\nThough humans and orcas are very different species, what affects us also affects the orcas and their natural environment, and unfortunately their environment has become significantly altered over time. The environmental problems affecting Puget Sound and the waters throughout the world can seem overwhelming, but luckily I am a part of a culture at \u003ca href=\"http://www.seattleaquarium.org/\">the Seattle Aquarium\u003c/a> that values conservation and marine life. Culture is an important part of what it means to be human, and I think it’s pretty cool that we share that with orcas.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Even though different groups of orcas in the Pacific Northwest often share the same waters, they don’t interact outside of their group, follow a distinct diet and demonstrate unique behaviors. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1684973991,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":749},"headData":{"title":"Cultural Differences in Northwest Orcas | KQED","description":"Even though different groups of orcas in the Pacific Northwest often share the same waters, they don’t interact outside of their group, follow a distinct diet and demonstrate unique behaviors. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Cultural Differences in Northwest Orcas","datePublished":"2011-07-19T22:26:17.000Z","dateModified":"2023-05-25T00:19:51.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"templateType":"standard","featuredImageType":"standard","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/quest/20828/cultural-differences-in-northwest-orcas","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22319\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/LarsonDarcie-CulturalDifferences-REPLACEMENT-IMAGE_whale.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22319\" title=\"LarsonDarcie-CulturalDifferences-REPLACEMENT IMAGE_whale\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/LarsonDarcie-CulturalDifferences-REPLACEMENT-IMAGE_whale-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo Credit: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Department of Commerce. Photograph by Captain Budd Christman, NOAA Corps\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>SEATTLE, Wash.—A few years ago, I worked as a naturalist on boats in the San Juan Islands, in northwest Washington State. I was lucky enough to watch the resident orca pods, named J, K and L in the wild with all of their unique natural behaviors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Orcas are a particularly fascinating animal to study because of their social complexities. They live with their mother and her family their whole lives and each family has their own “dialect” of calls. Scientists have made the case in peer-reviewed journals for the existence of culture in some cetaceans including orcas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Groups of orcas can share the same habitat but not interact with each other at all; the salmon-eating resident pods don’t intermingle with the so-called “transient” orcas that prey on marine mammals, yet they are regularly found traversing the same waters within days or even hours of each other. As far as scientists can tell, they are the same species, yet they avoid each other completely and stick with their own cultural diet preferences religiously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether on a boat or from the shore at \u003ca href=\"http://www.thesanjuans.com/san-juan-island-places/sanjuan-parks-forest/lime-kiln-state-park.shtml\">Lime Kiln State Park\u003c/a> on the west side of San Juan Island, I was able to observe the orca’s behaviors. Breaching is one of the orca’s more dramatic behaviors, where it propels its full body up and out of the water, then lands with a great splash. Another unique behavior is called spy-hopping, where the orca sticks its head up and looks around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are also many subtle behaviors to observe. Sometimes I’d see a whale just floating motionless at the surface, or “logging.” It’s not often that you can hear an orca’s calls above the water, but on that day, I was lucky enough to hear a nearby logging whale vocalizing from the surface. Was she aware that humans could hear her? Was she perhaps trying to engage with us in some way? I couldn’t help but speculate about what might be going on in her mind even though I realize that her vocalizations probably had nothing to do with humans despite my “wishful thinking” that she was trying to communicate with me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One summer, a few Southern Resident orcas started a fad of carrying a salmon around on their heads. One whale started it and soon, all of the “cool kids” were doing it. It didn’t seem to be hunting practice or serve any practical purpose. Was it a game to see how long you could carry the salmon without dropping it? We don’t have definitive answers at this point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another example of unique orca behavior involves a “rubbing beach” used by Northern Resident orcas. The beach is located at Robson Bight in the Johnstone Strait region of northern Vancouver Island, Canada. Pods of orcas visit the area and spend time rubbing their bodies across the smooth pebbles just below the surface of the water. Why do they do this? We can’t say for sure, but it could feel good to the orcas, much like a day at the spa. There are health benefits to massage for humans, so perhaps the orcas have introduced a similar concept here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People have long speculated that there may be a rubbing beach used by Southern Residents somewhere, but if there is, no one has proof of it yet. In fact, I don’t know of any other orcas that have a rubbing beach like the Northern Residents. Perhaps it is a unique component of their culture, kind of like here in Seattle where we wear our polar fleece jackets to everything from a hike in the mountains to a fancy dinner downtown.