Three California Counties Vote on Fracking Bans this November
How Were Fossil Fuels Formed?
How Does Hydraulic Fracturing Work?
Claims of Advocates: The Benefits of Hydraulic Fracturing
What Are the Challenges of Fracking Natural Shale Gas Reserves?
Energy and a Sustainable Future
QUEST TV: America’s Energy Future
After the Frack
California Prepares First Fracking Regulations, Joining Nationwide Debate
Sponsored
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The story segments featured in each show are introduced by on-camera host, environmental journalist \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/pssethi/\">Simran Sethi\u003c/a>. The series also includes half-hour specials that focus on a single topic.\r\n \r\nAll 2013-2014 television programs can be viewed online in their entirety or as individual segments by clicking on the titles and images listed below. The programs are also broadcast in each of our six PBS partner regions including \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/north-carolina/\">North Carolina\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/ohio/\">Ohio\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/nebraska/\">Nebraska\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/northern-california/\">Northern California\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/northwest/\">Pacific Northwest\u003c/a>. Check local listings for broadcast dates and times.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d3874a881a1fe56a99098a4feea236c8?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"QUEST Staff | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d3874a881a1fe56a99098a4feea236c8?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d3874a881a1fe56a99098a4feea236c8?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/quest"},"anneglausser":{"type":"authors","id":"10270","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10270","found":true},"name":"Anne Glausser","firstName":"Anne","lastName":"Glausser","slug":"anneglausser","email":"anne.glausser@ideastream.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Anne Glausser is the Coordinating Producer for QUEST Ohio. Before taking on this role, she was WCPN 90.3 FM & WVIZ/PBS ideastream’s health reporter and produced award-winning radio pieces. She’s spent time on both coasts (her college mascot was the banana slug!), but grew up in the Midwest and is happy to be back home. She got started in radio at PRI’s Living on Earth, and has also spent time as a researcher at the Harvard School of Public Health. Anne got her SM from MIT’s Graduate Program in Science Writing.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/cb2272efe9d1c6b409249b4273bcef1b?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["leadcoordinator","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Anne Glausser | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/cb2272efe9d1c6b409249b4273bcef1b?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/cb2272efe9d1c6b409249b4273bcef1b?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/anneglausser"},"gviebranz":{"type":"authors","id":"10295","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10295","found":true},"name":"George Viebranz","firstName":"George","lastName":"Viebranz","slug":"gviebranz","email":"George.Viebranz@ideastream.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"George Viebranz is a mathematics and science content specialist with ideastream’s Education Division. He spent 32 years as a mathematics and science teacher and curriculum supervisor before joining ideastream. He has worked on more than 50 television and radio productions focusing on the improvement of K-12 mathematics, science, engineering and technology education.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/31c280e04a4f8036712778957c58b2bd?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"George Viebranz | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/31c280e04a4f8036712778957c58b2bd?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/31c280e04a4f8036712778957c58b2bd?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/gviebranz"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal 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FM","link":"/"}},"quest_72343":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_72343","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"72343","score":null,"sort":[1414418436000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"three-california-counties-vote-on-fracking-bans-this-november","title":"Three California Counties Vote on Fracking Bans this November","publishDate":1414418436,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>Video reported by Gabriela Quirós and Lauren Sommer, who narrates.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update Nov. 6:\u003c/strong> In the Nov. 4 election, San Benito and Mendocino counties passed bans on fracking, while Santa Barbara’s ballot initiative failed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original post Oct. 27:\u003c/strong> Three California counties – Santa Barbara, Mendocino and San Benito – will decide this November on ballot initiatives that ask voters to ban hydraulic fracturing, the controversial oil- and gas-extraction technique known as “fracking.” San Benito activists were the first to qualify an anti-fracking initiative in the state, in response to Governor Jerry Brown’s decision to allow the technique to move forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2014/10/10/anti-fracking-activists-in-california-take-fight-to-county-ballots/\">Anti-Fracking Activists in California Take Fight to County Ballots\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/series/fracking-california/\">KQED Science coverage of fracking\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WOJUu3T-EY4\">KQED NEWSROOM Special Edition: The Fracking Debate Heats Up In California\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Santa Barbara, Mendocino and San Benito counties will vote on hydraulic fracturing this November. San Benito activists were the first to qualify a ballot initiative to ban the controversial oil- and gas-extraction technique.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442636531,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":5,"wordCount":139},"headData":{"title":"Three California Counties Vote on Fracking Bans this November | KQED","description":"Santa Barbara, Mendocino and San Benito counties will vote on hydraulic fracturing this November. San Benito activists were the first to qualify a ballot initiative to ban the controversial oil- and gas-extraction technique.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Three California Counties Vote on Fracking Bans this November","datePublished":"2014-10-27T14:00:36.000Z","dateModified":"2015-09-19T04:22:11.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"72343 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=72343","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/10/27/three-california-counties-vote-on-fracking-bans-this-november/","disqusTitle":"Three California Counties Vote on Fracking Bans this November","videoEmbed":"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W2NeqeaSFTc","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/72343/three-california-counties-vote-on-fracking-bans-this-november","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Video reported by Gabriela Quirós and Lauren Sommer, who narrates.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update Nov. 6:\u003c/strong> In the Nov. 4 election, San Benito and Mendocino counties passed bans on fracking, while Santa Barbara’s ballot initiative failed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original post Oct. 27:\u003c/strong> Three California counties – Santa Barbara, Mendocino and San Benito – will decide this November on ballot initiatives that ask voters to ban hydraulic fracturing, the controversial oil- and gas-extraction technique known as “fracking.” San Benito activists were the first to qualify an anti-fracking initiative in the state, in response to Governor Jerry Brown’s decision to allow the technique to move forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2014/10/10/anti-fracking-activists-in-california-take-fight-to-county-ballots/\">Anti-Fracking Activists in California Take Fight to County Ballots\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/series/fracking-california/\">KQED Science coverage of fracking\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WOJUu3T-EY4\">KQED NEWSROOM Special Edition: The Fracking Debate Heats Up In California\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/72343/three-california-counties-vote-on-fracking-bans-this-november","authors":["6186"],"categories":["quest_11765","quest_9","quest_11","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_13000","quest_438","quest_10978","quest_12269","quest_10979","quest_3351","quest_13002","quest_13001","quest_12999","quest_2057","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_13","quest_12998","quest_2893","quest_3071"],"featImg":"quest_72344","label":"source_quest_72343"},"quest_64950":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_64950","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"64950","score":null,"sort":[1387556149000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-were-fossil-fuels-formed-part-1-of-5","title":"How Were Fossil Fuels Formed?","publishDate":1387556149,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>This slideshow was produced by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/gviebranz/\">George Vibranz \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/anneglausser/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Anne Glausser\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shale gas is a fossil fuel that formed millions of years ago. Different kinds of fossil fuels -- coals, oils, and natural gases -- formed as dead plants and animals decayed. Scientists refer to such remains as “organic matter.” The element carbon is the foundation for organic matter on Earth. That means that countless carbon-based molecules remain buried far below Earth’s surface. Many of the carbon compounds are combustible -- they can be used to release heat energy to produce electricity; power cars, planes, or trains; or keep your house warm on a cold evening. But once we use them we can’t reuse them. We call them non-renewable natural resources. In this activity you will learn more about how one fossil fuel -- shale gas -- formed thousands of feet beneath certain parts of the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This narrated slide show is part of our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/challenges-of-non-renewable-energy/\">\u003cstrong>Challenges of Non-Renewable Energy\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> series\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pre-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What do you already know about fossil fuels?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Which types of fossil energy do you think people rely on the most?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How many years do you think Earth’s fossil energy supplies will last: 100? 500? Forever? How could you gather information to answer a question like this?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Focus Questions for Viewing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How did shale form over time?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What caused natural gas (shale gas) to form?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Why are scientists and engineers interested in the Marcellus Shale formation?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What are some of the challenges involved in obtaining trapped shale gas?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Post-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Scientists say that nearly all of the energy on Earth comes from the sun. How do you think the sun contributed to the development of Earth’s fossil fuels?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Why is there interest in finding new sources of energy within the United States?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What daily activities of yours connect you to the use of and need for fossil fuels?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Extension Activity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Conduct research to find shale gas deposits that have been discovered near your state. Use various sources to determine an estimate of all the shale gas that lies within the current “shale plays.” Compare the formation and location of coal and petroleum to that of shale. Look for similarities and differences among the three fossil fuels and predict why this may be. Develop an explanation for how different types of fossil energy occur in different places.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Links to Learn More\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/Portals/10/pdf/HandsOn/HandsOn08.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Make a Geologic Timeline\u003c/a> , Ohio Department of Natural Resources: Geologic time is very difficult to think about in terms of a human lifetime. This activity will help you to understand how long ago the resources we use today were formed.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cetconnect.org/ohiorocks/resources/docs/GeologicHistoryofOhio.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ohio “Geofacts” – Millions of Years in the Making\u003c/a>, Ohio Department of Natural Resources: See how Earth's crust near Ohio formed over a span of hundreds of millions of years.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/portals/10/pdf/stratcol.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">See How Geologists Have Mapped the Earth’s Crust in Ohio\u003c/a>, Ohio Department of Natural Resources: In order to find fossil fuels, geologists create maps that show the different layers of deposition within Earth's crust. This map gives you a sense of the composition and depth of the Ohio bedrock.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.scotese.com/earth.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">See How the Continents Formed and Moved Over Time\u003c/a> , C.R. Scotese, PALEOMAP Project: Earth's surface has changed dramatically in the past 4.5 billion years. These maps show you the changes over time up to the present day.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.prehistoric-wildlife.com/species/d/dunkleosteus.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Learn About Devonian Life\u003c/a> Prehistoric-Wildlife.com: How much organic plant and animal life existed 400 million years ago? Find out by exploring this history of the Devonian Period.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>NGSS Correlations\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation:\u003c/strong> Develop a model to describe the cycling of Earth's materials and the flow of energy that drives this process. \u003cstrong>MS-ESS2-1\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea:\u003c/strong> All Earth processes are the result of energy flowing and matter cycling within and among the planet's systems. This energy is derived from the sun and Earth's hot interior. The energy that flows and matter that cycles produce chemical and physical changes in Earth's materials and living organisms. \u003cstrong>ESS2.A: Earth's Materials and Systems\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crosscuting Concept:\u003c/strong> Stability and change\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Science and Engineering Practices:\u003c/strong> Constructing explanations and designing solutions\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In this activity you will learn more about how one fossil fuel -- shale gas -- formed thousands of feet beneath certain parts of the United States.