Sudden Oak Death Plus Wildfire: A Natural Experiment
Discuss the "California's Fire Future" Radio Report
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Credit: Holden Arboretum.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Sharing.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Sharing-400x225.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Participants harvest Chanterelle mushrooms during a recent forest farming workshop at the Holden Arboretum in Kirkland, Ohio. Credit: Holden Arboretum.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>QUEST Ohio Community Contributor \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/kmudge/\">Ken Mudge\u003c/a> contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is a hot and steamy summer day in northeast Ohio and the mosquitoes are out in full force. None of this seems to bother me or my associate, Dr. Kenneth Mudge, associate professor of horticulture at Cornell University, as we roll over logs in a hardwood forest at the 3,500-acre \u003ca href=\"http://www.holdenarb.org/home/\" target=\"_blank\">Holden Arboretum\u003c/a> just east of Cleveland. He is looking for edible mushrooms -- particularly Shitakes, which can fetch up to 15 dollars per pound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This might not look like a farm in the traditional sense,” says Mudge, “but cultivating and harvesting non-timber resources, or ‘\u003ca href=\"http://www.centerforagroforestry.org/pubs/mushguide.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">forest farming\u003c/a>,’ might help foster the health and integrity of forests in the northeast U.S. and therefore exemplify productive conservation\u003cem>.\u003c/em>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62577\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC00283-sm2048.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-62577\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC00283-sm2048-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Kenneth Mudge demonstrates how to seed a log with Shitakes. Growing edible mushrooms can be both profitable and sustainable. Credit: Holden Arboretum.\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Kenneth Mudge demonstrates how to seed a log with Shitakes. Growing edible mushrooms can be both a profitable and sustainable forest management strategy. Credit: Holden Arboretum.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Forested landscapes play a far more central role in our everyday lives than most people realize. In addition to providing beneficial timber and non-timber resources, sustainable forest management maintains biodiversity, preserves wildlife habitat, prevents soil erosion, and maintains water quality. It also sequesters atmospheric carbon dioxide, helping to slow the rate of climate change by providing relatively long-term storage of this greenhouse gas in tree biomass and soil organic matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite their biological and economic importance, forests continue to be threatened by land-use change (urban and agricultural development), acid rain and nutrient enrichment, and invasive plants and pests, underscoring the need to conserve native forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, opportunities abound to rethink the current concept and practice of forest conservation and management of ecosystem services at the landscape scale. The eastern U.S., in particular, represents a unique opportunity for forest research and experimental management because forest cover is actually increasing due to agricultural abandonment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62576\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 270px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/098.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-62576\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/098-270x360.jpg\" alt=\"Forest farming instructor Robert Beyfuss displays Chanterelle mushrooms. Credit: Holden Arboretum.\" width=\"270\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Forest farming instructor Robert Beyfuss displays Chanterelle mushrooms. Credit: Holden Arboretum.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Forest farming, which is the cultivation of high-value, non-timber forest products like ginseng and mushrooms, provides an economically viable alternative to traditional management practices. Such practices promote productive conservation that maintains and enhances ecosystem services, while generating income that helps pay taxes and thereby avoids unsustainable timber harvest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It isn’t a stretch to envision this sort of model. Non-timber harvesting has existed in northern Europe for centuries, and maple sap extraction for syrup, although energy intensive, is a common agricultural practice throughout the Northeast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, a forest management practice called timber stand improvement (TSI) increases forest health by thinning overly dense stands of young trees, thereby allowing the best prospects to grow to maturity and contribute to the future harvest of high-quality timber. The trees removed during thinning can be used as substrate logs for \u003ca href=\"http://www.vegetablegardener.com/item/4220/how-to-grow-shiitake-mushrooms\" target=\"_blank\">cultivating Shiitake mushrooms\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“Farming forests does not have to be time consuming or energy intensive, and it sure beats a clear-cut full of invasive shrubs every 30 years.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>TSI improves forest quality in the long term, while generating income from mushrooms in the short term. It’s an example of productive conservation and can be an important aspect of modern forest management, particularly in human-dominated landscapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Farming forests does not have to be time consuming or energy intensive, and it sure beats a clear-cut full of invasive shrubs every 30 years,” adds Mudge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regions with large tracts of public land, such as the western U.S., are amenable to broad implementation of sustainable forest management practices. But in the eastern U.S., much of the forested land is privately owned and parcel size is trending toward smaller woodlots, two factors that present obstacles to the adaptation of forest farming methods versus traditional timber harvesting. Woodlot owners are often constrained economically by property tax policies that encourage unsustainable timber harvest, resulting in declining forest health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62579\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC00368-sm2048.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-62579\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC00368-sm2048-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Mushrooms grow well on tree logs in shady forests. Credit: Holden Arboretum.\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mushrooms thrive on tree logs in shady forests. Credit: Holden Arboretum.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Forests are at risk from many threats right now, which speaks to the need for new management approaches that foster forest cover and consider the functional aspects of forest ecosystems. However, the success of those management strategies depends on their ability to achieve conservation goals, while still being socially and culturally relevant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although forest farming approaches are a win/win for landowners and managers, future forest research is needed to investigate and quantify the effect of productive conservation practices (relative to traditional management) on ecosystem services and biodiversity. Only then can the true economic and ecological benefits be evaluated.