What Are Greenhouse Gases and Where Do They Come From?
Food Scraps: An Urbanite’s Dilemma
The Great Escape: How Soil Protects Us from Carbon Emissions
Reporter's Notes: Changes at the Pump
Producer's Notes: Waiting for the Electric Car
Cheeseburger, cheeseburger, cheeseburger
HERS It Is
Producer's Notes - Biofuels: Beyond Ethanol
Cashing in on Carbon
Sponsored
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The story segments featured in each show are introduced by on-camera host, environmental journalist \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/pssethi/\">Simran Sethi\u003c/a>. The series also includes half-hour specials that focus on a single topic.\r\n \r\nAll 2013-2014 television programs can be viewed online in their entirety or as individual segments by clicking on the titles and images listed below. The programs are also broadcast in each of our six PBS partner regions including \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/north-carolina/\">North Carolina\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/ohio/\">Ohio\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/nebraska/\">Nebraska\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/northern-california/\">Northern California\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/northwest/\">Pacific Northwest\u003c/a>. Check local listings for broadcast dates and times.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d3874a881a1fe56a99098a4feea236c8?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"QUEST Staff | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d3874a881a1fe56a99098a4feea236c8?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d3874a881a1fe56a99098a4feea236c8?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/quest"},"anneglausser":{"type":"authors","id":"10270","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10270","found":true},"name":"Anne Glausser","firstName":"Anne","lastName":"Glausser","slug":"anneglausser","email":"anne.glausser@ideastream.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Anne Glausser is the Coordinating Producer for QUEST Ohio. Before taking on this role, she was WCPN 90.3 FM & WVIZ/PBS ideastream’s health reporter and produced award-winning radio pieces. She’s spent time on both coasts (her college mascot was the banana slug!), but grew up in the Midwest and is happy to be back home. She got started in radio at PRI’s Living on Earth, and has also spent time as a researcher at the Harvard School of Public Health. Anne got her SM from MIT’s Graduate Program in Science Writing.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/cb2272efe9d1c6b409249b4273bcef1b?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["leadcoordinator","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Anne Glausser | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/cb2272efe9d1c6b409249b4273bcef1b?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/cb2272efe9d1c6b409249b4273bcef1b?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/anneglausser"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_73097":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_73097","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"73097","score":null,"sort":[1418419148000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"what-are-greenhouse-gases-and-where-do-they-come-from","title":"What Are Greenhouse Gases and Where Do They Come From?","publishDate":1418419148,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":13355,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Climate change is primarily caused by the accumulation of greenhouse gases, or heat-trapping gases, in the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases are certain molecules in the air that have the ability to trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere. Some greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide (CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>) and methane (CH\u003csub>4\u003c/sub>), occur naturally and play an important role in Earth's climate. If they didn't exist, the planet would be a much colder place. However, some human activities, such as mining and burning fossil fuels (like coal, oil and natural gas) for energy and transportation, emit molecules of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> and other greenhouse gases. These activities cause greenhouse gases to accumulate in the air, and as these molecules build up in the atmosphere they cause an overall warming of the planet. Some greenhouse gases are entirely man-made and are products of certain industrial processes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe title=\"Sources of Greenhouse Gases\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/qxWNbHHcPRQ?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #444444\">\u003cem>Play the video to see sources of the main greenhouse gases.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not all greenhouse gases are created equal in terms of contributing to climate change. Their impact varies according to how long they remain in the atmosphere and how efficient they are at trapping heat. For example, methane, the main component in natural gas, remains in the atmosphere for a shorter time than CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>, but is far more efficient at trapping heat, making it a more potent greenhouse gas. Nitrous oxide is less abundant than methane, but even more efficient at trapping heat, and it stays in the atmosphere for a long time. Understanding the impacts and sources of the main greenhouse gases can help inform strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more information, check out the \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/\">EPA's resources on greenhouse gases.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Discussion Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What does the term \"greenhouse gas\" mean?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What role do greenhouse gases play in climate change?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What is the most prevalent greenhouse gas?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What are some of the major sources of greenhouse gases?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Which greenhouse gases do you think are of greatest concern in terms of global warming? Why?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>This video explainer is part of our \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/clue-into-climate/\">Clue into Climate\u003c/a> collection of resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>This video explainer is featured in our \u003cstrong>Clue into Climate\u003c/strong> e-book series. Click on the tabs below to download our free e-books and subscribe to our iTunes U course. You can also visit our \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\">e-books page\u003c/a> to view our other offerings.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-11944\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Climate-e-book-cover-1-150x194.png\" alt=\"Climate e-book cover 1\" width=\"105\" height=\"136\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Look into the causes of climate change, and discover how scientists develop and use climate models.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/ee/book/clue-into-climate-causes-change/id927517681?mt=13\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11945\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Download_on_iTunes_Badge_US-UK_110x40_1004.png\" alt=\"Download on iBooks\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/E-book-button-for-Web.png\" alt=\"Subscribe on iTunes\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-14724\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Climate-e-book-cover-2-150x194.png\" alt=\"Climate e-book cover 2 web\" width=\"105\" height=\"136\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn about how climate change influences precipitation patterns and how it impacts our frozen landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/clue-into-climate-changing/id930719116?mt=13\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11945\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Download_on_iTunes_Badge_US-UK_110x40_1004.png\" alt=\"Download on iBooks\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/E-book-button-for-Web.png\" alt=\"Subscribe on iTunes\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-14735\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Climate-e-book-cover-3-150x194.png\" alt=\"Climate e-book cover 3 updated web\" width=\"105\" height=\"136\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Investigate shifts in the distribution of plant and animal species due to climate change, and the effects of increased carbon dioxide emissions on the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/clue-into-climate-changing/id932195900?mt=13\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11945\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Download_on_iTunes_Badge_US-UK_110x40_1004.png\" alt=\"Download on iBooks\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/E-book-button-for-Web.png\" alt=\"Subscribe on iTunes\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-14737\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Climate-e-book-cover-4-150x194.png\" alt=\"Climate e-book cover 4 web\" width=\"105\" height=\"136\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See how communities are preparing for sea level rise and other impacts of climate change, and ways we can help minimize future climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/clue-into-climate-facing-our/id932658240?mt=13\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11945\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Download_on_iTunes_Badge_US-UK_110x40_1004.png\" alt=\"Download on iBooks\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/E-book-button-for-Web.png\" alt=\"Subscribe on iTunes\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Explore different types of greenhouse gas, from carbon dioxide to fluorinated gas, in this interactive graphic.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1587419173,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["https://www.youtube.com/embed/qxWNbHHcPRQ"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":21,"wordCount":466},"headData":{"title":"What Are Greenhouse Gases and Where Do They Come From? | KQED","description":"Explore different types of greenhouse gas, from carbon dioxide to fluorinated gas, in this interactive graphic.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"73097 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=73097","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/12/12/what-are-greenhouse-gases-and-where-do-they-come-from/","disqusTitle":"What Are Greenhouse Gases and Where Do They Come From?","path":"/quest/73097/what-are-greenhouse-gases-and-where-do-they-come-from","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Climate change is primarily caused by the accumulation of greenhouse gases, or heat-trapping gases, in the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases are certain molecules in the air that have the ability to trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere. Some greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide (CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>) and methane (CH\u003csub>4\u003c/sub>), occur naturally and play an important role in Earth's climate. If they didn't exist, the planet would be a much colder place. However, some human activities, such as mining and burning fossil fuels (like coal, oil and natural gas) for energy and transportation, emit molecules of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> and other greenhouse gases. These activities cause greenhouse gases to accumulate in the air, and as these molecules build up in the atmosphere they cause an overall warming of the planet. Some greenhouse gases are entirely man-made and are products of certain industrial processes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe title=\"Sources of Greenhouse Gases\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/qxWNbHHcPRQ?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #444444\">\u003cem>Play the video to see sources of the main greenhouse gases.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not all greenhouse gases are created equal in terms of contributing to climate change. Their impact varies according to how long they remain in the atmosphere and how efficient they are at trapping heat. For example, methane, the main component in natural gas, remains in the atmosphere for a shorter time than CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>, but is far more efficient at trapping heat, making it a more potent greenhouse gas. Nitrous oxide is less abundant than methane, but even more efficient at trapping heat, and it stays in the atmosphere for a long time. Understanding the impacts and sources of the main greenhouse gases can help inform strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more information, check out the \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/\">EPA's resources on greenhouse gases.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Discussion Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What does the term \"greenhouse gas\" mean?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What role do greenhouse gases play in climate change?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What is the most prevalent greenhouse gas?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What are some of the major sources of greenhouse gases?