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When astrophotographer \u003ca href=\"http://blog.deepskycolors.com/\">Rogelio Bernal Andreo\u003c/a> turns his gaze to the heavens, he holds up a virtual frame, imagining how the different objects present in the sky would combine to form a composition- planets, stars, galaxies and nebulae in relation to one another, rather than as the focal point of a photographic image, displayed front and center in all its wonder and glory. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43622\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/RBA_IC4592v_scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"RBA_IC4592v_scaled\" width=\"640\" height=\"420\" class=\"size-full wp-image-43622\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/RBA_IC4592v_scaled.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/RBA_IC4592v_scaled-400x263.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Reflection nebula IC 4592 in the Scorpius constellation. Photo by Rogelio Bernal Andreo\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophotography\">Astrophotographers\u003c/a> are a special breed of artist, possessing a unique type of dedication and technical skill. Unlike traditional photography, capturing a great image of the night sky likely entails hundreds of miles of driving and hiking, thousands of dollars of complicated equipment, many hours of sitting (or sleeping) next to a camera in the middle of the night and even more time manipulating the image on a computer once they’re back at home just to create a single, usable image. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within the astrophotographer species are a whole array of subspecies. There are some who photograph \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/your-photos-on-quest-steven-christenson/\">star circles\u003c/a> and the movement of our planet in relation to the objects in space. There are others who only photograph the planets in our solar system and still others who are obsessed with comets streaking across the sky or colorful nebulae or galaxies. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rogelio Bernal Andreo, based in Sunnyvale, CA, does ‘wide field photography’ of objects in deep space. He describes what he does as taking a picture of the whole forest rather than of a single tree. When he composes an image, he’s often interested in how the different star clusters, planets or nebulae would compliment one another within the frame of a photograph, taking into consideration the interplay of their different sizes, shapes, positions, luminosities and colors. His results are often profoundly successful, eliciting astonished gasps of excitement from viewers as the details in Andreo’s photographs reveal to them the incredible diversity of deep space. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43627\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/2012-04-M81_scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"2012-04-M81_scaled\" width=\"640\" height=\"430\" class=\"size-full wp-image-43627\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/2012-04-M81_scaled.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/2012-04-M81_scaled-400x269.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Messier 81, a spiral galaxy in the constellation Ursa Major. Photo by Rogelio Bernal Andreo\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the most common questions the photographer gets from viewers of his images is if the color in his photographs is real. “Absolutely. Absolutely,” he responds emphatically. “There’s that much color out there. We can’t see it because the light is so faint when it reaches us, that we can’t see it. This light has traveled from so far away that when it comes to us, you can’t see the color. But a camera can capture the color. Most of the images that I do are what’s called visible spectrum photography. RGB, red, green and blue photography. I enhance the colors but I don’t change the colors. So in my pictures you can definitely say that those are the colors of these objects.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nothing captures the range and depth of color in the visible universe quite as much as nebulae. This may be why there’s such a disproportionate number of nebula images on Andreo’s website, aptly called, “\u003ca href=\"http://blog.deepskycolors.com/\">Deep Sky Colors\u003c/a>”. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My interest for nebulas it’s mainly aesthetic, just because well, they’re, they’re beautiful and they’re really colorful,” he explains. “There are two types of nebulas, mainly, the emission nebula and reflection nebula. Emission nebulas are formed of gas and reflection nebulas are formed from the dust and they reflect the light from nearby stars. And this combination of colors and shapes and the fact that you can really capture them in a wide field image is what attracts me the most.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43632\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/mb_2011-11_Simeis147_scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"mb_2011-11_Simeis147_scaled\" width=\"640\" height=\"344\" class=\"size-full wp-image-43632\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/mb_2011-11_Simeis147_scaled.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/mb_2011-11_Simeis147_scaled-400x215.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Simeis 147, a supernova remnant in the constellations of Taurus and Auriga. Photo by Rogelio Bernal Andreo\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After looking at dozens of Rogelio Bernal Andreo’s images, many of them \u003ca href=\"http://blog.deepskycolors.com/archive/2010/09/20/milestones-and-Accolades.html\">award-winners in reputable astrophotography contests\u003c/a>, I was shocked to learn that he’s only been doing this for five years. To do this kind of photography, one must be persistent and willing to fail. A lot. Most importantly, an astrophotographer must be patient and curious about the universe. Andreo takes his passion a step further because he’s driven also by the desire to share his discoveries in order to inspire others, especially kids. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By getting into astrophotography, of course, I get also into astronomy, into learning a little bit more of the universe,” he says. “And I like to entertain. My pictures are for people to enjoy and look at them. I think it also helps the younger audience to be interested in astronomy. And if a 13-year old kid in his room surfing the web sees one of my pictures and that kind sparks their interest, who knows? I mean, maybe he ends up being an astronomer because of those pictures that he saw one day. And if only that happens once or twice, that makes it really worthwhile.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Astrophotographer Rogelio Bernal Andreo's colorful wide field images of deep sky objects like galaxies, nebulae, star clusters has garnered him dozens of photography awards including the Royal Observatory of Greenwich's 2010 Best Astrophotographer of the Year. