Bison and Cranes Reunited to Support Habitat Restoration
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Saved From Living Death: How Genetically Modifying Chestnuts Could Bring Them Back
Controversial California Water Plan Takes Shape
It Came From Mono Lake
Producer's Notes: California's Lost Salmon
Sponsored
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Anne got her SM from MIT’s Graduate Program in Science Writing.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/cb2272efe9d1c6b409249b4273bcef1b?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["leadcoordinator","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Anne Glausser | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/cb2272efe9d1c6b409249b4273bcef1b?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/cb2272efe9d1c6b409249b4273bcef1b?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/anneglausser"},"jaugustine":{"type":"authors","id":"10447","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10447","found":true},"name":"Jon Augustine","firstName":"Jon","lastName":"Augustine","slug":"jaugustine","email":"jaugustine@netad.unl.edu","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Associate Producer for QUEST, NET Nebraska.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/a159fa0e9fcb7b7f49fd7b98792e3bdb?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["leadcoordinator","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Jon Augustine | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/a159fa0e9fcb7b7f49fd7b98792e3bdb?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/a159fa0e9fcb7b7f49fd7b98792e3bdb?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/jaugustine"},"sanbornsarahn":{"type":"authors","id":"10471","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10471","found":true},"name":"Sarah Sanborn","firstName":"Sarah","lastName":"Sanborn","slug":"sanbornsarahn","email":"SSanborn@kcts9.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Sarah Sanborn joins QUEST Northwest from the University of Washington’s Program on the Environment. She has worked with the Environmental Protection Agency and a variety of citizen science projects in the Pacific Northwest. In the spring of 2013, Sarah was awarded the UW Environmental Leadership Scholarship given to those who represent leadership, integrative thought and action, and vision of how they hope to make a positive difference in the world.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/26e834ee9c913ef10e1ef2540202776a?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["coordinator","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Sarah Sanborn | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/26e834ee9c913ef10e1ef2540202776a?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/26e834ee9c913ef10e1ef2540202776a?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/sanbornsarahn"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_61613":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_61613","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"61613","score":null,"sort":[1393340441000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"bison-and-cranes-reunited-to-support-habitat-restoration","title":"Bison and Cranes Reunited to Support Habitat Restoration","publishDate":1393340441,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>When you think of a quiet, sandy island, your mind probably drifts to a warm, tropical paradise. But forget your snorkel and flip-flops for a minute. Grab your binoculars and trail boots as we pay a visit to the islands of central Nebraska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wait. Nebraska?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s right. Over the eons and through the endless, flat landscape, the meandering Platte River has carved out acre upon acre of landmasses surrounded by the river’s north and south channels. These are not just large sandbars that wash away as quickly as they form. They are long, narrow swaths of sand and loam that support riparian forests, prairie grasses, and wetland ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quiet islands are popular neighborhoods for local fauna, but for well over a century now one old friend of the prairie has been noticeably absent: the American bison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the settlement of the Great Plains by European immigrants in the 1800s, the massive wild herds of bison were reduced to a few hundred animals in the Yellowstone area of the Rocky Mountains. But this year, thanks to the work of a nonprofit organization called \u003ca href=\"http://www.cranetrust.org/\">the Crane Trust\u003c/a>, a small group of the giant herbivores have made their triumphant return to \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/place/Shoemaker+Island/@40.777235,-98.5061781,13z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x879977c7f57b7f31:0xa3d83c878ce560ed\">Shoemaker Island\u003c/a>, an 11-mile-long, 1.25-mile-wide plot of grassy habitat surrounded by river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Morten, the Crane Trust’s land manager, said there are currently six bison on the island. They make up an “exhibition” herd, a herd that the public can easily access and view, but eventually a “wild” herd of 40 animals will arrive and wander 1,000 acres of the island at their own pace, eating what they want to eat, and behaving the way they want to behave in a natural grassland environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why bison? Why on an island? And why is an organization called the Crane Trust initiating an effort to manage a herd of big mammals?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 295px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/sandhillcranenesting712x4801.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/sandhillcranenesting712x4801-623x360.jpg\" alt=\"Sandhill Crane - US Fish and Wildlife Service\" width=\"295\" height=\"172\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">During the spring months, hundreds of thousands of Sandhill Cranes descend on the Platte River in central Nebraska before finishing their migration to summer nesting grounds further north. \u003cem>(Photo provided courtesy of the US Fish and Wildlife Service)\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We're a nonprofit organization dedicated to protecting habitat for whooping cranes, sandhill cranes, and other migratory birds, and we do that through land management, science, and outreach and education efforts,” said Mary Harner, the director of science for the Crane Trust. The group of scientists and conservationists manages approximately 10,000 acres of land around and on the Platte River in central Nebraska so that the annual arrival of approximately 550,000 birds goes off without a hitch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To date, the Crane Trust has accomplished this through a variety of actions that mimic the natural events that would have occurred on a pre-settled prairie landscape. For instance, controlled burns are utilized where there once would have been naturally occurring wildfires fostering the growth and diversity of prairie vegetation. Trees and overgrowth are removed with tractors and chainsaws to replicate the effects of the natural but catastrophic floods of the past, floods that are now stymied by river basin management and widespread irrigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s all done in an effort to keep the river exactly how the cranes have known it for centuries, and it turns out that bison have a big hand (or hoof) in maintaining a healthy, crane-friendly habitat. The Crane Trust has typically used cattle to mimic the presence of the enormous, thundering migratory bison herds of the past, but cows enjoy a different diet and don’t weigh as much as bison. They’re not a perfect replacement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greg Wright, the Crane Trust’s wildlife biologist, said, “We expect to see [the bison] graze differently and wallow and use the land differently than would a cattle substitute.” Little behaviors like these have been shown to have \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/09/05/revitalizing-grasslands-one-steak-at-a-time/\">big impacts on prairie landscapes\u003c/a>, and the Crane Trust team will be taking notes on how Shoemaker Island changes with the addition of the bison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some of the more rare, hard to find plants may respond differently to bison than they would another set-back process,” Wright said. “So the vegetation is probably our number one indicator, but we expect things like our grassland birds or small mammals or, further along, the snakes and lizards and those types of things to respond in some way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">There were millions and millions of bison and we want people to be able to see that, to be able to see the animals themselves.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>As the bison settle in, scientists at the Crane Trust will be measuring variables like species richness and species diversity in the island’s vegetation. The new herd will also help biologists learn more about the difference in the ways that cattle and bison affect grassland ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ll continue cattle grazing on other properties we have,” Harner said. “Some of those sites will provide the opportunity for comparative research.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to learn about the bison and their direct impact on grasslands compared to cattle,” Morton explained. “We also want to show that these were the original grazers out here on the Great Plains. There were millions and millions of bison and we want people to be able to see that, to be able to see the animals themselves.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while 40 head of bison is a far cry from the millions that once roamed the prairie, Wright said there is still a buzz in the air as locals prepare to see the majestic crane and the mighty bison reunited on this beloved river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Along the Platte River, this is probably the first time in over 100 years that bison and cranes have coexisted in these kinds of numbers,” Wright said, “The neat thing about it is that because it is a natural grassland, it will give people a glimpse…back in time to what things once looked like. So if you can…block out the fast food signs in the distance and the hum of the interstate and things like that, it'll give you an idea of what would have occurred.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Find out how the reintroduction of bison to a central Nebraska island can help restore habitat for flocks of sandhill cranes during their annual visit on the Platte River.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442701471,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":1049},"headData":{"title":"Bison and Cranes Reunited to Support Habitat Restoration | KQED","description":"Find out how the reintroduction of bison to a central Nebraska island can help restore habitat for flocks of sandhill cranes during their annual visit on the Platte River.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"61613 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=61613","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/02/25/bison-and-cranes-reunited-to-support-habitat-restoration/","disqusTitle":"Bison and Cranes Reunited to Support Habitat Restoration","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/61613/bison-and-cranes-reunited-to-support-habitat-restoration","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When you think of a quiet, sandy island, your mind probably drifts to a warm, tropical paradise. But forget your snorkel and flip-flops for a minute. Grab your binoculars and trail boots as we pay a visit to the islands of central Nebraska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wait. Nebraska?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s right. Over the eons and through the endless, flat landscape, the meandering Platte River has carved out acre upon acre of landmasses surrounded by the river’s north and south channels. These are not just large sandbars that wash away as quickly as they form. They are long, narrow swaths of sand and loam that support riparian forests, prairie grasses, and wetland ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quiet islands are popular neighborhoods for local fauna, but for well over a century now one old friend of the prairie has been noticeably absent: the American bison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the settlement of the Great Plains by European immigrants in the 1800s, the massive wild herds of bison were reduced to a few hundred animals in the Yellowstone area of the Rocky Mountains. But this year, thanks to the work of a nonprofit organization called \u003ca href=\"http://www.cranetrust.org/\">the Crane Trust\u003c/a>, a small group of the giant herbivores have made their triumphant return to \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/place/Shoemaker+Island/@40.777235,-98.5061781,13z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x879977c7f57b7f31:0xa3d83c878ce560ed\">Shoemaker Island\u003c/a>, an 11-mile-long, 1.25-mile-wide plot of grassy habitat surrounded by river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Morten, the Crane Trust’s land manager, said there are currently six bison on the island. They make up an “exhibition” herd, a herd that the public can easily access and view, but eventually a “wild” herd of 40 animals will arrive and wander 1,000 acres of the island at their own pace, eating what they want to eat, and behaving the way they want to behave in a natural grassland environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why bison? Why on an island? And why is an organization called the Crane Trust initiating an effort to manage a herd of big mammals?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 295px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/sandhillcranenesting712x4801.