Stanford Investigates the Hits that Cause Concussions
A-Head of the Curve: Interview with Concussion Expert Kevin Guskiewicz
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Jerry Brown, took effect, limiting full-contact practice for middle and high-school students to twice per week, and requiring any student who suffered a concussion to wait at least a week before returning to play.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law is in part a reflection of the increasing concern over concussions, brain injuries caused by a blow to the head or a rapid acceleration and deceleration to the head which could occur during a car accident, collision during a sporting event, or other traumatic event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each year, two million people in the U.S. suffer a concussion, according to the Centers for Disease Control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_74376\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_soccer-e1441307785189.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-74376\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_soccer-e1441307785189.jpg\" alt=\"Concussions are common in contact sports such as soccer and football. Image by Blake McHugh\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_soccer-e1441307785189.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_soccer-e1441307785189-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Concussions are common in contact sports such as soccer and football. Image by Blake McHugh\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The brain hits these bony structures inside of the skull, and that causes damage to occur,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.mtdiablomemorycenter.com/about-us/\">Eric Freitag\u003c/a>, a neuropsychologist based in Walnut Creek who administers cognitive testing to high school students who play contact sports such as football and soccer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Common symptoms of concussions include fatigue, headache, nausea, blurriness of vision, memory loss and occasionally, loss of consciousness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although most people recover from concussions within a week to 10 days, a significant number of patients may have difficulty returning to work or school weeks or months after their head injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_74342\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_Geoff_Manley.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-74342\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_Geoff_Manley.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Geoffrey Manley looks at CT and MRI scans at the Brain and Spinal Injury Center in San Francisco. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_Geoff_Manley.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_Geoff_Manley-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_Geoff_Manley-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_Geoff_Manley-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_Geoff_Manley-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_Geoff_Manley-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Dr. Geoffrey Manley looks at CT and MRI scans at the Brain and Spinal Injury Center in San Francisco. Image by Blake McHugh\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“There’s a subset of these individuals, at least 15 percent, that go on to have persistent problems,” said\u003ca href=\"http://neurosurgery.ucsf.edu/index.php/about_us_faculty_manley.html\"> Dr. Geoffrey Manley\u003c/a>, Chief of Neurosurgery at San Francisco General Hospital. “These aren’t simply having your bell rung, these are life-changing events.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors often grade traumatic brain injuries according to whether they are considered “mild,” “moderate” or “severe.” Manley believes more precision is needed to better define, diagnose and treat these injuries, which can vary widely from patient to patient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010, he received funding from the National Institutes of Health to launch a pilot study that recruited 600 concussion patients from several national trauma centers, and tracked their progress for up to six months following their injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each of the patients had a CT scan, an imaging technique that Manley calls “the gold standard” of evaluating brain injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patients also had an MRI scan which detected the presence of micro-bleeds and bruising in the brain for nearly 30 percent of patients who otherwise had normal CT scans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_74339\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_brain.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-74339\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_brain.jpg\" alt=\"An MRI scan reveals a micro-bleed in the brain of a concussion patient. Image courtesy of Blake McHugh for KQED Science\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_brain.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_brain-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_brain-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_brain-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_brain-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_brain-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>An MRI scan with an arrow indicating a micro-bleed in the brain of a patient who suffered a concussion. Image by Blake McHugh \u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“These patients with these abnormalities on their MRI scan took much longer to recover and did worse at three months,” Manley said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2013, he received additional NIH funding to expand \u003ca href=\"http://www.brainandspinalinjury.org/research.php?id=189\">the study \u003c/a>by recruiting 3,000 concussion patients across the United States. In addition to traditional MRI scans, the research team is also using an advanced MRI imaging