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Growing high-value crops like edible mushrooms may help forests, and forest owners, thrive.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1382726798,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":783},"headData":{"title":"Seeing the Farm Through the Trees | KQED","description":"Growing high-value crops like edible mushrooms may help forests, and forest owners, thrive.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Seeing the Farm Through the Trees","datePublished":"2013-10-29T14:00:08.000Z","dateModified":"2013-10-25T18:46:38.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"57460 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=57460","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/10/29/forest-farming/","disqusTitle":"Seeing the Farm Through the Trees","path":"/quest/57460/forest-farming","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62587\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Sharing.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-62587\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Sharing.png\" alt=\"Participants harvest Chanterelle mushrooms during a recent forest farming workshop at the Holden Arboretum in Kirkland, Ohio. Credit: Holden Arboretum.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Sharing.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Sharing-400x225.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Participants harvest Chanterelle mushrooms during a recent forest farming workshop at the Holden Arboretum in Kirkland, Ohio. Credit: Holden Arboretum.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>QUEST Ohio Community Contributor \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/kmudge/\">Ken Mudge\u003c/a> contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is a hot and steamy summer day in northeast Ohio and the mosquitoes are out in full force. None of this seems to bother me or my associate, Dr. Kenneth Mudge, associate professor of horticulture at Cornell University, as we roll over logs in a hardwood forest at the 3,500-acre \u003ca href=\"http://www.holdenarb.org/home/\" target=\"_blank\">Holden Arboretum\u003c/a> just east of Cleveland. He is looking for edible mushrooms -- particularly Shitakes, which can fetch up to 15 dollars per pound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This might not look like a farm in the traditional sense,” says Mudge, “but cultivating and harvesting non-timber resources, or ‘\u003ca href=\"http://www.centerforagroforestry.org/pubs/mushguide.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">forest farming\u003c/a>,’ might help foster the health and integrity of forests in the northeast U.S. and therefore exemplify productive conservation\u003cem>.\u003c/em>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62577\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC00283-sm2048.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-62577\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC00283-sm2048-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Kenneth Mudge demonstrates how to seed a log with Shitakes. Growing edible mushrooms can be both profitable and sustainable. Credit: Holden Arboretum.\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Kenneth Mudge demonstrates how to seed a log with Shitakes. Growing edible mushrooms can be both a profitable and sustainable forest management strategy. Credit: Holden Arboretum.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Forested landscapes play a far more central role in our everyday lives than most people realize. In addition to providing beneficial timber and non-timber resources, sustainable forest management maintains biodiversity, preserves wildlife habitat, prevents soil erosion, and maintains water quality. It also sequesters atmospheric carbon dioxide, helping to slow the rate of climate change by providing relatively long-term storage of this greenhouse gas in tree biomass and soil organic matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite their biological and economic importance, forests continue to be threatened by land-use change (urban and agricultural development), acid rain and nutrient enrichment, and invasive plants and pests, underscoring the need to conserve native forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, opportunities abound to rethink the current concept and practice of forest conservation and management of ecosystem services at the landscape scale. The eastern U.S., in particular, represents a unique opportunity for forest research and experimental management because forest cover is actually increasing due to agricultural abandonment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62576\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 270px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/098.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-62576\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/098-270x360.jpg\" alt=\"Forest farming instructor Robert Beyfuss displays Chanterelle mushrooms. Credit: Holden Arboretum.\" width=\"270\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Forest farming instructor Robert Beyfuss displays Chanterelle mushrooms. Credit: Holden Arboretum.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Forest farming, which is the cultivation of high-value, non-timber forest products like ginseng and mushrooms, provides an economically viable alternative to traditional management practices. Such practices promote productive conservation that maintains and enhances ecosystem services, while generating income that helps pay taxes and thereby avoids unsustainable timber harvest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It isn’t a stretch to envision this sort of model. Non-timber harvesting has existed in northern Europe for centuries, and maple sap extraction for syrup, although energy intensive, is a common agricultural practice throughout the Northeast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, a forest management practice called timber stand improvement (TSI) increases forest health by thinning overly dense stands of young trees, thereby allowing the best prospects to grow to maturity and contribute to the future harvest of high-quality timber. The trees removed during thinning can be used as substrate logs for \u003ca href=\"http://www.vegetablegardener.com/item/4220/how-to-grow-shiitake-mushrooms\" target=\"_blank\">cultivating Shiitake mushrooms\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“Farming forests does not have to be time consuming or energy intensive, and it sure beats a clear-cut full of invasive shrubs every 30 years.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>TSI improves forest quality in the long term, while generating income from mushrooms in the short term. It’s an example of productive conservation and can be an important aspect of modern forest management, particularly in human-dominated landscapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Farming forests does not have to be time consuming or energy intensive, and it sure beats a clear-cut full of invasive shrubs every 30 years,” adds Mudge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regions with large tracts of public land, such as the western U.S., are amenable to broad implementation of sustainable forest management practices. But in the eastern U.S., much of the forested land is privately owned and parcel size is trending toward smaller woodlots, two factors that present obstacles to the adaptation of forest farming methods versus traditional timber harvesting. Woodlot owners are often constrained economically by property tax policies that encourage unsustainable timber harvest, resulting in declining forest health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62579\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC00368-sm2048.