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/sandhillcranenesting712x4801-623x360.jpg\" alt=\"Sandhill Crane - US Fish and Wildlife Service\" width=\"295\" height=\"172\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">During the spring months, hundreds of thousands of Sandhill Cranes descend on the Platte River in central Nebraska before finishing their migration to summer nesting grounds further north. \u003cem>(Photo provided courtesy of the US Fish and Wildlife Service)\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We're a nonprofit organization dedicated to protecting habitat for whooping cranes, sandhill cranes, and other migratory birds, and we do that through land management, science, and outreach and education efforts,” said Mary Harner, the director of science for the Crane Trust. The group of scientists and conservationists manages approximately 10,000 acres of land around and on the Platte River in central Nebraska so that the annual arrival of approximately 550,000 birds goes off without a hitch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To date, the Crane Trust has accomplished this through a variety of actions that mimic the natural events that would have occurred on a pre-settled prairie landscape. For instance, controlled burns are utilized where there once would have been naturally occurring wildfires fostering the growth and diversity of prairie vegetation. Trees and overgrowth are removed with tractors and chainsaws to replicate the effects of the natural but catastrophic floods of the past, floods that are now stymied by river basin management and widespread irrigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s all done in an effort to keep the river exactly how the cranes have known it for centuries, and it turns out that bison have a big hand (or hoof) in maintaining a healthy, crane-friendly habitat. The Crane Trust has typically used cattle to mimic the presence of the enormous, thundering migratory bison herds of the past, but cows enjoy a different diet and don’t weigh as much as bison. They’re not a perfect replacement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greg Wright, the Crane Trust’s wildlife biologist, said, “We expect to see [the bison] graze differently and wallow and use the land differently than would a cattle substitute.” Little behaviors like these have been shown to have \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/09/05/revitalizing-grasslands-one-steak-at-a-time/\">big impacts on prairie landscapes\u003c/a>, and the Crane Trust team will be taking notes on how Shoemaker Island changes with the addition of the bison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some of the more rare, hard to find plants may respond differently to bison than they would another set-back process,” Wright said. “So the vegetation is probably our number one indicator, but we expect things like our grassland birds or small mammals or, further along, the snakes and lizards and those types of things to respond in some way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">There were millions and millions of bison and we want people to be able to see that, to be able to see the animals themselves.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>As the bison settle in, scientists at the Crane Trust will be measuring variables like species richness and species diversity in the island’s vegetation. The new herd will also help biologists learn more about the difference in the ways that cattle and bison affect grassland ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ll continue cattle grazing on other properties we have,” Harner said. “Some of those sites will provide the opportunity for comparative research.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to learn about the bison and their direct impact on grasslands compared to cattle,” Morton explained. “We also want to show that these were the original grazers out here on the Great Plains. There were millions and millions of bison and we want people to be able to see that, to be able to see the animals themselves.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while 40 head of bison is a far cry from the millions that once roamed the prairie, Wright said there is still a buzz in the air as locals prepare to see the majestic crane and the mighty bison reunited on this beloved river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Along the Platte River, this is probably the first time in over 100 years that bison and cranes have coexisted in these kinds of numbers,” Wright said, “The neat thing about it is that because it is a natural grassland, it will give people a glimpse…back in time to what things once looked like. So if you can…block out the fast food signs in the distance and the hum of the interstate and things like that, it'll give you an idea of what would have occurred.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/61613/bison-and-cranes-reunited-to-support-habitat-restoration","authors":["10447"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_326","quest_12508","quest_12649","quest_12648","quest_12646","quest_12492","quest_12269","quest_9907","quest_10353","quest_1293","quest_1506","quest_9934","quest_9905","quest_12559","quest_12491","quest_12587","quest_3289","quest_12354","quest_12244","quest_12645","quest_12647","quest_3140"],"featImg":"quest_67693","label":"source_quest_61613"},"quest_63142":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_63142","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"63142","score":null,"sort":[1392908422000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"landowners-make-way-for-more-shoreline","title":"Landowners Make Way for More Shoreline","publishDate":1392908422,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>On Bainbridge Island, Washington, a transformation is occurring: 7.5 acres of shoreline previously starved of natural vegetation and organisms has begun to recover. Salt marsh vegetation is returning, juvenile salmon can safely swim along the banks, and the shore is reshaping itself into a gentle slope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This environmental success story hung on one family’s decision to remove their shoreline walls rather than replace them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Powel family has cared for this land for nearly five decades. In 1993, they signed a conservation easement with the \u003ca href=\"http://bi-landtrust.org/\">Bainbridge Island Land Trust\u003c/a> (BILT) for the land to be conserved regardless of the land owner. So when the family noticed their crumbling shoreline walls, they turned to BILT for an answer. After a careful study, the property was determined to be at a low risk for erosion and the family was encouraged to remove their shoreline walls rather than replace them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[gallery type=\"slideshow\" link=\"file\" ids=\"67102,66547,66552,66551,66550,66540,66539,66544,66543,66542,66541,66546,66545,66549,66548\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, for the first time in nearly 60 years, the Powel property has marine and terrestrial environments converging again. This project offers hope for the survival of intertidal coastline habitat being lost in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/sea/pugetsound/species/salmon.html\">Puget Sound\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://e360.yale.edu/feature/whats_damaging_marshes_on_us_coast_and_why_it_matters/2604/\">around the nation\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is critical that this is happening now,” says Jim Brennan, a marine biologist from Bainbridge Island who has worked on the Powel Project for three years. “This is very important habitat for salmon and many other fishes and wildlife.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Removing the walls will \u003ca href=\"http://seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2004409777_growth_shorelines15m1.html\">greatly expand shallow water and salt marsh areas\u003c/a>, creating refuge and migration corridors. When walls are replaced with gently sloped native vegetation, more of the insects important to juvenile Chinook salmon will become readily available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67148\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 363px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-67148 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Jim-Feature-image-02-e1392070535541.jpg\" alt=\"Jim Feature image 02\" width=\"363\" height=\"204\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Jim-Feature-image-02-e1392070535541.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Jim-Feature-image-02-e1392070535541-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 363px) 100vw, 363px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jim Brennan holds up images of shoreline walls around the Powel property on Bainbridge Island. Photo by Katie Jennings\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Plants create shade for the intertidal habitat,” says Brennan, “They help stabilize beaches and banks, moderate erosion, sedimentation, and contaminants. They produce insects that we now know juvenile salmon, particularly Chinook, eat. So vegetation is an important function for recovery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biologists and volunteers have replanted along the Powel property with pickelweed and salt grass that are adapted to the extreme conditions of a salt marsh ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Powel project aligns with Washington State’s salmon and shoreline restoration goals, overseen by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.psp.wa.gov/\">Puget Sound Partnership\u003c/a>, and was partially supported by grant funds through the state’s Puget Sound Acquisition and Restoration Fund. Martha Kongsgaard, chair of the Partnership, believes the Powel Project sets the gold standard for shoreline recovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This kind of a model shows what can happen when people listen to each other, get out of their desks, and come on site,” says Kongsgaard. “My hope is this project is one of a string of great stories that we can cobble together around the Puget Sound that’s going to add up to a full recovery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67188\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 335px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Brenda-giving-tour-e1392142507898.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-67188 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Brenda-giving-tour-e1392142507898.jpg\" alt=\"Brenda giving tour\" width=\"335\" height=\"312\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Brenda-giving-tour-e1392142507898.jpg 1146w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Brenda-giving-tour-e1392142507898-400x373.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Brenda-giving-tour-e1392142507898-800x746.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Brenda-giving-tour-e1392142507898-960x895.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 335px) 100vw, 335px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brenda Padgham gives a tour of the Powel Project. Photo by Katie Jennings\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>However, some private land owners raise concerns about the erosion of beaches and how removal of their shoreline walls would impact their property. Brenda Padgham, stewardship director for BILT and project manager for the Powel Project, wants these land owners to know that they have options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A restored shoreline could be a more resilient shoreline,” says Padgham. “Restored shorelines may not need to be maintained with heavy construction equipment and big checks written by landowners every 10 to 20 years. This project helps private land owners know that there are more options out there than the traditional ways of ‘protecting’ their property.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/plugged-in/2013/07/18/the-best-protection-against-storms-nature-herself/\">a shoreline wall may not be necessary for all\u003c/a> land owners, and the removal of shoreline walls could save them money in the future while improving habitat conditions. Padgham and Brennan hope the Powel family’s decision can be an inspiration to others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you can take incremental steps, neighbor by neighbor, then I think people will start to feel more open to a dialogue [about restoration] without feeling a loss to their property rights,” says Padgham. This is an example for others to look to on how people can live along their shoreline in a way that can contribute to the overall goal of recovery.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"How one family’s decision to remove their waterfront wall has sparked the recovery of coastal ecosystems on a popular Washington island.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442702176,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":true,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":737},"headData":{"title":"Landowners Make Way for More Shoreline | KQED","description":"How one family’s decision to remove their waterfront wall has sparked the recovery of coastal ecosystems on a popular Washington island.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"63142 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=63142","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/02/20/landowners-make-way-for-more-shoreline/","disqusTitle":"Landowners Make Way for More Shoreline","videoEmbed":"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UWnr6XaRCho","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/63142/landowners-make-way-for-more-shoreline","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On Bainbridge Island, Washington, a transformation is occurring: 7.5 acres of shoreline previously starved of natural vegetation and organisms has begun to recover. Salt marsh vegetation is returning, juvenile salmon can safely swim along the banks, and the shore is reshaping itself into a gentle slope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This environmental success story hung on one family’s decision to remove their shoreline walls rather than replace them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Powel family has cared for this land for nearly five decades. In 1993, they signed a conservation easement with the \u003ca href=\"http://bi-landtrust.org/\">Bainbridge Island Land Trust\u003c/a> (BILT) for the land to be conserved regardless of the land owner. So when the family noticed their crumbling shoreline walls, they turned to BILT for an answer. After a careful study, the property was determined to be at a low risk for erosion and the family was encouraged to remove their shoreline walls rather than replace them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"gallery","attributes":{"named":{"type":"slideshow","link":"file","ids":"67102,66547,66552,66551,66550,66540,66539,66544,66543,66542,66541,66546,66545,66549,66548","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, for the first time in nearly 60 years, the Powel property has marine and terrestrial environments converging again. This project offers hope for the survival of intertidal coastline habitat being lost in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/sea/pugetsound/species/salmon.html\">Puget Sound\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://e360.yale.edu/feature/whats_damaging_marshes_on_us_coast_and_why_it_matters/2604/\">around the nation\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is critical that this is happening now,” says Jim Brennan, a marine biologist from Bainbridge Island who has worked on the Powel Project for three years. “This is very important habitat for salmon and many other fishes and wildlife.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Removing the walls will \u003ca href=\"http://seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2004409777_growth_shorelines15m1.html\">greatly expand shallow water and salt marsh areas\u003c/a>, creating refuge and migration corridors. When walls are replaced with gently sloped native vegetation, more of the insects important to juvenile Chinook salmon will become readily available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67148\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 363px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-67148 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Jim-Feature-image-02-e1392070535541.jpg\" alt=\"Jim Feature image 02\" width=\"363\" height=\"204\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Jim-Feature-image-02-e1392070535541.