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The ancient Mayans and Aztecs even used the pods of the cacao tree, which produces chocolate, as currency. They also used cacao as a tonic to improve overall health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72953\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Chocolate_McNeil_Guerra_Codex_FM_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72953 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Chocolate_McNeil_Guerra_Codex_FM_800-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Drawing of cacao pods based on the The Codex Fejérváry-Mayer, an ancient Aztec manuscript. Courtesy Cameron McNeil and Eliud Guerra.\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Drawing of cacao pods based on the The Codex Fejérváry-Mayer, an ancient Aztec manuscript.\u003cbr> Courtesy Cameron McNeil and Eliud Guerra.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Today’s scientists agree with the ancients: chocolate, in small doses, is not just delicious -- \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-living/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/expert-answers/healthy-chocolate/faq-20058044\">it’s actually good for you\u003c/a>. This is particularly true of dark chocolate, which is rich in compounds called flavanols. Also found in red wine, tea and berries, \u003ca href=\"http://healthyeating.sfgate.com/flavonoids-good-for-3158.html\">flavanols have an antioxidant effect\u003c/a>, reducing cell damage and heart disease. Research also strongly suggests that they support healthy blood pressure and reduce the chances of strokes and heart attacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re really good at really scavenging or sopping up these free radicals that can damage your cells,” said Mary Engler, a senior clinician and training director at the National Institutes of Health, NINR, in Bethesda, MD. Engler has studied the health effects of chocolate and other flavonols since 2001.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72949\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 282px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Streeter_Pregnant_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-72949\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Streeter_Pregnant_800-282x169.jpg\" alt=\"Pregnant women and their babies may benefit from eating small amounts of dark chocolate every day. Artwork by Katherine Streeter.\" width=\"282\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pregnant women and their babies may benefit from eating small amounts of dark chocolate every day.\u003cbr>Artwork by Katherine Streeter.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Pregnant women should take special note: Regular intake of chocolate -- the darker the better -- during pregnancy appears to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2901253/\">lower the risk of pre-eclampsia\u003c/a>, a dangerous complication. A 2013 study at the University of Helsinki, Finland also showed that \u003ca href=\"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3604275.stm\">women who eat chocolate every day during pregnancy report calmer, happier babies\u003c/a> six months after giving birth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Milk and white chocolate lovers, you're out of luck: you’ll get all the butter, fat, and sugar, but \u003ca href=\"http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS014067360761873X/fulltext\">no circulation-boosting flavanols\u003c/a>. Even dark chocolate is rich and should be eaten in moderation, and beware: some manufacturers artificially darken their product and remove the bitter cacao solids, which contain the healthy compounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72948\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/USDA_Infected_Cacao_k9542-2_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72948 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/USDA_Infected_Cacao_k9542-2_800-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Scientist hope that advanced genomics will help to minimize cacao crop loss due to fungal disease, which has afflicted these pods in Costa Rica, causing them to rot on the tree. Photo by Christopher J. Saunders/USDA\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists are using advanced genomics to help minimize cacao crop loss due to fungal disease, which has afflicted these pods in Costa Rica, causing them to rot on the tree.\u003cbr> Photo by Christopher J. Saunders/USDA\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As beloved as it is, it’s not surprising that chocolate is an important crop for farmers around the world. Roughly 70 percent of cacao is produced in equatorial Africa, where two million small-scale farms depend on the crop. But cocoa production has long suffered from serious losses due to pests, drought and diseases. A third of the cocoa produced in Africa -- $800 million’s worth -- is lost each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, there’s relief in sight for cacao farmers and the consumers who depend on them. In 2010, scientists at the USDA’s Agricultural Research Service and universities partnered with IBM and the candy company Mars to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/pr/2010/100915.htm\">se\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/pr/2010/100915.htm\">quence the genome of cacao\u003c/a>, in order to help identify the markers of a more sustainable crop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72947\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Chocolate_TCHO_PeruPix-10-08-12_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72947 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Chocolate_TCHO_PeruPix-10-08-12_800-280x169.jpg\" alt=\"A Peruvian cacao farmer with a batch of beans. Courtesy TCHO.