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-62579\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC00368-sm2048-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Mushrooms grow well on tree logs in shady forests. Credit: Holden Arboretum.\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mushrooms thrive on tree logs in shady forests. Credit: Holden Arboretum.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Forests are at risk from many threats right now, which speaks to the need for new management approaches that foster forest cover and consider the functional aspects of forest ecosystems. However, the success of those management strategies depends on their ability to achieve conservation goals, while still being socially and culturally relevant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although forest farming approaches are a win/win for landowners and managers, future forest research is needed to investigate and quantify the effect of productive conservation practices (relative to traditional management) on ecosystem services and biodiversity. Only then can the true economic and ecological benefits be evaluated.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/57460/forest-farming","authors":["10502"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_3229","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_326","quest_1130","quest_12358","quest_12269","quest_1155","quest_12073","quest_12359","quest_10327","quest_12357","quest_10379","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_3293","quest_13364"],"featImg":"quest_62587","label":"quest"},"quest_50948":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_50948","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"50948","score":null,"sort":[1368543635000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"are-doughnuts-destroying-forests","title":"Are Doughnuts Destroying Forests?","publishDate":1368543635,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003ch2>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/RS_DSCN1134.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-54069\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/RS_DSCN1134.jpg\" alt=\"RS_DSCN1134\" width=\"604\" height=\"340\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/RS_DSCN1134.jpg 604w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/RS_DSCN1134-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 604px) 100vw, 604px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan style=\"color: #808080\">An Expert Opinion:\u003c/span> Frances Seymour\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch3>\u003c/h3>\n\u003ch4>\u003cem>The former Director General at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cifor.org/\">Center for International Forestry Research\u003c/a>, Frances Seymour has been a world leader in the effort to understand and address the impacts of tropical deforestation for 20 years. Or as she puts it, since Ben and Jerry’s released their Rainforest Crunch ice cream.\u003c/em>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-53764\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/young_frances-173x253.jpg\" alt=\"young_frances\" width=\"161\" height=\"234\">\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What got you interested in forests in the first place?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing up in Chapel Hill, [North Carolina] I was always interested in nature and I tried to think of careers that could enable me to indulge that hobby. So when I was at UNC, I majored in zoology and thought about being a wildlife veterinarian as a way to be outside. I was in graduate school at the time when tropical forests were just exploding onto the international consciousness. This was back in the era of Rainforest Crunch and the lead-up to the first \u003ca href=\"http://www.worldsummit2002.org/index.htm?http://www.worldsummit2002.org/guide/unced.htm\">Rio Earth Summit\u003c/a> in 1992, when everybody was concerned about tropical biodiversity and indigenous peoples. So I ended up being caught up in all that and making a career out of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What are some of the human and ecological costs of deforestation?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When forests are lost, that means the loss of a lot of things that local communities depend on. At the local level this includes access to timber and non-timber forest products. At the landscape level forests provide various ecosystem services, like keeping clean waters in streams year-round and regulating rainfall patterns. Last but not least are the global-level human impacts. It’s estimated that greenhouse gas emissions from tropical deforestation and other land-use changes are a \u003ca href=\"http://scitechdaily.com/deforestation-adds-more-atmospheric-co2-than-the-sum-total-of-cars-trucks-on-the-worlds-roads/\">greater source of [C02] release\u003c/a> than all of the planes, trains, automobiles emissions combined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What poses the biggest risk to our forests: chopsticks, toothpicks, or toilet paper?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I would say “none of the above,” because some of the fastest and most damaging deforestation taking place right now is caused by the palm oil industry. So maybe the answer would be “your doughnuts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/IMG_6852.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-54321\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/IMG_6852-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"IMG_6852\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>Palm oil is one of those commodities that is mostly used as an edible oil. In Asia, it’s the most commonly used oil for frying things. But in our supermarkets, it’s in, like, half the products, ranging from shampoo to peanut butter to doughnuts. And so that’s probably the greatest threat to tropical forests right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is palm oil a relatively new commodity, at least on this scale?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Palm oil has been produced on an industrial scale in Indonesia and Malaysia for a long time, but the price of it has rapidly escalated. The prospect of new markets for palm oil-based biodiesel have also come on the horizon and so the incentives to invest in palm plantations have increased in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54323\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 378px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-54323\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/5701875645_79296910b5_b-378x253.jpg\" alt=\"Photo by Ryan Woo/CIFOR\" width=\"378\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Ryan Woo/CIFOR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54324\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-54324\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/5038663408_7f760da960_b-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Photo by Daniel Murdiyarso/CIFOR\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Daniel Murdiyarso/CIFOR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Palm oil production is responsible for significant deforestation in both of those places and, most recently, it’s begun to expand to other regions. It feels like almost every day I read a news release about another deal being done for tens or hundreds of thousands of hectares in Central Africa to be converted to an oil palm plantation. And the particular concern in a place like Indonesia is that a lot of this palm oil is being planted on peatland swamp forests. These peat swamps can be standing on layers of organic matter that has accumulated over thousands of years. They can be more than 30 feet deep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Thirty feet deep. That’s incredible.