\u003cbr>\nThough humans and orcas are very different species, what affects us also affects the orcas and their natural environment, and unfortunately their environment has become significantly altered over time. The environmental problems affecting Puget Sound and the waters throughout the world can seem overwhelming, but luckily I am a part of a culture at \u003ca href=\"http://www.seattleaquarium.org/\">the Seattle Aquarium\u003c/a> that values conservation and marine life. Culture is an important part of what it means to be human, and I think it’s pretty cool that we share that with orcas.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/20828/cultural-differences-in-northwest-orcas","authors":["10241"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_9874","quest_326","quest_9875","quest_9876","quest_3933","quest_1569","quest_3351","quest_2086","quest_9855","quest_2349","quest_12146","quest_3288","quest_9878","quest_9872","quest_9877"],"featImg":"quest_22319","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Consider-This-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png","officialWebsiteLink":"http://freakonomics.com/","airtime":"SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"WNYC"},"link":"/radio/program/freakonomics-radio","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/","rss":"https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"}},"fresh-air":{"id":"fresh-air","title":"Fresh Air","info":"Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.","airtime":"MON-FRI 7pm-8pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Fresh-Air-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/fresh-air","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Fresh-Air-p17/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"}},"here-and-now":{"id":"here-and-now","title":"Here & Now","info":"A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.","airtime":"MON-THU 11am-12pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Here-And-Now-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"http://www.wbur.org/hereandnow","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/here-and-now","subsdcribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=426698661","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Here--Now-p211/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"}},"how-i-built-this":{"id":"how-i-built-this","title":"How I Built This with Guy Raz","info":"Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this","airtime":"SUN 7:30pm-8pm","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/how-i-built-this","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/Arts--Culture-Podcasts/How-I-Built-This-p910896/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"}},"inside-europe":{"id":"inside-europe","title":"Inside Europe","info":"Inside Europe, a one-hour weekly news magazine hosted by Helen Seeney and Keith Walker, explores the topical issues shaping the continent. No other part of the globe has experienced such dynamic political and social change in recent years.","airtime":"SAT 3am-4am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Inside-Europe-Podcast-Tile-300x300-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Deutsche Welle"},"link":"/radio/program/inside-europe","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/inside-europe/id80106806?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Inside-Europe-p731/","rss":"https://partner.dw.com/xml/podcast_inside-europe"}},"latino-usa":{"id":"latino-usa","title":"Latino USA","airtime":"MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm","info":"Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"http://latinousa.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/latino-usa","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/xtTd","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Latino-USA-p621/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"}},"live-from-here-highlights":{"id":"live-from-here-highlights","title":"Live from Here Highlights","info":"Chris Thile steps to the mic as the host of Live from Here (formerly A Prairie Home Companion), a live public radio variety show. Download Chris’s Song of the Week plus other highlights from the broadcast. Produced by American Public Media.","airtime":"SAT 6pm-8pm, SUN 11am-1pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Live-From-Here-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.livefromhere.org/","meta":{"site":"arts","source":"american public media"},"link":"/radio/program/live-from-here-highlights","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1167173941","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Live-from-Here-Highlights-p921744/","rss":"https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/a-prairie-home-companion-highlights/rss/rss"}},"marketplace":{"id":"marketplace","title":"Marketplace","info":"Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.","airtime":"MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.marketplace.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"American Public Media"},"link":"/radio/program/marketplace","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=201853034&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/APM-Marketplace-p88/","rss":"https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"}},"mindshift":{"id":"mindshift","title":"MindShift","tagline":"A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids","info":"The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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