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457566375,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":863},"headData":{"title":"Your Photos on QUEST: Rogelio Bernal Andreo | KQED","description":"Astrophotographer Rogelio Bernal Andreo's colorful wide field images of deep sky objects like galaxies, nebulae, star clusters has garnered him dozens of photography awards including the Royal Observatory of Greenwich's 2010 Best Astrophotographer of the Year. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"43614 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=videos&p=43614","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/11/your-photos-on-quest-rogelio-bernal-andreo/","disqusTitle":"Your Photos on QUEST: Rogelio Bernal Andreo","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1nsyj67Vcck","path":"/quest/43614/your-photos-on-quest-rogelio-bernal-andreo","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When most people look up at the night sky, they might notice the moon or the way a constellation appears on a particular evening. When astrophotographer \u003ca href=\"http://blog.deepskycolors.com/\">Rogelio Bernal Andreo\u003c/a> turns his gaze to the heavens, he holds up a virtual frame, imagining how the different objects present in the sky would combine to form a composition- planets, stars, galaxies and nebulae in relation to one another, rather than as the focal point of a photographic image, displayed front and center in all its wonder and glory. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43622\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/RBA_IC4592v_scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"RBA_IC4592v_scaled\" width=\"640\" height=\"420\" class=\"size-full wp-image-43622\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/RBA_IC4592v_scaled.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/RBA_IC4592v_scaled-400x263.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Reflection nebula IC 4592 in the Scorpius constellation. Photo by Rogelio Bernal Andreo\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophotography\">Astrophotographers\u003c/a> are a special breed of artist, possessing a unique type of dedication and technical skill. Unlike traditional photography, capturing a great image of the night sky likely entails hundreds of miles of driving and hiking, thousands of dollars of complicated equipment, many hours of sitting (or sleeping) next to a camera in the middle of the night and even more time manipulating the image on a computer once they’re back at home just to create a single, usable image. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within the astrophotographer species are a whole array of subspecies. There are some who photograph \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/your-photos-on-quest-steven-christenson/\">star circles\u003c/a> and the movement of our planet in relation to the objects in space. There are others who only photograph the planets in our solar system and still others who are obsessed with comets streaking across the sky or colorful nebulae or galaxies. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rogelio Bernal Andreo, based in Sunnyvale, CA, does ‘wide field photography’ of objects in deep space. He describes what he does as taking a picture of the whole forest rather than of a single tree. When he composes an image, he’s often interested in how the different star clusters, planets or nebulae would compliment one another within the frame of a photograph, taking into consideration the interplay of their different sizes, shapes, positions, luminosities and colors. His results are often profoundly successful, eliciting astonished gasps of excitement from viewers as the details in Andreo’s photographs reveal to them the incredible diversity of deep space. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43627\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/2012-04-M81_scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"2012-04-M81_scaled\" width=\"640\" height=\"430\" class=\"size-full wp-image-43627\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/2012-04-M81_scaled.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/2012-04-M81_scaled-400x269.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Messier 81, a spiral galaxy in the constellation Ursa Major. Photo by Rogelio Bernal Andreo\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the most common questions the photographer gets from viewers of his images is if the color in his photographs is real. “Absolutely. Absolutely,” he responds emphatically. “There’s that much color out there. We can’t see it because the light is so faint when it reaches us, that we can’t see it. This light has traveled from so far away that when it comes to us, you can’t see the color. But a camera can capture the color. Most of the images that I do are what’s called visible spectrum photography. RGB, red, green and blue photography. I enhance the colors but I don’t change the colors. So in my pictures you can definitely say that those are the colors of these objects.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nothing captures the range and depth of color in the visible universe quite as much as nebulae. This may be why there’s such a disproportionate number of nebula images on Andreo’s website, aptly called, “\u003ca href=\"http://blog.deepskycolors.com/\">Deep Sky Colors\u003c/a>”. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My interest for nebulas it’s mainly aesthetic, just because well, they’re, they’re beautiful and they’re really colorful,” he explains. “There are two types of nebulas, mainly, the emission nebula and reflection nebula. Emission nebulas are formed of gas and reflection nebulas are formed from the dust and they reflect the light from nearby stars. And this combination of colors and shapes and the fact that you can really capture them in a wide field image is what attracts me the most.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43632\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/mb_2011-11_Simeis147_scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"mb_2011-11_Simeis147_scaled\" width=\"640\" height=\"344\" class=\"size-full wp-image-43632\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/mb_2011-11_Simeis147_scaled.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/mb_2011-11_Simeis147_scaled-400x215.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Simeis 147, a supernova remnant in the constellations of Taurus and Auriga. Photo by Rogelio Bernal Andreo\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After looking at dozens of Rogelio Bernal Andreo’s images, many of them \u003ca href=\"http://blog.deepskycolors.com/archive/2010/09/20/milestones-and-Accolades.html\">award-winners in reputable astrophotography contests\u003c/a>, I was shocked to learn that he’s only been doing this for five years. To do this kind of photography, one must be persistent and willing to fail. A lot. Most importantly, an astrophotographer must be patient and curious about the universe. Andreo takes his passion a step further because he’s driven also by the desire to share his discoveries in order to inspire others, especially kids. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By getting into astrophotography, of course, I get also into astronomy, into learning a little bit more of the universe,” he says. “And I like to entertain. My pictures are for people to enjoy and look at them. I think it also helps the younger audience to be interested in astronomy. And if a 13-year old kid in his room surfing the web sees one of my pictures and that kind sparks their interest, who knows? I mean, maybe he ends up being an astronomer because of those pictures that he saw one day. And if only that happens once or twice, that makes it really worthwhile.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/43614/your-photos-on-quest-rogelio-bernal-andreo","authors":["209"],"series":["quest_3297"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_11431","quest_13192","quest_11427","quest_467","quest_11430","quest_1162","quest_11428","quest_3684","quest_13","quest_2739","quest_11429","quest_2893","quest_3071"],"featImg":"quest_43650","label":"quest_3297"},"quest_27976":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_27976","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"27976","score":null,"sort":[1322862100000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"luna-nova-moon-of-the-cretaceous-skies","title":"Luna Nova: Moon of the Cretaceous Skies","publishDate":1322862100,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Although I am a lifelong fan of science, I've also been a lifelong fan of science fiction—so I sometimes experience conflict in the DMZ where the two meet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having been raised on Star Trek, where the science and technology routinely violate known scientific principles (faster than light warp drive, for example), I learned to have leniency on some of those violations—at least, the ones that exist in order to make the story work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the stories that get the science completely wrong, for no good reason, get my militia up in arms….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such was my reaction when, a few weeks ago, I happened upon the last two minutes of the series premiere of a new television show—the one that involves time-traveling colonists going 85 million years into the past to live among the dinosaurs. (Don’t ask me any more about the plot; I’ve only ever caught the last two minutes of each show when I change the channel to wait for House. All I know is each episode seems to end with people creeping through a jungle at night carrying torches….)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what irked me so badly? Scene: colonists in settlement in Cretaceous jungle, night time, looking up at the starry, Moon-adorned sky. A child muses, \"Is that the Moon?\" (never having seen it before). \"\u003ca href=\"http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/WeirdMoon\">It’s so big!\u003c/a>\" Indeed, the Moon aloft in these prehistoric skies was depicted as truly huge—I’d estimate ten or fifteen degrees across, about the width of your hand spread wide at arm’s length (20 to 30 times the size of the Moon we know). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enter \"brainy\" teenage girl to explain: The Moon is moving away from the Earth a few centimeters each year, so here, 85 million years in the past, it’s much closer to Earth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How much closer was the Moon to Earth 85 million years ago? Do the math, brain: The Moon is currently moving away from the Earth at about 3.8 centimeters per year, so 3.8 cm for 85 million years equals 323 million centimeters. Sounds like a lot, right? 323 million of just about anything seems like a lot. 323 million centimeters is 3,230,000 meters, or 3,230 kilometers. Or a little over 2,000 miles—which, coincidentally, is about the diameter of the Moon itself. Since the Moon is presently 240,000 miles from Earth, being 2000 miles closer to us in the past (about 0.8%) would not have made it perceptibly larger—let alone appearing as big as a cantaloupe!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Moon has been moving away from the Earth since its formation, which took place about four and a half billion years ago. Through \u003ca href=\"http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/time/tides.html\">tidal interactions\u003c/a> with the Earth, the Moon has \"stolen\" some of Earth’s rotational momentum (spin) to gradually boost itself farther and farther away, slowing the Earth’s spin as a result. Back in the day when the Earth and Moon were young and fresh—and much closer together—the Earth spun much faster: maybe once in 8 hours. (But that was WAY before life existed, so try not to imagine the dinosaurs experiencing much shorter days, please.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oh yeah, in that same two minutes of the show premiere, the \"brainy\" girl (it’s not her fault; it’s the show’s writers, of course) also had an answer for why all the stars in the Cretaceous sky bore no resemblance to the constellations we know today. The Universe is expanding, she said (correctly), and so in 85 million years that expansion has caused the stars to change position\" (not so correctly). The Universe is expanding, yes, correct; the stars in Earth’s skies 85 million years ago would have looked completely different, yes. But the two have nothing to do with each other. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://skyserver.sdss.org/dr1/en/astro/universe/universe.asp\">The Universe is expanding\u003c/a> and carrying all of the galaxies and galaxy clusters farther and farther apart. But this has no effect on the stars gravitationally bound within each galaxy. At the scale of a single galaxy, like our own Milky Way, the gravity binding the stars together in that great spinning spiral overpowers the effect of space expanding. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stars we see in our skies are all inside of our galaxy, to which they are gravitationally bound. It is merely the motion of those stars within the galaxy as they orbit the center that change their relative positions, and so the patterns of constellations that we perceive. Analogously, continental drift on Earth may move a pair of land masses away from each other, but that large-scale motion won’t cause the trees within either of those lands to move apart. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nit picking? Yeah, maybe. But I even do it to Star Trek on occasion…. \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Although I am a lifelong fan of science, I’ve also been a lifelong fan of science fiction—so I sometimes experience conflict on the borderlands where the two meet. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442783954,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":818},"headData":{"title":"Luna Nova: Moon of the Cretaceous Skies | KQED","description":"Although I am a lifelong fan of science, I’ve also been a lifelong fan of science fiction—so I sometimes experience conflict on the borderlands where the two meet. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"27976 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=27976","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/02/luna-nova-moon-of-the-cretaceous-skies/","disqusTitle":"Luna Nova: Moon of the Cretaceous Skies","path":"/quest/27976/luna-nova-moon-of-the-cretaceous-skies","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Although I am a lifelong fan of science, I've also been a lifelong fan of science fiction—so I sometimes experience conflict in the DMZ where the two meet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having been raised on Star Trek, where the science and technology routinely violate known scientific principles (faster than light warp drive, for example), I learned to have leniency on some of those violations—at least, the ones that exist in order to make the story work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the stories that get the science completely wrong, for no good reason, get my militia up in arms….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such was my reaction when, a few weeks ago, I happened upon the last two minutes of the series premiere of a new television show—the one that involves time-traveling colonists going 85 million years into the past to live among the dinosaurs. (Don’t ask me any more about the plot; I’ve only ever caught the last two minutes of each show when I change the channel to wait for House. All I know is each episode seems to end with people creeping through a jungle at night carrying torches….)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what irked me so badly? Scene: colonists in settlement in Cretaceous jungle, night time, looking up at the starry, Moon-adorned sky. A child muses, \"Is that the Moon?\" (never having seen it before). \"\u003ca href=\"http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/WeirdMoon\">It’s so big!\u003c/a>\" Indeed, the Moon aloft in these prehistoric skies was depicted as truly huge—I’d estimate ten or fifteen degrees across, about the width of your hand spread wide at arm’s length (20 to 30 times the size of the Moon we know). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enter \"brainy\" teenage girl to explain: The Moon is moving away from the Earth a few centimeters each year, so here, 85 million years in the past, it’s much closer to Earth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How much closer was the Moon to Earth 85 million years ago? Do the math, brain: The Moon is currently moving away from the Earth at about 3.8 centimeters per year, so 3.8 cm for 85 million years equals 323 million centimeters. Sounds like a lot, right? 323 million of just about anything seems like a lot. 323 million centimeters is 3,230,000 meters, or 3,230 kilometers. Or a little over 2,000 miles—which, coincidentally, is about the diameter of the Moon itself. Since the Moon is presently 240,000 miles from Earth, being 2000 miles closer to us in the past (about 0.8%) would not have made it perceptibly larger—let alone appearing as big as a cantaloupe!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Moon has been moving away from the Earth since its formation, which took place about four and a half billion years ago. Through \u003ca href=\"http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/time/tides.html\">tidal interactions\u003c/a> with the Earth, the Moon has \"stolen\" some of Earth’s rotational momentum (spin) to gradually boost itself farther and farther away, slowing the Earth’s spin as a result. Back in the day when the Earth and Moon were young and fresh—and much closer together—the Earth spun much faster: maybe once in 8 hours. (But that was WAY before life existed, so try not to imagine the dinosaurs experiencing much shorter days, please.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oh yeah, in that same two minutes of the show premiere, the \"brainy\" girl (it’s not her fault; it’s the show’s writers, of course) also had an answer for why all the stars in the Cretaceous sky bore no resemblance to the constellations we know today. The Universe is expanding, she said (correctly), and so in 85 million years that expansion has caused the stars to change position\" (not so correctly). The Universe is expanding, yes, correct; the stars in Earth’s skies 85 million years ago would have looked completely different, yes. But the two have nothing to do with each other. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://skyserver.sdss.org/dr1/en/astro/universe/universe.asp\">The Universe is expanding\u003c/a> and carrying all of the galaxies and galaxy clusters farther and farther apart. But this has no effect on the stars gravitationally bound within each galaxy. At the scale of a single galaxy, like our own Milky Way, the gravity binding the stars together in that great spinning spiral overpowers the effect of space expanding. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stars we see in our skies are all inside of our galaxy, to which they are gravitationally bound. It is merely the motion of those stars within the galaxy as they orbit the center that change their relative positions, and so the patterns of constellations that we perceive. Analogously, continental drift on Earth may move a pair of land masses away from each other, but that large-scale motion won’t cause the trees within either of those lands to move apart. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nit picking? Yeah, maybe. But I even do it to Star Trek on occasion…. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/27976/luna-nova-moon-of-the-cretaceous-skies","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_13192","quest_544","quest_3535","quest_902","quest_10517","quest_1162","quest_1163","quest_10516","quest_1870","quest_10515","quest_13","quest_2780","quest_2936","quest_3034"],"featImg":"quest_27977","label":"quest"},"quest_498":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_498","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"498","score":null,"sort":[1207079948000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"producers-notes-seti-the-new-search-for-et","title":"Producer's Notes - SETI: The New Search for ET","publishDate":1207079948,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>When I first began to work on Quest's \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/775\">\u003cem>SETI: The Search for ET\u003c/em>\u003c/a> segment, I have to admit that my initial reaction was \"\u003cem>are we still looking for ET?\u003c/em>\" Of course, humans have been gazing up to the heavens for millennia, asking ourselves that interminable question \"are we alone?\" And of course, there's been a long line of increasingly sophisticated radio telescopes searching the skies for cosmic signs of intelligence. But hey, don't we at some point have to call it a day? Though I think most of us don't actually believe we're alone, the universe is really, really big. What chance do we have of finding ET?