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1500328552,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":702},"headData":{"title":"How Were Fossil Fuels Formed? | KQED","description":"In this activity you will learn more about how one fossil fuel -- shale gas -- formed thousands of feet beneath certain parts of the United States.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"How Were Fossil Fuels Formed?","datePublished":"2013-12-20T16:15:49.000Z","dateModified":"2017-07-17T21:55:52.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"64950 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=64950","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/12/20/how-were-fossil-fuels-formed-part-1-of-5/","disqusTitle":"How Were Fossil Fuels Formed?","videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/hnzOEWVAVlk","source":"Geology","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/geology/","path":"/quest/64950/how-were-fossil-fuels-formed-part-1-of-5","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>This slideshow was produced by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/gviebranz/\">George Vibranz \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/anneglausser/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Anne Glausser\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shale gas is a fossil fuel that formed millions of years ago. Different kinds of fossil fuels -- coals, oils, and natural gases -- formed as dead plants and animals decayed. Scientists refer to such remains as “organic matter.” The element carbon is the foundation for organic matter on Earth. That means that countless carbon-based molecules remain buried far below Earth’s surface. Many of the carbon compounds are combustible -- they can be used to release heat energy to produce electricity; power cars, planes, or trains; or keep your house warm on a cold evening. But once we use them we can’t reuse them. We call them non-renewable natural resources. In this activity you will learn more about how one fossil fuel -- shale gas -- formed thousands of feet beneath certain parts of the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This narrated slide show is part of our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/challenges-of-non-renewable-energy/\">\u003cstrong>Challenges of Non-Renewable Energy\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> series\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pre-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What do you already know about fossil fuels?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Which types of fossil energy do you think people rely on the most?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How many years do you think Earth’s fossil energy supplies will last: 100? 500? Forever? How could you gather information to answer a question like this?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Focus Questions for Viewing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How did shale form over time?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What caused natural gas (shale gas) to form?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Why are scientists and engineers interested in the Marcellus Shale formation?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What are some of the challenges involved in obtaining trapped shale gas?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Post-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Scientists say that nearly all of the energy on Earth comes from the sun. How do you think the sun contributed to the development of Earth’s fossil fuels?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Why is there interest in finding new sources of energy within the United States?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What daily activities of yours connect you to the use of and need for fossil fuels?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Extension Activity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Conduct research to find shale gas deposits that have been discovered near your state. Use various sources to determine an estimate of all the shale gas that lies within the current “shale plays.” Compare the formation and location of coal and petroleum to that of shale. Look for similarities and differences among the three fossil fuels and predict why this may be. Develop an explanation for how different types of fossil energy occur in different places.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Links to Learn More\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/Portals/10/pdf/HandsOn/HandsOn08.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Make a Geologic Timeline\u003c/a> , Ohio Department of Natural Resources: Geologic time is very difficult to think about in terms of a human lifetime. This activity will help you to understand how long ago the resources we use today were formed.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cetconnect.org/ohiorocks/resources/docs/GeologicHistoryofOhio.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ohio “Geofacts” – Millions of Years in the Making\u003c/a>, Ohio Department of Natural Resources: See how Earth's crust near Ohio formed over a span of hundreds of millions of years.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/portals/10/pdf/stratcol.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">See How Geologists Have Mapped the Earth’s Crust in Ohio\u003c/a>, Ohio Department of Natural Resources: In order to find fossil fuels, geologists create maps that show the different layers of deposition within Earth's crust. This map gives you a sense of the composition and depth of the Ohio bedrock.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.scotese.com/earth.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">See How the Continents Formed and Moved Over Time\u003c/a> , C.R. Scotese, PALEOMAP Project: Earth's surface has changed dramatically in the past 4.5 billion years. These maps show you the changes over time up to the present day.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.prehistoric-wildlife.com/species/d/dunkleosteus.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Learn About Devonian Life\u003c/a> Prehistoric-Wildlife.com: How much organic plant and animal life existed 400 million years ago? Find out by exploring this history of the Devonian Period.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>NGSS Correlations\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation:\u003c/strong> Develop a model to describe the cycling of Earth's materials and the flow of energy that drives this process. \u003cstrong>MS-ESS2-1\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea:\u003c/strong> All Earth processes are the result of energy flowing and matter cycling within and among the planet's systems. This energy is derived from the sun and Earth's hot interior. The energy that flows and matter that cycles produce chemical and physical changes in Earth's materials and living organisms. \u003cstrong>ESS2.A: Earth's Materials and Systems\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crosscuting Concept:\u003c/strong> Stability and change\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Science and Engineering Practices:\u003c/strong> Constructing explanations and designing solutions\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/64950/how-were-fossil-fuels-formed-part-1-of-5","authors":["10295"],"categories":["quest_11765","quest_9","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_13196","quest_10978","quest_10327","quest_12527","quest_9804","quest_12528","quest_2349","quest_10429"],"collections":["quest_12601","quest_12599"],"featImg":"quest_66856","label":"source_quest_64950"},"quest_64985":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_64985","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"64985","score":null,"sort":[1387556055000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-does-hydraulic-fracturing-work-part-2-of-5","title":"How Does Hydraulic Fracturing Work?","publishDate":1387556055,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":12599,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>[covevideo id=\"http://video.pbs.org/partnerplayer/C19ee2MMs4kN_GgwY5IOMQ==/?autoplay=false&start=0&end=0&chapterbar=false&topbar=true&endscreen=false\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\">\u003cem>This video was excerpted from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/fracking-wastewater/\">After the Frack\u003c/a> by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/maryfecteau/\">Mary Fecteau.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though it has been in use for more than 60 years, hydraulic fracturing is still considered a relatively new drilling technology. Engineering advances such as horizontal boring, perforation, and fracturing have made underground shale gas and oil reserves more accessible than ever before. But in nearly all instances of fracking, well shafts must be bored down through layers of groundwater and underground aquifers, parts of a natural system that allows water to cycle through the lithosphere and hydrosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This video is part of a five-part educational series called \u003cspan style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/challenges-of-non-renewable-energy/\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\">\u003cstrong>Challenges of Non-Renewable Energy\u003c/strong>.\u003c/span> \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pre-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What is meant by the phrase “domestic energy supply”?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What are some of the techniques currently used to obtain energy from coal, oil, or natural gas?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Why can't the same sources of energy be used in all areas of the United States?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Focus Questions for Viewing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What precautions do fracking companies take to ensure that wells protect freshwater supplies and other natural resources?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What other natural resources are needed to fracture shale layers?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What additional materials come to the surface with the brine water and natural gas?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Why might these materials be of concern to people or other organisms?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Post-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What are some of the issues that might need to be addressed after a shale bed is successfully fracked?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What current practice of waste disposal was demonstrated in the video segment?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>This story is incomplete. It tells about the practice of fracking, but not about what happens afterward. List and explain \u003cstrong>one benefit\u003c/strong> and \u003cstrong>one challenge\u003c/strong> that you think occur as a result of fracking.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Extension Activity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Using words, diagrams, or graphic organizers, explain how the story of hydraulic fracturing portrayed in the video demonstrates the disciplinary core idea, \"Humans depend on Earth's land, ocean, atmosphere, and biosphere for many different resources. Minerals, freshwater, and biosphere resources are limited and may not be replaceable.”\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Links to Learn More\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.eia.gov/naturalgas/\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Shale Gas Plays\u003c/a> , U.S. Energy Information Administration: Use the resources from the EIA to see how and where shale gas is used in the United States.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://tinyurl.com/EPAPaper\" target=\"_blank\">The Science Behind Hydraulic Fracturing\u003c/a>, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Learn what the EPA considers to be some of the critical issues around hydraulic fracturing.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://geology.com/articles/horizontal-drilling/\" target=\"_blank\">Advancements In Drilling Technology\u003c/a>, Hobart King, Geology.com: Learn more about the science of horizontal and directional drilling, and how these technologies support EPA recommendations and protect other natural resources.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>NGSS Correlations\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation\u003c/strong>: Develop a model to describe the cycling of Earth’s materials and the flow of energy that drives this process. \u003cstrong>MS-ESS3-1\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea\u003c/strong>: Humans depend on Earth’s land, ocean, atmosphere, and biosphere for many different resources. Minerals, freshwater, and biosphere resources are limited, and many are not renewable or replaceable over human lifetimes. These resources are distributed unevenly around the planet as a result of past geologic processes. \u003cstrong>ESS3.A Natural Resources\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crosscutting Concepts\u003c/strong>: Cause and effect\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Science and Engineering Practices\u003c/strong>: Constructing explanations and designing solutions\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Learn how engineers developed the techniques of hydraulic fracturing.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1450481603,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":540},"headData":{"title":"How Does Hydraulic Fracturing Work? | KQED","description":"Learn how engineers developed the techniques of hydraulic fracturing.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"How Does Hydraulic Fracturing Work?","datePublished":"2013-12-20T16:14:15.000Z","dateModified":"2015-12-18T23:33:23.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"64985 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=64985","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/12/20/how-does-hydraulic-fracturing-work-part-2-of-5/","disqusTitle":"How Does Hydraulic Fracturing Work?","videoEmbed":"http://video.pbs.org/partnerplayer/C19ee2MMs4kN_GgwY5IOMQ==/?autoplay=false&start=0&end=0&chapterbar=false&topbar=true&endscreen=false","path":"/quest/64985/how-does-hydraulic-fracturing-work-part-2-of-5","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>[covevideo id=\"http://video.pbs.org/partnerplayer/C19ee2MMs4kN_GgwY5IOMQ==/?autoplay=false&start=0&end=0&chapterbar=false&topbar=true&endscreen=false\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\">\u003cem>This video was excerpted from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/fracking-wastewater/\">After the Frack\u003c/a> by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/maryfecteau/\">Mary Fecteau.