technique that helps visualize structural damage to white matter fiber tracts that provide long-range communication between different parts of the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Manley and his colleagues at UC San Francisco are looking for genetic differences in dopamine, a critical neurotransmitter in the brain, which may make some people particularly susceptible to longer recovery times following concussions. The research team has also identified a blood-based protein that appears to be released from the brain following a traumatic brain injury. The research may one day yield a blood test that could help diagnose a concussion if imaging techniques aren’t readily available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This way, we can develop a more personalized approach to the treatment, because there’s no one-size-fits-all for something as complicated as a brain injury,” Manley said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A special thanks to Dr. Alexander Leemans for the kind use of his 3D tractography brain imagery and animations. This video story was originally produced and updated by Sheraz Sadiq. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Dr. Geoffrey Manley, Chief of Neurosurgery at San Francisco General Hospital, is exploring new ways to better diagnose and treat concussions, a brain injury suffered by two million people each year in the U.S. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1446761875,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":708},"headData":{"title":"Sidelined: Sports Concussions | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Sidelined: Sports Concussions","datePublished":"2015-11-04T14:00:56.000Z","dateModified":"2015-11-05T22:17:55.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"74336 http://science.kqed.org/quest?p=74336&post_type=videos&preview_id=74336","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/11/04/sidelined-sports-concussions-2/","disqusTitle":"Sidelined: Sports Concussions","videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/TvMEazAEeWI","source":"Health","sourceUrl":"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/health/","path":"/quest/74336/sidelined-sports-concussions-2","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It’s football season, but this fall there won’t be as many hard-hitting practices in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January, a new state law, signed last year by Gov. Jerry Brown, took effect, limiting full-contact practice for middle and high-school students to twice per week, and requiring any student who suffered a concussion to wait at least a week before returning to play.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law is in part a reflection of the increasing concern over concussions, brain injuries caused by a blow to the head or a rapid acceleration and deceleration to the head which could occur during a car accident, collision during a sporting event, or other traumatic event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each year, two million people in the U.S. suffer a concussion, according to the Centers for Disease Control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_74376\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_soccer-e1441307785189.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-74376\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_soccer-e1441307785189.jpg\" alt=\"Concussions are common in contact sports such as soccer and football. Image by Blake McHugh\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_soccer-e1441307785189.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_soccer-e1441307785189-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Concussions are common in contact sports such as soccer and football. Image by Blake McHugh\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The brain hits these bony structures inside of the skull, and that causes damage to occur,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.mtdiablomemorycenter.com/about-us/\">Eric Freitag\u003c/a>, a neuropsychologist based in Walnut Creek who administers cognitive testing to high school students who play contact sports such as football and soccer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Common symptoms of concussions include fatigue, headache, nausea, blurriness of vision, memory loss and occasionally, loss of consciousness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although most people recover from concussions within a week to 10 days, a significant number of patients may have difficulty returning to work or school weeks or months after their head injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_74342\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_Geoff_Manley.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-74342\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_Geoff_Manley.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Geoffrey Manley looks at CT and MRI scans at the Brain and Spinal Injury Center in San Francisco. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_Geoff_Manley.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_Geoff_Manley-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_Geoff_Manley-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_Geoff_Manley-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_Geoff_Manley-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_Geoff_Manley-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Dr. Geoffrey Manley looks at CT and MRI scans at the Brain and Spinal Injury Center in San Francisco. Image by Blake McHugh\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“There’s a subset of these individuals, at least 15 percent, that go on to have persistent problems,” said\u003ca href=\"http://neurosurgery.ucsf.edu/index.php/about_us_faculty_manley.html\"> Dr. Geoffrey Manley\u003c/a>, Chief of Neurosurgery at San Francisco General Hospital. “These aren’t simply having your bell rung, these are life-changing events.