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, it turns out our chances are much better than I thought. \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grote_Reber\">Grote Reber\u003c/a> began conducting sky surveys in the radio frequencies with his newly invented radio telescope in 1937, and detected the first signals from outer space in 1938. In the seven decades since then, we've seen a multitude of radio telescope designs pop up all over the world, but we still haven't gotten signals from any little green men. What I didn't understand, until I spoke to Jill Tarter and Seth Shostak at \u003ca href=\"http://www.seti.org/\">the SETI Institute\u003c/a>, is that in all that time, we've hardly looked at any space at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since SETI's first experiment in 1960 by Dr. Frank Drake, and until very recently, they've only looked at a thousand stars out of about 400 billion stars in \u003cem>our \u003c/em>galaxy, and there are 100 billion other galaxies to look at! There are two reasons for this: 1) The radio telescopes they've been using can only look at narrow swaths of the sky, and 2) they've had to RENT time on other people's telescopes, which constrains their search and budget. Now, the new Allen Telescope Array is being built just for them, and with it they'll be able to capture millions of frequencies from multiple star systems simultaneously. It will be the biggest and fastest tool in the world for seeking signs of ET!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To learn why scientists use radio frequencies in the hunt for intelligent life, and to learn more about the history & future of the search, watch our story \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/775\">\u003cem>SETI: The Search for ET\u003c/em>\u003c/a>. You can also watch our \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/815\">extended interview with Astronomer Jill Tarter\u003c/a>. And hey folks, the SETI Institute is a non-profit organization, so if you'd like to help them out with the search, consider adopting a scientist like Jill Tarter or Seth Shostak. Go to \u003ca href=\"http://www.seti.org/AdoptAScientist/\">Adopt-a-Scientist\u003c/a>, or join Jill's team and become a TeamSETI member at \u003ca href=\"http://www.seti.org/support-us/teamseti.php\">Join TeamSETI. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, check out U.C. Berkeley’s \u003ca href=\"http://setiathome.berkeley.edu/\">SETI@home\u003c/a> page and turn your home computer into a tool that downloads and analyzes radio telescope data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"What chance do we have of finding ET?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457970352,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":7,"wordCount":471},"headData":{"title":"Producer's Notes - SETI: The New Search for ET | KQED","description":"What chance do we have of finding ET?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"498 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2008/04/01/producers-notes-seti-the-new-search-for-et/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/04/01/producers-notes-seti-the-new-search-for-et/","disqusTitle":"Producer's Notes - SETI: The New Search for ET","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Ki3OsngYws","path":"/quest/498/producers-notes-seti-the-new-search-for-et","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When I first began to work on Quest's \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/775\">\u003cem>SETI: The Search for ET\u003c/em>\u003c/a> segment, I have to admit that my initial reaction was \"\u003cem>are we still looking for ET?\u003c/em>\" Of course, humans have been gazing up to the heavens for millennia, asking ourselves that interminable question \"are we alone?\" And of course, there's been a long line of increasingly sophisticated radio telescopes searching the skies for cosmic signs of intelligence. But hey, don't we at some point have to call it a day? Though I think most of us don't actually believe we're alone, the universe is really, really big. What chance do we have of finding ET?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, it turns out our chances are much better than I thought. \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grote_Reber\">Grote Reber\u003c/a> began conducting sky surveys in the radio frequencies with his newly invented radio telescope in 1937, and detected the first signals from outer space in 1938. In the seven decades since then, we've seen a multitude of radio telescope designs pop up all over the world, but we still haven't gotten signals from any little green men. What I didn't understand, until I spoke to Jill Tarter and Seth Shostak at \u003ca href=\"http://www.seti.org/\">the SETI Institute\u003c/a>, is that in all that time, we've hardly looked at any space at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since SETI's first experiment in 1960 by Dr. Frank Drake, and until very recently, they've only looked at a thousand stars out of about 400 billion stars in \u003cem>our \u003c/em>galaxy, and there are 100 billion other galaxies to look at! There are two reasons for this: 1) The radio telescopes they've been using can only look at narrow swaths of the sky, and 2) they've had to RENT time on other people's telescopes, which constrains their search and budget. Now, the new Allen Telescope Array is being built just for them, and with it they'll be able to capture millions of frequencies from multiple star systems simultaneously. It will be the biggest and fastest tool in the world for seeking signs of ET!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To learn why scientists use radio frequencies in the hunt for intelligent life, and to learn more about the history & future of the search, watch our story \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/775\">\u003cem>SETI: The Search for ET\u003c/em>\u003c/a>. You can also watch our \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/815\">extended interview with Astronomer Jill Tarter\u003c/a>. And hey folks, the SETI Institute is a non-profit organization, so if you'd like to help them out with the search, consider adopting a scientist like Jill Tarter or Seth Shostak. Go to \u003ca href=\"http://www.seti.org/AdoptAScientist/\">Adopt-a-Scientist\u003c/a>, or join Jill's team and become a TeamSETI member at \u003ca href=\"http://www.seti.org/support-us/teamseti.php\">Join TeamSETI. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, check out U.C. Berkeley’s \u003ca href=\"http://setiathome.berkeley.edu/\">SETI@home\u003c/a> page and turn your home computer into a tool that downloads and analyzes radio telescope data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/498/producers-notes-seti-the-new-search-for-et","authors":["10193"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_121","quest_706","quest_1162","quest_3351","quest_1586","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_2594","quest_2739","quest_2891","quest_2893"],"featImg":"quest_503","label":"quest"},"quest_486":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_486","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"486","score":null,"sort":[1206416051000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"excellent-conditions-for-skiing-and-supernovae","title":"Excellent conditions for skiing and supernovae","publishDate":1206416051,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/03/blog_snowboard.jpg\">\u003cem>Julien Guy: supernova cosmologist\u003c/em>\u003c/span>I'm sitting in the airport right now, passing time as I wait for my flight back to SFO. Looking at the clock now, I see that my jet lag future does not bode well. I awoke at 5:00 AM here and nearly 11 hours later feel like the day is over, yet it is only 7:50 AM in CA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I spent the last week at a conference in the Italian Alps with about 200 