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though it has been in use for more than 60 years, hydraulic fracturing is still considered a relatively new drilling technology. Engineering advances such as horizontal boring, perforation, and fracturing have made underground shale gas and oil reserves more accessible than ever before. But in nearly all instances of fracking, well shafts must be bored down through layers of groundwater and underground aquifers, parts of a natural system that allows water to cycle through the lithosphere and hydrosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This video is part of a five-part educational series called \u003cspan style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/challenges-of-non-renewable-energy/\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\">\u003cstrong>Challenges of Non-Renewable Energy\u003c/strong>.\u003c/span> \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pre-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What is meant by the phrase “domestic energy supply”?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What are some of the techniques currently used to obtain energy from coal, oil, or natural gas?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Why can't the same sources of energy be used in all areas of the United States?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Focus Questions for Viewing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What precautions do fracking companies take to ensure that wells protect freshwater supplies and other natural resources?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What other natural resources are needed to fracture shale layers?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What additional materials come to the surface with the brine water and natural gas?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Why might these materials be of concern to people or other organisms?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Post-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What are some of the issues that might need to be addressed after a shale bed is successfully fracked?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What current practice of waste disposal was demonstrated in the video segment?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>This story is incomplete. It tells about the practice of fracking, but not about what happens afterward. List and explain \u003cstrong>one benefit\u003c/strong> and \u003cstrong>one challenge\u003c/strong> that you think occur as a result of fracking.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Extension Activity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Using words, diagrams, or graphic organizers, explain how the story of hydraulic fracturing portrayed in the video demonstrates the disciplinary core idea, \"Humans depend on Earth's land, ocean, atmosphere, and biosphere for many different resources. Minerals, freshwater, and biosphere resources are limited and may not be replaceable.”\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Links to Learn More\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.eia.gov/naturalgas/\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Shale Gas Plays\u003c/a> , U.S. Energy Information Administration: Use the resources from the EIA to see how and where shale gas is used in the United States.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://tinyurl.com/EPAPaper\" target=\"_blank\">The Science Behind Hydraulic Fracturing\u003c/a>, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Learn what the EPA considers to be some of the critical issues around hydraulic fracturing.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://geology.com/articles/horizontal-drilling/\" target=\"_blank\">Advancements In Drilling Technology\u003c/a>, Hobart King, Geology.com: Learn more about the science of horizontal and directional drilling, and how these technologies support EPA recommendations and protect other natural resources.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>NGSS Correlations\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation\u003c/strong>: Develop a model to describe the cycling of Earth’s materials and the flow of energy that drives this process. \u003cstrong>MS-ESS3-1\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea\u003c/strong>: Humans depend on Earth’s land, ocean, atmosphere, and biosphere for many different resources. Minerals, freshwater, and biosphere resources are limited, and many are not renewable or replaceable over human lifetimes. These resources are distributed unevenly around the planet as a result of past geologic processes. \u003cstrong>ESS3.A Natural Resources\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crosscutting Concepts\u003c/strong>: Cause and effect\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Science and Engineering Practices\u003c/strong>: Constructing explanations and designing solutions\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/64985/how-does-hydraulic-fracturing-work-part-2-of-5","authors":["10295"],"categories":["quest_11765","quest_9","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_13196","quest_10978","quest_10327","quest_12527","quest_9804","quest_12528","quest_2349","quest_10429"],"collections":["quest_12601","quest_12599"],"featImg":"quest_66860","label":"quest_12599"},"quest_64994":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_64994","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"64994","score":null,"sort":[1387556021000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"claims-of-advocates-the-benefits-of-hydraulic-fracturing-part-3-of-5","title":"Claims of Advocates: The Benefits of Hydraulic Fracturing","publishDate":1387556021,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":12599,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Advocates of hydraulic fracturing list the many benefits of the practice. The infographic above shows the four reasons cited most often. To think critically and scientifically, it is good practice to balance benefits against challenges, and people’s wants or needs against economic or environmental costs. In the science of sustainability we must always look at how today's practices might impact people and Earth’s systems in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Frack-Benefits-1.10.20141.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-66354\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Frack-Benefits-1.10.20141.jpg\" alt=\"Frack Benefits 1.10.2014\" width=\"1426\" height=\"1102\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Frack-Benefits-1.10.20141.jpg 1426w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Frack-Benefits-1.10.20141-400x309.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Frack-Benefits-1.10.20141-800x618.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Frack-Benefits-1.10.20141-1180x912.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Frack-Benefits-1.10.20141-960x742.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1426px) 100vw, 1426px\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Click on the infographic above to see a larger version.\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nLearn more about claims that hydraulic fracturing helps people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This infographic is part of a five-part educational series called \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/challenges-of-non-renewable-energy/\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Challenges of Non-Renewable Energy.\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pre-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How can people be persuaded to change their views or beliefs?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How would you define a person who is an \"advocate\"? What do advocates do?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What is a debate? Why might people debate the impacts of hydraulic fracturing?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Focus Questions for Viewing and Reading the Infographic\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What claims do fracking advocates make with regard to the following?\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Environmental impact\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Economic impact\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Sustainability of energy\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Post-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Which of the four points made in the infographic do you believe is most defensible? Why?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Are there any points that you find hard to defend? What are they? Why is defending them difficult?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Do you see any places in the graphic where some additional information may have been intentionally omitted to sway you toward favoring the idea of fracking for energy?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Extension Activity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Write an argument supporting the creation of an infrastructure that increases the use and distribution of natural gas within the United States. What do you think critics would point to as drawbacks to your plan? Where would you expect to find tension or competing priorities among people’s needs, economic factors, and environmental factors?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Links to Learn More\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.energyfromshale.org/hydraulic-fracturing/shale-natural-gas\" target=\"_blank\">Advocating for Domestic Supplies of Natural Shale Gas\u003c/a>, EnergyFromShale.org: See what domestic energy advocates have to say about well construction and the use of natural resources.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.energyfromshale.org/stories-from-shale/lorain-ohio\" target=\"_blank\"> Are The Jobs Real? \u003c/a>, EnergyFromShale.org: Read an advocate’s story about how fracking has provided new jobs in Lorain, Ohio, and other places where unemployment is high due to changing economies.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://tinyurl.com/novagreenhouse\" target=\"_blank\">Earth’s Natural Thermostat\u003c/a>, PBS LearningMedia/WGBH Educational Foundation: View this NOVA segment to see how carbon dioxide emissions, created by the combustion of carbon-based fuels, can upset the balance between the sun’s radiant heat entering our atmosphere and that which is emitted back into space.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>NGSS Correlations\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation:\u003c/strong> Apply scientific principles to design a method for monitoring and minimizing a human impact on the environment. \u003cstrong>MS-ESS3-3\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea:\u003c/strong> Human activities have significantly altered the biosphere, sometimes damaging or destroying natural habitats and causing the extinction of other species. But changes to Earth’s environments can have different impacts (negative and positive) for different living things. \u003cstrong>ESS3.C Human Impacts on Earth Systems\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crosscutting Concepts:\u003c/strong> Cause and effect; stability and change\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Science and Engineering Practices:\u003c/strong> Asking questions and defining problems\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Learn more about claims that hydraulic fracturing helps people.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1450481422,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":501},"headData":{"title":"Claims of Advocates: The Benefits of Hydraulic Fracturing | KQED","description":"Learn more about claims that hydraulic fracturing helps people.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Claims of Advocates: The Benefits of Hydraulic Fracturing","datePublished":"2013-12-20T16:13:41.000Z","dateModified":"2015-12-18T23:30:22.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"64994 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=64994","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/12/20/claims-of-advocates-the-benefits-of-hydraulic-fracturing-part-3-of-5/","disqusTitle":"Claims of Advocates: The Benefits of Hydraulic Fracturing","path":"/quest/64994/claims-of-advocates-the-benefits-of-hydraulic-fracturing-part-3-of-5","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Advocates of hydraulic fracturing list the many benefits of the practice. The infographic above shows the four reasons cited most often. To think critically and scientifically, it is good practice to balance benefits against challenges, and people’s wants or needs against economic or environmental costs. In the science of sustainability we must always look at how today's practices might impact people and Earth’s systems in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Frack-Benefits-1.10.20141.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-66354\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Frack-Benefits-1.10.20141.jpg\" alt=\"Frack Benefits 1.10.2014\" width=\"1426\" height=\"1102\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Frack-Benefits-1.10.20141.jpg 1426w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Frack-Benefits-1.10.20141-400x309.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Frack-Benefits-1.10.20141-800x618.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Frack-Benefits-1.10.20141-1180x912.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Frack-Benefits-1.10.20141-960x742.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1426px) 100vw, 1426px\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Click on the infographic above to see a larger version.\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nLearn more about claims that hydraulic fracturing helps people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This infographic is part of a five-part educational series called \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/challenges-of-non-renewable-energy/\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Challenges of Non-Renewable Energy.\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pre-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How can people be persuaded to change their views or beliefs?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How would you define a person who is an \"advocate\"? What do advocates do?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What is a debate? Why might people debate the impacts of hydraulic fracturing?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Focus Questions for Viewing and Reading the Infographic\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What claims do fracking advocates make with regard to the following?\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Environmental impact\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Economic impact\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Sustainability of energy\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Post-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Which of the four points made in the infographic do you believe is most defensible? Why?