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think about that for a minute. When you drain and burn a peatland forest in order to plant palm oil or pulp and paper—not only do you have the pulse of emissions from the initial burning of the surface vegetation going into the atmosphere, but that organic matter that was locked up underground is suddenly liberated, releasing greenhouse gases into the air as it oxidizes and decomposes. And so the amount of carbon per hectare released into the atmosphere is many, many, many times greater than an equivalent hectare of forest not on peat swamp soils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the best way to balance sustaining the health of a forest and giving forest-dependent communities control of their resources?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-53769\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/DSCN0831-198x253.jpg\" alt=\"DSCN0831\" width=\"153\" height=\"197\">I guess I would challenge the premise of the question in the following way: one of the great misconceptions about tropical deforestation is that it’s the local people who are responsible for deforestation. Communities don’t need to be convinced of the value of forest because they’re the ones who hunt in the forest and fish in the forest and gather rattan from the forest. They’re the ones who suffer when the logging trucks come in. So it’s kind of galling to blame deforestation on local communities when, in fact, the people who are profiting from deforestation tend to be elites from capital cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>I love that you challenged me on that.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can tell I’m not shy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Agriculture, specifically livestock grazing, contributes to deforestation. Are you a vegetarian?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[LAUGHS] No, I’m not. Yes, it is true overall that agricultural expansion is one of the key drivers of deforestation around the world. In terms of the cattle production in the Amazon, there’s been a big effort recently to try to \u003ca href=\"http://grsbeef.org/\">shift beef production to deforestation-free methods\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>People that are reading this might want to know what they can do to prevent deforestation. Should they buy forest-certified lumber? Eat local meat? Eat fewer doughnuts?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With specific reference to tropical deforestation, I think there are two things: One is to be a constituency for active U.S. engagement. And then, as individual consumers, yes, it does make a difference. Buy sustainably produced \u003ca href=\"https://us.fsc.org/\">FSC-certified\u003c/a> wood products. And hopefully, over time, we’ll have credible certification systems for some of these other commodities that can be certified deforestation-free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Did you read The Giving Tree as a kid?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Did not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-53771\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Malinau-DG-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"Malinau-DG\" width=\"160\" height=\"240\">If trees could talk, what would they say to the humans right now on this planet?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTrees have a self-interest in controlling climate change. So in addition to, “Don’t cut me down,” trees would also say, “Please protect the climate,” because forests are also vulnerable to climate change. With a changing climate, forests are experiencing drought and new invasions of pests that we have haven’t seen before. And so they would be saying, “If you want to keep forests around, you need to protect the climate.” So it’s sort of the opposite of what we’ve been talking about, “If you want to protect the climate, protect forests,” but it works the other way too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>*This interview has been condensed and edited.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A conversation with a forestry expert reveals doughnuts as unlikely contributors to global deforestation.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443824195,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":27,"wordCount":1157},"headData":{"title":"Are Doughnuts Destroying Forests? | KQED","description":"A conversation with a forestry expert reveals doughnuts as unlikely contributors to global deforestation.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Are Doughnuts Destroying Forests?","datePublished":"2013-05-14T15:00:35.000Z","dateModified":"2015-10-02T22:16:35.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"50948 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=50948","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/14/are-doughnuts-destroying-forests/","disqusTitle":"Are Doughnuts Destroying Forests?","path":"/quest/50948/are-doughnuts-destroying-forests","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003ch2>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/RS_DSCN1134.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-54069\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/RS_DSCN1134.jpg\" alt=\"RS_DSCN1134\" width=\"604\" height=\"340\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/RS_DSCN1134.jpg 604w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/RS_DSCN1134-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 604px) 100vw, 604px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan style=\"color: #808080\">An Expert Opinion:\u003c/span> Frances Seymour\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch3>\u003c/h3>\n\u003ch4>\u003cem>The former Director General at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cifor.org/\">Center for International Forestry Research\u003c/a>, Frances Seymour has been a world leader in the effort to understand and address the impacts of tropical deforestation for 20 years. Or as she puts it, since Ben and Jerry’s released their Rainforest Crunch ice cream.\u003c/em>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-53764\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/young_frances-173x253.jpg\" alt=\"young_frances\" width=\"161\" height=\"234\">\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What got you interested in forests in the first place?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing up in Chapel Hill, [North Carolina] I was always interested in nature and I tried to think of careers that could enable me to indulge that hobby. So when I was at UNC, I majored in zoology and thought about being a wildlife veterinarian as a way to be outside. I was in graduate school at the time when tropical forests were just exploding onto the international consciousness. This was back in the era of Rainforest Crunch and the lead-up to the first \u003ca href=\"http://www.worldsummit2002.org/index.htm?http://www.worldsummit2002.org/guide/unced.htm\">Rio Earth Summit\u003c/a> in 1992, when everybody was concerned about tropical biodiversity and indigenous peoples. So I ended up being caught up in all that and making a career out of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What are some of the human and ecological costs of deforestation?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When forests are lost, that means the loss of a lot of things that local communities depend on. At the local level this includes access to timber and non-timber forest products. At the landscape level forests provide various ecosystem services, like keeping clean waters in streams year-round and regulating rainfall patterns. Last but not least are the global-level human impacts. It’s estimated that greenhouse gas emissions from tropical deforestation and other land-use changes are a \u003ca href=\"http://scitechdaily.com/deforestation-adds-more-atmospheric-co2-than-the-sum-total-of-cars-trucks-on-the-worlds-roads/\">greater source of [C02] release\u003c/a> than all of the planes, trains, automobiles emissions combined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What poses the biggest risk to our forests: chopsticks, toothpicks, or toilet paper?