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Jim-Feature-image-02-e1392070535541-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 363px) 100vw, 363px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jim Brennan holds up images of shoreline walls around the Powel property on Bainbridge Island. Photo by Katie Jennings\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Plants create shade for the intertidal habitat,” says Brennan, “They help stabilize beaches and banks, moderate erosion, sedimentation, and contaminants. They produce insects that we now know juvenile salmon, particularly Chinook, eat. So vegetation is an important function for recovery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biologists and volunteers have replanted along the Powel property with pickelweed and salt grass that are adapted to the extreme conditions of a salt marsh ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Powel project aligns with Washington State’s salmon and shoreline restoration goals, overseen by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.psp.wa.gov/\">Puget Sound Partnership\u003c/a>, and was partially supported by grant funds through the state’s Puget Sound Acquisition and Restoration Fund. Martha Kongsgaard, chair of the Partnership, believes the Powel Project sets the gold standard for shoreline recovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This kind of a model shows what can happen when people listen to each other, get out of their desks, and come on site,” says Kongsgaard. “My hope is this project is one of a string of great stories that we can cobble together around the Puget Sound that’s going to add up to a full recovery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67188\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 335px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Brenda-giving-tour-e1392142507898.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-67188 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Brenda-giving-tour-e1392142507898.jpg\" alt=\"Brenda giving tour\" width=\"335\" height=\"312\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Brenda-giving-tour-e1392142507898.jpg 1146w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Brenda-giving-tour-e1392142507898-400x373.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Brenda-giving-tour-e1392142507898-800x746.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Brenda-giving-tour-e1392142507898-960x895.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 335px) 100vw, 335px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brenda Padgham gives a tour of the Powel Project. Photo by Katie Jennings\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>However, some private land owners raise concerns about the erosion of beaches and how removal of their shoreline walls would impact their property. Brenda Padgham, stewardship director for BILT and project manager for the Powel Project, wants these land owners to know that they have options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A restored shoreline could be a more resilient shoreline,” says Padgham. “Restored shorelines may not need to be maintained with heavy construction equipment and big checks written by landowners every 10 to 20 years. This project helps private land owners know that there are more options out there than the traditional ways of ‘protecting’ their property.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/plugged-in/2013/07/18/the-best-protection-against-storms-nature-herself/\">a shoreline wall may not be necessary for all\u003c/a> land owners, and the removal of shoreline walls could save them money in the future while improving habitat conditions. Padgham and Brennan hope the Powel family’s decision can be an inspiration to others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you can take incremental steps, neighbor by neighbor, then I think people will start to feel more open to a dialogue [about restoration] without feeling a loss to their property rights,” says Padgham. This is an example for others to look to on how people can live along their shoreline in a way that can contribute to the overall goal of recovery.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/63142/landowners-make-way-for-more-shoreline","authors":["10471"],"categories":["quest_8","quest_9","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_68","quest_12556","quest_12619","quest_326","quest_12617","quest_621","quest_12621","quest_11940","quest_12505","quest_11003","quest_12269","quest_1293","quest_12618","quest_12620","quest_12146","quest_2477","quest_2623","quest_3071"],"featImg":"quest_67148","label":"source_quest_63142"},"quest_57639":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_57639","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"57639","score":null,"sort":[1379692842000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-seattle-seawall-project-transforming-salmon-habitat","title":"The Seattle Seawall Project: Transforming Salmon Habitat","publishDate":1379692842,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60196\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-60196 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/salmon-e1378831754733.jpg\" alt=\"salmon\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/salmon-e1378831754733.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/salmon-e1378831754733-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rockfish and salmon in the underwater dome at the Seattle Aquarium. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/62967061@N00/203572652/in/photolist-iZn4j-iZn4k-pjbZ5-pjbZ9-pmi4J-BrUgw-DvCRG-DvFos-Nd6Fo-Nd6JW-Nd6Nh-Nd6W1-Nd73d-Nd7bE-Nd7gm-Nd7hh-Nd7mb-Nd7Gb-Nda7K-NdabX-Ndaf6-Ndauc-NdaBv-NdaHB-NdaLF-Ndb2F-Ndb74-NdbdZ-258NyY-25J42r-25J42M-25J44B-25NmAC-25NmCo-2BTVxm-2Ws15T-2YQott-31kjTT-31pSWC-35Vduj-3buxmC-3dYszW-3eScNa-46WPBK-46WPE6-46WPGk-46WPJZ-471V59-471V7s-471Vaf-471Vmf/\">Merelymel13\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Salmon are keystone species that deliver vital nutrients to the soil and support the local economy. These fish have been a cultural icon since the earliest days of human settlement in the Pacific Northwest. But the salmon’s preservation has not always been a priority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the early 1900s, \u003ca href=\"http://weber.s.uw.edu/research/publications/ms_phd/Goff_M_MS_Su10.pdf\">68 percent\u003c/a> of Seattle’s shoreline habitat was destroyed by the construction of the Elliott Bay Seawall. It was intended to prevent shore erosion and enable waterfront development, but the seawall also decimated salmon populations, reducing them by \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/wed/pages/staff/lackey/pubs/illusion.htm#Introduction\">90 percent\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, a major urban reconstruction project, including the replacement of the seawall, offers hope for the salmon by creating a more hospitable migratory corridor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60230\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 426px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-60230 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/light-penetration-03.png\" alt=\"light penetration 03\" width=\"426\" height=\"296\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/light-penetration-03.png 875w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/light-penetration-03-400x278.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/light-penetration-03-800x556.png 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 426px) 100vw, 426px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Left: Sun penetrates the sidewalk and connects human and marine realms.\u003cbr>Right: Some wavelengths (colors) of light penetrate water deeper than others.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>“We needed to replace the seawall. It’s the face of our waterfront,” says Jessica Murphy, project manager of \u003ca href=\"http://waterfrontseattle.org/\">Waterfront Seattle\u003c/a>. “This is a unique opportunity to replace habitat that was lost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Murphy coordinates a team of marine scientists and engineers in Seattle developing an innovative construction plan to address three main problems that the migrating salmon currently face.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Shaded Shoreline Habitat\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Juvenile salmon \u003ca href=\"http://www.seattle.gov/transportation/docs/seawall/may11/Habitat%20Fact%20Sheet%20-%20Stakeholder%20Meeting%204.pdf\">can’t see well\u003c/a> in the dark, and piers, sidewalks, and other structures shroud about \u003ca href=\"http://www.seattleaquarium.org/donor-newsletter/may-2013\">60 percent\u003c/a> of the downtown shoreline in darkness. To avoid swimming blindly, juveniles swim around these structures into deeper waters where they face food competition from larger fish and predation from harbor seals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glass blocks inserted into the sidewalks offer a solution. The glass blocks will allow light to penetrate from the sidewalk into the water and create a safe, well-lit path for the salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60206\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 378px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-60206 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Habitat-Bench-3.jpg\" alt=\"Habitat Bench (3)\" width=\"378\" height=\"442\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A salmon corridor along the seawall's edge affords juveniles a safe journey to the sea.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Barren Shores\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Juvenile salmon eat the zooplankton and other invertebrates that congregate near marine and shoreline plants. But few plants can grow in the shadow of waterfront structures, and there is little shoreline vegetation amid the bustling business landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New light-penetrating sidewalks will help plants grow underwater. Plans to create \u003ca href=\"http://www.sera17.ext.vt.edu/Documents/BMP_Riparian_Zones.pdf\">riparian zones\u003c/a> include planting trees and shrubs along the banks and planters along the walkway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The greening of the waterfront will not only support salmon but also reduce shoreline erosion, improve water quality, and add to the beauty of Seattle’s shoreline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Deep Waters\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Much of Elliott Bay is very deep to allow ships to dock, but juvenile salmon prefer shallow water where they can find food and shelter. Engineers will manufacture a “bench” around the edge of the seawall, approximately two and one-half feet below the surface, creating a shallow migration corridor for returning salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These ambitious waterfront plans may take years to complete, but the design team is confident the changes will create a more prosperous future for the salmon that pass through Seattle’s Puget Sound. From the Duwamish River to the open ocean, salmon will have a safer and more suitable migration route, and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.seattle.gov/transportation/seawall.htm\">Elliot Bay Seawall Project\u003c/a> could become a model for urban waterfronts around the world.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Seattle’s urban waterfront -- a noisy highway viaduct and failing seawall -- is being transformed to create a welcoming environment for salmon and people.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443823647,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":541},"headData":{"title":"The Seattle Seawall Project: Transforming Salmon Habitat | KQED","description":"Seattle’s urban waterfront -- a noisy highway viaduct and failing seawall -- is being transformed to create a welcoming environment for salmon and people.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"57639 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=57639","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/09/20/the-seattle-seawall-project-transforming-salmon-habitat/","disqusTitle":"The Seattle Seawall Project: Transforming Salmon Habitat","path":"/quest/57639/the-seattle-seawall-project-transforming-salmon-habitat","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60196\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-60196 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/salmon-e1378831754733.jpg\" alt=\"salmon\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/salmon-e1378831754733.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/salmon-e1378831754733-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rockfish and salmon in the underwater dome at the Seattle Aquarium. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/62967061@N00/203572652/in/photolist-iZn4j-iZn4k-pjbZ5-pjbZ9-pmi4J-BrUgw-DvCRG-DvFos-Nd6Fo-Nd6JW-Nd6Nh-Nd6W1-Nd73d-Nd7bE-Nd7gm-Nd7hh-Nd7mb-Nd7Gb-Nda7K-NdabX-Ndaf6-Ndauc-NdaBv-NdaHB-NdaLF-Ndb2F-Ndb74-NdbdZ-258NyY-25J42r-25J42M-25J44B-25NmAC-25NmCo-2BTVxm-2Ws15T-2YQott-31kjTT-31pSWC-35Vduj-3buxmC-3dYszW-3eScNa-46WPBK-46WPE6-46WPGk-46WPJZ-471V59-471V7s-471Vaf-471Vmf/\">Merelymel13\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Salmon are keystone species that deliver vital nutrients to the soil and support the local economy. These fish have been a cultural icon since the earliest days of human settlement in the Pacific Northwest. But the salmon’s preservation has not always been a priority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the early 1900s, \u003ca href=\"http://weber.s.uw.edu/research/publications/ms_phd/Goff_M_MS_Su10.pdf\">68 percent\u003c/a> of Seattle’s shoreline habitat was destroyed by the construction of the Elliott Bay Seawall. It was intended to prevent shore erosion and enable waterfront development, but the seawall also decimated salmon populations, reducing them by \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/wed/pages/staff/lackey/pubs/illusion.htm#Introduction\">90 percent\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, a major urban reconstruction project, including the replacement of the seawall, offers hope for the salmon by creating a more hospitable migratory corridor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60230\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 426px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-60230 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/light-penetration-03.png\" alt=\"light penetration 03\" width=\"426\" height=\"296\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/light-penetration-03.png 875w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/light-penetration-03-400x278.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/light-penetration-03-800x556.png 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 426px) 100vw, 426px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Left: Sun penetrates the sidewalk and connects human and marine realms.\u003cbr>Right: Some wavelengths (colors) of light penetrate water deeper than others.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>“We needed to replace the seawall. It’s the face of our waterfront,” says Jessica Murphy, project manager of \u003ca href=\"http://waterfrontseattle.org/\">Waterfront Seattle\u003c/a>. “This is a unique opportunity to replace habitat that was lost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Murphy coordinates a team of marine scientists and engineers in Seattle developing an innovative construction plan to address three main problems that the migrating salmon currently face.