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Are there any points that you find hard to defend? What are they? Why is defending them difficult?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Do you see any places in the graphic where some additional information may have been intentionally omitted to sway you toward favoring the idea of fracking for energy?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Extension Activity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Write an argument supporting the creation of an infrastructure that increases the use and distribution of natural gas within the United States. What do you think critics would point to as drawbacks to your plan? Where would you expect to find tension or competing priorities among people’s needs, economic factors, and environmental factors?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Links to Learn More\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.energyfromshale.org/hydraulic-fracturing/shale-natural-gas\" target=\"_blank\">Advocating for Domestic Supplies of Natural Shale Gas\u003c/a>, EnergyFromShale.org: See what domestic energy advocates have to say about well construction and the use of natural resources.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.energyfromshale.org/stories-from-shale/lorain-ohio\" target=\"_blank\"> Are The Jobs Real? \u003c/a>, EnergyFromShale.org: Read an advocate’s story about how fracking has provided new jobs in Lorain, Ohio, and other places where unemployment is high due to changing economies.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://tinyurl.com/novagreenhouse\" target=\"_blank\">Earth’s Natural Thermostat\u003c/a>, PBS LearningMedia/WGBH Educational Foundation: View this NOVA segment to see how carbon dioxide emissions, created by the combustion of carbon-based fuels, can upset the balance between the sun’s radiant heat entering our atmosphere and that which is emitted back into space.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>NGSS Correlations\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation:\u003c/strong> Apply scientific principles to design a method for monitoring and minimizing a human impact on the environment. \u003cstrong>MS-ESS3-3\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea:\u003c/strong> Human activities have significantly altered the biosphere, sometimes damaging or destroying natural habitats and causing the extinction of other species. But changes to Earth’s environments can have different impacts (negative and positive) for different living things. \u003cstrong>ESS3.C Human Impacts on Earth Systems\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crosscutting Concepts:\u003c/strong> Cause and effect; stability and change\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Science and Engineering Practices:\u003c/strong> Asking questions and defining problems\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/64994/claims-of-advocates-the-benefits-of-hydraulic-fracturing-part-3-of-5","authors":["10295"],"categories":["quest_11765","quest_9","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_13196","quest_10978","quest_10327","quest_12527","quest_9804","quest_12528","quest_2349","quest_10429"],"collections":["quest_12601","quest_12599"],"featImg":"quest_66848","label":"quest_12599"},"quest_65003":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_65003","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"65003","score":null,"sort":[1387555976000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"what-are-the-challenges-of-fracking-natural-shale-gas-reserves-part-4-of-5","title":"What Are the Challenges of Fracking Natural Shale Gas Reserves?","publishDate":1387555976,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":12599,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>[covevideo id=\"http://video.pbs.org/partnerplayer/ihEPQxHXg6Avasbkb5geeQ==/?autoplay=false&start=0&end=0&chapterbar=false&topbar=true&endscreen=false\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\">\u003cem>This video was excerpted from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/fracking-wastewater/\">After the Frack\u003c/a> by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/maryfecteau/\">Mary Fecteau.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To think critically and scientifically, it is good practice to look at how the wants or needs of people balance against economic or environmental costs. In the science of sustainability we must always look at how the practices of today might impact people and Earth’s systems in the future. There are tradeoffs and risks that must be considered whenever people use Earth’s natural resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This video is part of a five-part educational series called \u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/challenges-of-non-renewable-energy/\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">\u003cstrong>Challenges of Non-Renewable Energy\u003c/strong>.\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pre-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What are the important roles of water on Earth?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>When making decisions, what is a \"trade-off\"?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Give your own definition of ‘\"alternatives.\" What might be an example of a scientist talking about alternatives?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Focus Questions for Viewing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>According to Dr. Weatherington-Rice, which chemicals might return to the surface when shale gas is extracted during fracking?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What has traditionally been done with contaminated fracking fluids?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What concerns do people have about current methods of dealing with fracking waste?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>According to Mr. Kell, how many barrels of contaminated fracking wastewater have been buried in injection wells?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Post-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Why are these chemicals, heavy metals, and radioactive isotopes present in shale beds?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The capacity of a barrel is around 55 gallons. How many gallons of water do you estimate are contained in the 300 million barrels that have already been buried in Ohio? How does this compare to the capacity of a lake or reservoir near you?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>From a natural resources perspective, why would people be concerned about the injection of millions of barrels of fracking wastewater into the ground?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Extension Activity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Research the effects of salts, heavy metals, and radioactive elements on human organ systems. Why would people be concerned about leakage of injection wells onto the surface or into groundwater reserves?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Links to Learn More\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=shale-gas-and-hydraulic-fracturing\" target=\"_blank\">The Science of Wasted Resources\u003c/a>, David Biello, Scientific American: This article from Scientific American highlights the toxic gases, liquids, and solids that must be managed when hydraulic fracturing takes place.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nbcnews.com/science/fracking-practices-blame-ohio-earthquakes-8C11073601\" target=\"_blank\">A New Challenge?\u003c/a>, Charles Q. Chol, NBC NEWS Science: Read about new claims that fracking injections and gas extractions can be linked to seismic shifts in Earth’s crust.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://tinyurl.com/PSEConnections\" target=\"_blank\"> Can Fracking Cause Another Hurricane Sandy?\u003c/a>, Physicians, Scientists, and Engineers for Healthy Energy: See what the Physicians, Scientists, and Engineers for Healthy Energy have to say about current scientific evidence.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>NGSS Correlations\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation\u003c/strong>: Apply scientific principles to design a method for monitoring and minimizing a human impact on the environment. \u003cstrong>MS-ESS3-3\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea\u003c/strong>: Human activities have significantly altered the biosphere, sometimes damaging or destroying natural habitats and causing the extinction of other species. But changes to Earth’s environments can have different impacts (negative and positive) for different living things. \u003cstrong>ESS3.C Human Impacts on Earth’s Systems\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crosscutting Concept\u003c/strong>s: Cause and effect; structure and function\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Science and Engineering Practices\u003c/strong>: Asking questions and defining problems\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Learn about the concerns some people have about the practice of fracking.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1450481674,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":522},"headData":{"title":"What Are the Challenges of Fracking Natural Shale Gas Reserves? | KQED","description":"Learn about the concerns some people have about the practice of fracking.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"What Are the Challenges of Fracking Natural Shale Gas Reserves?","datePublished":"2013-12-20T16:12:56.000Z","dateModified":"2015-12-18T23:34:34.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"65003 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=65003","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/12/20/what-are-the-challenges-of-fracking-natural-shale-gas-reserves-part-4-of-5/","disqusTitle":"What Are the Challenges of Fracking Natural Shale Gas Reserves?","videoEmbed":"http://video.pbs.org/partnerplayer/ihEPQxHXg6Avasbkb5geeQ==/?autoplay=false&start=0&end=0&chapterbar=false&topbar=true&endscreen=false","path":"/quest/65003/what-are-the-challenges-of-fracking-natural-shale-gas-reserves-part-4-of-5","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>[covevideo id=\"http://video.pbs.org/partnerplayer/ihEPQxHXg6Avasbkb5geeQ==/?autoplay=false&start=0&end=0&chapterbar=false&topbar=true&endscreen=false\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\">\u003cem>This video was excerpted from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/fracking-wastewater/\">After the Frack\u003c/a> by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/maryfecteau/\">Mary Fecteau.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To think critically and scientifically, it is good practice to look at how the wants or needs of people balance against economic or environmental costs. In the science of sustainability we must always look at how the practices of today might impact people and Earth’s systems in the future. There are tradeoffs and risks that must be considered whenever people use Earth’s natural resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This video is part of a five-part educational series called \u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/challenges-of-non-renewable-energy/\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">\u003cstrong>Challenges of Non-Renewable Energy\u003c/strong>.\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pre-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What are the important roles of water on Earth?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>When making decisions, what is a \"trade-off\"?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Give your own definition of ‘\"alternatives.\" What might be an example of a scientist talking about alternatives?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Focus Questions for Viewing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>According to Dr. Weatherington-Rice, which chemicals might return to the surface when shale gas is extracted during fracking?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What has traditionally been done with contaminated fracking fluids?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What concerns do people have about current methods of dealing with fracking waste?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>According to Mr. Kell, how many barrels of contaminated fracking wastewater have been buried in injection wells?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Post-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Why are these chemicals, heavy metals, and radioactive isotopes present in shale beds?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The capacity of a barrel is around 55 gallons. How many gallons of water do you estimate are contained in the 300 million barrels that have already been buried in Ohio? How does this compare to the capacity of a lake or reservoir near you?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>From a natural resources perspective, why would people be concerned about the injection of millions of barrels of fracking wastewater into the ground?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Extension Activity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Research the effects of salts, heavy metals, and radioactive elements on human organ systems. Why would people be concerned about leakage of injection wells onto the surface or into groundwater reserves?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Links to Learn More\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=shale-gas-and-hydraulic-fracturing\" target=\"_blank\">The Science of Wasted Resources\u003c/a>, David Biello, Scientific American: This article from Scientific American highlights the toxic gases, liquids, and solids that must be managed when hydraulic fracturing takes place.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nbcnews.com/science/fracking-practices-blame-ohio-earthquakes-8C11073601\" target=\"_blank\">A New Challenge?\u003c/a>, Charles Q. Chol, NBC NEWS Science: Read about new claims that fracking injections and gas extractions can be linked to seismic shifts in Earth’s crust.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://tinyurl.com/PSEConnections\" target=\"_blank\"> Can Fracking Cause Another Hurricane Sandy?\u003c/a>, Physicians, Scientists, and Engineers for Healthy Energy: See what the Physicians, Scientists, and Engineers for Healthy Energy have to say about current scientific evidence.