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Which greenhouse gases do you think are of greatest concern in terms of global warming? Why?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>This video explainer is part of our \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/clue-into-climate/\">Clue into Climate\u003c/a> collection of resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>This video explainer is featured in our \u003cstrong>Clue into Climate\u003c/strong> e-book series. Click on the tabs below to download our free e-books and subscribe to our iTunes U course. You can also visit our \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\">e-books page\u003c/a> to view our other offerings.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-11944\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Climate-e-book-cover-1-150x194.png\" alt=\"Climate e-book cover 1\" width=\"105\" height=\"136\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Look into the causes of climate change, and discover how scientists develop and use climate models.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/ee/book/clue-into-climate-causes-change/id927517681?mt=13\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11945\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Download_on_iTunes_Badge_US-UK_110x40_1004.png\" alt=\"Download on iBooks\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/E-book-button-for-Web.png\" alt=\"Subscribe on iTunes\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-14724\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Climate-e-book-cover-2-150x194.png\" alt=\"Climate e-book cover 2 web\" width=\"105\" height=\"136\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn about how climate change influences precipitation patterns and how it impacts our frozen landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/clue-into-climate-changing/id930719116?mt=13\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11945\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Download_on_iTunes_Badge_US-UK_110x40_1004.png\" alt=\"Download on iBooks\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/E-book-button-for-Web.png\" alt=\"Subscribe on iTunes\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-14735\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Climate-e-book-cover-3-150x194.png\" alt=\"Climate e-book cover 3 updated web\" width=\"105\" height=\"136\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Investigate shifts in the distribution of plant and animal species due to climate change, and the effects of increased carbon dioxide emissions on the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/clue-into-climate-changing/id932195900?mt=13\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11945\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Download_on_iTunes_Badge_US-UK_110x40_1004.png\" alt=\"Download on iBooks\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/E-book-button-for-Web.png\" alt=\"Subscribe on iTunes\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-14737\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Climate-e-book-cover-4-150x194.png\" alt=\"Climate e-book cover 4 web\" width=\"105\" height=\"136\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See how communities are preparing for sea level rise and other impacts of climate change, and ways we can help minimize future climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/clue-into-climate-facing-our/id932658240?mt=13\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11945\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Download_on_iTunes_Badge_US-UK_110x40_1004.png\" alt=\"Download on iBooks\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/E-book-button-for-Web.png\" alt=\"Subscribe on iTunes\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/73097/what-are-greenhouse-gases-and-where-do-they-come-from","authors":["10216"],"categories":["quest_5","quest_6","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_621","quest_13098","quest_12946","quest_1271","quest_1272","quest_11194","quest_1585"],"collections":["quest_13355"],"featImg":"quest_73405","label":"quest_13355"},"quest_59136":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_59136","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"59136","score":null,"sort":[1400162439000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"food-scraps-an-urbanites-dilemma","title":"Food Scraps: An Urbanite’s Dilemma","publishDate":1400162439,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Back in college I went to visit my older sister in Austin, Texas, and she laughed when I asked about a compost bin. She grabbed my sleeve and led me out to the tiny balcony of her second-story apartment, then plucked the apple core from my palm and chucked it off the side of the building. “That’s my compost,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That scene has stayed with me. Over the years I’ve come to a greater appreciation for my sister’s reluctance to take on proper backyard composting while she juggled work and city life. Nowadays, I’m just not that motivated to compost. I know I should. But the reality is I don’t. And I am not alone in composting resistance: in 2012, only \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/foodrecovery/\">5 percent\u003c/a> of the nearly 40 million tons of food waste generated in the United States was composted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70366\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/garbage-disposal-flickr.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70366\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/garbage-disposal-flickr-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Whether or not it makes sense to send food scraps down the garbage disposal really depends on your city’s infrastructure. If your city puts that organic waste to good use, then it may be better to send the scraps down the garbage disposal than to put it in the trash. Photo Credit: capl@washjeff.edu / Flickr\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Whether or not it makes sense to send food scraps down the garbage disposal really depends on your city’s infrastructure. If your city puts that organic waste to good use, then it may be better to send the scraps down the garbage disposal than to put them in the trash.\u003cbr>Photo Credit: capl@washjeff.edu / Flickr\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So what I wanted to figure out on behalf of all compost-challenged urbanites is what the next best option is for disposing of food scraps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I called up Martin Heller, a researcher at the University of Michigan’s Center for Sustainable Systems, who specializes in life cycle analysis of food, to help me sort this out. If I’m standing at my kitchen sink with a handful of kale stems, I asked, should I toss them in the trash or grind them down the garbage disposal?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, he reaffirmed that I should in fact be composting them for the most environmentally friendly disposal (yeah, yeah). Composting is best because it breaks down food scraps and returns their nutrients to the soil, which improves soil health. When those scraps are instead left to rot in the landfill (through anaerobic decomposition, which occurs in the absence of oxygen), they release methane, a potent greenhouse gas. According to Heller’s calculations, which will appear in a forthcoming publication, U.S. food waste in 2010 contributed roughly the same amount of greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere as 33 million cars on the road.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if I’m not going to compost, should I bother with the disposal or just throw my food waste in the trash?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s the short answer according to Heller: \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22922048\">It’s probably a wash\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The long answer is that it really depends on your city’s infrastructure. If your city puts that organic waste to good use, then it may be better to send the scraps down the garbage disposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70364\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 338px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Cooking-with-food-scraps-my-shot-wasnt-tasty.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70364\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Cooking-with-food-scraps-my-shot-wasnt-tasty-338x253.jpg\" alt=\"Some people advocate for cooking with food scraps, like onion skins. This is a shot of the author's attempt at making a stock from food scraps. It wasn't tasty.\" width=\"338\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some people advocate for cooking with food scraps, like onion skins. This is a shot of the author's attempt at making a stock from food scraps. It wasn't tasty.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here’s why: When you grind your carrot peels down the disposal, this carrot mash ends up in the same waste stream as city sewage. “Your food waste goes to the same place as the water you flush down your toilet,” said Michael Keleman, manager of environmental engineering at the garbage disposal company \u003ca href=\"http://www.insinkerator.com/en-us/Pages/default.aspx\">InSinkErator.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wastewater treatment plant will separate out the solids, and this sludge, once treated and stabilized, is known as “\u003ca href=\"http://www.biosolids.com/faq.html\">biosolids.” \u003c/a>Biosolids are handled differently in different locales, but about \u003ca href=\"http://css.snre.umich.edu/css_doc/CSS04-14.pdf\">60 percent\u003c/a> of biosolids are put to beneficial use; the rest are either landfilled or incinerated. Beneficial use largely means that the biosolids are applied to agricultural land, forests, or urban parks. In this way the nutrients from the organic matter are returned to the soil, albeit with significant water and energy requirements to make that journey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As far as greenhouse gas emissions, some wastewater treatment plants \u003cstrong>capture \u003c/strong>the gases released from the sludge as it is anaerobically digested. The methane from this “\u003ca href=\"http://www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/emerging_biogas.html\">biogas\u003c/a>” mixture can be used to produce heat and electricity. There are about 1,240 U.S. wastewater treatment plants that produce biogas, and about 270 of them provide electricity to the grid, according to data from the website \u003ca href=\"http://biogasdata.org/\">biogasdata.org. \u003c/a> This is out of a total of about \u003ca href=\"http://css.snre.umich.edu/css_doc/CSS04-14.pdf\">21,594\u003c/a> publicly owned U.S. wastewater treatment facilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you want to find out whether your wastewater treatment plant produces biogas, check the searchable biogasdata.org \u003ca href=\"http://biogasdata.org/facilities/search\">database. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70363\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 270px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Compost_bin_cutaway_by_Bruce_McAdam-via-flickr.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-70363\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Compost_bin_cutaway_by_Bruce_McAdam-via-flickr-270x360.jpg\" alt=\"A cutaway view of an outdoor compost bin. Photo Credit: Bruce McAdam / Flickr\" width=\"270\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A cutaway view of an outdoor compost bin. Photo Credit: Bruce McAdam / Flickr\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some cities offer a middle ground in this dilemma: curbside composting. About \u003ca href=\"http://www.governing.com/topics/energy-env/gov-curbside-composting-added-to-major-city.html\">100 cities\u003c/a> have compost collection programs, including San Francisco, Boulder, and Seattle. Data from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/waste/nonhaz/municipal/pubs/2012_msw_fs.pdf\">2012 survey of municipal waste\u003c/a> indicate there are more than 3,000 community composting programs in place across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It’s a doable thing,\" said Heller, comparing it to citywide recycling, which wasn't the norm during his childhood but is now standard in cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it’s not just municipalities that are offering the service; entrepreneurs are, too. \"We have a 12-year-old kid in Traverse City, Michigan, who has started up quite a little business collecting food scraps from folks on his bike,” he said. Even Cleveland will soon be home to a start-up \u003ca href=\"http://www.crowdrise.com/ClevelandBikeComposting/fundraiser/RBGCleveland\">composting company\u003c/a> that will gladly cycle over to pick up your food scraps, for a fee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Heller, taking a more upstream approach to food-waste reduction is fundamental to this discussion about consumer actions around food waste. That is, we need to get consumers to buy only the food they will actually eat. “From the cradle-to-grave perspective, the biggest impacts are on the food\u003cstrong> production\u003c/strong> side,” said Heller, so reducing consumer demand would help reduce the amount of food produced and thus the amount of environmental impacts all around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heller’s advice? Don’t “binge-shop.” Instead, go to the store more frequently so you don’t have food spoiling in your fridge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the next time that giant vat of raspberries calls to me from the produce aisle of Costco, perhaps I’ll think twice about whether I can really eat my way through all those berries without tuckering out. Either that or I suppose I’ll have to suck it up and compost.