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I would say “none of the above,” because some of the fastest and most damaging deforestation taking place right now is caused by the palm oil industry. So maybe the answer would be “your doughnuts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/IMG_6852.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-54321\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/IMG_6852-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"IMG_6852\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>Palm oil is one of those commodities that is mostly used as an edible oil. In Asia, it’s the most commonly used oil for frying things. But in our supermarkets, it’s in, like, half the products, ranging from shampoo to peanut butter to doughnuts. And so that’s probably the greatest threat to tropical forests right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is palm oil a relatively new commodity, at least on this scale?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Palm oil has been produced on an industrial scale in Indonesia and Malaysia for a long time, but the price of it has rapidly escalated. The prospect of new markets for palm oil-based biodiesel have also come on the horizon and so the incentives to invest in palm plantations have increased in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54323\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 378px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-54323\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/5701875645_79296910b5_b-378x253.jpg\" alt=\"Photo by Ryan Woo/CIFOR\" width=\"378\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Ryan Woo/CIFOR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54324\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-54324\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/5038663408_7f760da960_b-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Photo by Daniel Murdiyarso/CIFOR\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Daniel Murdiyarso/CIFOR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Palm oil production is responsible for significant deforestation in both of those places and, most recently, it’s begun to expand to other regions. It feels like almost every day I read a news release about another deal being done for tens or hundreds of thousands of hectares in Central Africa to be converted to an oil palm plantation. And the particular concern in a place like Indonesia is that a lot of this palm oil is being planted on peatland swamp forests. These peat swamps can be standing on layers of organic matter that has accumulated over thousands of years. They can be more than 30 feet deep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Thirty feet deep. That’s incredible.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think about that for a minute. When you drain and burn a peatland forest in order to plant palm oil or pulp and paper—not only do you have the pulse of emissions from the initial burning of the surface vegetation going into the atmosphere, but that organic matter that was locked up underground is suddenly liberated, releasing greenhouse gases into the air as it oxidizes and decomposes. And so the amount of carbon per hectare released into the atmosphere is many, many, many times greater than an equivalent hectare of forest not on peat swamp soils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the best way to balance sustaining the health of a forest and giving forest-dependent communities control of their resources?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-53769\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/DSCN0831-198x253.jpg\" alt=\"DSCN0831\" width=\"153\" height=\"197\">I guess I would challenge the premise of the question in the following way: one of the great misconceptions about tropical deforestation is that it’s the local people who are responsible for deforestation. Communities don’t need to be convinced of the value of forest because they’re the ones who hunt in the forest and fish in the forest and gather rattan from the forest. They’re the ones who suffer when the logging trucks come in. So it’s kind of galling to blame deforestation on local communities when, in fact, the people who are profiting from deforestation tend to be elites from capital cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>I love that you challenged me on that.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can tell I’m not shy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Agriculture, specifically livestock grazing, contributes to deforestation. Are you a vegetarian?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[LAUGHS] No, I’m not. Yes, it is true overall that agricultural expansion is one of the key drivers of deforestation around the world. In terms of the cattle production in the Amazon, there’s been a big effort recently to try to \u003ca href=\"http://grsbeef.org/\">shift beef production to deforestation-free methods\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>People that are reading this might want to know what they can do to prevent deforestation. Should they buy forest-certified lumber? Eat local meat? Eat fewer doughnuts?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With specific reference to tropical deforestation, I think there are two things: One is to be a constituency for active U.S. engagement. And then, as individual consumers, yes, it does make a difference. Buy sustainably produced \u003ca href=\"https://us.fsc.org/\">FSC-certified\u003c/a> wood products. And hopefully, over time, we’ll have credible certification systems for some of these other commodities that can be certified deforestation-free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Did you read The Giving Tree as a kid?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Did not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-53771\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Malinau-DG-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"Malinau-DG\" width=\"160\" height=\"240\">If trees could talk, what would they say to the humans right now on this planet?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTrees have a self-interest in controlling climate change. So in addition to, “Don’t cut me down,” trees would also say, “Please protect the climate,” because forests are also vulnerable to climate change. With a changing climate, forests are experiencing drought and new invasions of pests that we have haven’t seen before. And so they would be saying, “If you want to keep forests around, you need to protect the climate.” So it’s sort of the opposite of what we’ve been talking about, “If you want to protect the climate, protect forests,” but it works the other way too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>*This interview has been condensed and edited.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/50948/are-doughnuts-destroying-forests","authors":["10296"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_9","quest_3229"],"tags":["quest_637","quest_684","quest_794","quest_1130","quest_11964","quest_1724","quest_11963","quest_2141","quest_11962","quest_2349","quest_10427","quest_11961","quest_13364","quest_10363","quest_10303"],"featImg":"quest_54069","label":"quest"},"quest_11900":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_11900","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"11900","score":null,"sort":[1296514313000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"sudden-oak-death-plus-wildfire-a-natural-experiment","title":"Sudden Oak Death Plus Wildfire: A Natural Experiment","publishDate":1296514313,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/BigSurAfter1.jpg\">\u003cem>Wildfire ripped through this area of forest, which was infested with Sudden Oak Death. Does infestation with SOD make wildfires burn with more intensity? Photo: Kerri Frangioso.