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>NGSS Correlations\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation\u003c/strong>: Apply scientific principles to design a method for monitoring and minimizing a human impact on the environment. \u003cstrong>MS-ESS3-3\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea\u003c/strong>: Human activities have significantly altered the biosphere, sometimes damaging or destroying natural habitats and causing the extinction of other species. But changes to Earth’s environments can have different impacts (negative and positive) for different living things. \u003cstrong>ESS3.C Human Impacts on Earth’s Systems\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crosscutting Concept\u003c/strong>s: Cause and effect; structure and function\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Science and Engineering Practices\u003c/strong>: Asking questions and defining problems\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/65003/what-are-the-challenges-of-fracking-natural-shale-gas-reserves-part-4-of-5","authors":["10295"],"categories":["quest_11765","quest_9","quest_11","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_13196","quest_10978","quest_10327","quest_12527","quest_9804","quest_12528","quest_2349","quest_10429"],"collections":["quest_12601","quest_12599"],"featImg":"quest_66855","label":"quest_12599"},"quest_65008":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_65008","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"65008","score":null,"sort":[1387555808000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"energy-and-a-sustainable-future-part-5-of-5","title":"Energy and a Sustainable Future","publishDate":1387555808,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":12599,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>[covevideo id=\"http://video.pbs.org/partnerplayer/4t_k2ukXZByGGj-NwmY4dw==/?autoplay=false&start=0&end=0&chapterbar=false&topbar=true&endscreen=false\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\">\u003cem>This video was excerpted from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/fracking-wastewater/\">After the Frack\u003c/a> by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/maryfecteau/\">Mary Fecteau.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\"You can't win; you are sure to lose; and you can't get out of the game.\"\u003cem>---Garrett Hardin, Filters Against Folly: How to Survive Despite Economists, Ecologists, and the Merely Eloquent\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While we look for renewable and cleaner supplies of energy, we must acknowledge that humans have created a world that relies on vast amounts of non-renewable energy every day. If humans want to continue living on Earth, issues of energy production and consumption must be addressed today and into the future. In less than 200 years humans have extracted an incredible amount of coal, oil, and gas from the ground to feed our energy hunger. Earth’s non-renewable resources are finite and dwindling. The burning of fossil fuels produces more carbon dioxide emissions than the planet’s natural systems are capable of recycling. Of the fossil fuels, natural gas is the cleanest to burn, and fracking may provide a bridge to the future until cleaner energies are more efficient and affordable. That bridge, however, may be very fragile and risky to travel unless critical decisions are made about our use of energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This video is part of a five-part educational series called\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/challenges-of-non-renewable-energy/\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\"> \u003cstrong>Challenges of Non-Renewable Energy. \u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pre-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\"Reduce, reuse, recycle.\" Give examples of how one or more of these ideas can be applied to the issues and practices of hydraulic fracturing for the acquisition of shale gas.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If the United States is going to rely on shale gas reserves for energy in the future, what strategies would you like to see put in place to diminish the negative impact on Earth’s ecosystems?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\"Not in my backyard\" is a saying used to describe practices that are good as long as people are not negatively impacted locally. But what if you consider the entire Earth to be your “backyard”? Do you think you would support the continued extraction of fossil fuels from Earth’s crust? What tradeoffs do you think are most important in order to increase the country’s domestic supplies of energy?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Focus Questions for Viewing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>If every by-product of fracking could be repurposed for other applications, what current major dilemmas could be resolved?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If injection wells could be eliminated completely without disrupting the flow of natural gas energy, what could that mean for the future of people and living things on Earth?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Sometimes scientists say that parts of systems are “coupled.” If a toxic-water spill or injection-well failure occurred, what other parts of living systems could be disrupted or damaged?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Post-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What do you believe is the most dangerous problem associated with obtaining energy reserves that have been untapped for millions of years?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What personal daily activities would you be willing to reduce or eliminate if it meant that our energy supplies would last longer and our atmosphere would become cleaner? Explain to someone else how your activities are part of a “coupled system” of energy resources.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Extension Activity\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Forced Choice Debate\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Divide the class into three or four learning groups. Each group will be given one of the following positions in the fracking debate, which they must try to defend with evidence from this Explainer and their own research.\u003cbr>\nTeam A: Stop fracking immediately because the long-term contamination risks are not worth the current reward.\u003cbr>\nTeam B: Continue fracking and strengthen regulations to protect against possible consequences.\u003cbr>\nTeam C: Require companies that frack to give part of their profits to research groups exploring how to recycle all waste byproducts and return clean water to the watersheds.\u003cbr>\nTeam D: Require companies that frack to financially support research of cleaner and renewable alternative energy sources.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Each team must summarize its recommendations in a Prezi, PowerPoint, Pearltrees, or similar digital presentation tool.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Links to Learn More\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=can-fracking-be-done-without-impacting-water\" target=\"_blank\"> Preserving Our Natural Resources\u003c/a>, David Biello, Scientific American: Read this article from Scientific American to learn more about the issue of hydraulic fracturing waste disposal and the future of our natural resources.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://tinyurl.com/brinewater\" target=\"_blank\">Brine Water Alternatives\u003c/a>, Kendall Gurule, Frackwire.com: Learn more about the emerging science of recycling brine water.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://tinyurl.com/AAASTradeOffs\" target=\"_blank\">Tradeoffs… Gambling on Our Future?\u003c/a>, AAAS ScienceNetLinks: Learn more about energy tradeoffs for fossil fuels and other natural resources.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://tinyurl.com/Project2061SystemsInteraction\" target=\"_blank\">Sustainability – Seeing “The Big Picture”\u003c/a>, Project2061.org: Learn about the interactions among human society, economics, politics, and ecosystems, and the fragile ties that try to hold these systems in balance.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://telstar.ote.cmu.edu/environ/m3/s3/09fossil.shtml\" target=\"_blank\">Take Your Investigation Even Deeper \u003c/a>, Carnegie Mellon University: Carnegie Mellon University has an outstanding environmental science site dedicated to the promise and challenges of meeting our world’s energy demands.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>NGSS Correlations\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation:\u003c/strong> Ask questions to clarify evidence of the factors that have caused the rise in global temperatures over the past century. \u003cstrong>MS-ESS3-5\u003c/strong> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea:\u003c/strong> Human activities, such as the release of greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, are major factors in the current rise in Earth’s mean surface temperature (global warming). Reducing the level of climate change and reducing human vulnerability to whatever climate changes do occur depend on the understanding of climate science, engineering capabilities, and other kinds of knowledge, such as human behavior, and applying that knowledge wisely in decisions and activities. \u003cstrong>ESS3.D Global Climate Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crosscutting Concepts:\u003c/strong> Cause and effect\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Science and Engineering Practices:\u003c/strong> Constructing explanations and designing solutions\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Learn about the sustainability efforts being developed.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1450481627,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":933},"headData":{"title":"Energy and a Sustainable Future | KQED","description":"Learn about the sustainability efforts being developed.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Energy and a Sustainable Future","datePublished":"2013-12-20T16:10:08.000Z","dateModified":"2015-12-18T23:33:47.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"65008 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=65008","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/12/20/energy-and-a-sustainable-future-part-5-of-5/","disqusTitle":"Energy and a Sustainable Future","videoEmbed":"http://video.pbs.org/partnerplayer/4t_k2ukXZByGGj-NwmY4dw==/?autoplay=false&start=0&end=0&chapterbar=false&topbar=true&endscreen=false","path":"/quest/65008/energy-and-a-sustainable-future-part-5-of-5","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>[covevideo id=\"http://video.pbs.org/partnerplayer/4t_k2ukXZByGGj-NwmY4dw==/?autoplay=false&start=0&end=0&chapterbar=false&topbar=true&endscreen=false\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\">\u003cem>This video was excerpted from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/fracking-wastewater/\">After the Frack\u003c/a> by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/maryfecteau/\">Mary Fecteau.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\"You can't win; you are sure to lose; and you can't get out of the game.\"\u003cem>---Garrett Hardin, Filters Against Folly: How to Survive Despite Economists, Ecologists, and the Merely Eloquent\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While we look for renewable and cleaner supplies of energy, we must acknowledge that humans have created a world that relies on vast amounts of non-renewable energy every day. If humans want to continue living on Earth, issues of energy production and consumption must be addressed today and into the future. In less than 200 years humans have extracted an incredible amount of coal, oil, and gas from the ground to feed our energy hunger. Earth’s non-renewable resources are finite and dwindling. The burning of fossil fuels produces more carbon dioxide emissions than the planet’s natural systems are capable of recycling. Of the fossil fuels, natural gas is the cleanest to burn, and fracking may provide a bridge to the future until cleaner energies are more efficient and affordable. That bridge, however, may be very fragile and risky to travel unless critical decisions are made about our use of energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This video is part of a five-part educational series called\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/challenges-of-non-renewable-energy/\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\"> \u003cstrong>Challenges of Non-Renewable Energy. \u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pre-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\"Reduce, reuse, recycle.\" Give examples of how one or more of these ideas can be applied to the issues and practices of hydraulic fracturing for the acquisition of shale gas.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If the United States is going to rely on shale gas reserves for energy in the future, what strategies would you like to see put in place to diminish the negative impact on Earth’s ecosystems?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\"Not in my backyard\" is a saying used to describe practices that are good as long as people are not negatively impacted locally. But what if you consider the entire Earth to be your “backyard”? Do you think you would support the continued extraction of fossil fuels from Earth’s crust? What tradeoffs do you think are most important in order to increase the country’s domestic supplies of energy?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Focus Questions for Viewing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>If every by-product of fracking could be repurposed for other applications, what current major dilemmas could be resolved?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If injection wells could be eliminated completely without disrupting the flow of natural gas energy, what could that mean for the future of people and living things on Earth?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Sometimes scientists say that parts of systems are “coupled.” If a toxic-water spill or injection-well failure occurred, what other parts of living systems could be disrupted or damaged?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Post-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What do you believe is the most dangerous problem associated with obtaining energy reserves that have been untapped for millions of years?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What personal daily activities would you be willing to reduce or eliminate if it meant that our energy supplies would last longer and our atmosphere would become cleaner? Explain to someone else how your activities are part of a “coupled system” of energy resources.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Extension Activity\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Forced Choice Debate\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Divide the class into three or four learning groups. Each group will be given one of the following positions in the fracking debate, which they must try to defend with evidence from this Explainer and their own research.\u003cbr>\nTeam A: Stop fracking immediately because the long-term contamination risks are not worth the current reward.\u003cbr>\nTeam B: Continue fracking and strengthen regulations to protect against possible consequences.\u003cbr>\nTeam C: Require companies that frack to give part of their profits to research groups exploring how to recycle all waste byproducts and return clean water to the watersheds.\u003cbr>\nTeam D: Require companies that frack to financially support research of cleaner and renewable alternative energy sources.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Each team must summarize its recommendations in a Prezi, PowerPoint, Pearltrees, or similar digital presentation tool.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Links to Learn More\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=can-fracking-be-done-without-impacting-water\" target=\"_blank\"> Preserving Our Natural Resources\u003c/a>, David Biello, Scientific American: Read this article from Scientific American to learn more about the issue of hydraulic fracturing waste disposal and the future of our natural resources.