\" width=\"280\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Peruvian cacao farmer with a batch of beans. Courtesy TCHO.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cacao genome sequence has been \u003ca href=\"http://www.cacaogenomedb.org/\">released for free on the internet\u003c/a>, where it can be accessed by researchers who can use it to improve cacao breeding techniques. Farmers can also use the cacao database to select the breeds that will flourish best under changing local conditions. And that’s sweet news for the future of one of the world’s favorite treats.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Everybody loves chocolate, but did you know that small daily doses of dark chocolate are good for your health? Read the story and watch the video to learn about the precision engineering and chemistry behind the beloved treat. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442634495,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":612},"headData":{"title":"The Sweet Science of Chocolate | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Sweet Science of Chocolate","datePublished":"2014-11-13T15:00:46.000Z","dateModified":"2015-09-19T03:48:15.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"17484 http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/the-sweet-science-of-chocolate/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/11/13/the-sweet-science-of-chocolate/","disqusTitle":"The Sweet Science of Chocolate","videoEmbed":"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WUwaidNGXaM?feature=player_detailpage","path":"/quest/17484/the-sweet-science-of-chocolate","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>This video story was originally produced by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/jennyoh/\">Jenny Oh\u003c/a> and was updated by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/lisalanders/\">Lisa Landers\u003c/a> and Arwen Curry.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chocolate is the solid gold of sweets, providing a standard of delectability that’s been upheld around the globe for more than 2,000 years. The ancient Mayans and Aztecs even used the pods of the cacao tree, which produces chocolate, as currency. They also used cacao as a tonic to improve overall health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72953\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Chocolate_McNeil_Guerra_Codex_FM_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72953 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Chocolate_McNeil_Guerra_Codex_FM_800-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Drawing of cacao pods based on the The Codex Fejérváry-Mayer, an ancient Aztec manuscript. Courtesy Cameron McNeil and Eliud Guerra.\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Drawing of cacao pods based on the The Codex Fejérváry-Mayer, an ancient Aztec manuscript.\u003cbr> Courtesy Cameron McNeil and Eliud Guerra.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Today’s scientists agree with the ancients: chocolate, in small doses, is not just delicious -- \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-living/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/expert-answers/healthy-chocolate/faq-20058044\">it’s actually good for you\u003c/a>. This is particularly true of dark chocolate, which is rich in compounds called flavanols. Also found in red wine, tea and berries, \u003ca href=\"http://healthyeating.sfgate.com/flavonoids-good-for-3158.html\">flavanols have an antioxidant effect\u003c/a>, reducing cell damage and heart disease. Research also strongly suggests that they support healthy blood pressure and reduce the chances of strokes and heart attacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re really good at really scavenging or sopping up these free radicals that can damage your cells,” said Mary Engler, a senior clinician and training director at the National Institutes of Health, NINR, in Bethesda, MD. Engler has studied the health effects of chocolate and other flavonols since 2001.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72949\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 282px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Streeter_Pregnant_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-72949\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Streeter_Pregnant_800-282x169.jpg\" alt=\"Pregnant women and their babies may benefit from eating small amounts of dark chocolate every day. Artwork by Katherine Streeter.\" width=\"282\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pregnant women and their babies may benefit from eating small amounts of dark chocolate every day.\u003cbr>Artwork by Katherine Streeter.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Pregnant women should take special note: Regular intake of chocolate -- the darker the better -- during pregnancy appears to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2901253/\">lower the risk of pre-eclampsia\u003c/a>, a dangerous complication. A 2013 study at the University of Helsinki, Finland also showed that \u003ca href=\"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3604275.stm\">women who eat chocolate every day during pregnancy report calmer, happier babies\u003c/a> six months after giving birth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Milk and white chocolate lovers, you're out of luck: you’ll get all the butter, fat, and sugar, but \u003ca href=\"http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS014067360761873X/fulltext\">no circulation-boosting flavanols\u003c/a>. Even dark chocolate is rich and should be eaten in moderation, and beware: some manufacturers artificially darken their product and remove the bitter cacao solids, which contain the healthy compounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72948\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/USDA_Infected_Cacao_k9542-2_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72948 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/USDA_Infected_Cacao_k9542-2_800-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Scientist hope that advanced genomics will help to minimize cacao crop loss due to fungal disease, which has afflicted these pods in Costa Rica, causing them to rot on the tree. Photo by Christopher J. Saunders/USDA\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists are using advanced genomics to help minimize cacao crop loss due to fungal disease, which has afflicted these pods in Costa Rica, causing them to rot on the tree.