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Shaded Shoreline Habitat\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Juvenile salmon \u003ca href=\"http://www.seattle.gov/transportation/docs/seawall/may11/Habitat%20Fact%20Sheet%20-%20Stakeholder%20Meeting%204.pdf\">can’t see well\u003c/a> in the dark, and piers, sidewalks, and other structures shroud about \u003ca href=\"http://www.seattleaquarium.org/donor-newsletter/may-2013\">60 percent\u003c/a> of the downtown shoreline in darkness. To avoid swimming blindly, juveniles swim around these structures into deeper waters where they face food competition from larger fish and predation from harbor seals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glass blocks inserted into the sidewalks offer a solution. The glass blocks will allow light to penetrate from the sidewalk into the water and create a safe, well-lit path for the salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60206\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 378px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-60206 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Habitat-Bench-3.jpg\" alt=\"Habitat Bench (3)\" width=\"378\" height=\"442\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A salmon corridor along the seawall's edge affords juveniles a safe journey to the sea.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Barren Shores\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Juvenile salmon eat the zooplankton and other invertebrates that congregate near marine and shoreline plants. But few plants can grow in the shadow of waterfront structures, and there is little shoreline vegetation amid the bustling business landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New light-penetrating sidewalks will help plants grow underwater. Plans to create \u003ca href=\"http://www.sera17.ext.vt.edu/Documents/BMP_Riparian_Zones.pdf\">riparian zones\u003c/a> include planting trees and shrubs along the banks and planters along the walkway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The greening of the waterfront will not only support salmon but also reduce shoreline erosion, improve water quality, and add to the beauty of Seattle’s shoreline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Deep Waters\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Much of Elliott Bay is very deep to allow ships to dock, but juvenile salmon prefer shallow water where they can find food and shelter. Engineers will manufacture a “bench” around the edge of the seawall, approximately two and one-half feet below the surface, creating a shallow migration corridor for returning salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These ambitious waterfront plans may take years to complete, but the design team is confident the changes will create a more prosperous future for the salmon that pass through Seattle’s Puget Sound. From the Duwamish River to the open ocean, salmon will have a safer and more suitable migration route, and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.seattle.gov/transportation/seawall.htm\">Elliot Bay Seawall Project\u003c/a> could become a model for urban waterfronts around the world.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/57639/the-seattle-seawall-project-transforming-salmon-habitat","authors":["10471"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_8","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_326","quest_12505","quest_12147","quest_13197","quest_12269","quest_1293","quest_12506","quest_12238","quest_12239","quest_2349","quest_12146","quest_3736","quest_2477","quest_12148","quest_9872","quest_12240"],"featImg":"quest_60196","label":"quest"},"quest_52370":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_52370","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"52370","score":null,"sort":[1371049241000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"restoring-the-earths-kidneys","title":"Restoring the Earth's \"Kidneys\" ","publishDate":1371049241,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cdl>\n\u003cdd>\u003c/dd>\n\u003c/dl>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56236\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/img_0389_cropped.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-56236\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/img_0389_cropped.jpg\" alt=\"Anthony Titus, from Richmond Heights, Ohio, plants native grasses during an EPA-funded wetland restoration project.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/img_0389_cropped.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/img_0389_cropped-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Anthony Titus, from Richmond Heights, Ohio, plants native grasses during an EPA-funded wetland restoration project.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Think of a wetland like a kidney. Just as kidneys filter blood in the body, wetlands filter pollutants out of waterways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is an especially important task in some urban areas, where big storm events can overwhelm the sewers and cause an overflow into nearby creeks and streams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a 2009 Fish and Wildlife \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/wetlands/Documents/Status-and-Trends-of-Wetlands-in-the-Coastal-Watersheds-of-the-Eastern-United-States-1998-to-2004-News-Release.pdf\">report\u003c/a>, wetlands along eastern coastal areas, like the Great Lakes, are disappearing at a rapid clip, with yearly losses of nearly 60,000 acres. But projects are underway to restore some of these wetlands, including one federally-funded effort in Cleveland, Ohio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>QUEST Ohio’s Anne Glausser reports:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe style=\"width: 300px;height: 24px;border: 0;overflow: hidden\" src=\"http://www.ideastream.org/common/embed/audio.php?year=2013&program=wetland0515\" width=\"320\" height=\"240\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56251\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/volunteer__l_2013.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-56251\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/volunteer__l_2013-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Volunteers lend a hand to stabilize the streambank and restore Euclid Creek's damaged wetlands.\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Volunteers lend a hand to stabilize the streambank and restore Euclid Creek's damaged wetlands.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>TRANSCRIPT:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s planting day at Euclid Creek, near the Wildwood Marina in Cleveland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GLAUSSER: What a beautiful day. POSIUS: I know, I know, we’re so lucky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m with Claire Posius of the Cuyahoga Soil and Water Conservation District who spearheads the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cuyahogaswcd.org/euclidcreekfiles/ec_lacustrinerefuge.htm\">wetland restoration project\u003c/a> underway here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re standing at a ledge overlooking the creek and thinking about how best to get down there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I realize – too late – that I’m not wearing the right shoes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>POSIUS: It’s a little treacherous getting down so I’m trying to figure out…so you don’t mind going through the creek? Or we can walk all the way around? GLAUSSER: No, let’s go through, I’m fine, I’ll…these shoes need to be washed a little anyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(Sound of wading through creek)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We wade through a newly-restored creek bed near where the stream meets Lake Erie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This whole area used to be an island, gnarled with invasive Japanese Knotweed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>POSIUS: It looked like a jungle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The island came about because of the nearby marina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During its development in the 30s, they needed somewhere to put all the dredged earth—so they dumped it into the creek and surrounding wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This created flooding problems upstream, so in the 80s the Army Corps came in and made a relief channel for the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a quick fix that solved the flooding problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it just channeled the water directly into Lake Erie, and did nothing to restore the wetland and its wildlife habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, says Posius, they’ve bulldozed the island, restored the wetland, and returned the creek to its natural, meandering state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>POSIUS: We’re just, we’re recreating what was here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Northeast Ohio was once almost 90% wetland, but now only patches remain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a 2009 Fish and Wildlife report, wetlands along eastern coastal areas, like the Great Lakes, are disappearing at a rapid clip, with yearly losses of nearly 60,000 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>POSIUS: It’s so rare that we find them now, that we haven’t developed on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a problem, says Posius.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>POSIUS: They are like the kidney of our natural systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wetlands filter pollutants from urban runoff, such as what comes from the pipe upstream from this creek mouth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>POSIUS: When we have these big storm events, the system becomes overburdened and then unfortunately our sanitary sewer and the stormwater combine in the same pipe and then come into the creeks and streams, unfortunately.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now with the wetland restored, that natural filter is back in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wetlands are also prime real-estate for biodiversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GLAUSSER: Why do fish like wetlands, and little puddles and crannies? POSIUS: Well there’s lots of habitat here. So before, the island was about 6’ above the water level so the fish couldn’t get up to the habitat. And what we’ve done also is remove all the invasive plants that’s crowded out all the natives and diversity, and we’re planting hundreds of different species that are native to wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says they’ve attracted ducks, herons, creek chubs…even a toothy resident:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>POSIUS: We’ve got a beaver that’s the size of a yellow lab…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Euclid Creek is pretty unusual to get this kind of attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wetland restoration doesn’t come cheap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This project was backed by the \u003ca href=\"http://greatlakesrestoration.us/\">Great Lakes Restoration Initiative\u003c/a>, a federal program that’s funded nearly a billion dollars in cleanup projects since 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TITUS: Oh well, this one just crumbled. I don’t know how…(voice in the background: You can still plant it). Still plant it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anthony Titus is a sophomore at Richmond Heights and has an armful of native grasses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s one of thirty or so volunteers who have turned out on this sunny Saturday to help plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another is Pasa Barnett, who lives nearby and came out with his family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BARNETT: We hadn’t been here probably in a year and we were just amazed at the transformation that had taken place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barnett’s managed to keep his shoes pretty clean—unlike me—but his hands are definitely dirty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BARNETT: It’s just, it’s nice to be a part of this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anne Glausser, \u003ca href=\"http://www.wcpn.org/\">90.3\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Urban development is impeding the ability of native wetlands to serve as natural filters, but efforts are underway in some places to reverse the damage.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1383336800,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["http://www.ideastream.org/common/embed/audio.php"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":48,"wordCount":888},"headData":{"title":"Restoring the Earth's \"Kidneys\" | KQED","description":"Urban development is impeding the ability of native wetlands to serve as natural filters, but efforts are underway in some places to reverse the damage.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"52370 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=52370","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/06/12/restoring-the-earths-kidneys/","disqusTitle":"Restoring the Earth's \"Kidneys\" ","path":"/quest/52370/restoring-the-earths-kidneys","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdl>\n\u003cdd>\u003c/dd>\n\u003c/dl>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56236\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/img_0389_cropped.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-56236\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/img_0389_cropped.jpg\" alt=\"Anthony Titus, from Richmond Heights, Ohio, plants native grasses during an EPA-funded wetland restoration project.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/img_0389_cropped.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/img_0389_cropped-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Anthony Titus, from Richmond Heights, Ohio, plants native grasses during an EPA-funded wetland restoration project.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Think of a wetland like a kidney. Just as kidneys filter blood in the body, wetlands filter pollutants out of waterways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is an especially important task in some urban areas, where big storm events can overwhelm the sewers and cause an overflow into nearby creeks and streams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a 2009 Fish and Wildlife \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/wetlands/Documents/Status-and-Trends-of-Wetlands-in-the-Coastal-Watersheds-of-the-Eastern-United-States-1998-to-2004-News-Release.pdf\">report\u003c/a>, wetlands along eastern coastal areas, like the Great Lakes, are disappearing at a rapid clip, with yearly losses of nearly 60,000 acres. But projects are underway to restore some of these wetlands, including one federally-funded effort in Cleveland, Ohio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>QUEST Ohio’s Anne Glausser reports:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe style=\"width: 300px;height: 24px;border: 0;overflow: hidden\" src=\"http://www.ideastream.org/common/embed/audio.php?year=2013&program=wetland0515\" width=\"320\" height=\"240\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56251\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/volunteer__l_2013.