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"When it comes to doing what’s best for the environment, compost is king. But sometimes it doesn’t fit into city life. Garbage disposals offer a simpler solution for getting rid of food scraps, but how do they stack up?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442689778,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":1086},"headData":{"title":"Food Scraps: An Urbanite’s Dilemma | KQED","description":"When it comes to doing what’s best for the environment, compost is king. But sometimes it doesn’t fit into city life. Garbage disposals offer a simpler solution for getting rid of food scraps, but how do they stack up?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"59136 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=59136","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/05/15/food-scraps-an-urbanites-dilemma/","disqusTitle":"Food Scraps: An Urbanite’s Dilemma","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/59136/food-scraps-an-urbanites-dilemma","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Back in college I went to visit my older sister in Austin, Texas, and she laughed when I asked about a compost bin. She grabbed my sleeve and led me out to the tiny balcony of her second-story apartment, then plucked the apple core from my palm and chucked it off the side of the building. “That’s my compost,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That scene has stayed with me. Over the years I’ve come to a greater appreciation for my sister’s reluctance to take on proper backyard composting while she juggled work and city life. Nowadays, I’m just not that motivated to compost. I know I should. But the reality is I don’t. And I am not alone in composting resistance: in 2012, only \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/foodrecovery/\">5 percent\u003c/a> of the nearly 40 million tons of food waste generated in the United States was composted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70366\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/garbage-disposal-flickr.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70366\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/garbage-disposal-flickr-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Whether or not it makes sense to send food scraps down the garbage disposal really depends on your city’s infrastructure. If your city puts that organic waste to good use, then it may be better to send the scraps down the garbage disposal than to put it in the trash. Photo Credit: capl@washjeff.edu / Flickr\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Whether or not it makes sense to send food scraps down the garbage disposal really depends on your city’s infrastructure. If your city puts that organic waste to good use, then it may be better to send the scraps down the garbage disposal than to put them in the trash.\u003cbr>Photo Credit: capl@washjeff.edu / Flickr\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So what I wanted to figure out on behalf of all compost-challenged urbanites is what the next best option is for disposing of food scraps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I called up Martin Heller, a researcher at the University of Michigan’s Center for Sustainable Systems, who specializes in life cycle analysis of food, to help me sort this out. If I’m standing at my kitchen sink with a handful of kale stems, I asked, should I toss them in the trash or grind them down the garbage disposal?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, he reaffirmed that I should in fact be composting them for the most environmentally friendly disposal (yeah, yeah). Composting is best because it breaks down food scraps and returns their nutrients to the soil, which improves soil health. When those scraps are instead left to rot in the landfill (through anaerobic decomposition, which occurs in the absence of oxygen), they release methane, a potent greenhouse gas. According to Heller’s calculations, which will appear in a forthcoming publication, U.S. food waste in 2010 contributed roughly the same amount of greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere as 33 million cars on the road.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if I’m not going to compost, should I bother with the disposal or just throw my food waste in the trash?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s the short answer according to Heller: \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22922048\">It’s probably a wash\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The long answer is that it really depends on your city’s infrastructure. If your city puts that organic waste to good use, then it may be better to send the scraps down the garbage disposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70364\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 338px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Cooking-with-food-scraps-my-shot-wasnt-tasty.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70364\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Cooking-with-food-scraps-my-shot-wasnt-tasty-338x253.jpg\" alt=\"Some people advocate for cooking with food scraps, like onion skins. This is a shot of the author's attempt at making a stock from food scraps. It wasn't tasty.\" width=\"338\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some people advocate for cooking with food scraps, like onion skins. This is a shot of the author's attempt at making a stock from food scraps. It wasn't tasty.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here’s why: When you grind your carrot peels down the disposal, this carrot mash ends up in the same waste stream as city sewage. “Your food waste goes to the same place as the water you flush down your toilet,” said Michael Keleman, manager of environmental engineering at the garbage disposal company \u003ca href=\"http://www.insinkerator.com/en-us/Pages/default.aspx\">InSinkErator.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wastewater treatment plant will separate out the solids, and this sludge, once treated and stabilized, is known as “\u003ca href=\"http://www.biosolids.com/faq.html\">biosolids.” \u003c/a>Biosolids are handled differently in different locales, but about \u003ca href=\"http://css.snre.umich.edu/css_doc/CSS04-14.pdf\">60 percent\u003c/a> of biosolids are put to beneficial use; the rest are either landfilled or incinerated. Beneficial use largely means that the biosolids are applied to agricultural land, forests, or urban parks. In this way the nutrients from the organic matter are returned to the soil, albeit with significant water and energy requirements to make that journey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As far as greenhouse gas emissions, some wastewater treatment plants \u003cstrong>capture \u003c/strong>the gases released from the sludge as it is anaerobically digested. The methane from this “\u003ca href=\"http://www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/emerging_biogas.html\">biogas\u003c/a>” mixture can be used to produce heat and electricity. There are about 1,240 U.S. wastewater treatment plants that produce biogas, and about 270 of them provide electricity to the grid, according to data from the website \u003ca href=\"http://biogasdata.org/\">biogasdata.org. \u003c/a> This is out of a total of about \u003ca href=\"http://css.snre.umich.edu/css_doc/CSS04-14.pdf\">21,594\u003c/a> publicly owned U.S. wastewater treatment facilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you want to find out whether your wastewater treatment plant produces biogas, check the searchable biogasdata.org \u003ca href=\"http://biogasdata.org/facilities/search\">database. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70363\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 270px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Compost_bin_cutaway_by_Bruce_McAdam-via-flickr.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-70363\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Compost_bin_cutaway_by_Bruce_McAdam-via-flickr-270x360.jpg\" alt=\"A cutaway view of an outdoor compost bin. Photo Credit: Bruce McAdam / Flickr\" width=\"270\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A cutaway view of an outdoor compost bin. Photo Credit: Bruce McAdam / Flickr\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some cities offer a middle ground in this dilemma: curbside composting. About \u003ca href=\"http://www.governing.com/topics/energy-env/gov-curbside-composting-added-to-major-city.html\">100 cities\u003c/a> have compost collection programs, including San Francisco, Boulder, and Seattle. Data from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/waste/nonhaz/municipal/pubs/2012_msw_fs.pdf\">2012 survey of municipal waste\u003c/a> indicate there are more than 3,000 community composting programs in place across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It’s a doable thing,\" said Heller, comparing it to citywide recycling, which wasn't the norm during his childhood but is now standard in cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it’s not just municipalities that are offering the service; entrepreneurs are, too. \"We have a 12-year-old kid in Traverse City, Michigan, who has started up quite a little business collecting food scraps from folks on his bike,” he said. Even Cleveland will soon be home to a start-up \u003ca href=\"http://www.crowdrise.com/ClevelandBikeComposting/fundraiser/RBGCleveland\">composting company\u003c/a> that will gladly cycle over to pick up your food scraps, for a fee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Heller, taking a more upstream approach to food-waste reduction is fundamental to this discussion about consumer actions around food waste. That is, we need to get consumers to buy only the food they will actually eat. “From the cradle-to-grave perspective, the biggest impacts are on the food\u003cstrong> production\u003c/strong> side,” said Heller, so reducing consumer demand would help reduce the amount of food produced and thus the amount of environmental impacts all around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heller’s advice? Don’t “binge-shop.” Instead, go to the store more frequently so you don’t have food spoiling in your fridge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the next time that giant vat of raspberries calls to me from the produce aisle of Costco, perhaps I’ll think twice about whether I can really eat my way through all those berries without tuckering out. Either that or I suppose I’ll have to suck it up and compost.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/59136/food-scraps-an-urbanites-dilemma","authors":["10270"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_6","quest_9","quest_3229"],"tags":["quest_10637","quest_12855","quest_12021","quest_10041","quest_12853","quest_12228","quest_12269","quest_12854","quest_1272","quest_10327","quest_2349","quest_10429","quest_3107"],"featImg":"quest_70370","label":"source_quest_59136"},"quest_54449":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_54449","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"54449","score":null,"sort":[1378994408000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-great-escape-how-soil-microbes-protect-us-from-carbon-emissions","title":"The Great Escape: How Soil Protects Us from Carbon Emissions","publishDate":1378994408,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60124\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Soil-microbes-e1378767382648.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-60124\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Soil-microbes-e1378767382648.jpg\" alt=\"XBD201108-01182-110.TIF\" width=\"640\" height=\"419\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Soil scientist Margaret Torn conducting fieldwork on microbes in the soil near Council, Alaska. Photo: Roy Kaltschmidt, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">Community Contributor |\u003c/span>\u003c/strong> Jennifer Huber— Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">In the northernmost city of the United States—Barrow, Alaska—the treeless, flat tundra looks stark and forbidding to many people. The permafrost (permanently frozen soil) is only capable of supporting plants like moss, heather, and lichen, and the temperatures can drop to minus 60 degrees Fahrenheit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">However, this tundra is a mecca for climate scientists like Margaret Torn, co-lead of the Climate and Carbon Sciences Program at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a> (Berkeley Lab).