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://tinyurl.com/brinewater\" target=\"_blank\">Brine Water Alternatives\u003c/a>, Kendall Gurule, Frackwire.com: Learn more about the emerging science of recycling brine water.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://tinyurl.com/AAASTradeOffs\" target=\"_blank\">Tradeoffs… Gambling on Our Future?\u003c/a>, AAAS ScienceNetLinks: Learn more about energy tradeoffs for fossil fuels and other natural resources.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://tinyurl.com/Project2061SystemsInteraction\" target=\"_blank\">Sustainability – Seeing “The Big Picture”\u003c/a>, Project2061.org: Learn about the interactions among human society, economics, politics, and ecosystems, and the fragile ties that try to hold these systems in balance.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://telstar.ote.cmu.edu/environ/m3/s3/09fossil.shtml\" target=\"_blank\">Take Your Investigation Even Deeper \u003c/a>, Carnegie Mellon University: Carnegie Mellon University has an outstanding environmental science site dedicated to the promise and challenges of meeting our world’s energy demands.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>NGSS Correlations\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation:\u003c/strong> Ask questions to clarify evidence of the factors that have caused the rise in global temperatures over the past century. \u003cstrong>MS-ESS3-5\u003c/strong> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea:\u003c/strong> Human activities, such as the release of greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, are major factors in the current rise in Earth’s mean surface temperature (global warming). Reducing the level of climate change and reducing human vulnerability to whatever climate changes do occur depend on the understanding of climate science, engineering capabilities, and other kinds of knowledge, such as human behavior, and applying that knowledge wisely in decisions and activities. \u003cstrong>ESS3.D Global Climate Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crosscutting Concepts:\u003c/strong> Cause and effect\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Science and Engineering Practices:\u003c/strong> Constructing explanations and designing solutions\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/65008/energy-and-a-sustainable-future-part-5-of-5","authors":["10295"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_11765","quest_9","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_13196","quest_10978","quest_10327","quest_12527","quest_9804","quest_12528","quest_2349","quest_10429"],"collections":["quest_12601","quest_12599"],"featImg":"quest_66854","label":"quest_12599"},"quest_62758":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_62758","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"62758","score":null,"sort":[1383663600000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"quest-television-americas-energy-future","title":"QUEST TV: America’s Energy Future","publishDate":1383663600,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003ch2>\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch2>Episode Description\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>From fossil fuels to renewables, the race is on to find better ways to manage and maximize our energy sources. Tour a massive solar farm in California, investigate the impacts of fracking on Ohio’s groundwater supplies, and join Missouri university students as they compete to build the most energy-efficient house in America.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Segment Details\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Watch the full 1/2 hour television episode above or watch individual segments and read accompanying articles on the following pages:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/largest-solar-plant-in-the-world-goes-through-last-test-before-opening/\">Largest Solar Plant in the World Goes Through Last Test Before Opening\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/fracking-wastewater/\">After the Frack\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/off-the-grid-solar-decathlon/\">Going Off The Grid: Competition Spurs Innovations in Solar Home Design\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Tour a solar energy farm, investigate fracking, and explore new energy-efficient home designs in this television episode.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457565485,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":4,"wordCount":108},"headData":{"title":"QUEST TV: America’s Energy Future | KQED","description":"Tour a solar energy farm, investigate fracking, and explore new energy-efficient home designs in this television episode.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"QUEST TV: America’s Energy Future","datePublished":"2013-11-05T15:00:00.000Z","dateModified":"2016-03-09T23:18:05.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"62758 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=videos&p=62758","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/11/05/quest-television-americas-energy-future/","disqusTitle":"QUEST TV: America’s Energy Future","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N5fOZgPkxWA","path":"/quest/62758/quest-television-americas-energy-future","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003ch2>\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch2>Episode Description\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>From fossil fuels to renewables, the race is on to find better ways to manage and maximize our energy sources. Tour a massive solar farm in California, investigate the impacts of fracking on Ohio’s groundwater supplies, and join Missouri university students as they compete to build the most energy-efficient house in America.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Segment Details\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Watch the full 1/2 hour television episode above or watch individual segments and read accompanying articles on the following pages:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/largest-solar-plant-in-the-world-goes-through-last-test-before-opening/\">Largest Solar Plant in the World Goes Through Last Test Before Opening\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/fracking-wastewater/\">After the Frack\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/off-the-grid-solar-decathlon/\">Going Off The Grid: Competition Spurs Innovations in Solar Home Design\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/62758/quest-television-americas-energy-future","authors":["10216"],"categories":["quest_11765","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_984","quest_987","quest_1134","quest_10978","quest_12269","quest_1263","quest_1278","quest_12387","quest_2270","quest_2349","quest_12354","quest_13","quest_10429","quest_2409","quest_2693","quest_2698","quest_2701","quest_2714","quest_2893","quest_3071"],"featImg":"quest_63122","label":"quest"},"quest_59148":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_59148","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"59148","score":null,"sort":[1383577251000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"fracking-wastewater","title":"After the Frack","publishDate":1383577251,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>\"After the Frack\" was produced by QUEST Ohio’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/maryfecteau/\">Mary Fecteau\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hydraulic fracturing -- better known as fracking -- is a process of extracting natural gas that creates large amounts of contaminated wastewater. In this television segment, QUEST explores the science behind the disposal of this waste, and the issues that surround it. We caught up with QUEST Ohio producer \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/maryfecteau/\">Mary Fecteau\u003c/a> to find out more about some of the issues surrounding fracking and her experience creating this video.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fracking is all over the news, and it is controversial. What made you want to take this topic on?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: I wanted to take it on \u003cstrong>because\u003c/strong> it’s all over the news and really controversial. I think there’s a lot of twisting of facts in this topic to serve a specific agenda, and I think the story needed to be told objectively, or as objectively as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I definitely had that moment when I wondered, “Why did I do this to myself?” The story’s so complex. There’s a lot of rhetoric, and on top of that I was dealing with a lot of ugly footage -- trucks, pipes, and storage tanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So why focus on the waste created by this fracking process?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62971\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 381px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Fracking-John_Jack_GH1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-62971\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Fracking-John_Jack_GH1-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Fracking-John_Jack_GH\" width=\"381\" height=\"212\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">John Jack, Vice President of Business Development at GreenHunter Water, stands in front of large pumps, which pump wastewater from fracking into an underground disposal well.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: The fracking process uses massive amounts of highly pressurized fresh water to create cracks in the bedrock, which frees up the natural gas stored there. Much of this water then comes back up as \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/energy/files/fracking-wastewater-fullreport.pdf\">contaminated wastewater\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ohio is, as some say, a “\u003ca href=\"http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-03-22/fracking-fluid-soaks-ohio\">dumping ground\u003c/a>” for this wastewater. Other states truck their wastewater in [to Ohio] to dispose of it here. This is because we have so many \u003ca href=\"http://stateimpact.npr.org/pennsylvania/tag/deep-injection-well/\">deep injection wells\u003c/a>. Injection wells are the sites deep underground where this wastewater must be put. So we have \u003ca href=\"http://www.crainscleveland.com/article/20130816/ENERGY/130819882\">about 200 injection\u003c/a> wells in the state of Ohio, whereas neighboring states have far fewer. Pennsylvania has \u003ca href=\"http://stateimpact.npr.org/pennsylvania/maps/location-of-deep-injection-wells-in-pennsylvania/\">about 5 active wells\u003c/a> and West Virginia \u003ca href=\"http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2013/09/23/sites-sought-for-fracking-residue.html\">about 60\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You can see a lot of these wastewater trucks coming into the state, right? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: Oh yeah, they’re all over. Out toward the border of Pennsylvania you’ll see the trucks at rest stops and gas stations and coming in on I-80.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the main point of tension in your story? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: The tension centers on scientific disagreement about the potential for harm from the disposal of fracking wastewater. Our key interviewees were with Ohio Department of Natural Resources geologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&ved=0CDIQtwIwAQ&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DqHOwqTzl_2M&ei=sX5hUpK_EPal4APKnIHICw&usg=AFQjCNEoLmxEMJvMBIO40mCWcQ6DICmkIQ&sig2=A0Ga2p4TcAYZDs_pC69BiA&bvm=bv.54176721,d.dmg\">Scott Kell\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ohiocitizen.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/2013-OTCO-Shale-Gas-waste-streams-JWR-3-6-13.pdf\">Dr. Julie Weatherington-Rice\u003c/a>, who researches the fracking process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do they disagree on?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: Oh, everything -- everything from how long fracking has been practiced to what’s in the wastewater to how harmful is it. They don’t agree on whether injection wells are a safe way to contain the waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62972\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 355px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Julie-and-Mary-closer-best-shot1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-62972\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Julie-and-Mary-closer-best-shot1-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Julie and Mary closer best shot\" width=\"355\" height=\"264\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Producer Mary Fecteau interviews Dr. Julie Weatherington-Rice.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Weatherington-Rice thinks that as the wells age, there’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.propublica.org/article/injection-wells-the-poison-beneath-us\">great potential for them to leak\u003c/a>, and that there have been documented surface-level leaks before. Kell says the injection well track record is solid, and there have been no instances of groundwater contamination since the process started in the early ’80s. There are also questions and disagreements around the radiation levels in the waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Basically, all the facts that are being disputed come down to one question, “Is this a safe process?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What was the main challenge you faced in producing this piece?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: The main challenge was time, the time limitation [eight minutes] in which to tell the story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What did you have to leave on the cutting-room floor? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: So much! One thing I wish I could have gotten into more was the issue of earthquakes. I mentioned them but didn’t go into specifics about \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/04/youngstown-ohio-earthquakes-wastewater_n_3869286.html\">how injection wells cause earthquakes\u003c/a>, and what safeguards the Ohio Department of Natural Resources is doing to prevent earthquakes in the future. The underlying science here is basically this: if you pump water deep underground near a fault, it could trigger the fault to slip, causing an \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/explainer/earthquakes/\">earthquake.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I also wish I could have gone more in depth about the \u003ca href=\"http://democrats.energycommerce.house.gov/sites/default/files/documents/Hydraulic-Fracturing-Chemicals-2011-4-18.pdf\">chemicals used to frack\u003c/a>. So, before the water gets injected into the ground to fracture a well, energy companies \u003ca href=\"http://fracfocus.org/chemical-use/why-chemicals-are-used\">lace it\u003c/a> with chemicals, which include benzene and other potentially hazardous chemicals. These chemicals help lubricate the process, prevent corrosion of the pipe, etc. They represent just a small portion of the total frack fluid, but their presence raises concerns for many people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What was your goal in producing this piece?