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-56251\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/volunteer__l_2013-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Volunteers lend a hand to stabilize the streambank and restore Euclid Creek's damaged wetlands.\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Volunteers lend a hand to stabilize the streambank and restore Euclid Creek's damaged wetlands.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>TRANSCRIPT:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s planting day at Euclid Creek, near the Wildwood Marina in Cleveland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GLAUSSER: What a beautiful day. POSIUS: I know, I know, we’re so lucky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m with Claire Posius of the Cuyahoga Soil and Water Conservation District who spearheads the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cuyahogaswcd.org/euclidcreekfiles/ec_lacustrinerefuge.htm\">wetland restoration project\u003c/a> underway here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re standing at a ledge overlooking the creek and thinking about how best to get down there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I realize – too late – that I’m not wearing the right shoes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>POSIUS: It’s a little treacherous getting down so I’m trying to figure out…so you don’t mind going through the creek? Or we can walk all the way around? GLAUSSER: No, let’s go through, I’m fine, I’ll…these shoes need to be washed a little anyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(Sound of wading through creek)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We wade through a newly-restored creek bed near where the stream meets Lake Erie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This whole area used to be an island, gnarled with invasive Japanese Knotweed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>POSIUS: It looked like a jungle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The island came about because of the nearby marina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During its development in the 30s, they needed somewhere to put all the dredged earth—so they dumped it into the creek and surrounding wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This created flooding problems upstream, so in the 80s the Army Corps came in and made a relief channel for the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a quick fix that solved the flooding problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it just channeled the water directly into Lake Erie, and did nothing to restore the wetland and its wildlife habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, says Posius, they’ve bulldozed the island, restored the wetland, and returned the creek to its natural, meandering state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>POSIUS: We’re just, we’re recreating what was here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Northeast Ohio was once almost 90% wetland, but now only patches remain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a 2009 Fish and Wildlife report, wetlands along eastern coastal areas, like the Great Lakes, are disappearing at a rapid clip, with yearly losses of nearly 60,000 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>POSIUS: It’s so rare that we find them now, that we haven’t developed on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a problem, says Posius.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>POSIUS: They are like the kidney of our natural systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wetlands filter pollutants from urban runoff, such as what comes from the pipe upstream from this creek mouth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>POSIUS: When we have these big storm events, the system becomes overburdened and then unfortunately our sanitary sewer and the stormwater combine in the same pipe and then come into the creeks and streams, unfortunately.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now with the wetland restored, that natural filter is back in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wetlands are also prime real-estate for biodiversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GLAUSSER: Why do fish like wetlands, and little puddles and crannies? POSIUS: Well there’s lots of habitat here. So before, the island was about 6’ above the water level so the fish couldn’t get up to the habitat. And what we’ve done also is remove all the invasive plants that’s crowded out all the natives and diversity, and we’re planting hundreds of different species that are native to wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says they’ve attracted ducks, herons, creek chubs…even a toothy resident:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>POSIUS: We’ve got a beaver that’s the size of a yellow lab…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Euclid Creek is pretty unusual to get this kind of attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wetland restoration doesn’t come cheap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This project was backed by the \u003ca href=\"http://greatlakesrestoration.us/\">Great Lakes Restoration Initiative\u003c/a>, a federal program that’s funded nearly a billion dollars in cleanup projects since 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TITUS: Oh well, this one just crumbled. I don’t know how…(voice in the background: You can still plant it). Still plant it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anthony Titus is a sophomore at Richmond Heights and has an armful of native grasses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s one of thirty or so volunteers who have turned out on this sunny Saturday to help plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another is Pasa Barnett, who lives nearby and came out with his family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BARNETT: We hadn’t been here probably in a year and we were just amazed at the transformation that had taken place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barnett’s managed to keep his shoes pretty clean—unlike me—but his hands are definitely dirty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BARNETT: It’s just, it’s nice to be a part of this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anne Glausser, \u003ca href=\"http://www.wcpn.org/\">90.3\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/52370/restoring-the-earths-kidneys","authors":["10270"],"categories":["quest_9","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_12021","quest_12269","quest_10201","quest_1293","quest_12098","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_3293","quest_10429","quest_12097","quest_3140"],"featImg":"quest_56236","label":"quest"},"quest_54809":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_54809","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"54809","score":null,"sort":[1369064595000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"saved-from-living-death-how-genetically-modifying-chestnuts-could-bring-them-back","title":"Saved From Living Death: How Genetically Modifying Chestnuts Could Bring Them Back","publishDate":1369064595,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54812\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/20/saved-from-living-death-how-genetically-modifying-chestnuts-could-bring-them-back/chestnut1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54812\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-54812\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Chestnut1.jpg\" alt=\"We are getting very close to being able to bring back these gorgeous trees that used to dominate forests in the Eastern U.S. Now the big question is whether we should. Image courtesy of Wikipedia commons. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Chestnut1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Chestnut1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">We are getting very close to being able to bring back these gorgeous trees that used to dominate forests in the Eastern U.S. Now the big question is whether we should. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Castanea_dentata_large.jpg\">Wikimedia commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Around the turn of the 20th century, the forests in the eastern U.S. were dominated by the American chestnut. These “sequoia of the east” ruled the roost back then and were the cornerstone tree species. By midcentury, though, almost all of these majestic trees had been turned into shrubs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, this wasn’t magic. Instead, a fungus arrived from Asia that prevented the trees from growing bigger than this. Nowadays the only tall chestnuts are a few that happened to be planted outside of the tree’s old range. And even some of these are starting to be done in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ever since the blight started stunting the chestnut, scientists have been looking for ways to help these trees fight back. And now they may finally be getting close to a solution. Well, actually, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23038446\">multiple solutions\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The one I want to focus on here is a very clever genetic modification that involves moving a wheat gene into the American chestnut. Early studies look to be very promising and these trees have even been shown to be resistant in the field. The researchers are hoping to get approval soon from the U.S. government for widespread planting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54816\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 265px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/20/saved-from-living-death-how-genetically-modifying-chestnuts-could-bring-them-back/chestnutblight/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54816\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-54816\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Chestnutblight.jpg\" alt=\"These orange spots will eventually do this tree in. Just like it has with most every other American chestnut. Image courtesy of Wikimedia commons.\" width=\"265\" height=\"240\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These orange spots will eventually do this tree in just like it has with most every other American chestnut. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chestnut_blight_on_tree_in_Adams_County_Ohio.jpg\">Wikimedia commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The idea behind this method rests on the knowledge that the chestnut blight needs an acidic environment to do its dirty work. The way this little monster accomplishes this is by making and then pumping oxalic acid into the tree. This is incredibly damaging to the chestnut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The obvious solution is to find a way to neutralize this oxalic acid. We are looking for a solution as simple as those old chemistry experiments where we neutralized hydrochloric acid with sodium hydroxide. This is where wheat can help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wheat makes an enzyme called oxalate oxidase (OxO) that breaks down oxalic acid. The researchers took the gene that has the instructions for this enzyme, the \u003cem>oxo \u003c/em>gene, and put it into the chestnut tree. The tree now makes the enzyme so that it can neutralize the blight’s oxalic acid. This approach appears to be working in making the trees more blight-resistant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When researchers \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23543108\">looked at different trees\u003c/a> that made different amounts of the enzyme, they found that only those that made a lot were resistant to the blight. In other words, there was a correlation between the amount of enzyme and resistance. When the gene was in the right place in the tree’s DNA, it could make a lot of enzyme so the tree could fight off the blight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54819\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/20/saved-from-living-death-how-genetically-modifying-chestnuts-could-bring-them-back/chestnut2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54819\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-54819\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Chestnut2.jpg\" alt=\"Just because we might be able to turn back time to when these trees rules, should we? Image courtesy of Wikimedia commons.\" width=\"250\" height=\"431\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Just because we might be able to turn back time to when these trees ruled, should we? Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PSM_V84_D565_American_chestnut_mitchel_county.jpg\">Wikimedia commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So now we have a GM tree that might restore these forests back to what they were a century or so ago. Now we have to decide whether to plant them or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not really an issue of the tree having been created through genetic engineering. It is very hard to come up with plausible ways that a tree with this gene could have a significant effect on the environment. The trees aren’t modified so they make their own pesticides, survive spraying by herbicides or anything like that. They simply make an enzyme from wheat that successfully battles a killer fungus by neutralizing an acid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, it has more to do with upsetting the new balance that has arisen over the last few decades in the forests back east. The forests have adjusted to the loss of the American chestnut and reintroducing the tree will only plunge the forests back into a period of readjustment. This temporary state of flux will be disruptive and so should be done for more than nostalgic reasons. There should be some environmental or economic benefit in bringing the American chestnut back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Again, this discussion is not dependent on the fact that the tree is GM. The same arguments can be made for the American/Japanese/Chinese hybrids that look to be resistant too. In fact, this discussion isn’t really that different from those brought up with regards to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/25/resurrection-biology-the-reality-of-bringing-back-extinct-species/\">bringing back extinct species\u003c/a>. Like those folks in Monty Python’s \u003cem>The Holy Grail\u003c/em>, the American chestnut isn’t quite dead yet, but it is close.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So we finally have ways to bring back the American chestnut. But it may be that it took us so long to find them that we don’t need them anymore. The forests have moved on, maybe we should too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54832\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 663px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/20/saved-from-living-death-how-genetically-modifying-chestnuts-could-bring-them-back/chestnutrange/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54832\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-54832\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/ChestnutRange.jpg\" alt=\"Natural range of the American chestnut as reported in 1914. The cross hatching shows the extent of the blight back then. Image courtesy of Wikimedia commons.