\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\u003cem>\"[Alaskan permafrost] has been storing carbon for a long, long time. But that carbon can be decomposed and released as carbon dioxide very quickly when the conditions are right\" --soil scientist Margaret Torn\u003c/em>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Torn just returned from performing field experiments near Barrow. She is part of the 10-year \u003ca href=\"http://ngee-arctic.ornl.gov/\">Next-Generation Ecosystem Experiment\u003c/a>, a large collaboration among scientists and engineers who are trying to better understand the Arctic’s terrestrial ecosystem so they can improve vital climate predictions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These scientists are finding \u003ca href=\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10040-012-0939-y\">new ways\u003c/a> to study this complex ecosystem, including looking deep into the soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Soil is a big mystery,” explains Torn. “We don’t understand why soil holds so much carbon. And we don’t understand how a warming climate will affect soils, the question being whether a warming climate will result in carbon transferring from soils to the atmosphere as greenhouse gases, creating additional global warming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soils are an important part of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_bAuCfaNYNE\">carbon cycle\u003c/a>. In the natural carbon cycle, carbon dioxide is taken up by plants and photosynthesized. If the plants aren’t harvested for food or fuel, they decay and their organic matter makes its way to the soil. There, it is processed by tiny microbes—bacteria and fungi—that release the carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soils are critical because they store about 2.3 \u003cem>trillion\u003c/em> tons of carbon—more than twice as much as the atmosphere or vegetation. In comparison, burning fossil fuels releases about 9 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soils are also a long-term reservoir of carbon. Carbon cycles very slowly deep in the soil, where it can remain for 50,000 years. So, a critical question is, how long will soils contain these rich deposits of carbon? Will the carbon stay put or will it enter the atmosphere in the near future, greatly amplifying climate change?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Arctic’s tundra is an area that is particularly worrisome. Cold temperatures suppress microbial growth, which helps trap the vast stores of carbon in the soil. But global warming is causing the permafrost to thaw, triggering the microbes to become active and release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60168\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 277px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/greenhouse-gas-measurements.png\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-60168 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/greenhouse-gas-measurements.png\" alt=\"Equipment that measures greenhouse gas fluxes from the tundra into the atmosphere.\" width=\"277\" height=\"369\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Equipment Torn and her team use to sample greenhouse gases flowing from the land to the atmosphere. They later determine how old the carbon is in these gas samples using carbon-14 dating. Photo: Margaret Torn\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Torn’s group drills wells in the Alaskan ground to directly measure the flow of carbon dioxide and methane from the land to the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They measure these gas flows in areas where the permafrost is intact and where it is thawing, trying to understand the environmental variables that are controlling the release of greenhouse gases. They see very high methane concentrations in areas where the permafrost is thawing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, this summer they found that in some areas specialized microbes consume this methane before it is released, so carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is good news for the environment because carbon dioxide is a less potent greenhouse gas than methane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They also take soil core samples from different regions in Barrow and then incubate them at different temperatures at Berkeley Lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They find that each handful of soil has thousands of different kinds of microbes and billions of cells that respond differently to the environment. They also determine the age of the carbon in the samples by using \u003ca href=\"http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/earth/geology/carbon-14.htm\">carbon-14 dating\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One thing we’ve seen this summer is that the carbon that is being decomposed just above the permafrost is more than 2,500 years old,” says Torn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So, this place that we’re studying has been storing carbon for a long, long time. But that carbon can be decomposed and released as carbon dioxide very quickly when the conditions are right.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These results have been validated by other recent experiments, but they contradict the old belief that carbon hidden deep in soil will remain there forever due to the soil’s material properties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The field is evolving rapidly. We’re trying to unravel the mystery of why we see older carbon in the soil, trying to create a more realistic view,” explains Torn. “It is more complex. It’s the interaction between the entire ecosystem and the material properties that’s important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, the more complicated, realistic view makes climate modeling more challenging. Climate models are computer programs that simulate how the climate has changed in the past and how it will change in the future. They are critical to understanding our planet and how to limit the impact of human activity upon it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists know that their climate models are wrong when it comes to soil carbon. This is why scientists need new data, like the data they’re acquiring in Alaska, to test and improve their models.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can do so much better than we’re doing,” says Torn. “So, we feel pretty confident that we can make improvements. It may not be perfect, but our work is going to make predictions more robust and believable.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Recent measurements show that the billions of tons of old carbon hidden deep in the earth may release into the atmosphere, greatly accelerating climate change.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1379617163,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":987},"headData":{"title":"The Great Escape: How Soil Protects Us from Carbon Emissions | KQED","description":"Recent measurements show that the billions of tons of old carbon hidden deep in the earth may release into the atmosphere, greatly accelerating climate change.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"54449 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=54449","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/09/12/the-great-escape-how-soil-microbes-protect-us-from-carbon-emissions/","disqusTitle":"The Great Escape: How Soil Protects Us from Carbon Emissions","path":"/quest/54449/the-great-escape-how-soil-microbes-protect-us-from-carbon-emissions","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60124\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Soil-microbes-e1378767382648.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-60124\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Soil-microbes-e1378767382648.jpg\" alt=\"XBD201108-01182-110.TIF\" width=\"640\" height=\"419\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Soil scientist Margaret Torn conducting fieldwork on microbes in the soil near Council, Alaska. Photo: Roy Kaltschmidt, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">Community Contributor |\u003c/span>\u003c/strong> Jennifer Huber— Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">In the northernmost city of the United States—Barrow, Alaska—the treeless, flat tundra looks stark and forbidding to many people. The permafrost (permanently frozen soil) is only capable of supporting plants like moss, heather, and lichen, and the temperatures can drop to minus 60 degrees Fahrenheit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">However, this tundra is a mecca for climate scientists like Margaret Torn, co-lead of the Climate and Carbon Sciences Program at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a> (Berkeley Lab).\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\u003cem>\"[Alaskan permafrost] has been storing carbon for a long, long time. But that carbon can be decomposed and released as carbon dioxide very quickly when the conditions are right\" --soil scientist Margaret Torn\u003c/em>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Torn just returned from performing field experiments near Barrow. She is part of the 10-year \u003ca href=\"http://ngee-arctic.ornl.gov/\">Next-Generation Ecosystem Experiment\u003c/a>, a large collaboration among scientists and engineers who are trying to better understand the Arctic’s terrestrial ecosystem so they can improve vital climate predictions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These scientists are finding \u003ca href=\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10040-012-0939-y\">new ways\u003c/a> to study this complex ecosystem, including looking deep into the soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Soil is a big mystery,” explains Torn. “We don’t understand why soil holds so much carbon. And we don’t understand how a warming climate will affect soils, the question being whether a warming climate will result in carbon transferring from soils to the atmosphere as greenhouse gases, creating additional global warming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soils are an important part of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_bAuCfaNYNE\">carbon cycle\u003c/a>. In the natural carbon cycle, carbon dioxide is taken up by plants and photosynthesized. If the plants aren’t harvested for food or fuel, they decay and their organic matter makes its way to the soil. There, it is processed by tiny microbes—bacteria and fungi—that release the carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soils are critical because they store about 2.3 \u003cem>trillion\u003c/em> tons of carbon—more than twice as much as the atmosphere or vegetation. In comparison, burning fossil fuels releases about 9 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soils are also a long-term reservoir of carbon. Carbon cycles very slowly deep in the soil, where it can remain for 50,000 years. So, a critical question is, how long will soils contain these rich deposits of carbon? Will the carbon stay put or will it enter the atmosphere in the near future, greatly amplifying climate change?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Arctic’s tundra is an area that is particularly worrisome. Cold temperatures suppress microbial growth, which helps trap the vast stores of carbon in the soil. But global warming is causing the permafrost to thaw, triggering the microbes to become active and release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60168\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 277px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/greenhouse-gas-measurements.png\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-60168 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/greenhouse-gas-measurements.png\" alt=\"Equipment that measures greenhouse gas fluxes from the tundra into the atmosphere.\" width=\"277\" height=\"369\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Equipment Torn and her team use to sample greenhouse gases flowing from the land to the atmosphere. They later determine how old the carbon is in these gas samples using carbon-14 dating. Photo: Margaret Torn\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Torn’s group drills wells in the Alaskan ground to directly measure the flow of carbon dioxide and methane from the land to the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They measure these gas flows in areas where the permafrost is intact and where it is thawing, trying to understand the environmental variables that are controlling the release of greenhouse gases. They see very high methane concentrations in areas where the permafrost is thawing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, this summer they found that in some areas specialized microbes consume this methane before it is released, so carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is good news for the environment because carbon dioxide is a less potent greenhouse gas than methane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They also take soil core samples from different regions in Barrow and then incubate them at different temperatures at Berkeley Lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They find that each handful of soil has thousands of different kinds of microbes and billions of cells that respond differently to the environment. They also determine the age of the carbon in the samples by using \u003ca href=\"http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/earth/geology/carbon-14.htm\">carbon-14 dating\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One thing we’ve seen this summer is that the carbon that is being decomposed just above the permafrost is more than 2,500 years old,” says Torn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So, this place that we’re studying has been storing carbon for a long, long time. But that carbon can be decomposed and released as carbon dioxide very quickly when the conditions are right.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These results have been validated by other recent experiments, but they contradict the old belief that carbon hidden deep in soil will remain there forever due to the soil’s material properties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The field is evolving rapidly. We’re trying to unravel the mystery of why we see older carbon in the soil, trying to create a more realistic view,” explains Torn. “It is more complex. It’s the interaction between the entire ecosystem and the material properties that’s important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, the more complicated, realistic view makes climate modeling more challenging. Climate models are computer programs that simulate how the climate has changed in the past and how it will change in the future. They are critical to understanding our planet and how to limit the impact of human activity upon it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists know that their climate models are wrong when it comes to soil carbon. This is why scientists need new data, like the data they’re acquiring in Alaska, to test and improve their models.