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors often grade traumatic brain injuries according to whether they are considered “mild,” “moderate” or “severe.” Manley believes more precision is needed to better define, diagnose and treat these injuries, which can vary widely from patient to patient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010, he received funding from the National Institutes of Health to launch a pilot study that recruited 600 concussion patients from several national trauma centers, and tracked their progress for up to six months following their injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each of the patients had a CT scan, an imaging technique that Manley calls “the gold standard” of evaluating brain injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patients also had an MRI scan which detected the presence of micro-bleeds and bruising in the brain for nearly 30 percent of patients who otherwise had normal CT scans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_74339\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_brain.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-74339\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_brain.jpg\" alt=\"An MRI scan reveals a micro-bleed in the brain of a concussion patient. Image courtesy of Blake McHugh for KQED Science\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_brain.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_brain-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_brain-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_brain-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_brain-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_brain-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>An MRI scan with an arrow indicating a micro-bleed in the brain of a patient who suffered a concussion. Image by Blake McHugh \u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“These patients with these abnormalities on their MRI scan took much longer to recover and did worse at three months,” Manley said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2013, he received additional NIH funding to expand \u003ca href=\"http://www.brainandspinalinjury.org/research.php?id=189\">the study \u003c/a>by recruiting 3,000 concussion patients across the United States. In addition to traditional MRI scans, the research team is also using an advanced MRI imaging technique that helps visualize structural damage to white matter fiber tracts that provide long-range communication between different parts of the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Manley and his colleagues at UC San Francisco are looking for genetic differences in dopamine, a critical neurotransmitter in the brain, which may make some people particularly susceptible to longer recovery times following concussions. The research team has also identified a blood-based protein that appears to be released from the brain following a traumatic brain injury. The research may one day yield a blood test that could help diagnose a concussion if imaging techniques aren’t readily available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This way, we can develop a more personalized approach to the treatment, because there’s no one-size-fits-all for something as complicated as a brain injury,” Manley said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A special thanks to Dr. Alexander Leemans for the kind use of his 3D tractography brain imagery and animations. This video story was originally produced and updated by Sheraz Sadiq. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/74336/sidelined-sports-concussions-2","authors":["6176"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_12","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_3527","quest_3578","quest_3593","quest_3351","quest_2349","quest_2893","quest_2988"],"featImg":"quest_81286","label":"source_quest_74336"},"quest_48443":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_48443","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"48443","score":null,"sort":[1357342079000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"stanford-investigates-the-hits-that-cause-concussions","title":"Stanford Investigates the Hits that Cause Concussions","publishDate":1357342079,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>It's no secret that concussions are endemic in American football at every level, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2012/10/23/163499526/pop-warner-suspends-coaches-after-concussions\">from pewees to the pros\u003c/a>, but little is known about the hits that cause them. Stanford University is searching for answers by meticulously gathering data on every impact their football players sustain. The study is only in it's second year, but they've already made some interesting discoveries. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Camarillo is a bio-engineer at Stanford and a lead researcher on the project. He says “injury research is a tough thing to do because you usually see it only after it happens.” To see brain trauma in real time, Camarillo and his team have outfitted the football team with mouth guards that measure the physics of every hit. At practices, they use ultra-high-definition, slow-motion cameras to observe those collisions more closely and look for ways to prevent them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48449\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 365px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/Mouth-Guards-White.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/Mouth-Guards-White.jpg\" alt=\"Mouth Guards with sensors\" title=\"Mouth Guards with sensors\" width=\"365\" height=\"278\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48449\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mouth Guards with sensors\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The first startling discovery of the research is how little is known about the “injury mechanism” for concussions, that is, exactly how they are caused. People have long associated “getting your bell rung” with a hard hit, or a series of repeated impacts, but little data has been gathered on the nature of those hits. How hard does a hit need to be to cause a concussion outright? How many small, low-impact hits before a player begins to exhibit concussion symptoms?