skier/cosmologists. Mornings were spent in the conference hall watching 15 or 25 minute presentations. Afternoons were for the slopes. Evenings were back in the conference hall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The conference started with supernova talks - I was fourth on the list. Being in the field, I had heard most of the results that were presented in the other talks. Ditto the other attendees' perspectives on my talk. However, there were some new and very promising results from the \u003ca href=\"http://snfactory.lbl.gov/\">Supernova Factory\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The supernova factory is a LBNL-based research group that focuses on \"nearby supernovae\". By nearby, I mean only a few hundred million light years away. These supernovae occur in galaxies that are distant enough to be free of the gravity of the Milky Way and our neighboring galaxies but close enough to observe with smaller telescopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The supernovae observed by the SN factory are very bright compared to the supernovae I observe with the Hubble Space Telescope. The supernovae are bright enough to make very precise measurements at each wavelength of the supernova spectrum. Just like my \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/01/09/catching-rainbows-from-distant-galaxies/\">earlier post on spectroscopy\u003c/a>, the supernova light is imaged after passing through a prism. These images provide very detailed information about the molecules and atoms that are present in the supernova explosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spectroscopic observations also tell us how one supernova may differ from another. The small variations in \u003ca href=\"http://oposite.stsci.edu/pubinfo/pr/1998/AAS_winter-sn/pr.html\">type Ia supernovae\u003c/a> have been a mystery for quite some time. If we can learn the causes of these variations, these supernovae could be come even more useful for measuring distances in space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are several models and theories to explain the differences, but none has been extensively tested. A large number of bright nearby supernovae is required to test these models. Hopefully, a project like the supernova factory will provide that sample. In this conference, they only showed a handful of supernovae. All but one of these supernovae was well-behaved, fitting our current models. The last one differed enormously from the others, but the detailed spectroscopic observations lent evidence as to why this may be the case. The data is still being examined, but I am encouraged by the progress necessary if supernovae are to be used to explain the cosmology of our universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The presentations over the next five days covered a very large range of topics. Some conference attendees presented ideas that had never occurred to me. One that I found very interesting was an experiment to model the orbital paths of stars around the black hole at the center of the Milky Way. For those patient enough to watch these stars for 15 years, it should be possible to measure the properties of gravity and the black hole itself by looking for deviations in the stars orbits from our current models.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the talks were very interesting and well-attended, I can't help but comment on the other important side of this conference. That would of course be the skiing. The Europeans really have it right - they chose the site and the schedule with the perfect balance for leisure time. We were only ten miles from the tallest mountain in Europe, within site of the Matterhorn, had perfect snow all week, and had just enough time to enjoy it. I even had a chance to practice my amateur photography on the slopes. Now the next challenge will be to organize a conference in Tahiti!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_kdawson.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Kyle S. Dawson\u003c/strong> is engaged in post-doctorate studies of distant supernovae and development of a proposed space-based telescope at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1206416051,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":672},"headData":{"title":"Excellent conditions for skiing and supernovae | KQED","description":"Julien Guy: supernova cosmologistI'm sitting in the airport right now, passing time as I wait for my flight back to SFO. Looking at the clock now, I see that my jet lag future does not bode well. I awoke at 5:00 AM here and nearly 11 hours later feel like the day is over, yet","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"486 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2008/03/24/excellent-conditions-for-skiing-and-supernovae/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/03/24/excellent-conditions-for-skiing-and-supernovae/","disqusTitle":"Excellent conditions for skiing and supernovae","path":"/quest/486/excellent-conditions-for-skiing-and-supernovae","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/03/blog_snowboard.jpg\">\u003cem>Julien Guy: supernova cosmologist\u003c/em>\u003c/span>I'm sitting in the airport right now, passing time as I wait for my flight back to SFO. Looking at the clock now, I see that my jet lag future does not bode well. I awoke at 5:00 AM here and nearly 11 hours later feel like the day is over, yet it is only 7:50 AM in CA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I spent the last week at a conference in the Italian Alps with about 200 skier/cosmologists. Mornings were spent in the conference hall watching 15 or 25 minute presentations. Afternoons were for the slopes. Evenings were back in the conference hall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The conference started with supernova talks - I was fourth on the list. Being in the field, I had heard most of the results that were presented in the other talks. Ditto the other attendees' perspectives on my talk. However, there were some new and very promising results from the \u003ca href=\"http://snfactory.lbl.gov/\">Supernova Factory\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The supernova factory is a LBNL-based research group that focuses on \"nearby supernovae\". By nearby, I mean only a few hundred million light years away. These supernovae occur in galaxies that are distant enough to be free of the gravity of the Milky Way and our neighboring galaxies but close enough to observe with smaller telescopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The supernovae observed by the SN factory are very bright compared to the supernovae I observe with the Hubble Space Telescope. The supernovae are bright enough to make very precise measurements at each wavelength of the supernova spectrum. Just like my \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/01/09/catching-rainbows-from-distant-galaxies/\">earlier post on spectroscopy\u003c/a>, the supernova light is imaged after passing through a prism. These images provide very detailed information about the molecules and atoms that are present in the supernova explosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spectroscopic observations also tell us how one supernova may differ from another. The small