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From Oregon to Big Sur, potentially millions of trees have been killed by \u003ca href=\"http://www.suddenoakdeath.org/\">Sudden Oak Death\u003c/a>, or SOD. In 2006 and 2007, researchers from UC Davis set up a large-scale study in the coastal forests near Big Sur to examine the spread of the disease and its impact on forest dynamics. The area was one of the first to be affected by SOD. Members of the Rizzo Lab at UC Davis had established 280 plots across the region, carefully counting and measuring each tree and checking for SOD infection. Then, in June 2008, the Basin Complex Fire ripped through Big Sur, burning over 95,000 hectares of forest. By the time the fire was contained, over a month after it began, one third of the team’s plots were crisp and blackened.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the fire burned, news media and firefighters assumed that areas of the forest infested with SOD would burn more intensely—all the dead oak trees would fuel the fire. But the natural experiment created by the overlap of the Basin Complex Fire and the UC Davis study allowed researchers to test whether SOD did in fact make wildfire worse. Their study will soon be published in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://esapubs.org/esapubs/journals/applications.htm\">Ecological Applications\u003c/a>; a preprint of their paper is available \u003ca href=\"http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/10-0419.1\">here\u003c/a>. What they found was not what the news media or the firefighters predicted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/BigSurBefore1.jpg\">\u003cem>Andrew Molera State Park, the same plot as the top photo, before the Basin Complex Fire. Photo: Kerri Frangioso.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Invasion of the water molds\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSudden Oak Death came to California in the 1990s, probably on the leaves of a rhododendron shipped in for the nursery industry. The disease is caused by a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oomycete\">water mold\u003c/a>, called \u003ca href=\"http://www.suddenoakdeath.org/about-sudden-oak-death/pathogen\">\u003cem>Phytophthora ramorum\u003c/em>.\u003c/a> It can spread short distances in splashes of water, and can potentially travel longer distances when water is blown about in storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not all trees that are infected with the pathogen will die. Some species, like California Bay Laurel, do just fine. But California Bay is like Typhoid Mary—it serves as a host to the pathogen and allows it to spread to other, more susceptible species. The pathogen is fatal to tanoak and several species of oak trees. These species develop cankers on their trunks, which bleed out a thick, red liquid. Slowly, the bark around the entire circumference of the tree is affected; all tissue above this girdle dies, leading to the death of the tree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A natural experiment\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIn 2008, Margaret Metz had just begun a new post-doc in Dave Rizzo’s lab. She was to work on the Big Sur project and analyze the data from the 280 plots to understand SOD impacts in the region. Her colleagues had spent months setting up the plots for their SOD study. They knew the size and location of every tree, whether it was standing upright and healthy (or newly infested with SOD), or whether it was dead and decomposing on the ground. When Metz found out her study site was burning, she was devastated. All that hard work—and all those trees—was going up in flames.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the dismay was short-lived. The team had a perfect pre-fire dataset. They just needed to census the plots after the fire, to get a rare comparison of the severity of fire in areas with and without SOD. This was an experiment they didn’t intend on doing—but drought and a dry lightning strike had made it possible. Dave Rizzo was able to quickly procure funding for the researchers to re-census the plots. “You could never do a controlled burn on that scale,” says Metz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where there’s SOD, there’s more intense fire?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nNews articles about the Basin Complex fire linked SOD to fire intensity, and firefighters reported that fires were burning more fiercely in areas with evidence of SOD. So when Metz and her colleagues analyzed their data, they thought they’d see that fires were more severe in plots infested with SOD. But that is not what they found. Their data showed that plots with and without SOD showed no difference in fire severity. They quantified fire severity using something called the Composite Burn Index. It takes into account the effects of fire on the ground, as well as in the shrubs and trees. Composite Burn Index did not differ between plots infested with SOD and plots without SOD. The popular assumption, that SOD makes wildfires burn more intensely, was wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/db_ls_Tanoak_BigSurHwy11.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Dead tanoak along the Big Sur Highway. Photo: Karl Buermeyer, COMTF.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cem> \u003c/em>\u003c/span>However, Metz and the team could dig deeper into their data. From their pre-fire data, they knew whether SOD had infested the plots recently, or whether SOD had been there for some time. It can take several years for a tree to die from SOD. When trees are first infected with SOD and die, their leaves turn dry and brown, and they remain on the tree for a year or more. Later, the branches fall to the ground, and eventually the whole trunk falls over. The fuel created by newly infected trees and trees that have been infected for several years is quite different. Metz and her colleagues found that in plots that were newly infested, plots with more dead biomass (or fuel) burned more intensely. In plots that were infested some time ago, the amount of biomass was not related to the intensity of the fire. They suspect that crisp brown leaves on newly infected trees allow the fire to burn high in the canopy. In plots infested long ago, the dead trees are on the ground; in this case, the fire damages the soil and the tree roots, which makes slopes vulnerable to erosion from mudslides. The conventional wisdom about SOD and fire was not quite right, but there was some truth to it—it just depends on when the forest was infested with SOD. Newly infested forests burn with more intensity than un-infested forests or forests that were infested some time ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Future forests\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIt has been almost three years since the Basin Complex Fire burned up Metz’s plots. Now, she and her colleagues are looking to see how the forest recovers—from the fire, and from SOD. Maia Beh, a grad student in the Rizzo Lab, found that of the plots that had SOD in the pre-fire surveys, only 20% still have it today. They’re not sure whether it’s because of the fire, or because there have been two years of drought. The pathogen, P. ramorum, is dependent on water, and doesn’t do well in drought conditions. They’re looking at plots that did not burn up in the fire to see whether the decline in the pathogen is due to drought, fire, or some combination of the two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the incidence of the pathogen has declined on land, it is still present in almost all the watersheds in the area. And, last year we had late rains, extending through spring into the early summer. Late rains with warm temperatures create conditions that are ideal for the pathogen, says Metz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With