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The definition of a concussion is a fairly simple one: the damage caused when the brain smashes against the inside of the skull. They can come from one hard impact, or repeated low-speed hits. In the short term they cause things like dizziness and loss of memory; in the long-term they can cause severe neurodegeneration. But the diagnosis process for concussions is complex. Symptoms vary widely from player to player and can be easily lied about. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scott Anderson is the head athletic trainer at Stanford and he's helping to develop the mouth guard prototypes. He says right now there's no good way to analyze and diagnose concussions. With an injury like a sprained ankle or broken rib, a physician can use an MRI or an X-ray to look at the problem. With a concussion there's no way to peer inside the brain and see what's going on. “We can send you for a CT scan to look at your brain,” he says, “but your brain doesn't show us anything.” Instead, physicians have to rely on players to describe symptoms, and players can be highly unreliable. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a recent survey by Sporting News, more than half the players polled said they would hide symptoms to keep playing, and for good reason. A concussion can cost you your starting spot or, \u003ca href=\"http://news.yahoo.com/mcelroy-concussion-sanchez-start-jets-165809771--nfl.html\">in the case of Greg McElroy of the Jets, your moment to shine\u003c/a> . \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alex Smith of the 49ers learned the job-threatening implications of a concussion the hard way. When a concussion sidelined him earlier this season, the replacement quarterback Colin Kaepernick played well and took over his starting role. \u003ca href=\"http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1468395-colin-kaepernick-why-the-future-is-now-for-49ers-quarterback\">Now Kaepernick is flourishing while Smith watches from the bench. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the mouth guards there's no hiding or lying about hits. The team wears the mouth guards at all games and practices so that researchers can generate a comprehensive database of every impact they sustain. The sensors measure linear and angular acceleration—how fast the head is moving in one direction and rotating. The sensors may sound high tech, but actually, you might have some in your pocket right now. They are the same ones used in the iPhone 5.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Camarillo says the mouth guards have already captured some startlingly hard hits, like the one that ended the season for a wide receiver. That collision registered an acceleration of 150 Gs, that's 150 times the acceleration gravity. “Pretty serious business,” he says, “a standard boxing punch is probably between 10-20 Gs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's just acceleration in one direction. The player's head was also spinning at 2000 degrees per second—which means his head would have rotated five and a half times in one second if it weren't anchored to the neck. While it has long been suspected that this kind of angular acceleration plays a role in concussions, Camarillo says no one has gathered data on it. What's more disturbing is that angular acceleration has been completely ignored when it comes to football safety measures. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The standard industry lab test for helmets is basically a plunger that smashes a helmet down onto a hard surface. The test hasn't changed much since it was first developed back in 1973 by NOCSAE, The National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment. The test doesn't account for angular acceleration at all. “The device,” Camarillo says, “doesn't have any kind of neck.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A number of research groups are conducting similar studies by putting sensors in the helmets but athletic trainer Anderson argues that the mouth guards give more accurate results. He says the initial data has already revealed something new. Some hits they used to consider as just one are actually two successive collisions. The player has an initial impact during a tackle but the brain receives trauma again when the head collides with the ground. Anderson says the double hit is generating more concussion impacts than a single hit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48448\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 220px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/Hewitt.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/Hewitt.jpg\" alt=\"Senior fullback Ryan Hewitt \" title=\"Senior fullback Ryan Hewitt \" width=\"220\" height=\"335\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48448\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Senior fullback Ryan Hewitt \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For the freshmen players, Camarillo and his fellow researchers will be able to gather five years of data. He doesn't expect players at Stanford to have long-term damages if they just play at the collegiate level. But if brain problems begin to show up years down the road, the research team will have accurate records of the impacts they received playing college football. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The success of this study relies on a collaborative effort with a number of different departments at Stanford. Anderson says it's an unprecedented time of cooperation between the sports department, various research groups, and the players. Senior Fullback Ryan Hewitt says he's happy to be part of the study, even though he and his fellow players are “sort of the guinea pigs.” “I figure we might as well use someone,” he says, “and why not use us.” Hewitt hopes the data will help researchers figure out a little more about why concussions happen and eventually develop ways to prevent them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Camarillo says it's going to take a long time to get any answers to those questions. Even with a big pool of data, he thinks it will be five to ten years before they can even begin to crack what causes concussions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>* The US Senate has organized \u003ca href=\"http://www.iom.edu/Activities/Children/YouthSportsConcussions.aspx\">a committee to conduct an in-depth study on sports-related concussions\u003c/a>. They will be having their first meeting on Monday, January 7th.