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can do so much better than we’re doing,” says Torn. “So, we feel pretty confident that we can make improvements. It may not be perfect, but our work is going to make predictions more robust and believable.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/54449/the-great-escape-how-soil-microbes-protect-us-from-carbon-emissions","authors":["6360"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_5","quest_6","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_12236","quest_326","quest_10037","quest_637","quest_12269","quest_1272","quest_3351","quest_1585","quest_13212","quest_2141","quest_12235","quest_2349","quest_13202","quest_12234","quest_12237"],"featImg":"quest_60124","label":"quest"},"quest_1674":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_1674","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"1674","score":null,"sort":[1236982552000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"reporters-notes-changes-at-the-pump","title":"Reporter's Notes: Changes at the Pump","publishDate":1236982552,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>You'd have to be a real gas pump aficionado to notice the new gear that gas stations across California are required to have installed by April 1st. California's gas nozzles have been outfitted for some time with vapor-capture devices, designed to cut back on the amount of volatile organic compounds – those smelly fumes - that escape when you pump gas. This explains that accordion-style rubber sheath that bunches up against your gas tank when you pump – a feature you don't necessarily find in states with less stringent air quality laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When those fumes combine with sunlight, along with other emissions, they form ground-level ozone, an air pollutant which acts as a greenhouse gas, contributing to global warming much like carbon dioxide does.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take a look at \u003cstrong>this nifty, infra-red video footage\u003c/strong> from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/homepage.htm\" target=\"_blank\">California Air Resources Board\u003c/a>, showing how fumes disperse from the gas pump when they aren't properly collected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Video Player Small\" mediaid=\"38489\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ground-level ozone is also a real problem for human health, especially for people with asthma and respiratory disease. Just this week, \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-sci-ozone12-2009mar12,0,2086958.story\" target=\"_blank\">UC Berkeley released a study\u003c/a> finding that people living in areas with high ozone levels, like Los Angeles and the Central Valley, have a 25-30% greater risk of dying from respiratory disease than those in less ozone-heavy parts of the state, like San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the way, if you're wondering what \"ground-level ozone\" has to do with that ozone hole we used to hear so much about, here's the short answer: Turns out ozone does different things, depending on where you find it. In the atmosphere, ozone's a good thing. It forms a protective layer that shields the Earth from the sun's radiation – a layer that's been steadily eroded by chlorofluorocarbons, found in aerosol sprays and other places. Here at ground level, ozone's much less likable: a toxic air pollutant, as I said above.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If every station in California installs the new, hi-tech \u003ca href=\"http://www.evrhome.org\" target=\"_blank\">\"enhanced vapor recovery system\"\u003c/a> they'll collectively cut back statewide, ground-level ozone emissions by ten tons a day – that's roughly equivalent to taking 450,000 cars off the road, according to CARB.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/changes-at-the-pump\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/changes-at-the-pump\">Listen to the \u003cem>Changes at the Pump\u003c/em>\u003c/a> radio report online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.981081 -122.56678\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"You'd have to be a real gas pump aficionado to notice the new gear that gas stations across California are required to have installed by April 1. California's gas nozzles have been outfitted for some time with vapor-capture devices, designed to cut back on the amount of volatile organic compounds – those smelly fumes - that escape when you pump gas.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371079150,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":395},"headData":{"title":"Reporter's Notes: Changes at the Pump | KQED","description":"You'd have to be a real gas pump aficionado to notice the new gear that gas stations across California are required to have installed by April 1. California's gas nozzles have been outfitted for some time with vapor-capture devices, designed to cut back on the amount of volatile organic compounds – those smelly fumes - that escape when you pump gas.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"1674 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=1674","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/03/13/reporters-notes-changes-at-the-pump/","disqusTitle":"Reporter's Notes: Changes at the Pump","path":"/quest/1674/reporters-notes-changes-at-the-pump","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>You'd have to be a real gas pump aficionado to notice the new gear that gas stations across California are required to have installed by April 1st. California's gas nozzles have been outfitted for some time with vapor-capture devices, designed to cut back on the amount of volatile organic compounds – those smelly fumes - that escape when you pump gas. This explains that accordion-style rubber sheath that bunches up against your gas tank when you pump – a feature you don't necessarily find in states with less stringent air quality laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When those fumes combine with sunlight, along with other emissions, they form ground-level ozone, an air pollutant which acts as a greenhouse gas, contributing to global warming much like carbon dioxide does.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take a look at \u003cstrong>this nifty, infra-red video footage\u003c/strong> from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/homepage.htm\" target=\"_blank\">California Air Resources Board\u003c/a>, showing how fumes disperse from the gas pump when they aren't properly collected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Video Player Small\" mediaid=\"38489\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ground-level ozone is also a real problem for human health, especially for people with asthma and respiratory disease. Just this week, \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-sci-ozone12-2009mar12,0,2086958.story\" target=\"_blank\">UC Berkeley released a study\u003c/a> finding that people living in areas with high ozone levels, like Los Angeles and the Central Valley, have a 25-30% greater risk of dying from respiratory disease than those in less ozone-heavy parts of the state, like San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the way, if you're wondering what \"ground-level ozone\" has to do with that ozone hole we used to hear so much about, here's the short answer: Turns out ozone does different things, depending on where you find it. In the atmosphere, ozone's a good thing. It forms a protective layer that shields the Earth from the sun's radiation – a layer that's been steadily eroded by chlorofluorocarbons, found in aerosol sprays and other places. Here at ground level, ozone's much less likable: a toxic air pollutant, as I said above.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If every station in California installs the new, hi-tech \u003ca href=\"http://www.evrhome.org\" target=\"_blank\">\"enhanced vapor recovery system\"\u003c/a> they'll collectively cut back statewide, ground-level ozone emissions by ten tons a day – that's roughly equivalent to taking 450,000 cars off the road, according to CARB.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/changes-at-the-pump\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/changes-at-the-pump\">Listen to the \u003cem>Changes at the Pump\u003c/em>\u003c/a> radio report online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.981081 -122.56678\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/1674/reporters-notes-changes-at-the-pump","authors":["210"],"categories":["quest_12"],"tags":["quest_94","quest_252","quest_499","quest_1173","quest_1272","quest_13201","quest_1586","quest_2098","quest_13206","quest_2669","quest_13365"],"label":"quest"},"quest_964":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_964","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"964","score":null,"sort":[1227658226000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"producers-notes-waiting-for-the-electric-car","title":"Producer's Notes: Waiting for the Electric Car","publishDate":1227658226,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>General Motors, Chrysler and Ford face an uncertain future. They have been lobbying Congress for a \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/11/22/MNRS149TAS.DTL&hw=automaker+bailout&sn=010&sc=358\">$25 billion bailout,\u003c/a> which representatives seem reluctant to grant them. It seems like an odd time to be talking about technological breakthroughs in the automotive industry. But GM is saying that it still intends to come out with its plug-in hybrid, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/22/business/22volt.html?_r=1&scp=3&sq=GM&st=cse&oref=slogin\">Chevy Volt,\u003c/a> by 2010, and that this new car will \"completely reinvent the automotive industry.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_965\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/11/215_plugins3001.jpg\" alt=\"The Tesla Roadster is an all-electric sports car you can buy today.\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-965\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Tesla Roadster is an all-electric sports car you can buy today.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Plug-in hybrids run for a certain distance on batteries (so far, hackers have been able to create plug-in hybrids that run for about 10 miles on batteries). After that, they revert to standard hybrid operation, which uses gas and electricity. When you get home in the evening, you plug the car in and recharge the batteries so that the following day you can drive another 10 miles with the electric charge. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today you can only get a plug-in hybrid by hacking your Prius to add more batteries to it. We filmed members of the Palo Alto nonprofit CalCars doing just this for our QUEST story on \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/67\">plug-in hybrids\u003c/a> in 2007. If you're not handy with tools, you can have someone else retrofit your Prius with the necessary battery pack. Luscious Garage, in San Francisco, has started offering this service. They're featured in today’s QUEST story \"Waiting for the Electric Car,\" which explores why all-electric everyday cars remain an elusive goal. The limiting factor is the difficulty in making a battery that is powerful, long-lasting and cheap. QUEST goes behind the scenes to a battery lab at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in Berkeley to find out what goes into the making of a lithium-ion battery and why it’s taking so long to make one that can power an all-electric car, or even a plug-in hybrid that can go for more than 10 miles on its electric charge. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"General Motors, Chrysler and Ford face an uncertain future. They have been lobbying Congress for a $25 billion bailout, which representatives seem reluctant to grant them. It seems like an odd time to be talking about technological breakthroughs in the automotive industry.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457807814,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":5,"wordCount":341},"headData":{"title":"Producer's Notes: Waiting for the Electric Car | KQED","description":"General Motors, Chrysler and Ford face an uncertain future. They have been lobbying Congress for a $25 billion bailout, which representatives seem reluctant to grant them. It seems like an odd time to be talking about technological breakthroughs in the automotive industry.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"964 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=964","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/11/25/producers-notes-waiting-for-the-electric-car/","disqusTitle":"Producer's Notes: Waiting for the Electric Car","path":"/quest/964/producers-notes-waiting-for-the-electric-car","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>General Motors, Chrysler and Ford face an uncertain future. They have been lobbying Congress for a \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/11/22/MNRS149TAS.DTL&hw=automaker+bailout&sn=010&sc=358\">$25 billion bailout,\u003c/a> which representatives seem reluctant to grant them. It seems like an odd time to be talking about technological breakthroughs in the automotive industry. But GM is saying that it still intends to come out with its plug-in hybrid, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/22/business/22volt.html?