\u003cbr> Photo by Christopher J. Saunders/USDA\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As beloved as it is, it’s not surprising that chocolate is an important crop for farmers around the world. Roughly 70 percent of cacao is produced in equatorial Africa, where two million small-scale farms depend on the crop. But cocoa production has long suffered from serious losses due to pests, drought and diseases. A third of the cocoa produced in Africa -- $800 million’s worth -- is lost each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, there’s relief in sight for cacao farmers and the consumers who depend on them. In 2010, scientists at the USDA’s Agricultural Research Service and universities partnered with IBM and the candy company Mars to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/pr/2010/100915.htm\">se\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/pr/2010/100915.htm\">quence the genome of cacao\u003c/a>, in order to help identify the markers of a more sustainable crop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72947\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Chocolate_TCHO_PeruPix-10-08-12_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72947 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Chocolate_TCHO_PeruPix-10-08-12_800-280x169.jpg\" alt=\"A Peruvian cacao farmer with a batch of beans. Courtesy TCHO.\" width=\"280\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Peruvian cacao farmer with a batch of beans. Courtesy TCHO.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cacao genome sequence has been \u003ca href=\"http://www.cacaogenomedb.org/\">released for free on the internet\u003c/a>, where it can be accessed by researchers who can use it to improve cacao breeding techniques. Farmers can also use the cacao database to select the breeds that will flourish best under changing local conditions. And that’s sweet news for the future of one of the world’s favorite treats.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/17484/the-sweet-science-of-chocolate","authors":["6444"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_5","quest_6","quest_3229","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_11124","quest_13081","quest_590","quest_641","quest_11122","quest_11123","quest_1122","quest_12269","quest_10557","quest_13201","quest_1436","quest_3351","quest_1751","quest_13078","quest_2141","quest_13082","quest_3711","quest_2349","quest_13","quest_13364","quest_13079","quest_2893","quest_13080","quest_3025","quest_13083","quest_3046","quest_3071"],"collections":["quest_3354"],"featImg":"quest_72976","label":"quest_3354"},"quest_36705":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_36705","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"36705","score":null,"sort":[1335970850000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"classification-challenge-documenting-microbes-biodiversity%e2%80%99s-hidden-treasure","title":"Classification Challenge: Documenting Microbes, Biodiversity’s Hidden Treasure ","publishDate":1335970850,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36715\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/02/classification-challenge-documenting-microbes-biodiversity%e2%80%99s-hidden-treasure/journal-pbio640/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36715\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-36715\" title=\"tubeworms and bacteria\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/journal.pbio640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"tubeworms and bacteria\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The tubeworm Lamellibrachia luymesi lives around hydrocarbon-releasing ocean floor seeps in the Gulf ofMexico. It gets the sulfide it needs to survive from amenagerie of bacteria and archaea that live in the sedimentssurrounding the vent. (Credit: PLoS Biology)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The impulse to classify life seems hard-wired in our species, a relic perhaps of an ancient need to forage in landscapes rife with poisonous roots, fruits, shoots and fungi. Not that the need has disappeared. You get just once chance to mistake \u003cem>Amanita phalloides\u003c/em>—aka the “death cap”—for the delectable paddy straw mushroom \u003cem>(Volvariella volvacea).\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Linnaeus’ \u003cem>Systema Naturae\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nintroduced the modern framework for classification, helping scientists categorize life as a first step to understanding it. Taxonomists have now described roughly 1.5 million species, just a fraction of the true measure of the planet’s biodiversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Figuring out how many species inhabit Earth remains one of science’s most enduring, and elusive, challenges. A recent census effort, \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/IGomnF\">published last summer,\u003c/a> placed the estimate at around 8.7 million species on land and sea, with the vast majority still awaiting description.