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"It's no secret that concussions are endemic in American football at every level, from peewees to the pros, but little is known about the hits that cause them. Stanford University is searching for answers.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1450490581,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":1165},"headData":{"title":"Stanford Investigates the Hits that Cause Concussions | KQED","description":"It's no secret that concussions are endemic in American football at every level, from peewees to the pros, but little is known about the hits that cause them. Stanford University is searching for answers.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Stanford Investigates the Hits that Cause Concussions","datePublished":"2013-01-04T23:27:59.000Z","dateModified":"2015-12-19T02:03:01.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"48443 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=audio_reports&p=48443","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/04/stanford-investigates-the-hits-that-cause-concussions/","disqusTitle":"Stanford Investigates the Hits that Cause Concussions","source":"Health","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/health/","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2013/01/20130107science.mp3","path":"/quest/48443/stanford-investigates-the-hits-that-cause-concussions","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It's no secret that concussions are endemic in American football at every level, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2012/10/23/163499526/pop-warner-suspends-coaches-after-concussions\">from pewees to the pros\u003c/a>, but little is known about the hits that cause them. Stanford University is searching for answers by meticulously gathering data on every impact their football players sustain. The study is only in it's second year, but they've already made some interesting discoveries. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Camarillo is a bio-engineer at Stanford and a lead researcher on the project. He says “injury research is a tough thing to do because you usually see it only after it happens.” To see brain trauma in real time, Camarillo and his team have outfitted the football team with mouth guards that measure the physics of every hit. At practices, they use ultra-high-definition, slow-motion cameras to observe those collisions more closely and look for ways to prevent them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48449\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 365px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/Mouth-Guards-White.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/Mouth-Guards-White.jpg\" alt=\"Mouth Guards with sensors\" title=\"Mouth Guards with sensors\" width=\"365\" height=\"278\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48449\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mouth Guards with sensors\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The first startling discovery of the research is how little is known about the “injury mechanism” for concussions, that is, exactly how they are caused. People have long associated “getting your bell rung” with a hard hit, or a series of repeated impacts, but little data has been gathered on the nature of those hits. How hard does a hit need to be to cause a concussion outright? How many small, low-impact hits before a player begins to exhibit concussion symptoms?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The definition of a concussion is a fairly simple one: the damage caused when the brain smashes against the inside of the skull. They can come from one hard impact, or repeated low-speed hits. In the short term they cause things like dizziness and loss of memory; in the long-term they can cause severe neurodegeneration. But the diagnosis process for concussions is complex. Symptoms vary widely from player to player and can be easily lied about. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scott Anderson is the head athletic trainer at Stanford and he's helping to develop the mouth guard prototypes. He says right now there's no good way to analyze and diagnose concussions. With an injury like a sprained ankle or broken rib, a physician can use an MRI or an X-ray to look at the problem. With a concussion there's no way to peer inside the brain and see what's going on. “We can send you for a CT scan to look at your brain,” he says, “but your brain doesn't show us anything.” Instead, physicians have to rely on players to describe symptoms, and players can be highly unreliable. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a recent survey by Sporting News, more than half the players polled said they would hide symptoms to keep playing, and for good reason. A concussion can cost you your starting spot or, \u003ca href=\"http://news.yahoo.com/mcelroy-concussion-sanchez-start-jets-165809771--nfl.html\">in the case of Greg McElroy of the Jets, your moment to shine\u003c/a> . \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alex Smith of the 49ers learned the job-threatening implications of a concussion the hard way. When a concussion sidelined him earlier this season, the replacement quarterback Colin Kaepernick played well and took over his starting role. \u003ca href=\"http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1468395-colin-kaepernick-why-the-future-is-now-for-49ers-quarterback\">Now Kaepernick is flourishing while Smith watches from the bench. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the mouth guards there's no hiding or lying about hits. The team wears the mouth guards at all games and practices so that researchers can generate a comprehensive database of every impact they sustain. The sensors measure linear and angular acceleration—how fast the head is moving in one direction and rotating. The sensors may sound high tech, but actually, you might have some in your pocket right now. They are the same ones used in the iPhone 5.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Camarillo says the mouth guards have already captured some startlingly hard hits, like the one that ended the season for a wide receiver. That collision registered an acceleration of 150 Gs, that's 150 times the acceleration gravity. “Pretty serious business,” he says, “a standard boxing punch is probably between 10-20 Gs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's just acceleration in one direction. The player's head was also spinning at 2000 degrees per second—which means his head would have rotated five and a half times in one second if it weren't anchored to the neck. While it has long been suspected that this kind of angular acceleration plays a role in concussions, Camarillo says no one has gathered data on it. What's more disturbing is that angular acceleration has been completely ignored when it comes to football safety measures. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The standard industry lab test for helmets is basically a plunger that smashes a helmet down onto a hard surface. The test hasn't changed much since it was first developed back in 1973 by NOCSAE, The National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment. The test doesn't account for angular acceleration at all. “The device,” Camarillo says, “doesn't have any kind of neck.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A number of research groups are conducting similar studies by putting sensors in the helmets but athletic trainer Anderson argues that the mouth guards give more accurate results. He says the initial data has already revealed something new. Some hits they used to consider as just one are actually two successive collisions. The player has an initial impact during a tackle but the brain receives trauma again when the head collides with the ground. Anderson says the double hit is generating more concussion impacts than a single hit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48448\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 220px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/Hewitt.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/Hewitt.jpg\" alt=\"Senior fullback Ryan Hewitt \" title=\"Senior fullback Ryan Hewitt \" width=\"220\" height=\"335\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48448\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Senior fullback Ryan Hewitt \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For the freshmen players, Camarillo and his fellow researchers will be able to gather five years of data. He doesn't expect players at Stanford to have long-term damages if they just play at the collegiate level. But if brain problems begin to show up years down the road, the research team will have accurate records of the impacts they received playing college football. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The success of this study relies on a collaborative effort with a number of different departments at Stanford. Anderson says it's an unprecedented time of cooperation between the sports department, various research groups, and the players. Senior Fullback Ryan Hewitt says he's happy to be part of the study, even though he and his fellow players are “sort of the guinea pigs.” “I figure we might as well use someone,” he says, “and why not use us.” Hewitt hopes the data will help researchers figure out a little more about why concussions happen and eventually develop ways to prevent them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Camarillo says it's going to take a long time to get any answers to those questions. Even with a big pool of data, he thinks it will be five to ten years before they can even begin to crack what causes concussions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>* The US Senate has organized \u003ca href=\"http://www.iom.edu/Activities/Children/YouthSportsConcussions.aspx\">a committee to conduct an in-depth study on sports-related concussions\u003c/a>. They will be having their first meeting on Monday, January 7th.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/48443/stanford-investigates-the-hits-that-cause-concussions","authors":["253"],"categories":["quest_12","quest_17"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_3527","quest_3578","quest_13201","quest_11194","quest_13203","quest_2771"],"featImg":"quest_48464","label":"source_quest_48443"},"quest_28532":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_28532","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"28532","score":null,"sort":[1323986127000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"a-head-of-the-curve-interview-with-concussion-expert-kevin-guskiewicz","title":"A-Head of the Curve: Interview with Concussion Expert Kevin Guskiewicz","publishDate":1323986127,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28540\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/unc_concussions640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Kevin Guskiewicz and his team use helmet accelerometers, known as the Head Impact Telemetry (HIT) systems, to identify at-risk behavior on the football field.\" title=\"unc_concussions640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-28540\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Kevin Guskiewicz and his team use helmet accelerometers, known as the Head Impact Telemetry (HIT) systems, to identify at-risk behavior on the football field.