variations in \u003ca href=\"http://oposite.stsci.edu/pubinfo/pr/1998/AAS_winter-sn/pr.html\">type Ia supernovae\u003c/a> have been a mystery for quite some time. If we can learn the causes of these variations, these supernovae could be come even more useful for measuring distances in space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are several models and theories to explain the differences, but none has been extensively tested. A large number of bright nearby supernovae is required to test these models. Hopefully, a project like the supernova factory will provide that sample. In this conference, they only showed a handful of supernovae. All but one of these supernovae was well-behaved, fitting our current models. The last one differed enormously from the others, but the detailed spectroscopic observations lent evidence as to why this may be the case. The data is still being examined, but I am encouraged by the progress necessary if supernovae are to be used to explain the cosmology of our universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The presentations over the next five days covered a very large range of topics. Some conference attendees presented ideas that had never occurred to me. One that I found very interesting was an experiment to model the orbital paths of stars around the black hole at the center of the Milky Way. For those patient enough to watch these stars for 15 years, it should be possible to measure the properties of gravity and the black hole itself by looking for deviations in the stars orbits from our current models.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the talks were very interesting and well-attended, I can't help but comment on the other important side of this conference. That would of course be the skiing. The Europeans really have it right - they chose the site and the schedule with the perfect balance for leisure time. We were only ten miles from the tallest mountain in Europe, within site of the Matterhorn, had perfect snow all week, and had just enough time to enjoy it. I even had a chance to practice my amateur photography on the slopes. Now the next challenge will be to organize a conference in Tahiti!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_kdawson.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Kyle S. Dawson\u003c/strong> is engaged in post-doctorate studies of distant supernovae and development of a proposed space-based telescope at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/486/excellent-conditions-for-skiing-and-supernovae","authors":["10185"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_1162","quest_3351","quest_1586","quest_1630","quest_1768","quest_2141","quest_2644","quest_2751","quest_2837","quest_2838","quest_2892"],"label":"quest"},"quest_348":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_348","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"348","score":null,"sort":[1199915333000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"catching-rainbows-from-distant-galaxies","title":"Catching rainbows from distant galaxies","publishDate":1199915333,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>A single email on Sunday afternoon brought my weekend to a screeching halt. Some collaborators made a very exciting discovery and needed to confirm if it was real. This would be the last time we'd have for almost another year on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.keckobservatory.org/\">10 meter Keck Telescope\u003c/a> so I jumped at the chance and scheduled it into our observing run Monday night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I spent the rest of Sunday studying similar projects and forming my observing strategy. Early Monday morning, with only two hours before the final deadline, I finally got the images I needed from the collaborators. I quickly examined these images and identified the interesting galaxies for our observations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I chose the galaxies which looked to be the most distant. We were hoping to find a cluster of galaxies some 10-12 billion light years away. Confirming so many distant galaxies is only possible with a large telescope like Keck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the first two hours of the night we observed these galaxies using \u003ca href=\"http://loke.as.arizona.edu/~ckulesa/camp/spectroscopy_intro.html\">spectroscopy\u003c/a>. This technique is essentially inspired by the rainbows at the end of a thunderstorm. Just like the raindrops that create a rainbow, the spectrograph has a prism that separates light into its fundamental colors. The difference in my observations is the light comes from distant galaxies instead of the sun.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2008/01/prismdispersion.gif\" title=\"Prism Dispersion\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/01/prismdispersion.gif\" alt=\"Prism Dispersion\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nBecause there are so many galaxies and stars in the sky, the important galaxies have to be singled out and shielded from the not-so-important galaxies--sometimes I wonder if some astronomer in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.solstation.com/x-objects/andromeda.htm\">Andromeda galaxy\u003c/a> is flagging our Milky Way as one of those not-so-important galaxies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of the distractions on the sky are blocked from view with a slitmask. A long and narrow slit is milled into a sheet of aluminum for each object you are studying. The slitmask is aligned to match the positions of the objects that are being targeted. If you were to peek at the sky through the slitmask and telescope, you would only see the handful of galaxies that were hand-selected. Everything else would be blocked by the mask.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In spectroscopy, the light from a galaxy passes through the slit, then through the prism and into the camera. In an observation of a sun-like star using color film, the resulting image would look a lot like a rainbow. In this case I was not observing a star and I was not using color film. The image loses the fancy colors but still carries the same amount of information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Believe it or not, a rainbow can be just as beautiful in black and white as it is in color. The black and white rainbow tells you how much light is at every wavelength. From this information you can infer the properties and the \u003ca href=\"http://space.about.com/od/glossaries/g/redshift.htm\">redshift\u003c/a> of the galaxy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what happened in last night's observations? We haven't finished the analysis, but I did take a quick look at the data before calling it a night. Skimming through the spectra of all the galaxies in the slitmask, I didn’t find the features I was hoping for. I'll look more carefully at the final processed data, but I have a bad feeling that we didn't confirm this new discovery. Maybe we'll have better luck next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_kdawson.