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper raised a stir, not least because its estimate of microbial diversity was so low (for bacteria, about 10,000 species), to the consternation of many, including \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/IGpebS\">UC Davis professor Jonathan Eisen,\u003c/a> an evolutionary biologist and microbe ambassador. But I’ll return to that in a moment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taking stock of the number of species on the planet helps biologists predict how losing them might impact ecosystems. But we’re losing species faster than biologists can discover and describe them, let alone identify the conditions they need to survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a \u003ca href=\"http://sci.odu.edu/biology/directory/Butchart%20et%20al%20Global%20biodiversity%20declines%20Science.pdf\">somber report published a few years ago\u003c/a> made clear, the Convention on Biological Diversity’s push to reduce the rate of biodiversity loss by 2010 has largely failed. Several categories of animals skirt the brink of extinction while threats to ecosystem health, from nitrogen pollution to overfishing, continue unabated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peter Kareiva, chief scientist for The Nature Conservancy, \u003ca href=\"http://breakthroughjournal.org/content/authors/peter-kareiva-robert-lalasz-an-1/conservation-in-the-anthropoce.shtml\">described our failure in an essay: \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Biodiversity on Earth continues its rapid decline. We continue to lose forests in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. There are so few wild tigers and apes that they will be lost forever if current trends continue. Simply put, we are losing many more special places and species than we're saving.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kareiva’s point was not that we should all hang our heads in defeat, or dig in our heels and fence off more and more land from our ever-expanding ecological footprint. He suggested something more radical: recognize the resilience of nature—not “nature” with a capital “N” but nature as a complex system of physical forces and chemical processes—and our place in it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Embrace your inner microbe\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And here’s where microbes come in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider this: by the numbers, you’re more microbe than human. Microbes outnumber you by at least 10 to 1. Your eyelashes, hair, saliva and skin offer prime habitat to a multitude of microorganisms. What looks like a body part to you looks like a niche to microbes. When you type, you \u003ca href=\"http://www.hhmi.org/news/knight20100315.html\">leave a unique microbial fingerprint on your keyboard.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the real action takes place in your gut, Microbe Megalopolis, population 100 trillion, give or take a few. And here’s where it gets interesting. Your gut microflora and mine differ. And these variations can spell the difference between health and disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Relman, a Stanford microbiologist and “microbiome” pioneer, \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/JACQbY\">told a reporter\u003c/a> that the diversity and individual variation of our gut microbial communities suggests that “one of the most important ecosystems on the planet might be the human body.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36708\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 277px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/02/classification-challenge-documenting-microbes-biodiversity%e2%80%99s-hidden-treasure/cover_art1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36708\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-36708\" title=\"gut microbe\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/gutmicrobe-277x360.jpg\" alt=\"gut microbe\" width=\"277\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">B. thetaiotaomicron, a prominent human gutbacterium, and the intestine. (Image: PLoS Biology)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Researchers have now implicated the microbiome in allergies, autoimmune disease, obesity, and a variety of other conditions. And it all started with one study that showed that when you transplant a microbial community from one mouse to another, the phenotype--traits associated with that community, in this case, obesity--goes with it, explains Eisen. “That changed everything. Until that paper came along no one had shown that microbes played that big a role.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We know microbes are the most abundant life form on Earth. But that doesn’t mean we can take them for granted. Many of their natural habitats—both landscapes and organisms—are disappearing. When host organisms disappear, the microbes will go with them. The reverse could also be true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most captive breeding programs to restore endangered species to the wild concentrate on genetic diversity as the key to survival. “But no one’s really saying we need to worry about their microbes too,” says Eisen. “No one’s focusing on whatever we need to do to make sure they have the right microbial community with them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An improbable field guide\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 6,000 to 8,000 species of bacteria have been described so far, but biologists like Eisen think there may be hundreds of thousands or even billions of niches to exploit. Trying to count