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In September 2011, \u003ca href=\"http://tbicenter.unc.edu/MAG_Center/Home.html\">UNC-Chapel Hill sports medicine\u003c/a> researcher Kevin Guskiewicz was \u003ca href=\"http://www.macfound.org/site/c.lkLXJ8MQKrH/b.7730971/k.9818/Kevin_Guskiewicz.htm\">awarded a MacArthur “Genius Grant\u003c/a>” for his work on what he calls a hidden epidemic: sports-related concussions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The award comes with a head-spinning a $500,000 grant, a major portion of which Guskiewicz says will go \u003ca href=\"http://college.unc.edu/news-and-media/news-archive/september2011/unc-concussion-researcher-named-macarthur-fellow\">towards his work\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have an amazing interdisciplinary research team at UNC, and the MacArthur Fellowship will help us to expand our work into developing injury prevention strategies and rehabilitation protocols for concussion that can help to preserve sports as we know it today.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s right: a world-renowned concussion expert wants to \u003cem>save\u003c/em>, not eliminate, contact sports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might assume that Guskiewicz prefers to keep his four children off the field and on the sideline, but that’s not the case at all\u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2011/sep/20/news/la-heb-macarthur-concussions-football-20110919\">. It’s been reported\u003c/a> that “three of his four children have played football, and Guskiewicz has coached Pop Warner teams for five of the last six years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These days, barely a week goes by without another news report linking sports related concussions to brain trauma. Even \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/health/july-dec11/hockey_12-06.html\">PBS NewsHour\u003c/a> is jumping into the rink. Guskiewicz applauds the media for bringing attention to the issue but he stops short of calling a TKO on all contact sports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below is an edited version of an \u003ca href=\"http://video.unctv.org/video/2157755106\">UNC-TV interview with with Kevin Guskiewicz\u003c/a> after he was awarded the MacArthur Fellowship:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>UNC-TV\u003c/strong>: Let's break this down into very simple terms. What is a concussion?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Guskiewicz\u003c/strong>: The word “concuss” means to shake violently. It's a shaking of the head. The brain rebounds off of the undersurface of the skull and can be damaged. Most often, fortunately, it's considered a mild traumatic brain injury because it's temporary in nature in terms of the signs and symptoms that [athletes] experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28539\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/unc_concussions_balance_test.jpg\" alt=\"Kevin Guskiewicz utilizes balance and orientation tests to determine the severity of sports-related head injuries. \" title=\"unc_concussions_balance_test\" width=\"300\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28539\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kevin Guskiewicz utilizes balance and orientation tests to determine the severity of sports-related head injuries. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>UNC-TV\u003c/strong>: What does the public think of a concussion? Do we under or overplay it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Guskiewicz\u003c/strong>: I think there certainly has been a culture shift in the right direction, meaning we're taking it more seriously. The media has done a great job of creating awareness about the dangers of playing while still experiencing symptoms from a concussion, and we're trying to educate athletes, coaches, parents about those signs and symptoms and to take the right precautions in terms of staying out of play and not returning to play until the symptoms have resolved and being cleared by a physician or a clinician with training in concussion management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>UNC-TV\u003c/strong>: In which sports are athletes most prone to suffering a concussion?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Guskiewicz\u003c/strong>: [With] any collision sport there's a higher incidence of concussion. So football, lacrosse, hockey, wrestling, gymnastics. Those tend to sit at the higher end of the incidence rates in terms of concussion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>UNC-TV\u003c/strong>: How do you know you’ve suffered a concussion?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Guskiewicz\u003c/strong>: Common signs and symptoms are headache, dizziness, blurred vision, feeling as though you're in a fog or having concentration problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later that day or that evening could be difficulty sleeping or loss of appetite, things of that nature. Memory impairment, loss of consciousness. Those are two parameters we used to weigh very heavily when diagnosing a concussion and saying this truly is a “concussion.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you go back 15, 20 years ago, it used to be, “Johnny hasn't lost consciousness, so he hasn't sustained a concussion.” Less than 10% of concussions involve loss of consciousness. So it's admitting you don't feel quite right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's been described as a hidden epidemic. Unlike an ankle sprain, we can't see this injury. X-rays can't be used to identify the injury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>UNC-TV\u003c/strong>: In the everyday world, are concussions a big deal? If you get a couple in high school playing football, should you worry about it when you grow up and go about your daily life?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Guskiewicz\u003c/strong>: At UNC, we house the \u003ca href=\"http://exss.unc.edu/research-and-laboratories/center-for-the-study-of-retired-athletes/overview/\">Center for the Study of Retired Athletes\u003c/a>. We've been studying retired NFL football players for the last 11 ½ years. Those with a history of three or more concussions are at an increased risk for depression or a precursor to Alzheimer's. We do need to be concerned that once a young child or a high-schooler has had two or three concussions, we begin to ask the question, what does that mean for that individual at age 35, 45, 55? And so the late in life consequences must be considered in managing these acute injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Kevin Guskiewicz, Ph.D., ATC is the Kenan Distinguished Professor and chair of the department of exercise and sport science in UNC’s College of Arts and Sciences.