\" width=\"663\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/ChestnutRange.jpg 663w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/ChestnutRange-400x362.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 663px) 100vw, 663px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Natural range of the American chestnut as reported in 1914. The cross hatching shows the extent of the blight back then. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PSM_V84_D557_Natural_range_of_the_american_chestnut.jpg\">Wikimedia commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The American chestnut was the king of the trees in forests in the eastern U.S. until a fungus from Asia brought them down. We are getting very close to making a resistant American chestnut. Now the question is whether or not we should plant it out in the wild. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1369082247,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":842},"headData":{"title":"Saved From Living Death: How Genetically Modifying Chestnuts Could Bring Them Back | KQED","description":"The American chestnut was the king of the trees in forests in the eastern U.S. until a fungus from Asia brought them down. We are getting very close to making a resistant American chestnut. Now the question is whether or not we should plant it out in the wild. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"54809 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=54809","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/20/saved-from-living-death-how-genetically-modifying-chestnuts-could-bring-them-back/","disqusTitle":"Saved From Living Death: How Genetically Modifying Chestnuts Could Bring Them Back","path":"/quest/54809/saved-from-living-death-how-genetically-modifying-chestnuts-could-bring-them-back","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54812\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/20/saved-from-living-death-how-genetically-modifying-chestnuts-could-bring-them-back/chestnut1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54812\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-54812\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Chestnut1.jpg\" alt=\"We are getting very close to being able to bring back these gorgeous trees that used to dominate forests in the Eastern U.S. Now the big question is whether we should. Image courtesy of Wikipedia commons. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Chestnut1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Chestnut1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">We are getting very close to being able to bring back these gorgeous trees that used to dominate forests in the Eastern U.S. Now the big question is whether we should. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Castanea_dentata_large.jpg\">Wikimedia commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Around the turn of the 20th century, the forests in the eastern U.S. were dominated by the American chestnut. These “sequoia of the east” ruled the roost back then and were the cornerstone tree species. By midcentury, though, almost all of these majestic trees had been turned into shrubs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, this wasn’t magic. Instead, a fungus arrived from Asia that prevented the trees from growing bigger than this. Nowadays the only tall chestnuts are a few that happened to be planted outside of the tree’s old range. And even some of these are starting to be done in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ever since the blight started stunting the chestnut, scientists have been looking for ways to help these trees fight back. And now they may finally be getting close to a solution. Well, actually, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23038446\">multiple solutions\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The one I want to focus on here is a very clever genetic modification that involves moving a wheat gene into the American chestnut. Early studies look to be very promising and these trees have even been shown to be resistant in the field. The researchers are hoping to get approval soon from the U.S. government for widespread planting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54816\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 265px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/20/saved-from-living-death-how-genetically-modifying-chestnuts-could-bring-them-back/chestnutblight/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54816\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-54816\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Chestnutblight.jpg\" alt=\"These orange spots will eventually do this tree in. Just like it has with most every other American chestnut. Image courtesy of Wikimedia commons.\" width=\"265\" height=\"240\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These orange spots will eventually do this tree in just like it has with most every other American chestnut. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chestnut_blight_on_tree_in_Adams_County_Ohio.jpg\">Wikimedia commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The idea behind this method rests on the knowledge that the chestnut blight needs an acidic environment to do its dirty work. The way this little monster accomplishes this is by making and then pumping oxalic acid into the tree. This is incredibly damaging to the chestnut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The obvious solution is to find a way to neutralize this oxalic acid. We are looking for a solution as simple as those old chemistry experiments where we neutralized hydrochloric acid with sodium hydroxide. This is where wheat can help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wheat makes an enzyme called oxalate oxidase (OxO) that breaks down oxalic acid. The researchers took the gene that has the instructions for this enzyme, the \u003cem>oxo \u003c/em>gene, and put it into the chestnut tree. The tree now makes the enzyme so that it can neutralize the blight’s oxalic acid. This approach appears to be working in making the trees more blight-resistant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When researchers \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23543108\">looked at different trees\u003c/a> that made different amounts of the enzyme, they found that only those that made a lot were resistant to the blight. In other words, there was a correlation between the amount of enzyme and resistance. When the gene was in the right place in the tree’s DNA, it could make a lot of enzyme so the tree could fight off the blight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54819\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/20/saved-from-living-death-how-genetically-modifying-chestnuts-could-bring-them-back/chestnut2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54819\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-54819\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Chestnut2.jpg\" alt=\"Just because we might be able to turn back time to when these trees rules, should we? Image courtesy of Wikimedia commons.\" width=\"250\" height=\"431\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Just because we might be able to turn back time to when these trees ruled, should we? Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PSM_V84_D565_American_chestnut_mitchel_county.jpg\">Wikimedia commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So now we have a GM tree that might restore these forests back to what they were a century or so ago. Now we have to decide whether to plant them or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not really an issue of the tree having been created through genetic engineering. It is very hard to come up with plausible ways that a tree with this gene could have a significant effect on the environment. The trees aren’t modified so they make their own pesticides, survive spraying by herbicides or anything like that. They simply make an enzyme from wheat that successfully battles a killer fungus by neutralizing an acid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, it has more to do with upsetting the new balance that has arisen over the last few decades in the forests back east. The forests have adjusted to the loss of the American chestnut and reintroducing the tree will only plunge the forests back into a period of readjustment. This temporary state of flux will be disruptive and so should be done for more than nostalgic reasons. There should be some environmental or economic benefit in bringing the American chestnut back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Again, this discussion is not dependent on the fact that the tree is GM. The same arguments can be made for the American/Japanese/Chinese hybrids that look to be resistant too. In fact, this discussion isn’t really that different from those brought up with regards to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/25/resurrection-biology-the-reality-of-bringing-back-extinct-species/\">bringing back extinct species\u003c/a>. Like those folks in Monty Python’s \u003cem>The Holy Grail\u003c/em>, the American chestnut isn’t quite dead yet, but it is close.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So we finally have ways to bring back the American chestnut. But it may be that it took us so long to find them that we don’t need them anymore. The forests have moved on, maybe we should too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54832\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 663px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/20/saved-from-living-death-how-genetically-modifying-chestnuts-could-bring-them-back/chestnutrange/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54832\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-54832\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/ChestnutRange.jpg\" alt=\"Natural range of the American chestnut as reported in 1914. The cross hatching shows the extent of the blight back then. Image courtesy of Wikimedia commons.\" width=\"663\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/ChestnutRange.jpg 663w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/ChestnutRange-400x362.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 663px) 100vw, 663px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Natural range of the American chestnut as reported in 1914. The cross hatching shows the extent of the blight back then. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PSM_V84_D557_Natural_range_of_the_american_chestnut.jpg\">Wikimedia commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/54809/saved-from-living-death-how-genetically-modifying-chestnuts-could-bring-them-back","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_11993","quest_1196","quest_1293","quest_11518","quest_3319"],"featImg":"quest_54812","label":"quest"},"quest_51027":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_51027","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"51027","score":null,"sort":[1363363044000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"controversial-california-water-plan-takes-shape","title":"Controversial California Water Plan Takes Shape","publishDate":1363363044,"format":"aside","headTitle":"California’s Deadlocked Delta | QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":11058,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51030\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 360px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Deltamapsmall.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-51030\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Deltamapsmall.jpg\" alt=\"Path of two 35-mile tunnels through the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. (Graphic: Bay Delta Conservation Plan)\" width=\"360\" height=\"577\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Path of two 35-mile tunnels through the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. (Graphic: Bay Delta Conservation Plan)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>More details have emerged on a $23 billion plan for California’s trickiest water problem: the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State water officials are proposing a pair of tunnels through the Delta, which supplies water to two-thirds of the state’s residents. That water supply will depend on thousands of acres of habitat restoration to bring back endangered fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://baydeltaconservationplan.com/BDCPPlanningProcess/KeyAnnouncements.aspx\">Thursday’s release\u003c/a> was more a trickle than a flood, with just a third of the several thousand-page plan unveiled. But to Chuck Bonham of the state’s Department of Fish and Wildlife, it was a victory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many have said it would never come out,” he said. “Some have said it couldn’t come out. It’s out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://baydeltaconservationplan.com/Home.aspx\">Bay Delta Conservation Plan\u003c/a> is designed to meet two “co-equal” goals, as they’re known. First, to reverse the decline of the Delta’s endangered fish, some of which have suffered steep declines in recent years. Second, to supply cities and farms across the state with water, something that’s been a sore spot recently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because of the presence of Delta smelt this year and also of migrating salmon, we had to reduce deliveries, or exports, from the Delta on the order of 700,000 acre-feet of water,” said Mark Cowin of the Department of Water Resources. Water managers reckon an acre-foot to be about what a typical suburban household uses in a year, though many western households use less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cowin says similar cutbacks could be prevented in the future with two, 35-mile water tunnels that would run under the Delta. The tunnels would withdraw water farther away from sensitive fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\"> “This plan does not include any guarantees for water supply deliveries.” \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>That doesn’t mean the state gets all the water it wants. “This plan does not include any guarantees for water supply deliveries,” Cowin said. According to modeling, the project would export 4.8 to 5.6 million acre feet of water a year, close to the historical average but not as high as several recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The supply also depends on more than 100,000 acres of habitat restoration, including tidal marshes that could help endangered fish recover. The restoration work would be unprecedented for the region. “We’re talking about restoration potentially observable from space,” said Bonham.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This draft follows a previous version released in 2012 that was criticized by state and federal wildlife officials, who said it didn’t do enough to protect endangered fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bonham says the new plan reflects that feedback. “These goals and objectives are specific at a level that I don’t think we’ve been talking about in the Delta before,” he said. Changes notwithstanding, many residents and lawmakers from the Delta continue to oppose plan. “This draft Bay Delta Conservation Plan (BDCP) continues to ignore the very real concerns expressed by northern California stakeholders,\" wrote Congresswoman Doris Matsui (D-Sacramento) in a joint statement with several other legislators opposing the tunnels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The $14 billion dollar tunnels would be paid for by water agencies, while the public would be on the hook for habitat restoration. More details on the costs are expected next month.