_r=1&scp=3&sq=GM&st=cse&oref=slogin\">Chevy Volt,\u003c/a> by 2010, and that this new car will \"completely reinvent the automotive industry.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_965\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/11/215_plugins3001.jpg\" alt=\"The Tesla Roadster is an all-electric sports car you can buy today.\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-965\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Tesla Roadster is an all-electric sports car you can buy today.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Plug-in hybrids run for a certain distance on batteries (so far, hackers have been able to create plug-in hybrids that run for about 10 miles on batteries). After that, they revert to standard hybrid operation, which uses gas and electricity. When you get home in the evening, you plug the car in and recharge the batteries so that the following day you can drive another 10 miles with the electric charge. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today you can only get a plug-in hybrid by hacking your Prius to add more batteries to it. We filmed members of the Palo Alto nonprofit CalCars doing just this for our QUEST story on \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/67\">plug-in hybrids\u003c/a> in 2007. If you're not handy with tools, you can have someone else retrofit your Prius with the necessary battery pack. Luscious Garage, in San Francisco, has started offering this service. They're featured in today’s QUEST story \"Waiting for the Electric Car,\" which explores why all-electric everyday cars remain an elusive goal. The limiting factor is the difficulty in making a battery that is powerful, long-lasting and cheap. QUEST goes behind the scenes to a battery lab at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in Berkeley to find out what goes into the making of a lithium-ion battery and why it’s taking so long to make one that can power an all-electric car, or even a plug-in hybrid that can go for more than 10 miles on its electric charge. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/964/producers-notes-waiting-for-the-electric-car","authors":["6186"],"categories":["quest_8","quest_9","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_127","quest_480","quest_949","quest_1266","quest_1272","quest_1422","quest_2297","quest_2893","quest_2905"],"label":"quest"},"quest_816":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_816","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"816","score":null,"sort":[1220642175000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"cheeseburger-cheeseburger-cheeseburger","title":"Cheeseburger, cheeseburger, cheeseburger","publishDate":1220642175,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/09/cheeseburger1.jpg\">\u003cem>Jamais Cascio and a carbon-spewing cheeseburger.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Ever wonder what the carbon footprint of a cheeseburger is? According to Jamais Cascio, Research Affiliate with The Institute for the Future, it’s 4-6 kg of CO2 equivalent per burger -- or 150 million tonnes per year in the United States, given that we eat an average of 100 cheeseburgers per person per year. (I'm sure the Bay Area brought the national average of burgers consumed way down. Thank you Alice Waters!) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cascio recently spoke about cheeseburger emissions and other unintended consequences of our lifestyles, in a plenary address at the Summer Study of the American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy (ACEEE), which took place at Asilomar State Park, Pacific Grove, California, August 17–22. He also discussed 250-mpg hybrid cars, cool roofs, walkable cities, and urban auto congestion charges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cheeseburger emissions include that from fuel used to transport beef to market, food that fed the cows that gave the meat and the milk to make the cheese, as well as… cow farts, a significant source of methane, a serious greenhouse gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The more I examine our lifestyle, the more I find that it has an impact on the environment equal to, if not greater than, that of our technology. The most energy efficient homes can be operated in a way that makes them energy hogs -- turning thermostats way up in the winter and way down in the summer. A myriad of electronic devices, all sucking energy in standby mode, will overcome the best of design intentions. When architects add square yard upon square yard of glazing to new buildings, even ones designed to be efficient and sustainable and to the highest of green building standards, energy efficiency suffers. Even the very best insulating window assemblies deliver at most an R-5 insulation rating, equivalent to about an inch and a half of fiberglass batt insulation. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because behavior influences energy use so profoundly, the scientists at ACEEE recently hired Karen Ehrhardt-Martinez, a sociologist, as a Research Associate. To give you a hint at the kind of research Ehrhardt-Martinez will be doing, here is the title of a recent paper she published in Dialogue: \"Energy Efficiency and Socially Rational Behaviors: The Role of Social Sciences in Bridging the Energy-Efficiency Gap and Accelerating Efficiency Gains.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m wondering when the energy efficiency community will be calling on the research abilities of people with theological backgrounds. This theologian is ready! I've already come up with the title of my first academic paper, \"Measuring the Spiritual R-Value of Homes: Aquinas on Building Tight, and Ventilating Right.\" Or something like that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8686 -122.267\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The more I examine our lifestyle, the more I find that it has an impact on the environment equal to, if not greater than, that of our technology.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1220642175,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":9,"wordCount":452},"headData":{"title":"Cheeseburger, cheeseburger, cheeseburger | KQED","description":"The more I examine our lifestyle, the more I find that it has an impact on the environment equal to, if not greater than, that of our technology.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"816 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=816","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/09/05/cheeseburger-cheeseburger-cheeseburger/","disqusTitle":"Cheeseburger, cheeseburger, cheeseburger","path":"/quest/816/cheeseburger-cheeseburger-cheeseburger","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/09/cheeseburger1.jpg\">\u003cem>Jamais Cascio and a carbon-spewing cheeseburger.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Ever wonder what the carbon footprint of a cheeseburger is? According to Jamais Cascio, Research Affiliate with The Institute for the Future, it’s 4-6 kg of CO2 equivalent per burger -- or 150 million tonnes per year in the United States, given that we eat an average of 100 cheeseburgers per person per year. (I'm sure the Bay Area brought the national average of burgers consumed way down. Thank you Alice Waters!) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cascio recently spoke about cheeseburger emissions and other unintended consequences of our lifestyles, in a plenary address at the Summer Study of the American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy (ACEEE), which took place at Asilomar State Park, Pacific Grove, California, August 17–22. He also discussed 250-mpg hybrid cars, cool roofs, walkable cities, and urban auto congestion charges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cheeseburger emissions include that from fuel used to transport beef to market, food that fed the cows that gave the meat and the milk to make the cheese, as well as… cow farts, a significant source of methane, a serious greenhouse gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The more I examine our lifestyle, the more I find that it has an impact on the environment equal to, if not greater than, that of our technology. The most energy efficient homes can be operated in a way that makes them energy hogs -- turning thermostats way up in the winter and way down in the summer. A myriad of electronic devices, all sucking energy in standby mode, will overcome the best of design intentions. When architects add square yard upon square yard of glazing to new buildings, even ones designed to be efficient and sustainable and to the highest of green building standards, energy efficiency suffers. Even the very best insulating window assemblies deliver at most an R-5 insulation rating, equivalent to about an inch and a half of fiberglass batt insulation. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because behavior influences energy use so profoundly, the scientists at ACEEE recently hired Karen Ehrhardt-Martinez, a sociologist, as a Research Associate. To give you a hint at the kind of research Ehrhardt-Martinez will be doing, here is the title of a recent paper she published in Dialogue: \"Energy Efficiency and Socially Rational Behaviors: The Role of Social Sciences in Bridging the Energy-Efficiency Gap and Accelerating Efficiency Gains.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m wondering when the energy efficiency community will be calling on the research abilities of people with theological backgrounds. This theologian is ready! I've already come up with the title of my first academic paper, \"Measuring the Spiritual R-Value of Homes: Aquinas on Building Tight, and Ventilating Right.\" Or something like that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8686 -122.267\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/816/cheeseburger-cheeseburger-cheeseburger","authors":["10175"],"categories":["quest_8","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_487","quest_984","quest_987","quest_1263","quest_1272","quest_3351","quest_2349","quest_2530"],"label":"quest"},"quest_669":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_669","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"669","score":null,"sort":[1214609579000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"hers-it-is","title":"HERS It Is","publishDate":1214609579,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/06/hers11.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Blower door equipment is used to measure a home's\u003cbr>\nair leaks. A blower door test is part of the evaluation for\u003cbr>\ndetermining a home's HERS Index.\u003cbr>\nPhoto by: D&R International\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember the day when most men knew the horsepower of their muscle cars? Now most of us are concerned about miles per gallon. But what can we use to bring prestige to our houses? It used to be that a large square footage gave us bragging rights. But if all goes according to the plan of the Residential Energy Services Network (\u003ca href=\"http://www.natresnet.org/\">RESNET\u003c/a>), the talk around the water cooler will be \"What's your house's HERS score?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Home energy ratings have been around since 1981. The idea began in the mortgage industry to credit the energy efficiency of homes towards the home mortgage. An energy efficient home means that the homeowner is spending less each month on electricity and natural gas and therefore has more to spend on the mortgage. RESNET has been developing the \u003ca href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=bldrs_lenders_raters.nh_HERS\" target=\"_blank\">Home Energy Rating System (HERS)\u003c/a> since 1981\u003cstrong>. \u003c/strong>In the beginning, it was the higher the HERS score the better. But because of the more widespread introduction of renewable energy systems, such as \u003ca href=\"http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/photovoltaics.html\" target=\"_blank\">photovoltaics\u003c/a> (PV) and solar hot water systems, into homes, and the ability of many houses today to produce as much electricity and/or hot water as they need over the course of a year-these are called net zero-energy houses-a HERS Index of \"0\" is the goal. A HERS score of 85 means that a new home meets Energy Star standards. A HERS score of 150 means you're living with an \u003ca href=\"http://www.energyhog.org/\">Energy Hog\u003c/a>. The typical existing home in the United States has a HERS Index of 130.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>HERS raters look at a home's heating and cooling efficiency, insulation levels, appliance and lighting energy use, window efficiency, a home's solar orientation, and other factors that are tailored to the home's climate region, and use computer software to calculate a HERS index.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some readers my be asking, \"Why should I care?