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Kyle S. Dawson\u003c/strong> is engaged in post-doctorate studies of distant supernovae and development of a proposed space-based telescope at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\"> latitude: \u003cspan class=\"latitude\">19.5228\u003c/span>, longitude: \u003cspan class=\"longitude\">-155.152 \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1199915333,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":579},"headData":{"title":"Catching rainbows from distant galaxies | KQED","description":"A single email on Sunday afternoon brought my weekend to a screeching halt. Some collaborators made a very exciting discovery and needed to confirm if it was real. This would be the last time we'd have for almost another year on the 10 meter Keck Telescope so I jumped at the chance and scheduled it","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"348 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2008/01/09/catching-rainbows-from-distant-galaxies/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/01/09/catching-rainbows-from-distant-galaxies/","disqusTitle":"Catching rainbows from distant galaxies","path":"/quest/348/catching-rainbows-from-distant-galaxies","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A single email on Sunday afternoon brought my weekend to a screeching halt. Some collaborators made a very exciting discovery and needed to confirm if it was real. This would be the last time we'd have for almost another year on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.keckobservatory.org/\">10 meter Keck Telescope\u003c/a> so I jumped at the chance and scheduled it into our observing run Monday night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I spent the rest of Sunday studying similar projects and forming my observing strategy. Early Monday morning, with only two hours before the final deadline, I finally got the images I needed from the collaborators. I quickly examined these images and identified the interesting galaxies for our observations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I chose the galaxies which looked to be the most distant. We were hoping to find a cluster of galaxies some 10-12 billion light years away. Confirming so many distant galaxies is only possible with a large telescope like Keck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the first two hours of the night we observed these galaxies using \u003ca href=\"http://loke.as.arizona.edu/~ckulesa/camp/spectroscopy_intro.html\">spectroscopy\u003c/a>. This technique is essentially inspired by the rainbows at the end of a thunderstorm. Just like the raindrops that create a rainbow, the spectrograph has a prism that separates light into its fundamental colors. The difference in my observations is the light comes from distant galaxies instead of the sun.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2008/01/prismdispersion.gif\" title=\"Prism Dispersion\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/01/prismdispersion.gif\" alt=\"Prism Dispersion\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nBecause there are so many galaxies and stars in the sky, the important galaxies have to be singled out and shielded from the not-so-important galaxies--sometimes I wonder if some astronomer in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.solstation.com/x-objects/andromeda.htm\">Andromeda galaxy\u003c/a> is flagging our Milky Way as one of those not-so-important galaxies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of the distractions on the sky are blocked from view with a slitmask. A long and narrow slit is milled into a sheet of aluminum for each object you are studying. The slitmask is aligned to match the positions of the objects that are being targeted. If you were to peek at the sky through the slitmask and telescope, you would only see the handful of galaxies that were hand-selected. Everything else would be blocked by the mask.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In spectroscopy, the light from a galaxy passes through the slit, then through the prism and into the camera. In an observation of a sun-like star using color film, the resulting image would look a lot like a rainbow. In this case I was not observing a star and I was not using color film. The image loses the fancy colors but still carries the same amount of information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Believe it or not, a rainbow can be just as beautiful in black and white as it is in color. The black and white rainbow tells you how much light is at every wavelength. From this information you can infer the properties and the \u003ca href=\"http://space.about.com/od/glossaries/g/redshift.htm\">redshift\u003c/a> of the galaxy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what happened in last night's observations? We haven't finished the analysis, but I did take a quick look at the data before calling it a night. Skimming through the spectra of all the galaxies in the slitmask, I didn’t find the features I was hoping for. I'll look more carefully at the final processed data, but I have a bad feeling that we didn't confirm this new discovery. Maybe we'll have better luck next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_kdawson.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Kyle S. Dawson\u003c/strong> is engaged in post-doctorate studies of distant supernovae and development of a proposed space-based telescope at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\"> latitude: \u003cspan class=\"latitude\">19.5228\u003c/span>, longitude: \u003cspan class=\"longitude\">-155.152 \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/348/catching-rainbows-from-distant-galaxies","authors":["10185"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_16"],"tags":["quest_1162","quest_1561","quest_3351","quest_1586","quest_2349","quest_2365","quest_2530","quest_2660"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Consider-This-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png","officialWebsiteLink":"http://freakonomics.com/","airtime":"SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"WNYC"},"link":"/radio/program/freakonomics-radio","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/","rss":"https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"}},"fresh-air":{"id":"fresh-air","title":"Fresh Air","info":"Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. 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Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.","airtime":"MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.marketplace.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"American Public Media"},"link":"/radio/program/marketplace","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=201853034&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/APM-Marketplace-p88/","rss":"https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"}},"mindshift":{"id":"mindshift","title":"MindShift","tagline":"A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids","info":"The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3am-9am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/morning-edition"},"onourwatch":{"id":"onourwatch","title":"On Our Watch","tagline":"Police secrets, unsealed","info":"For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. 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