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The latest draft fails to mollify opponents to a $23 billion-dollar plan for California’s trickiest water problem: the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1367967535,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":578},"headData":{"title":"Controversial California Water Plan Takes Shape | KQED","description":"The latest draft fails to mollify opponents to a $23 billion-dollar plan for California’s trickiest water problem: the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"51027 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=51027","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/15/controversial-california-water-plan-takes-shape/","disqusTitle":"Controversial California Water Plan Takes Shape","path":"/quest/51027/controversial-california-water-plan-takes-shape","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51030\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 360px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Deltamapsmall.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-51030\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Deltamapsmall.jpg\" alt=\"Path of two 35-mile tunnels through the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. (Graphic: Bay Delta Conservation Plan)\" width=\"360\" height=\"577\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Path of two 35-mile tunnels through the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. (Graphic: Bay Delta Conservation Plan)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>More details have emerged on a $23 billion plan for California’s trickiest water problem: the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State water officials are proposing a pair of tunnels through the Delta, which supplies water to two-thirds of the state’s residents. That water supply will depend on thousands of acres of habitat restoration to bring back endangered fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://baydeltaconservationplan.com/BDCPPlanningProcess/KeyAnnouncements.aspx\">Thursday’s release\u003c/a> was more a trickle than a flood, with just a third of the several thousand-page plan unveiled. But to Chuck Bonham of the state’s Department of Fish and Wildlife, it was a victory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many have said it would never come out,” he said. “Some have said it couldn’t come out. It’s out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://baydeltaconservationplan.com/Home.aspx\">Bay Delta Conservation Plan\u003c/a> is designed to meet two “co-equal” goals, as they’re known. First, to reverse the decline of the Delta’s endangered fish, some of which have suffered steep declines in recent years. Second, to supply cities and farms across the state with water, something that’s been a sore spot recently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because of the presence of Delta smelt this year and also of migrating salmon, we had to reduce deliveries, or exports, from the Delta on the order of 700,000 acre-feet of water,” said Mark Cowin of the Department of Water Resources. Water managers reckon an acre-foot to be about what a typical suburban household uses in a year, though many western households use less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cowin says similar cutbacks could be prevented in the future with two, 35-mile water tunnels that would run under the Delta. The tunnels would withdraw water farther away from sensitive fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\"> “This plan does not include any guarantees for water supply deliveries.” \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>That doesn’t mean the state gets all the water it wants. “This plan does not include any guarantees for water supply deliveries,” Cowin said. According to modeling, the project would export 4.8 to 5.6 million acre feet of water a year, close to the historical average but not as high as several recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The supply also depends on more than 100,000 acres of habitat restoration, including tidal marshes that could help endangered fish recover. The restoration work would be unprecedented for the region. “We’re talking about restoration potentially observable from space,” said Bonham.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This draft follows a previous version released in 2012 that was criticized by state and federal wildlife officials, who said it didn’t do enough to protect endangered fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bonham says the new plan reflects that feedback. “These goals and objectives are specific at a level that I don’t think we’ve been talking about in the Delta before,” he said. Changes notwithstanding, many residents and lawmakers from the Delta continue to oppose plan. “This draft Bay Delta Conservation Plan (BDCP) continues to ignore the very real concerns expressed by northern California stakeholders,\" wrote Congresswoman Doris Matsui (D-Sacramento) in a joint statement with several other legislators opposing the tunnels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The $14 billion dollar tunnels would be paid for by water agencies, while the public would be on the hook for habitat restoration. More details on the costs are expected next month.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/51027/controversial-california-water-plan-takes-shape","authors":["239"],"series":["quest_11058"],"categories":["quest_9","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_797","quest_13197","quest_1293","quest_13203","quest_2472","quest_3108","quest_3340"],"featImg":"quest_51029","label":"quest_11058"},"quest_11004":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_11004","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"11004","score":null,"sort":[1291660635000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"it-came-from-mono-lake","title":"It Came From Mono Lake","publishDate":1291660635,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/MonoLake2.21.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Mono Lake, the source of the bacteria that can incorporate arsenic, rather than the usual phosphorus, into its DNA.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>The world is buzzing about the bacteria from \u003ca href=\"http://www.monolake.org/about/\">Mono Lake\u003c/a>. Astrobiologists from NASA discovered in the lab that this strain of bacteria, called GFAJ-1, can incorporate the element arsenic, instead of phosphorus, into the backbone of its DNA. Before \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/12/02/arsenic-bacteria/\">this discovery\u003c/a>, we thought all organisms needed phosphorus to live. Now, as QUEST blogger Ben Burress points out, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/12/03/arsenic-and-old-lakes-nasa-finds-life-not-as-we-know-it/#respond\">life is no longer quite as we know it\u003c/a>—and this changes the way we think about the search for life on other planets. But before we go to Mars, let’s explore a very otherworldly place on earth—the place where the bacteria GFAJ-1 and its arsenic came from, Mono Lake.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mono Lake is on the east side of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, about 300 miles by car from San Francisco. It is an amazing landscape; the lake is set against the backdrop of the snow-capped mountains. There are crispy shrubs nearby, but no trees. Crusty white towers, called tufas, rise up from the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water in the lake is snowmelt and rainwater runoff from the mountains. It enters the lake via streams. But the lake is a closed basin and has no drainage—water can only leave by evaporation. The water evaporates, but the salts and minerals, like arsenic, are left behind. As a result, the lake is very salty—twice as salty as the ocean—and is very alkaline, or basic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That super-salty water may not seem very hospitable, but in fact the lake is full of life. In addition to the now-famous bacteria, the lake is home to \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brine_shrimp\">brine shrimp\u003c/a> and the larvae of alkaline flies. During the summer, the brine shrimp number in the trillions. They feed on algae that grow green at the lake’s surface. The brine shrimp are food for the two million migratory birds that stop at Mono Lake to feed each year, and the nesting populations of California Gulls and Snowy Plovers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to its cool geology and important role in North American bird ecology, Mono Lake is at the center of a water supply saga. Water levels in the lake were historically much higher. To get an idea of previous water levels, take a look at the tufas. They were formed while underwater. They’re made of calcium carbonate, which precipitated as fresh water bubbled up from the bottom of the lake. Thousands of years ago, the lake was as much as 900 feet deep, perhaps covering parts of Utah and Nevada. In recent history, the lake was about 170 feet deep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beginning in the late 1800s, the freshwater streams that fed the lake were diverted by settlers so they could irrigate their farms. The water level started dropping. In 1941, four of the five streams that flowed into Mono Lake were diverted to the Los Angeles Aqueduct. Supplying the growing city of Los Angeles with water involved intrigue and duplicity and scandal, which were well documented in the book \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Cadillac-Desert-American-Disappearing-Revised/dp/0140178244\">Cadillac Desert\u003c/a>. Between 1941 and 1982, because of the reduced freshwater input, the water level in Mono Lake dropped by 45 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drop in water level was bad for the migratory and resident birds, particularly the California Gulls, which nested on islands in the lake. As water evaporated, some islands become connected to the shore. The birds were no longer protected from roaming coyotes. And, more exposed shoreline meant that the wind kicked up alkaline dust storms. In addition the lake got saltier—at one point it was nearly three times as salty as the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to these changes, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.monolake.org/mlc/\">Mono Lake Committee\u003c/a>, the National Audubon Society, and other conservation groups have begun to \u003ca href=\"http://www.monolake.org/mlc/restoration\">restore\u003c/a> Mono Lake. It is now mandated that more water flow into the lake, and the water level has started to rise. The habitats and ecological processes of the lake are recovering. Additional discoveries, like the bacteria that can use arsenic to make its DNA, will hopefully rise out of Mono Lake in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.977925 -119.131172\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The world is buzzing about the bacteria from Mono Lake, a strain of bacteria that can substitute the element arsenic for phosphorus into the backbone of its DNA.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1366918952,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":701},"headData":{"title":"It Came From Mono Lake | KQED","description":"The world is buzzing about the bacteria from Mono Lake, a strain of bacteria that can substitute the element arsenic for phosphorus into the backbone of its DNA.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"11004 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=11004","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/12/06/it-came-from-mono-lake/","disqusTitle":"It Came From Mono Lake","path":"/quest/11004/it-came-from-mono-lake","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/MonoLake2.21.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Mono Lake, the source of the bacteria that can incorporate arsenic, rather than the usual phosphorus, into its DNA.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>The world is buzzing about the bacteria from \u003ca href=\"http://www.monolake.org/about/\">Mono Lake\u003c/a>. Astrobiologists from NASA discovered in the lab that this strain of bacteria, called GFAJ-1, can incorporate the element arsenic, instead of phosphorus, into the backbone of its DNA. Before \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/12/02/arsenic-bacteria/\">this discovery\u003c/a>, we thought all organisms needed phosphorus to live. Now, as QUEST blogger Ben Burress points out, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/12/03/arsenic-and-old-lakes-nasa-finds-life-not-as-we-know-it/#respond\">life is no longer quite as we know it\u003c/a>—and this changes the way we think about the search for life on other planets. But before we go to Mars, let’s explore a very otherworldly place on earth—the place where the bacteria GFAJ-1 and its arsenic came from, Mono Lake.