\" You should care because the HERS score is becoming the standard \u003cem>du jour\u003c/em> for homebuilders. If you want a bigger, energy efficiency mortgage, you'll need a HERS rater to measure the efficiency of the home you want to buy and to tell you what retrofits you need to do to qualify. If you are a builder and want to catch the \"green wave\" by earning an Energy Star rating for the new homes you are selling, you've got to get those homes rated by a certified HERS rater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many states have Energy Efficiency Portfolio Standards and Energy Efficiency Credit trading, and many more will in the future as we move towards national standards for meeting greenhouse gas emissions goals. The HERS Index is in place to serve the need for a third-party verifier of energy efficiency improvements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Want energy efficiency tax credits for your new home? Better find a RESNET-certified rater. Moving to Canada? The Canadian RESNET, or \u003ca href=\"http://cresnet.ca/\">CRESNET\u003c/a>, is in the process of accepting the U.S. standards. I don't know the HERS Index of my home, but we did recently have some air sealing and insulation work done-but not quite to Energy Star standards. My guess is we'd score about 100. What's your HERS score?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.8686 -122.267\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1367349746,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":566},"headData":{"title":"HERS It Is | KQED","description":"Blower door equipment is used to measure a home's air leaks. A blower door test is part of the evaluation for determining a home's HERS Index. Photo by: D&R International Remember the day when most men knew the horsepower of their muscle cars? Now most of us are concerned about miles per gallon. But what","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"669 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=669","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/06/27/hers-it-is/","disqusTitle":"HERS It Is","path":"/quest/669/hers-it-is","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/06/hers11.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Blower door equipment is used to measure a home's\u003cbr>\nair leaks. A blower door test is part of the evaluation for\u003cbr>\ndetermining a home's HERS Index.\u003cbr>\nPhoto by: D&R International\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember the day when most men knew the horsepower of their muscle cars? Now most of us are concerned about miles per gallon. But what can we use to bring prestige to our houses? It used to be that a large square footage gave us bragging rights. But if all goes according to the plan of the Residential Energy Services Network (\u003ca href=\"http://www.natresnet.org/\">RESNET\u003c/a>), the talk around the water cooler will be \"What's your house's HERS score?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Home energy ratings have been around since 1981. The idea began in the mortgage industry to credit the energy efficiency of homes towards the home mortgage. An energy efficient home means that the homeowner is spending less each month on electricity and natural gas and therefore has more to spend on the mortgage. RESNET has been developing the \u003ca href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=bldrs_lenders_raters.nh_HERS\" target=\"_blank\">Home Energy Rating System (HERS)\u003c/a> since 1981\u003cstrong>. \u003c/strong>In the beginning, it was the higher the HERS score the better. But because of the more widespread introduction of renewable energy systems, such as \u003ca href=\"http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/photovoltaics.html\" target=\"_blank\">photovoltaics\u003c/a> (PV) and solar hot water systems, into homes, and the ability of many houses today to produce as much electricity and/or hot water as they need over the course of a year-these are called net zero-energy houses-a HERS Index of \"0\" is the goal. A HERS score of 85 means that a new home meets Energy Star standards. A HERS score of 150 means you're living with an \u003ca href=\"http://www.energyhog.org/\">Energy Hog\u003c/a>. The typical existing home in the United States has a HERS Index of 130.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>HERS raters look at a home's heating and cooling efficiency, insulation levels, appliance and lighting energy use, window efficiency, a home's solar orientation, and other factors that are tailored to the home's climate region, and use computer software to calculate a HERS index.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some readers my be asking, \"Why should I care?\" You should care because the HERS score is becoming the standard \u003cem>du jour\u003c/em> for homebuilders. If you want a bigger, energy efficiency mortgage, you'll need a HERS rater to measure the efficiency of the home you want to buy and to tell you what retrofits you need to do to qualify. If you are a builder and want to catch the \"green wave\" by earning an Energy Star rating for the new homes you are selling, you've got to get those homes rated by a certified HERS rater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many states have Energy Efficiency Portfolio Standards and Energy Efficiency Credit trading, and many more will in the future as we move towards national standards for meeting greenhouse gas emissions goals. The HERS Index is in place to serve the need for a third-party verifier of energy efficiency improvements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Want energy efficiency tax credits for your new home? Better find a RESNET-certified rater. Moving to Canada? The Canadian RESNET, or \u003ca href=\"http://cresnet.ca/\">CRESNET\u003c/a>, is in the process of accepting the U.S. standards. I don't know the HERS Index of my home, but we did recently have some air sealing and insulation work done-but not quite to Energy Star standards. My guess is we'd score about 100. What's your HERS score?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.8686 -122.267\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/669/hers-it-is","authors":["10175"],"categories":["quest_11765","quest_8","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_474","quest_727","quest_988","quest_989","quest_990","quest_993","quest_1271","quest_1272","quest_1358","quest_1359","quest_1383","quest_3351","quest_2141","quest_2195","quest_2340","quest_2349","quest_2421","quest_2422","quest_2700","quest_3215"],"label":"quest"},"quest_516":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_516","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"516","score":null,"sort":[1207683999000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"producers-notes-biofuels-beyond-ethanol","title":"Producer's Notes - Biofuels: Beyond Ethanol","publishDate":1207683999,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>It doesn't need to be said that there's a heated debate about how to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions with actions that lessen our society's carbon footprint. Biofuels like ethanol or biodiesel are one option. They're touted as being carbon neutral because the CO2 they emit comes from crops which had previously sequestered them in the atmosphere. In contrast, petroleum produces CO2 emissions that had previously been buried deep in the earth's crust, adding to the other green house gases in the environment. For example, the U.S. Department of Energy - citing research by the Argonne National Laboratory – states that \u003ca href=\"http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/fuels/ethanol_benefits.html\" target=\"_blank\">ethanol derived from corn emits 25% less\u003c/a> greenhouse gas emissions than petroleum and that the savings with cellulosic ethanol, made from a feedstock like switchgrass, are much higher, in effect producing no additional greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So when QUEST decided to move forward on producing a story about biofuels, I welcomed the opportunity to assist Series Producer Josh Rosen in its crafting. Being QUEST, we weren't content to merely renumerate the different kinds of biofuels and how cellulosic ethanol is more efficient than corn-based ethanol. Instead, our story focuses on the pioneering work being done by researchers affiliated with the \u003ca href=\"http://jbei.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Joint BioEnergy Initiative\u003c/a> (JBEI), a multi-billion dollar research initiative based in Emeryville, as they look beyond ethanol to the next generation of biofuels. So not only is JBEI looking at various feedstocks like switchgrass, rice, poplar and innovative ways to “deconstruct” the cellulosic material, it also attempts to synthesize fuels that work more efficiently in America's automotive fleet, still overwhelmingly reliant on gasoline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even top researchers at JBEI like Jay Keasling and Blake Simmons caution that this next generation of biofuels won't be coming online for years. Moreover, new research suggests that the net production cycle of biofuels, from the clear-cutting of trees to grow the crops to their transport to markets far away, may yield as many or more emissions as the use of petroleum-based fuel. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/02/13/EDGEV10VF.DTL\" target=\"_blank\">A recent Op-Ed piece \u003c/a>in the San Francisco Chronicle by UC Berkeley Alex Farrell cites the reason for this as primarily one of production-- the way we clear land for growing biofuels, as well as our emphasis on the use of food-based crops like corn and soybean, which aren't terribly efficient sources of ethanol to begin with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tad Patzek, also at UC Berkeley, has been an ardent critic of the carbon-neutral reputation of biofuels, garnering controversy for conducting studies that some other researchers have criticized for their calculations of emissions arising from biofuel production. (See Patzek's co-authored article on page 19 of the March 2007 edition of Energy Tribune). Earlier this year, \u003ca href=\"http://www.stri.org/english/about_stri/headline_news/news/article.php?id=740\" target=\"_blank\">a study by researchers at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute\u003c/a> suggests that biofuels are not created equal, as those made from U.S. corn, Malaysian palm oil and Brazilian soy yield more emissions than their petroleum-based counterparts, given the environmental damage they reap when grown for fuel. The study cites recycled cooking oil and biofuel made from grassy and woody cellulosic material as being more intelligent choices for cutting down on emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And so the debate continues, struggling to keep pace with the technological progress made by scientists toiling away in their quest to find the holy grail of an efficient, cheap and environmentally-friendly biofuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Biofuels like ethanol or biodiesel are one option for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457969188,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":7,"wordCount":568},"headData":{"title":"Producer's Notes - Biofuels: Beyond Ethanol | KQED","description":"Biofuels like ethanol or biodiesel are one option for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"516 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2008/04/08/producers-notes-biofuels-beyond-ethanol/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/04/08/producers-notes-biofuels-beyond-ethanol/","disqusTitle":"Producer's Notes - Biofuels: Beyond Ethanol","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RoUJaeFbVhM","path":"/quest/516/producers-notes-biofuels-beyond-ethanol","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It doesn't need to be said that there's a heated debate about how to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions with actions that lessen our society's carbon footprint. Biofuels like ethanol or biodiesel are one option. They're touted as being carbon neutral because the CO2 they emit comes from crops which had previously sequestered them in the atmosphere. In contrast, petroleum produces CO2 emissions that had previously been buried deep in the earth's crust, adding to the other green house gases in the environment. For example, the U.S. Department of Energy - citing research by the Argonne National Laboratory – states that \u003ca href=\"http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/fuels/ethanol_benefits.html\" target=\"_blank\">ethanol derived from corn emits 25% less\u003c/a> greenhouse gas emissions than petroleum and that the savings with cellulosic ethanol, made from a feedstock like switchgrass, are much higher, in effect producing no additional greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So when QUEST decided to move forward on producing a story about biofuels, I welcomed the opportunity to assist Series Producer Josh Rosen in its crafting. Being QUEST, we weren't content to merely renumerate the different kinds of biofuels and how cellulosic ethanol is more efficient than corn-based ethanol. Instead, our story focuses on the pioneering work being done by researchers affiliated with the \u003ca href=\"http://jbei.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Joint BioEnergy Initiative\u003c/a> (JBEI), a multi-billion dollar research initiative based in Emeryville, as they look beyond ethanol to the next generation of biofuels. So not only is JBEI looking at various feedstocks like switchgrass, rice, poplar and innovative ways to “deconstruct” the cellulosic material, it also attempts to synthesize fuels that work more efficiently in America's automotive fleet, still overwhelmingly reliant on gasoline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even top researchers at JBEI like Jay Keasling and Blake Simmons caution that this next generation of biofuels won't be coming online for years. Moreover, new research suggests that the net production cycle of biofuels, from the clear-cutting of trees to grow the crops to their transport to markets far away, may yield as many or more emissions as the use of petroleum-based fuel. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/02/13/EDGEV10VF.DTL\" target=\"_blank\">A recent Op-Ed piece \u003c/a>in the San Francisco Chronicle by UC Berkeley Alex Farrell cites the reason for this as primarily one of production-- the way we clear land for growing biofuels, as well as our emphasis on the use of food-based crops like corn and soybean, which aren't terribly efficient sources of ethanol to begin with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tad Patzek, also at UC Berkeley, has been an ardent critic of the carbon-neutral reputation of biofuels, garnering controversy for conducting studies that some other researchers have criticized for their calculations of emissions arising from biofuel production. (See Patzek's co-authored article on page 19 of the March 2007 edition of Energy Tribune). Earlier this year, \u003ca href=\"http://www.stri.org/english/about_stri/headline_news/news/article.php?id=740\" target=\"_blank\">a study by researchers at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute\u003c/a> suggests that biofuels are not created equal, as those made from U.S. corn, Malaysian palm oil and Brazilian soy yield more emissions than their petroleum-based counterparts, given the environmental damage they reap when grown for fuel. The study cites recycled cooking oil and biofuel made from grassy and woody cellulosic material as being more intelligent choices for cutting down on emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And so the debate continues, struggling to keep pace with the technological progress made by scientists toiling away in their quest to find the holy grail of an efficient, cheap and environmentally-friendly biofuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/516/producers-notes-biofuels-beyond-ethanol","authors":["6176"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_5","quest_11765","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_54","quest_328","quest_438","quest_529","quest_637","quest_702","quest_984","quest_1023","quest_1224","quest_1272","quest_3351","quest_1586","quest_1630","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_2856","quest_2893"],"featImg":"quest_517","label":"quest"},"quest_372":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_372","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"372","score":null,"sort":[1201227537000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"cashing-in-on-carbon-2","title":"Cashing in on Carbon","publishDate":1201227537,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/view/740\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/01/radio2-16_carbon300.jpg\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>When football fans tune in on Super Bowl Sunday next weekend, they'll be watching a \u003ca href=\"http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/news/articles/1225supergreen1225.html\" target=\"_blank\">greener Super Bowl\u003c/a>, according to the NFL. Demand for carbon credits is booming, with companies from Dell Computer to Enterprise Rent-a-Car offering their customers offsets with their purchases. But critics are concerned that consumers don't know what they're buying - or might not be getting what they're promised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://blog.oup.com/2006/11/carbon_neutral_/\" target=\"_blank\">2006 Word of the Year\u003c/a> was \"carbon netural\" in the The New Oxford English Dictionary. But there's still a lot of \u003ca href=\"http://www.treehugger.com/files/2007/12/ask_treehugger_28.php\" target=\"_blank\">debate about what it means\u003c/a>. Many people compare the U.S. carbon offset market to the Wild West. Since there is no regulation, how do you know what you're buying?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are several guides to carbon offsets that have been created by non-profit organizations, designed to help the average consumer (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/view/740\" target=\"_blank\">see related resources\u003c/a>). But part of the problem is that many people are still debating what a carbon offset should be. And that's a debate that can be found in the blogosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One place you can find it is on the \u003ca href=\"http://gristmill.grist.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Grist.org blog\u003c/a> which has many bloggers writing about green issues. Forestry offset projects, which sell credits based on the fact that trees sequester-- or hold carbon dioxide, have come under fire. You can read about a few of the critiques \u003ca href=\"http://gristmill.grist.org/story/2007/7/10/84942/4328\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://grist.org/advice/ask/2007/01/22/planting/\" target=\"_blank\">here \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://gristmill.grist.org/story/2007/7/3/132248/6182\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another blog, \u003ca href=\"http://www.treehugger.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Treehugger.com\u003c/a>, has followed the issue as well. They posted \u003ca href=\"http://www.treehugger.com/files/2006/03/survey_of_carbo.php\" target=\"_blank\">this comparison of offset providers\u003c/a> to help their readers do their homework and \u003ca href=\"http://www.treehugger.com/files/2007/07/how-to-green-your-carbon-offsets.php\" target=\"_blank\">this more in depth guide\u003c/a> on the issues buyers should be aware of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, one of the earliest debates over offsets was whether \u003ca href=\"http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2006/oct/18/green.guardiansocietysupplement\" target=\"_blank\">offsets would act as \"indulgences\"\u003c/a>, distracting consumers from making concrete changes in their lifestyles to reduce their carbon footprint. Terrapass, one offset retailer, has tried to investigate this by surveying their customers. They found that the majority of them had \u003ca href=\"http://www.terrapass.com/blog/posts/terrapass-custo\" target=\"_blank\">already had green habits\u003c/a>. Still, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/20/business/worldbusiness/20carbon.html\" target=\"_blank\">virtues of offsets\u003c/a> are a matter of personal opinion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/view/740\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>You may \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/view/740\"> listen to the \"Cashing in on Carbon\" radio report\u003c/a> online, as well as find additional links and resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_lsommer.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Lauren Sommer\u003c/strong> is an Associate Media Producer for QUEST.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\"> latitude: \u003cspan class=\"latitude\">37.325510\u003c/span>, longitude: \u003cspan class=\"longitude\">-120.640341\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.850783 -122.294830\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371081021,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":375},"headData":{"title":"Cashing in on Carbon | KQED","description":"When football fans tune in on Super Bowl Sunday next weekend, they'll be watching a greener Super Bowl, according to the NFL. Demand for carbon credits is booming, with companies from Dell Computer to Enterprise Rent-a-Car offering their customers offsets with their purchases. But critics are concerned that consumers don't know what they're buying -","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"372 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2008/01/24/cashing-in-on-carbon/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/01/24/cashing-in-on-carbon-2/","disqusTitle":"Cashing in on Carbon","path":"/quest/372/cashing-in-on-carbon-2","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/view/740\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/01/radio2-16_carbon300.jpg\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>When football fans tune in on Super Bowl Sunday next weekend, they'll be watching a \u003ca href=\"http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/news/articles/1225supergreen1225.html\" target=\"_blank\">greener Super Bowl\u003c/a>, according to the NFL. Demand for carbon credits is booming, with companies from Dell Computer to Enterprise Rent-a-Car offering their customers offsets with their purchases. But critics are concerned that consumers don't know what they're buying - or might not be getting what they're promised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://blog.oup.com/2006/11/carbon_neutral_/\" target=\"_blank\">2006 Word of the Year\u003c/a> was \"carbon netural\" in the The New Oxford English Dictionary. But there's still a lot of \u003ca href=\"http://www.treehugger.com/files/2007/12/ask_treehugger_28.php\" target=\"_blank\">debate about what it means\u003c/a>. Many people compare the U.S. carbon offset market to the Wild West. Since there is no regulation, how do you know what you're buying?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are several guides to carbon offsets that have been created by non-profit organizations, designed to help the average consumer (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/view/740\" target=\"_blank\">see related resources\u003c/a>). But part of the problem is that many people are still debating what a carbon offset should be. And that's a debate that can be found in the blogosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One place you can find it is on the \u003ca href=\"http://gristmill.grist.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Grist.org blog\u003c/a> which has many bloggers writing about green issues. Forestry offset projects, which sell credits based on the fact that trees sequester-- or hold carbon dioxide, have come under fire. You can read about a few of the critiques \u003ca href=\"http://gristmill.grist.org/story/2007/7/10/84942/4328\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://grist.org/advice/ask/2007/01/22/planting/\" target=\"_blank\">here \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://gristmill.grist.org/story/2007/7/3/132248/6182\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another blog, \u003ca href=\"http://www.treehugger.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Treehugger.com\u003c/a>, has followed the issue as well. They posted \u003ca href=\"http://www.treehugger.com/files/2006/03/survey_of_carbo.php\" target=\"_blank\">this comparison of offset providers\u003c/a> to help their readers do their homework and \u003ca href=\"http://www.treehugger.com/files/2007/07/how-to-green-your-carbon-offsets.php\" target=\"_blank\">this more in depth guide\u003c/a> on the issues buyers should be aware of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, one of the earliest debates over offsets was whether \u003ca href=\"http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2006/oct/18/green.guardiansocietysupplement\" target=\"_blank\">offsets would act as \"indulgences\"\u003c/a>, distracting consumers from making concrete changes in their lifestyles to reduce their carbon footprint. Terrapass, one offset retailer, has tried to investigate this by surveying their customers. They found that the majority of them had \u003ca href=\"http://www.terrapass.com/blog/posts/terrapass-custo\" target=\"_blank\">already had green habits\u003c/a>. Still, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/20/business/worldbusiness/20carbon.html\" target=\"_blank\">virtues of offsets\u003c/a> are a matter of personal opinion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/view/740\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>You may \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/view/740\"> listen to the \"Cashing in on Carbon\" radio report\u003c/a> online, as well as find additional links and resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_lsommer.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Lauren Sommer\u003c/strong> is an Associate Media Producer for QUEST.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\"> latitude: \u003cspan class=\"latitude\">37.325510\u003c/span>, longitude: \u003cspan class=\"longitude\">-120.640341\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.850783 -122.294830\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/372/cashing-in-on-carbon-2","authors":["239"],"categories":["quest_1"],"tags":["quest_482","quest_484","quest_487","quest_488","quest_490","quest_716","quest_1224","quest_1272","quest_3351","quest_1586","quest_1801","quest_2055","quest_2349","quest_13202","quest_2530"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/possible-5gxfizEbKOJ-pbF5ASgxrs_.1400x1400.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/ATC_1400.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/powerpress/1440_0018_AmericanSuburb_iTunesTile_01.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/powerpress/1440_0017_BayCurious_iTunesTile_01.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/2021/10/BBC_1400.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/CodeSwitchLifeKit_StationGraphics_300x300EmailGraphic.png","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. 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The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.","airtime":"SAT 4pm-5pm","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/reveal300px.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/reveal","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/reveal/id886009669","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Reveal-p679597/","rss":"http://feeds.revealradio.org/revealpodcast"}},"says-you":{"id":"says-you","title":"Says You!","info":"Public radio's game show of bluff and bluster, words and whimsy. 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