microbe species is a losing proposition, he thinks. But trying to characterize microbe diversity by thinking in terms of niches isn’t. Microbes exploit different niches just like any other organism, from Darwin’s finches to Arctic foxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A self-described “bird nerd” since he was 7 years old, Eisen thinks the best way to get a handle on the seemingly intractable diversity of microbial life on the planet is to \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yoD6Fs5yRdU\">think in terms of field guides\u003c/a>. Document everything you know about different types of microbes, their niches, range, biology, genetics and ways to identify them. That becomes both a reference and an organizational framework for gathering and making sense of the mountains of data, mostly genetic, gathered from the places microbes live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using “metagenomic” tools, scientists sift through reams of genetic material extracted from environmental samples by matching gene sequences to known organisms or, if nothing matches, to something roughly similar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DNA is obviously different from skeletons, bones and fossils, Eisen says, but the classification, clustering and taxonomy methods are no different from what ecologists, archeologists and paleontologists have been doing for thousands of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, the microbe field guide is a tad more ambitious than any field guide to birds. The enormity of the task was perhaps best expressed by metagenomic pioneer Julian Davies in a \u003ca href=\"http://nature.berkeley.edu/brunslab/espm131/readings/gewin2006.pdf\">quote beloved by microbe hunters:\u003c/a> “Once the diversity of the microbial world is catalogued, it will make astronomy look like a pitiful science.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s hard to overstate microbes’ importance to the planet. They drive the global carbon and nitrogen cycles that make life possible, regulate climate, purify groundwater and detoxify waste. If it weren’t for the ancient forebears of \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/JBGTVx\">ocean-dwelling cyanobacteria,\u003c/a> which pumped oxygen into Earth’s atmosphere after emerging some 3.5 billion years ago, we probably wouldn’t exist.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Figuring out how many species inhabit Earth remains one of science’s most enduring, and elusive, challenges.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1366754060,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":26,"wordCount":1189},"headData":{"title":"Classification Challenge: Documenting Microbes, Biodiversity’s Hidden Treasure | KQED","description":"Figuring out how many species inhabit Earth remains one of science’s most enduring, and elusive, challenges.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Classification Challenge: Documenting Microbes, Biodiversity’s Hidden Treasure ","datePublished":"2012-05-02T15:00:50.000Z","dateModified":"2013-04-23T21:54:20.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"36705 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=36705","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/02/classification-challenge-documenting-microbes-biodiversity%e2%80%99s-hidden-treasure/","disqusTitle":"Classification Challenge: Documenting Microbes, Biodiversity’s Hidden Treasure ","path":"/quest/36705/classification-challenge-documenting-microbes-biodiversity%e2%80%99s-hidden-treasure","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36715\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/02/classification-challenge-documenting-microbes-biodiversity%e2%80%99s-hidden-treasure/journal-pbio640/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36715\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-36715\" title=\"tubeworms and bacteria\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/journal.pbio640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"tubeworms and bacteria\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The tubeworm Lamellibrachia luymesi lives around hydrocarbon-releasing ocean floor seeps in the Gulf ofMexico. It gets the sulfide it needs to survive from amenagerie of bacteria and archaea that live in the sedimentssurrounding the vent. (Credit: PLoS Biology)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The impulse to classify life seems hard-wired in our species, a relic perhaps of an ancient need to forage in landscapes rife with poisonous roots, fruits, shoots and fungi. Not that the need has disappeared. You get just once chance to mistake \u003cem>Amanita phalloides\u003c/em>—aka the “death cap”—for the delectable paddy straw mushroom \u003cem>(Volvariella volvacea).\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Linnaeus’ \u003cem>Systema Naturae\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nintroduced the modern framework for classification, helping scientists categorize life as a first step to understanding it. Taxonomists have now described roughly 1.5 million species, just a fraction of the true measure of the planet’s biodiversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Figuring out how many species inhabit Earth remains one of science’s most enduring, and elusive, challenges. A recent census effort, \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/IGomnF\">published last summer,\u003c/a> placed the estimate at around 8.7 million species on land and sea, with the vast majority still awaiting description.