continued careful sampling of those 280 plots—and maybe a few more unintended natural experiments—Metz and her colleagues will learn how forests recover from both fire and SOD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Learn more about SOD\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTo prevent the spread of the pathogen \u003cem>P. ramorum\u003c/em>, take steps make sure it isn’t hitchhiking on your boots. Clean your boots into the buckets of diluted bleach that you might find at trailheads, or spray your boots down with Lysol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take part in a \u003ca href=\"http://nature.berkeley.edu/garbelotto/english/sodblitz.php\">SOD-blitz\u003c/a>, a \u003ca href=\"http://scienceforcitizens.net/\">citizen science\u003c/a> project. Learn more about SOD and help figure out where the pathogen has spread, with UC Berkeley plant pathologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnr.berkeley.edu/garbelotto/\">Matteo Garbolotto\u003c/a>. You can see Garbolotto on the QUEST video \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/plant-plague-sudden-oak-death\">Plant Plague: Sudden Oak Death\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.879329 -122.2463347\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A natural experiment created by the overlap of the Basin Complex Fire and a UC Davis study allowed scientists to test whether SOD did in fact make wildfire worse. What they found was not what the news media or the firefighters predicted.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443830580,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":1359},"headData":{"title":"Sudden Oak Death Plus Wildfire: A Natural Experiment | KQED","description":"A natural experiment created by the overlap of the Basin Complex Fire and a UC Davis study allowed scientists to test whether SOD did in fact make wildfire worse. What they found was not what the news media or the firefighters predicted.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Sudden Oak Death Plus Wildfire: A Natural Experiment","datePublished":"2011-01-31T22:51:53.000Z","dateModified":"2015-10-03T00:03:00.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"11900 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=11900","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/01/31/sudden-oak-death-plus-wildfire-a-natural-experiment/","disqusTitle":"Sudden Oak Death Plus Wildfire: A Natural Experiment","path":"/quest/11900/sudden-oak-death-plus-wildfire-a-natural-experiment","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/BigSurAfter1.jpg\">\u003cem>Wildfire ripped through this area of forest, which was infested with Sudden Oak Death. Does infestation with SOD make wildfires burn with more intensity? Photo: Kerri Frangioso.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From Oregon to Big Sur, potentially millions of trees have been killed by \u003ca href=\"http://www.suddenoakdeath.org/\">Sudden Oak Death\u003c/a>, or SOD. In 2006 and 2007, researchers from UC Davis set up a large-scale study in the coastal forests near Big Sur to examine the spread of the disease and its impact on forest dynamics. The area was one of the first to be affected by SOD. Members of the Rizzo Lab at UC Davis had established 280 plots across the region, carefully counting and measuring each tree and checking for SOD infection. Then, in June 2008, the Basin Complex Fire ripped through Big Sur, burning over 95,000 hectares of forest. By the time the fire was contained, over a month after it began, one third of the team’s plots were crisp and blackened.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the fire burned, news media and firefighters assumed that areas of the forest infested with SOD would burn more intensely—all the dead oak trees would fuel the fire. But the natural experiment created by the overlap of the Basin Complex Fire and the UC Davis study allowed researchers to test whether SOD did in fact make wildfire worse. Their study will soon be published in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://esapubs.org/esapubs/journals/applications.htm\">Ecological Applications\u003c/a>; a preprint of their paper is available \u003ca href=\"http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/10-0419.1\">here\u003c/a>. What they found was not what the news media or the firefighters predicted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/BigSurBefore1.jpg\">\u003cem>Andrew Molera State Park, the same plot as the top photo, before the Basin Complex Fire. Photo: Kerri Frangioso.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Invasion of the water molds\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSudden Oak Death came to California in the 1990s, probably on the leaves of a rhododendron shipped in for the nursery industry. The disease is caused by a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oomycete\">water mold\u003c/a>, called \u003ca href=\"http://www.suddenoakdeath.org/about-sudden-oak-death/pathogen\">\u003cem>Phytophthora ramorum\u003c/em>.\u003c/a> It can spread short distances in splashes of water, and can potentially travel longer distances when water is blown about in storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not all trees that are infected with the pathogen will die. Some species, like California Bay Laurel, do just fine. But California Bay is like Typhoid Mary—it serves as a host to the pathogen and allows it to spread to other, more susceptible species. The pathogen is fatal to tanoak and several species of oak trees. These species develop cankers on their trunks, which bleed out a thick, red liquid. Slowly, the bark around the entire circumference of the tree is affected; all tissue above this girdle dies, leading to the death of the tree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A natural experiment\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIn 2008, Margaret Metz had just begun a new post-doc in Dave Rizzo’s lab. She was to work on the Big Sur project and analyze the data from the 280 plots to understand SOD impacts in the region. Her colleagues had spent months setting up the plots for their SOD study. They knew the size and location of every tree, whether it was standing upright and healthy (or newly infested with SOD), or whether it was dead and decomposing on the ground. When Metz found out her study site was burning, she was devastated. All that hard work—and all those trees—was going up in flames.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the dismay was short-lived. The team had a perfect pre-fire dataset. They just needed to census the plots after the fire, to get a rare comparison of the severity of fire in areas with and without SOD. This was an experiment they didn’t intend on doing—but drought and a dry lightning strike had made it possible. Dave Rizzo was able to quickly procure funding for the researchers to re-census the plots. “You could never do a controlled burn on that scale,” says Metz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where there’s SOD, there’s more intense fire?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nNews articles about the Basin Complex fire linked SOD to fire intensity, and firefighters reported that fires were burning more fiercely in areas with evidence of SOD. So when Metz and her colleagues analyzed their data, they thought they’d see that fires were more severe in plots infested with SOD. But that is not what they found. Their data showed that plots with and without SOD showed no difference in fire severity. They quantified fire severity using something called the Composite Burn Index. It takes into account the effects of fire on the ground, as well as in the shrubs and trees. Composite Burn Index did not differ between plots infested with SOD and plots without SOD. The popular assumption, that SOD makes wildfires burn more intensely, was wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/db_ls_Tanoak_BigSurHwy11.