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: I wanted to explore the science behind the disposal of fracking wastewater, and give people tools to form -- and inform -- their own views on it.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, is a process of extracting natural gas that creates large amounts of contaminated wastewater. QUEST travels to Ohio to investigate how this wastewater is produced and the controversy over how to safely dispose of it. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457565424,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":815},"headData":{"title":"After the Frack | KQED","description":"Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, is a process of extracting natural gas that creates large amounts of contaminated wastewater. QUEST travels to Ohio to investigate how this wastewater is produced and the controversy over how to safely dispose of it. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"After the Frack","datePublished":"2013-11-04T15:00:51.000Z","dateModified":"2016-03-09T23:17:04.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"59148 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=59148","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/11/04/fracking-wastewater/","disqusTitle":"After the Frack","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BM0o2iGgNL0","path":"/quest/59148/fracking-wastewater","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\"After the Frack\" was produced by QUEST Ohio’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/maryfecteau/\">Mary Fecteau\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hydraulic fracturing -- better known as fracking -- is a process of extracting natural gas that creates large amounts of contaminated wastewater. In this television segment, QUEST explores the science behind the disposal of this waste, and the issues that surround it. We caught up with QUEST Ohio producer \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/maryfecteau/\">Mary Fecteau\u003c/a> to find out more about some of the issues surrounding fracking and her experience creating this video.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fracking is all over the news, and it is controversial. What made you want to take this topic on?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: I wanted to take it on \u003cstrong>because\u003c/strong> it’s all over the news and really controversial. I think there’s a lot of twisting of facts in this topic to serve a specific agenda, and I think the story needed to be told objectively, or as objectively as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I definitely had that moment when I wondered, “Why did I do this to myself?” The story’s so complex. There’s a lot of rhetoric, and on top of that I was dealing with a lot of ugly footage -- trucks, pipes, and storage tanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So why focus on the waste created by this fracking process?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62971\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 381px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Fracking-John_Jack_GH1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-62971\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Fracking-John_Jack_GH1-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Fracking-John_Jack_GH\" width=\"381\" height=\"212\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">John Jack, Vice President of Business Development at GreenHunter Water, stands in front of large pumps, which pump wastewater from fracking into an underground disposal well.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: The fracking process uses massive amounts of highly pressurized fresh water to create cracks in the bedrock, which frees up the natural gas stored there. Much of this water then comes back up as \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/energy/files/fracking-wastewater-fullreport.pdf\">contaminated wastewater\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ohio is, as some say, a “\u003ca href=\"http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-03-22/fracking-fluid-soaks-ohio\">dumping ground\u003c/a>” for this wastewater. Other states truck their wastewater in [to Ohio] to dispose of it here. This is because we have so many \u003ca href=\"http://stateimpact.npr.org/pennsylvania/tag/deep-injection-well/\">deep injection wells\u003c/a>. Injection wells are the sites deep underground where this wastewater must be put. So we have \u003ca href=\"http://www.crainscleveland.com/article/20130816/ENERGY/130819882\">about 200 injection\u003c/a> wells in the state of Ohio, whereas neighboring states have far fewer. Pennsylvania has \u003ca href=\"http://stateimpact.npr.org/pennsylvania/maps/location-of-deep-injection-wells-in-pennsylvania/\">about 5 active wells\u003c/a> and West Virginia \u003ca href=\"http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2013/09/23/sites-sought-for-fracking-residue.html\">about 60\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You can see a lot of these wastewater trucks coming into the state, right? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: Oh yeah, they’re all over. Out toward the border of Pennsylvania you’ll see the trucks at rest stops and gas stations and coming in on I-80.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the main point of tension in your story? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: The tension centers on scientific disagreement about the potential for harm from the disposal of fracking wastewater. Our key interviewees were with Ohio Department of Natural Resources geologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&ved=0CDIQtwIwAQ&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DqHOwqTzl_2M&ei=sX5hUpK_EPal4APKnIHICw&usg=AFQjCNEoLmxEMJvMBIO40mCWcQ6DICmkIQ&sig2=A0Ga2p4TcAYZDs_pC69BiA&bvm=bv.54176721,d.dmg\">Scott Kell\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ohiocitizen.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/2013-OTCO-Shale-Gas-waste-streams-JWR-3-6-13.pdf\">Dr. Julie Weatherington-Rice\u003c/a>, who researches the fracking process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do they disagree on?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: Oh, everything -- everything from how long fracking has been practiced to what’s in the wastewater to how harmful is it. They don’t agree on whether injection wells are a safe way to contain the waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62972\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 355px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Julie-and-Mary-closer-best-shot1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-62972\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Julie-and-Mary-closer-best-shot1-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Julie and Mary closer best shot\" width=\"355\" height=\"264\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Producer Mary Fecteau interviews Dr. Julie Weatherington-Rice.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Weatherington-Rice thinks that as the wells age, there’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.propublica.org/article/injection-wells-the-poison-beneath-us\">great potential for them to leak\u003c/a>, and that there have been documented surface-level leaks before. Kell says the injection well track record is solid, and there have been no instances of groundwater contamination since the process started in the early ’80s. There are also questions and disagreements around the radiation levels in the waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Basically, all the facts that are being disputed come down to one question, “Is this a safe process?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What was the main challenge you faced in producing this piece?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: The main challenge was time, the time limitation [eight minutes] in which to tell the story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What did you have to leave on the cutting-room floor? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: So much! One thing I wish I could have gotten into more was the issue of earthquakes. I mentioned them but didn’t go into specifics about \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/04/youngstown-ohio-earthquakes-wastewater_n_3869286.html\">how injection wells cause earthquakes\u003c/a>, and what safeguards the Ohio Department of Natural Resources is doing to prevent earthquakes in the future. The underlying science here is basically this: if you pump water deep underground near a fault, it could trigger the fault to slip, causing an \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/explainer/earthquakes/\">earthquake.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I also wish I could have gone more in depth about the \u003ca href=\"http://democrats.energycommerce.house.gov/sites/default/files/documents/Hydraulic-Fracturing-Chemicals-2011-4-18.pdf\">chemicals used to frack\u003c/a>. So, before the water gets injected into the ground to fracture a well, energy companies \u003ca href=\"http://fracfocus.org/chemical-use/why-chemicals-are-used\">lace it\u003c/a> with chemicals, which include benzene and other potentially hazardous chemicals. These chemicals help lubricate the process, prevent corrosion of the pipe, etc. They represent just a small portion of the total frack fluid, but their presence raises concerns for many people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What was your goal in producing this piece?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: I wanted to explore the science behind the disposal of fracking wastewater, and give people tools to form -- and inform -- their own views on it.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/59148/fracking-wastewater","authors":["10270"],"categories":["quest_11765","quest_8","quest_9","quest_11","quest_3422","quest_3233","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_10978","quest_12269","quest_12382","quest_10979","quest_10327","quest_12384","quest_12383","quest_9804","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_3293","quest_10429","quest_2893","quest_3071","quest_3106","quest_10326"],"featImg":"quest_62975","label":"quest"},"quest_47968":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_47968","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"47968","score":null,"sort":[1355762714000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"california-prepares-first-fracking-regulations-joining-nationwide-debate","title":"California Prepares First Fracking Regulations, Joining Nationwide Debate","publishDate":1355762714,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/12/20121217science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>UPDATE: California released \u003ca href=\"http://www.conservation.ca.gov/Index/Pages/Index.aspx\">draft fracking regulations\u003c/a> on December 18. Read a breakdown of the new regulations on \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2012/12/18/calif-regulators-release-draft-fracking-regulations/#regulations\">KQED's News Fix blog\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47969\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/KernCounty.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-47969\" title=\"KernCounty\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/KernCounty-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An oil field in Kern County. Regulators says fracking has been used in California for five decades. (Photo: Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The controversial drilling technique known as hydraulic fracturing has created an oil and gas boom around the country – and that’s left state governments grappling with how to regulate it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, California is wading into that fight. State regulators are expected to release California’s first rules on fracking by the end of the month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hydraulic fracturing has revived oil and gas development in places like West Texas. Thirty years ago, the oil industry there went bust. Now, it’s booming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t do things the way we used to do them,” says Ben Shepperd, president of the Permian Basin Petroleum Association, a regional trade group in West Texas. He’s standing next to a towering rig that’s drilling a new oil well on the outskirts of Midland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the 20s, a frack job was: once you drill a hole, you drop TNT down the hole and crack the rock that way. That was an old-fashioned frack job.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fracking technology has come a long way since then. Oil companies drill horizontally underground along a layer of oil-saturated shale rock. Then, they inject water mixed with sand and chemicals into the well at high pressure. That cracks the rock, releasing the oil inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shepperd says companies are spending a billion dollars a month on drilling in West Texas. But that activity has brought new attention and new rules on things like the spacing of wells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The city of Midland updated their drilling ordinance to require setback distances and to require notification of landowners,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around the country, regulating fracking has been largely up to state, county and even city governments. In places where hundreds of new wells have gone in like Pennsylvania, Colorado, and New York, the battles have gotten ugly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[box size=small align=right color=white]\u003cstrong>More Coverage\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See part one from this series - \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/with-large-oil-reserve-california-faces-fracking-debate/\">California Faces Fracking Debate\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Q&A - \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/14/how-do-californias-fracking-regulations-compare-to-other-states/\">How other states are regulating fracking\u003c/a>.