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper raised a stir, not least because its estimate of microbial diversity was so low (for bacteria, about 10,000 species), to the consternation of many, including \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/IGpebS\">UC Davis professor Jonathan Eisen,\u003c/a> an evolutionary biologist and microbe ambassador. But I’ll return to that in a moment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taking stock of the number of species on the planet helps biologists predict how losing them might impact ecosystems. But we’re losing species faster than biologists can discover and describe them, let alone identify the conditions they need to survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a \u003ca href=\"http://sci.odu.edu/biology/directory/Butchart%20et%20al%20Global%20biodiversity%20declines%20Science.pdf\">somber report published a few years ago\u003c/a> made clear, the Convention on Biological Diversity’s push to reduce the rate of biodiversity loss by 2010 has largely failed. Several categories of animals skirt the brink of extinction while threats to ecosystem health, from nitrogen pollution to overfishing, continue unabated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peter Kareiva, chief scientist for The Nature Conservancy, \u003ca href=\"http://breakthroughjournal.org/content/authors/peter-kareiva-robert-lalasz-an-1/conservation-in-the-anthropoce.shtml\">described our failure in an essay: \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Biodiversity on Earth continues its rapid decline. We continue to lose forests in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. There are so few wild tigers and apes that they will be lost forever if current trends continue. Simply put, we are losing many more special places and species than we're saving.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kareiva’s point was not that we should all hang our heads in defeat, or dig in our heels and fence off more and more land from our ever-expanding ecological footprint. He suggested something more radical: recognize the resilience of nature—not “nature” with a capital “N” but nature as a complex system of physical forces and chemical processes—and our place in it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Embrace your inner microbe\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And here’s where microbes come in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider this: by the numbers, you’re more microbe than human. Microbes outnumber you by at least 10 to 1. Your eyelashes, hair, saliva and skin offer prime habitat to a multitude of microorganisms. What looks like a body part to you looks like a niche to microbes. When you type, you \u003ca href=\"http://www.hhmi.org/news/knight20100315.html\">leave a unique microbial fingerprint on your keyboard.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the real action takes place in your gut, Microbe Megalopolis, population 100 trillion, give or take a few. And here’s where it gets interesting. Your gut microflora and mine differ. And these variations can spell the difference between health and disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Relman, a Stanford microbiologist and “microbiome” pioneer, \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/JACQbY\">told a reporter\u003c/a> that the diversity and individual variation of our gut microbial communities suggests that “one of the most important ecosystems on the planet might be the human body.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36708\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 277px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/02/classification-challenge-documenting-microbes-biodiversity%e2%80%99s-hidden-treasure/cover_art1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36708\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-36708\" title=\"gut microbe\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/gutmicrobe-277x360.jpg\" alt=\"gut microbe\" width=\"277\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">B. thetaiotaomicron, a prominent human gutbacterium, and the intestine. (Image: PLoS Biology)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Researchers have now implicated the microbiome in allergies, autoimmune disease, obesity, and a variety of other conditions. And it all started with one study that showed that when you transplant a microbial community from one mouse to another, the phenotype--traits associated with that community, in this case, obesity--goes with it, explains Eisen. “That changed everything. Until that paper came along no one had shown that microbes played that big a role.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We know microbes are the most abundant life form on Earth. But that doesn’t mean we can take them for granted. Many of their natural habitats—both landscapes and organisms—are disappearing. When host organisms disappear, the microbes will go with them. The reverse could also be true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most captive breeding programs to restore endangered species to the wild concentrate on genetic diversity as the key to survival. “But no one’s really saying we need to worry about their microbes too,” says Eisen. “No one’s focusing on whatever we need to do to make sure they have the right microbial community with them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An improbable field guide\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 6,000 to 8,000 species of bacteria have been described so far, but biologists like Eisen think there may be hundreds of thousands or even billions of niches to exploit. Trying to count microbe species is a losing proposition, he thinks. But trying to characterize microbe diversity by thinking in terms of niches isn’t. Microbes exploit different niches just like any other organism, from Darwin’s finches to Arctic foxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A self-described “bird