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Dead tanoak along the Big Sur Highway. Photo: Karl Buermeyer, COMTF.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cem> \u003c/em>\u003c/span>However, Metz and the team could dig deeper into their data. From their pre-fire data, they knew whether SOD had infested the plots recently, or whether SOD had been there for some time. It can take several years for a tree to die from SOD. When trees are first infected with SOD and die, their leaves turn dry and brown, and they remain on the tree for a year or more. Later, the branches fall to the ground, and eventually the whole trunk falls over. The fuel created by newly infected trees and trees that have been infected for several years is quite different. Metz and her colleagues found that in plots that were newly infested, plots with more dead biomass (or fuel) burned more intensely. In plots that were infested some time ago, the amount of biomass was not related to the intensity of the fire. They suspect that crisp brown leaves on newly infected trees allow the fire to burn high in the canopy. In plots infested long ago, the dead trees are on the ground; in this case, the fire damages the soil and the tree roots, which makes slopes vulnerable to erosion from mudslides. The conventional wisdom about SOD and fire was not quite right, but there was some truth to it—it just depends on when the forest was infested with SOD. Newly infested forests burn with more intensity than un-infested forests or forests that were infested some time ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Future forests\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIt has been almost three years since the Basin Complex Fire burned up Metz’s plots. Now, she and her colleagues are looking to see how the forest recovers—from the fire, and from SOD. Maia Beh, a grad student in the Rizzo Lab, found that of the plots that had SOD in the pre-fire surveys, only 20% still have it today. They’re not sure whether it’s because of the fire, or because there have been two years of drought. The pathogen, P. ramorum, is dependent on water, and doesn’t do well in drought conditions. They’re looking at plots that did not burn up in the fire to see whether the decline in the pathogen is due to drought, fire, or some combination of the two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the incidence of the pathogen has declined on land, it is still present in almost all the watersheds in the area. And, last year we had late rains, extending through spring into the early summer. Late rains with warm temperatures create conditions that are ideal for the pathogen, says Metz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With continued careful sampling of those 280 plots—and maybe a few more unintended natural experiments—Metz and her colleagues will learn how forests recover from both fire and SOD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Learn more about SOD\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTo prevent the spread of the pathogen \u003cem>P. ramorum\u003c/em>, take steps make sure it isn’t hitchhiking on your boots. Clean your boots into the buckets of diluted bleach that you might find at trailheads, or spray your boots down with Lysol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take part in a \u003ca href=\"http://nature.berkeley.edu/garbelotto/english/sodblitz.php\">SOD-blitz\u003c/a>, a \u003ca href=\"http://scienceforcitizens.net/\">citizen science\u003c/a> project. Learn more about SOD and help figure out where the pathogen has spread, with UC Berkeley plant pathologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnr.berkeley.edu/garbelotto/\">Matteo Garbolotto\u003c/a>. You can see Garbolotto on the QUEST video \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/plant-plague-sudden-oak-death\">Plant Plague: Sudden Oak Death\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.879329 -122.2463347\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/11900/sudden-oak-death-plus-wildfire-a-natural-experiment","authors":["10200"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_921","quest_1095","quest_1130","quest_1131","quest_1132","quest_1489","quest_2134","quest_2821","quest_3113","quest_3154"],"featImg":"quest_11901","label":"quest"},"quest_614":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_614","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"614","score":null,"sort":[1211590791000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"discuss-the-californias-fire-future-radio-report","title":"Discuss the "California's Fire Future" Radio Report","publishDate":1211590791,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/view/953\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/radio2-33_sc_fire300.jpg\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Scientists predict we’ll be seeing hotter conditions and drier forests in the near future. The Summit Fire that's been burning in the Santa Cruz Mountains is likely a part of that trend. QUEST talks to Malcolm North with the U.S. Forest Service. He says any area that's burned before is vulnerable to burning again, including the Coast Range and Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/view/953\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>You may \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/view/953\">listen to the \"California's Fire Future\" Radio report\u003c/a> online, as well as find additional links and resources.\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.06076 -121.802802\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371080000,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":5,"wordCount":92},"headData":{"title":"Discuss the "California's Fire Future" Radio Report | KQED","description":"Scientists predict we’ll be seeing hotter conditions and drier forests in the near future. 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He says any area that's burned before is vulnerable to burning again, including","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Discuss the "California's Fire Future" Radio Report","datePublished":"2008-05-24T00:59:51.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T23:33:20.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"614 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2008/05/23/discuss-the-californias-fire-future-radio-report/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/05/23/discuss-the-californias-fire-future-radio-report/","disqusTitle":"Discuss the "California's Fire Future" Radio Report","path":"/quest/614/discuss-the-californias-fire-future-radio-report","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/view/953\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/radio2-33_sc_fire300.jpg\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Scientists predict we’ll be seeing hotter conditions and drier forests in the near future. The Summit Fire that's been burning in the Santa Cruz Mountains is likely a part of that trend. QUEST talks to Malcolm North with the U.S. Forest Service. He says any area that's burned before is vulnerable to burning again, including the Coast Range and Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/view/953\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>You may \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/view/953\">listen to the \"California's Fire Future\" Radio report\u003c/a> online, as well as find additional links and resources.\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.06076 -121.802802\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/614/discuss-the-californias-fire-future-radio-report","authors":["210"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_639","quest_1095","quest_1130","quest_3351","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_13206","quest_2507","quest_2826","quest_2993","quest_19"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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