\u003cbr>\n[/box]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think we were late to this game,” says Bill Allayaud of the non-profit Environmental Working Group. He says just a few years ago, it wasn’t clear if fracking was widespread in California. So, he asked state regulators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They said we don’t need to frack here. We don’t need to get gas out of the ground that way. But it turns out we’ve been getting oil out of the ground that way for decades,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.conservation.ca.gov/dog/Pages/Index.aspx\">Division of Oil, Gas and Geothermal Resources\u003c/a> (DOGGR) confirms that fracking has been used in the state for 50 years. The agency doesn’t require drillers to specifically report fracking, so it couldn’t say where it’s been happening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That began to worry Allyaud as issues emerged around the country. “There’ve been well blowouts, there’s been spills into water bodies, there’s been contamination of groundwater,” he says. There have also been reports of health effects. But in most cases, the studies haven’t been conclusive on whether fracking was responsible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Maybe some is true, maybe some isn’t. But we’re pretty sure there’s enough solid evidence now to ask more questions, to get better scrutiny, to make sure here in California that we’re up to the task,” says Allayaud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Environmental Working Group and others co-sponsored a bill in the state legislature that would have required more disclosure about fracking. It failed two years in a row - amid opposition from the oil industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, state regulators are stepping in. They’re drafting fracking regulations for the first time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Upcoming Draft Regulations\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve heard this often – this was an unregulated activity,” says Tupper Hull, a lobbyist with the Western States Petroleum Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s a statement that we strongly disagree with. This is a state where industrial activities and certainly oil and gas activities are heavily regulated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But because of the new attention, Hull says many oil companies are now voluntarily reporting where they’re fracking on the \u003ca href=\"http://fracfocus.org/\">FracFocus website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We recognize that there’s a desire on the part of a lot of people to see disclosure and we fully expect that we will be required to disclose the chemicals that are used in hydraulic fracture, the location of hydraulic fracturing,” Hull says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What these regulations are focusing on is really to make sure the operators are pre-planning the frack job to make sure it’s done correctly, monitoring during fracking and reporting after,” says Tim Kustic of DOGGR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of this has already been going on, It just hasn’t been captured in regulations. It’s just industry’s best practice,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47971\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/Texas.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-47971\" title=\"Texas\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/Texas.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"320\" height=\"240\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Drilling site in West Texas, where hydraulic fracturing has led to an oil development boom. (Photo: Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Kustic says the regulations probably won’t make drillers disclose the precise chemical recipe of their fracking fluids, since it's considered a trade secret. And when it comes to monitoring groundwater around fracking sites to detect contamination, Kustic says that will likely be left to the State Water Resources Control Board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there’s California’s complex geology. “You don’t want to be hydraulically fracturing an active fault,” says Mark Zoback, a geophysicist at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says the likelihood that fracking would cause a big earthquake is relatively low. But there could be an issue with the fracking waste water. Drillers often dispose of it by injecting it in underground wells, which builds up pressure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It takes a big fault to make a big earthquake. And it’s sort of a no-brainer – you don’t inject into existing faults, especially big ones,” Zoback says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State regulators aren’t likely to deal with that in the fracking regulations, but Zoback says it’s something they’ll have to pay attention to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You know it’s not hydraulic fracturing is good or hydraulic fracturing is bad. Hydraulic fracturing is safe or hydraulic fracturing is unsafe. On a case by case basis, you have to consider what’s safe to do and what’s not.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State regulators hope to finalize California’s first fracking regulations sometime next year.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The controversial drilling technique known as hydraulic fracturing has created an oil and gas boom around the country – and that’s left state governments grappling with how to regulate it. Now, California is wading into that fight.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1356731868,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":36,"wordCount":1156},"headData":{"title":"California Prepares First Fracking Regulations, Joining Nationwide Debate | KQED","description":"The controversial drilling technique known as hydraulic fracturing has created an oil and gas boom around the country – and that’s left state governments grappling with how to regulate it. Now, California is wading into that fight.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"California Prepares First Fracking Regulations, Joining Nationwide Debate","datePublished":"2012-12-17T16:45:14.000Z","dateModified":"2012-12-28T21:57:48.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"47968 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=audio_reports&p=47968","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/17/california-prepares-first-fracking-regulations-joining-nationwide-debate/","disqusTitle":"California Prepares First Fracking Regulations, Joining Nationwide Debate","WpOldSlug":"west-coast-a-test-bed-for-ocean-acidification-2","path":"/quest/47968/california-prepares-first-fracking-regulations-joining-nationwide-debate","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/12/20121217science.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"audioLink","attributes":{"named":{"src":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/12/20121217science.mp3"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>UPDATE: California released \u003ca href=\"http://www.conservation.ca.gov/Index/Pages/Index.aspx\">draft fracking regulations\u003c/a> on December 18. Read a breakdown of the new regulations on \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2012/12/18/calif-regulators-release-draft-fracking-regulations/#regulations\">KQED's News Fix blog\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47969\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/KernCounty.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-47969\" title=\"KernCounty\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/KernCounty-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An oil field in Kern County. Regulators says fracking has been used in California for five decades. (Photo: Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The controversial drilling technique known as hydraulic fracturing has created an oil and gas boom around the country – and that’s left state governments grappling with how to regulate it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, California is wading into that fight. State regulators are expected to release California’s first rules on fracking by the end of the month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hydraulic fracturing has revived oil and gas development in places like West Texas. Thirty years ago, the oil industry there went bust. Now, it’s booming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t do things the way we used to do them,” says Ben Shepperd, president of the Permian Basin Petroleum Association, a regional trade group in West Texas. He’s standing next to a towering rig that’s drilling a new oil well on the outskirts of Midland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the 20s, a frack job was: once you drill a hole, you drop TNT down the hole and crack the rock that way. That was an old-fashioned frack job.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fracking technology has come a long way since then. Oil companies drill horizontally underground along a layer of oil-saturated shale rock. Then, they inject water mixed with sand and chemicals into the well at high pressure. That cracks the rock, releasing the oil inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shepperd says companies are spending a billion dollars a month on drilling in West Texas. But that activity has brought new attention and new rules on things like the spacing of wells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The city of Midland updated their drilling ordinance to require setback distances and to require notification of landowners,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around the country, regulating fracking has been largely up to state, county and even city governments. In places where hundreds of new wells have gone in like Pennsylvania, Colorado, and New York, the battles have gotten ugly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[box size=small align=right color=white]\u003cstrong>More Coverage\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See part one from this series - \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/with-large-oil-reserve-california-faces-fracking-debate/\">California Faces Fracking Debate\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Q&A - \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/14/how-do-californias-fracking-regulations-compare-to-other-states/\">How other states are regulating fracking\u003c/a>.\u003cbr>\n[/box]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think we were late to this game,” says Bill Allayaud of the non-profit Environmental Working Group. He says just a few years ago, it wasn’t clear if fracking was widespread in California. So, he asked state regulators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They said we don’t need to frack here. We don’t need to get gas out of the ground that way. But it turns out we’ve been getting oil out of the ground that way for decades,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.conservation.ca.gov/dog/Pages/Index.aspx\">Division of Oil, Gas and Geothermal Resources\u003c/a> (DOGGR) confirms that fracking has been used in the state for 50 years. The agency doesn’t require drillers to specifically report fracking, so it couldn’t say where it’s been happening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That began to worry Allyaud as issues emerged around the country. “There’ve been well blowouts, there’s been spills into water bodies, there’s been contamination of groundwater,” he says. There have also been reports of health effects. But in most cases, the studies haven’t been conclusive on whether fracking was responsible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Maybe some is true, maybe some isn’t. But we’re pretty sure there’s enough solid evidence now to ask more questions, to get better scrutiny, to make sure here in California that we’re up to the task,” says Allayaud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Environmental Working Group and others co-sponsored a bill in the state legislature that would have required more disclosure about fracking. It failed two years in a row - amid opposition from the oil industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, state regulators are stepping in. They’re drafting fracking regulations for the first time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Upcoming Draft Regulations\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve heard this often – this was an unregulated activity,” says Tupper Hull, a lobbyist with the Western States Petroleum Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s a statement that we strongly disagree with. This is a state where industrial activities and certainly oil and gas activities are heavily regulated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But because of the new attention, Hull says many oil companies are now voluntarily reporting where they’re fracking on the \u003ca href=\"http://fracfocus.org/\">FracFocus website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We recognize that there’s a desire on the part of a lot of people to see disclosure and we fully expect that we will be required to disclose the chemicals that are used in hydraulic fracture, the location of hydraulic fracturing,” Hull says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What these regulations are focusing on is really to make sure the operators are pre-planning the frack job to make sure it’s done correctly, monitoring during fracking and reporting after,” says Tim Kustic of DOGGR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of this has already been going on, It just hasn’t been captured in regulations. It’s just industry’s best practice,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47971\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/Texas.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-47971\" title=\"Texas\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/Texas.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"320\" height=\"240\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Drilling site in West Texas, where hydraulic fracturing has led to an oil development boom. (Photo: Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Kustic says the regulations probably won’t make drillers disclose the precise chemical recipe of their fracking fluids, since it's considered a trade secret. And when it comes to monitoring groundwater around fracking sites to detect contamination, Kustic says that will likely be left to the State Water Resources Control Board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there’s California’s complex geology. “You don’t want to be hydraulically fracturing an active fault,” says Mark Zoback, a geophysicist at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says the likelihood that fracking would cause a big earthquake is relatively low. But there could be an issue with the fracking waste water. Drillers often dispose of it by injecting it in underground wells, which builds up pressure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It takes a big fault to make a big earthquake. And it’s sort of a no-brainer – you don’t inject into existing faults, especially big ones,” Zoback says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State regulators aren’t likely to deal with that in the fracking regulations, but Zoback says it’s something they’ll have to pay attention to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You know it’s not hydraulic fracturing is good or hydraulic fracturing is bad. Hydraulic fracturing is safe or hydraulic fracturing is unsafe. On a case by case basis, you have to consider what’s safe to do and what’s not.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State regulators hope to finalize California’s first fracking regulations sometime next year.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/47968/california-prepares-first-fracking-regulations-joining-nationwide-debate","authors":["239"],"categories":["quest_8","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_984","quest_1134","quest_10978","quest_1173","quest_10979","quest_11518","quest_13203","quest_2057","quest_3108"],"featImg":"quest_47969","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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