nerd” since he was 7 years old, Eisen thinks the best way to get a handle on the seemingly intractable diversity of microbial life on the planet is to \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yoD6Fs5yRdU\">think in terms of field guides\u003c/a>. Document everything you know about different types of microbes, their niches, range, biology, genetics and ways to identify them. That becomes both a reference and an organizational framework for gathering and making sense of the mountains of data, mostly genetic, gathered from the places microbes live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using “metagenomic” tools, scientists sift through reams of genetic material extracted from environmental samples by matching gene sequences to known organisms or, if nothing matches, to something roughly similar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DNA is obviously different from skeletons, bones and fossils, Eisen says, but the classification, clustering and taxonomy methods are no different from what ecologists, archeologists and paleontologists have been doing for thousands of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, the microbe field guide is a tad more ambitious than any field guide to birds. The enormity of the task was perhaps best expressed by metagenomic pioneer Julian Davies in a \u003ca href=\"http://nature.berkeley.edu/brunslab/espm131/readings/gewin2006.pdf\">quote beloved by microbe hunters:\u003c/a> “Once the diversity of the microbial world is catalogued, it will make astronomy look like a pitiful science.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s hard to overstate microbes’ importance to the planet. They drive the global carbon and nitrogen cycles that make life possible, regulate climate, purify groundwater and detoxify waste. If it weren’t for the ancient forebears of \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/JBGTVx\">ocean-dwelling cyanobacteria,\u003c/a> which pumped oxygen into Earth’s atmosphere after emerging some 3.5 billion years ago, we probably wouldn’t exist.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/36705/classification-challenge-documenting-microbes-biodiversity%e2%80%99s-hidden-treasure","authors":["6322"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_326","quest_10936","quest_10557","quest_11055","quest_1812","quest_11054","quest_11056","quest_3307","quest_13202"],"featImg":"quest_36715","label":"quest"},"quest_28441":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_28441","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"28441","score":null,"sort":[1324920201000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"we-don%e2%80%99t-want-the-funk-in-our-wine","title":"We Don’t Want the Funk (in our Wine)","publishDate":1324920201,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28442\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/26/we-don%e2%80%99t-want-the-funk-in-our-wine/redwine/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-28442\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/RedWine.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"RedWine\" width=\"640\" height=\"376\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28442\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/RedWine.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/RedWine-400x235.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">For now, sulfites are able to kill the yeast that might spoil this wine.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Wine sometimes tastes a bit funky because it was contaminated during fermentation with a yeast called \u003cem>Brettanomyces bruxellensis\u003c/em>. This yeast can give wine a \u003ca href=\"http://ajevonline.org/content/57/2/139.full\">variety of interesting flavors\u003c/a> like “…horse sweat, Band Aids, barnyard, and burnt plastic…” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winemakers usually keep this from happening by killing off the yeast with those dreaded sulfites. But for awhile now, people in the know have been worrying about the emergence of a sulfite-resistant form of this yeast. And this is a well-founded fear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yeast, like bacteria, are fast growing microorganisms with lots of variation in their DNA. If you hit a population like this with something that kills them (like sulfites for \u003cem>B. bruxellensis\u003c/em> or antibiotics for bacteria), some small percentage are probably going to be resistant. These resistant strains can then grow and replace the sensitive ones. The end result is sulfite-resistant yeast ruining our wines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To try to head off this problem, a group of scientists in Australia has \u003ca href=\"http://www.winebiz.com.au/wvj/\">figured out this yeast’s DNA\u003c/a>. The hope is that scientists will be able to use this data to determine how \u003cem>B. bruxellensis\u003c/em> might evolve into a more resistant form.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Note that despite much trumpeting online, they haven’t really solved any problems with this knowledge yet. They have merely created the tool that might let them solve a potential future problem. And given how cheap and easy DNA sequencing is these days, it isn’t necessarily even an impressive feat of technological prowess.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, it may one day prove useful in allowing winemakers to more quickly defeat a sulfite-resistant strain. Which can only be a good thing for wine making.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don’t want to end this before saying a nice word or two about \u003cem>B. bruxellensis\u003c/em>. This yeast can spoil wines but it isn’t all bad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, it gives Belgian beers their special taste. And some winemakers actively seek it to give their wine a bit of a “\u003ca href=\"http://www.aromadictionary.com/articles/brettanomyces_article.html\">brett\u003c/a>” taste. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, a sulfite-resistant form would definitely be a bad thing for most winemakers. So scientists should definitely stay vigilant and be ready to come up with quick solutions using this new tool (and whatever other ones they can find) when sulfite-resistant \u003cem>B. bruxellensis\u003c/em> begin to appear. \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Scientists are using DNA sequencing to protect our wines by keeping future sulfite-resistant forms of the yeast Brettanomyces bruxellensis at bay.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1326485653,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":400},"headData":{"title":"We Don’t Want the Funk (in our Wine) | KQED","description":"Scientists are using DNA sequencing to protect our wines by keeping future sulfite-resistant forms of the yeast Brettanomyces bruxellensis at bay.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"We Don’t Want the Funk (in our Wine)","datePublished":"2011-12-26T17:23:21.000Z","dateModified":"2012-01-13T20:14:13.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"28441 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=28441","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/26/we-don%e2%80%99t-want-the-funk-in-our-wine/","disqusTitle":"We Don’t Want the Funk (in our Wine)","path":"/quest/28441/we-don%e2%80%99t-want-the-funk-in-our-wine","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28442\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/26/we-don%e2%80%99t-want-the-funk-in-our-wine/redwine/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-28442\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/RedWine.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"RedWine\" width=\"640\" height=\"376\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28442\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/RedWine.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/RedWine-400x235.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">For now, sulfites are able to kill the yeast that might spoil this wine.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Wine sometimes tastes a bit funky because it was contaminated during fermentation with a yeast called \u003cem>Brettanomyces bruxellensis\u003c/em>. This yeast can give wine a \u003ca href=\"http://ajevonline.org/content/57/2/139.full\">variety of interesting flavors\u003c/a> like “…horse sweat, Band Aids, barnyard, and burnt plastic…” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winemakers usually keep this from happening by killing off the yeast with those dreaded sulfites. But for awhile now, people in the know have been worrying about the emergence of a sulfite-resistant form of this yeast. And this is a well-founded fear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yeast, like bacteria, are fast growing microorganisms with lots of variation in their DNA. If you hit a population like this with something that kills them (like sulfites for \u003cem>B. bruxellensis\u003c/em> or antibiotics for bacteria), some small percentage are probably going to be resistant. These resistant strains can then grow and replace the sensitive ones. The end result is sulfite-resistant yeast ruining our wines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To try to head off this problem, a group of scientists in Australia has \u003ca href=\"http://www.winebiz.com.au/wvj/\">figured out this yeast’s DNA\u003c/a>. The hope is that scientists will be able to use this data to determine how \u003cem>B. bruxellensis\u003c/em> might evolve into a more resistant form.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Note that despite much trumpeting online, they haven’t really solved any problems with this knowledge yet. They have merely created the tool that might let them solve a potential future problem. And given how cheap and easy DNA sequencing is these days, it isn’t necessarily even an impressive feat of technological prowess.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, it may one day prove useful in allowing winemakers to more quickly defeat a sulfite-resistant strain. Which can only be a good thing for wine making.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don’t want to end this before saying a nice word or two about \u003cem>B. bruxellensis\u003c/em>. This yeast can spoil wines but it isn’t all bad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, it gives Belgian beers their special taste. And some winemakers actively seek it to give their wine a bit of a “\u003ca href=\"http://www.aromadictionary.com/articles/brettanomyces_article.html\">brett\u003c/a>” taste. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, a sulfite-resistant form would definitely be a bad thing for most winemakers. So scientists should definitely stay vigilant and be ready to come up with quick solutions using this new tool (and whatever other ones they can find) when sulfite-resistant \u003cem>B. bruxellensis\u003c/em> begin to appear. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/28441/we-don%e2%80%99t-want-the-funk-in-our-wine","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_4"],"tags":["quest_10555","quest_10551","quest_10552","quest_1192","quest_1197","quest_10557","quest_13202","quest_10554","quest_10556","quest_10553","quest_3319","quest_3171","quest_3831"],"featImg":"quest_28442","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. 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But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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