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mono Lake is on the east side of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, about 300 miles by car from San Francisco. It is an amazing landscape; the lake is set against the backdrop of the snow-capped mountains. There are crispy shrubs nearby, but no trees. Crusty white towers, called tufas, rise up from the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water in the lake is snowmelt and rainwater runoff from the mountains. It enters the lake via streams. But the lake is a closed basin and has no drainage—water can only leave by evaporation. The water evaporates, but the salts and minerals, like arsenic, are left behind. As a result, the lake is very salty—twice as salty as the ocean—and is very alkaline, or basic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That super-salty water may not seem very hospitable, but in fact the lake is full of life. In addition to the now-famous bacteria, the lake is home to \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brine_shrimp\">brine shrimp\u003c/a> and the larvae of alkaline flies. During the summer, the brine shrimp number in the trillions. They feed on algae that grow green at the lake’s surface. The brine shrimp are food for the two million migratory birds that stop at Mono Lake to feed each year, and the nesting populations of California Gulls and Snowy Plovers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to its cool geology and important role in North American bird ecology, Mono Lake is at the center of a water supply saga. Water levels in the lake were historically much higher. To get an idea of previous water levels, take a look at the tufas. They were formed while underwater. They’re made of calcium carbonate, which precipitated as fresh water bubbled up from the bottom of the lake. Thousands of years ago, the lake was as much as 900 feet deep, perhaps covering parts of Utah and Nevada. In recent history, the lake was about 170 feet deep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beginning in the late 1800s, the freshwater streams that fed the lake were diverted by settlers so they could irrigate their farms. The water level started dropping. In 1941, four of the five streams that flowed into Mono Lake were diverted to the Los Angeles Aqueduct. Supplying the growing city of Los Angeles with water involved intrigue and duplicity and scandal, which were well documented in the book \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Cadillac-Desert-American-Disappearing-Revised/dp/0140178244\">Cadillac Desert\u003c/a>. Between 1941 and 1982, because of the reduced freshwater input, the water level in Mono Lake dropped by 45 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drop in water level was bad for the migratory and resident birds, particularly the California Gulls, which nested on islands in the lake. As water evaporated, some islands become connected to the shore. The birds were no longer protected from roaming coyotes. And, more exposed shoreline meant that the wind kicked up alkaline dust storms. In addition the lake got saltier—at one point it was nearly three times as salty as the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to these changes, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.monolake.org/mlc/\">Mono Lake Committee\u003c/a>, the National Audubon Society, and other conservation groups have begun to \u003ca href=\"http://www.monolake.org/mlc/restoration\">restore\u003c/a> Mono Lake. It is now mandated that more water flow into the lake, and the water level has started to rise. The habitats and ecological processes of the lake are recovering. Additional discoveries, like the bacteria that can use arsenic to make its DNA, will hopefully rise out of Mono Lake in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.977925 -119.131172\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/11004/it-came-from-mono-lake","authors":["10200"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_215","quest_237","quest_267","quest_1293","quest_1861","quest_2423"],"featImg":"quest_11007","label":"quest"},"quest_2357":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_2357","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"2357","score":null,"sort":[1242157059000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"producers-notes-californias-lost-salmon","title":"Producer's Notes: California's Lost Salmon","publishDate":1242157059,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>The Russian River is my family river. When my children tip over the canoe, or launch off a rope swing and plop into the quiet green waters, it will hold more religious significance for me than any other baptism ever could. That is how important that place is to my family and me. We love the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we would with any loved one, we care about its health and well being. Over the years we have witnessed wanton pollution from purposeful and \"accidental\" sewage spills, there has been gravel mining, seemingly unchecked agri-business dumping pesticides and sucking wells dry, and more than anything, precious water has been continuously pumped out and diverted to quench the thirst of the ever-growing populations of Sonoma and Marin Counties. Each one of these factors has taken some of the life and wildness out of the Russian River. And there comes a point when the natural world and The River does not have anything left to give.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2414\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/05/coho-go1.jpg\" alt=\"California Coho Salmon are listed as federally protected, and are critically endangered\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2414\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California Coho Salmon are listed as federally protected, and are critically endangered \u003ccite>(Richard James)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Still there is the hope that nature is resilient. One of the best indicators of environmental health on the Russian River would be the return of the native salmon. While producing our story on these magnificent fish we had the privilege to witness the incredibly dedicated conservation fishery biologists at the Don Clausen Fish Hatchery at Lake Sonoma. Seeing them work gave me a lot of hope. These men and women literally hold the future of the coho salmon in their hands. Each egg is tenderly cared for-- each little growing fish is carefully identified, numbered and individually tagged before being gently released into the wild. It is an enormous, time-consuming and laborious task. But without them, the critically endangered coho salmon have little or no realistic chance of returning to the Russian River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sadly, it seems that much of their work may have gone for naught. In early April 2009, for just one night's frost protection, the wineries of the Russian River valley went against a request by the National Marine Fisheries Service and turned open their taps, taking so much water out of the Russian River watershed that the water-table dramatically dropped resulting in a massive coho salmon die-off. It's another heartbreaking blow to an already perilous situation. The wineries were told specifically about the consequences of their actions last year at a special meeting held by the State Water Resources Control Board. Yet to protect a small percentage of an already glutted crop, the wineries knowingly risked dooming an entire species to extinction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more information see:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Quick drop in water level kills coho | The Press Democrat | Santa Rosa, CA\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>04/04/09\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.pressdemocrat.com/article/20090404/NEWS/904040312\">Frost protection measures to save crops stranded fish in Russian River tributary\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Coho killed after water diverted to protect crops | SF Chronicle\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>04/04/09\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nEndangered coho salmon killed after a sudden drop in the water level...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have always advocated for The Russian River and its small communities and businesses. I recommend it as the perfect getaway for friends looking for a weekend exploration. Hiking, canoeing, wine-tasting or exploring--The River is the place. In turn I have also regularly recommended and sought out Russian River wines. But I doubt I'll be recommending anything from this year's vintage. I have a feeling the 2009 Russian River wines are going to leave a very bitter taste.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"While producing our story on these magnificent fish we had the privilege to witness the incredibly dedicated conservation fishery biologists at the Don Clausen Fish Hatchery at Lake Sonoma. Sadly, it seems that much of their work may have gone for naught.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457749446,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":581},"headData":{"title":"Producer's Notes: California's Lost Salmon | KQED","description":"While producing our story on these magnificent fish we had the privilege to witness the incredibly dedicated conservation fishery biologists at the Don Clausen Fish Hatchery at Lake Sonoma. Sadly, it seems that much of their work may have gone for naught.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"2357 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=2357","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/05/12/producers-notes-californias-lost-salmon/","disqusTitle":"Producer's Notes: California's Lost Salmon","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZskYQNO-cHo","path":"/quest/2357/producers-notes-californias-lost-salmon","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Russian River is my family river. When my children tip over the canoe, or launch off a rope swing and plop into the quiet green waters, it will hold more religious significance for me than any other baptism ever could. That is how important that place is to my family and me. We love the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we would with any loved one, we care about its health and well being. Over the years we have witnessed wanton pollution from purposeful and \"accidental\" sewage spills, there has been gravel mining, seemingly unchecked agri-business dumping pesticides and sucking wells dry, and more than anything, precious water has been continuously pumped out and diverted to quench the thirst of the ever-growing populations of Sonoma and Marin Counties. Each one of these factors has taken some of the life and wildness out of the Russian River. And there comes a point when the natural world and The River does not have anything left to give.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2414\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/05/coho-go1.jpg\" alt=\"California Coho Salmon are listed as federally protected, and are critically endangered\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2414\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California Coho Salmon are listed as federally protected, and are critically endangered \u003ccite>(Richard James)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Still there is the hope that nature is resilient. One of the best indicators of environmental health on the Russian River would be the return of the native salmon. While producing our story on these magnificent fish we had the privilege to witness the incredibly dedicated conservation fishery biologists at the Don Clausen Fish Hatchery at Lake Sonoma. Seeing them work gave me a lot of hope. These men and women literally hold the future of the coho salmon in their hands. Each egg is tenderly cared for-- each little growing fish is carefully identified, numbered and individually tagged before being gently released into the wild. It is an enormous, time-consuming and laborious task. But without them, the critically endangered coho salmon have little or no realistic chance of returning to the Russian River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sadly, it seems that much of their work may have gone for naught. In early April 2009, for just one night's frost protection, the wineries of the Russian River valley went against a request by the National Marine Fisheries Service and turned open their taps, taking so much water out of the Russian River watershed that the water-table dramatically dropped resulting in a massive coho salmon die-off. It's another heartbreaking blow to an already perilous situation. The wineries were told specifically about the consequences of their actions last year at a special meeting held by the State Water Resources Control Board. Yet to protect a small percentage of an already glutted crop, the wineries knowingly risked dooming an entire species to extinction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more information see:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Quick drop in water level kills coho | The Press Democrat | Santa Rosa, CA\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>04/04/09\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.pressdemocrat.com/article/20090404/NEWS/904040312\">Frost protection measures to save crops stranded fish in Russian River tributary\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Coho killed after water diverted to protect crops | SF Chronicle\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>04/04/09\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nEndangered coho salmon killed after a sudden drop in the water level...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have always advocated for The Russian River and its small communities and businesses. I recommend it as the perfect getaway for friends looking for a weekend exploration. Hiking, canoeing, wine-tasting or exploring--The River is the place. In turn I have also regularly recommended and sought out Russian River wines. But I doubt I'll be recommending anything from this year's vintage. I have a feeling the 2009 Russian River wines are going to leave a very bitter taste.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/2357/producers-notes-californias-lost-salmon","authors":["10169"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_3229","quest_3422","quest_3233","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_326","quest_390","quest_20","quest_646","quest_726","quest_934","quest_1150","quest_1293","quest_1321","quest_1599","quest_1734","quest_1789","quest_1826","quest_2392","quest_2395","quest_2465","quest_2477","quest_2672","quest_2727","quest_2744","quest_2786","quest_13364","quest_3100","quest_3121"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Consider-This-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. 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How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this","airtime":"SUN 7:30pm-8pm","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/how-i-built-this","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/Arts--Culture-Podcasts/How-I-Built-This-p910896/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"}},"inside-europe":{"id":"inside-europe","title":"Inside Europe","info":"Inside Europe, a one-hour weekly news magazine hosted by Helen Seeney and Keith Walker, explores the topical issues shaping the continent. No other part of the globe has experienced such dynamic political and social change in recent years.","airtime":"SAT 3am-4am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Inside-Europe-Podcast-Tile-300x300-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Deutsche Welle"},"link":"/radio/program/inside-europe","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/inside-europe/id80106806?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Inside-Europe-p731/","rss":"https://partner.dw.com/xml/podcast_inside-europe"}},"latino-usa":{"id":"latino-usa","title":"Latino USA","airtime":"MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm","info":"Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"http://latinousa.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/latino-usa","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/xtTd","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Latino-USA-p621/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"}},"live-from-here-highlights":{"id":"live-from-here-highlights","title":"Live from Here Highlights","info":"Chris Thile steps to the mic as the host of Live from Here (formerly A Prairie Home Companion), a live public radio variety show. 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Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.","airtime":"MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.marketplace.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"American Public Media"},"link":"/radio/program/marketplace","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=201853034&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/APM-Marketplace-p88/","rss":"https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"}},"mindshift":{"id":"mindshift","title":"MindShift","tagline":"A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids","info":"The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3am-9am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/morning-edition"},"onourwatch":{"id":"onourwatch","title":"On Our Watch","tagline":"Police secrets, unsealed","info":"For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. 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