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>To see a recent QUEST Northern California video about concussions, watch our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/sidelined-sports-concussions/\">Sidelined: Sports Concussions\u003c/a> video story. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"MacArthur \"Genius\" Kevin Guskiewicz discusses the research he and his team at UNC-Chapel Hill are conducting in the field of sports-related concussions.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1325014403,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":24,"wordCount":868},"headData":{"title":"A-Head of the Curve: Interview with Concussion Expert Kevin Guskiewicz | KQED","description":"MacArthur "Genius" Kevin Guskiewicz discusses the research he and his team at UNC-Chapel Hill are conducting in the field of sports-related concussions.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"A-Head of the Curve: Interview with Concussion Expert Kevin Guskiewicz","datePublished":"2011-12-15T21:55:27.000Z","dateModified":"2011-12-27T19:33:23.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"28532 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=28532","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/15/a-head-of-the-curve-interview-with-concussion-expert-kevin-guskiewicz/","disqusTitle":"A-Head of the Curve: Interview with Concussion Expert Kevin Guskiewicz","path":"/quest/28532/a-head-of-the-curve-interview-with-concussion-expert-kevin-guskiewicz","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28540\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/unc_concussions640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Kevin Guskiewicz and his team use helmet accelerometers, known as the Head Impact Telemetry (HIT) systems, to identify at-risk behavior on the football field.\" title=\"unc_concussions640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-28540\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Kevin Guskiewicz and his team use helmet accelerometers, known as the Head Impact Telemetry (HIT) systems, to identify at-risk behavior on the football field.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In September 2011, \u003ca href=\"http://tbicenter.unc.edu/MAG_Center/Home.html\">UNC-Chapel Hill sports medicine\u003c/a> researcher Kevin Guskiewicz was \u003ca href=\"http://www.macfound.org/site/c.lkLXJ8MQKrH/b.7730971/k.9818/Kevin_Guskiewicz.htm\">awarded a MacArthur “Genius Grant\u003c/a>” for his work on what he calls a hidden epidemic: sports-related concussions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The award comes with a head-spinning a $500,000 grant, a major portion of which Guskiewicz says will go \u003ca href=\"http://college.unc.edu/news-and-media/news-archive/september2011/unc-concussion-researcher-named-macarthur-fellow\">towards his work\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have an amazing interdisciplinary research team at UNC, and the MacArthur Fellowship will help us to expand our work into developing injury prevention strategies and rehabilitation protocols for concussion that can help to preserve sports as we know it today.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s right: a world-renowned concussion expert wants to \u003cem>save\u003c/em>, not eliminate, contact sports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might assume that Guskiewicz prefers to keep his four children off the field and on the sideline, but that’s not the case at all\u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2011/sep/20/news/la-heb-macarthur-concussions-football-20110919\">. It’s been reported\u003c/a> that “three of his four children have played football, and Guskiewicz has coached Pop Warner teams for five of the last six years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These days, barely a week goes by without another news report linking sports related concussions to brain trauma. Even \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/health/july-dec11/hockey_12-06.html\">PBS NewsHour\u003c/a> is jumping into the rink. Guskiewicz applauds the media for bringing attention to the issue but he stops short of calling a TKO on all contact sports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below is an edited version of an \u003ca href=\"http://video.unctv.org/video/2157755106\">UNC-TV interview with with Kevin Guskiewicz\u003c/a> after he was awarded the MacArthur Fellowship:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>UNC-TV\u003c/strong>: Let's break this down into very simple terms. What is a concussion?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Guskiewicz\u003c/strong>: The word “concuss” means to shake violently. It's a shaking of the head. The brain rebounds off of the undersurface of the skull and can be damaged. Most often, fortunately, it's considered a mild traumatic brain injury because it's temporary in nature in terms of the signs and symptoms that [athletes] experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28539\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/unc_concussions_balance_test.jpg\" alt=\"Kevin Guskiewicz utilizes balance and orientation tests to determine the severity of sports-related head injuries. \" title=\"unc_concussions_balance_test\" width=\"300\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28539\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kevin Guskiewicz utilizes balance and orientation tests to determine the severity of sports-related head injuries. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>UNC-TV\u003c/strong>: What does the public think of a concussion? Do we under or overplay it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Guskiewicz\u003c/strong>: I think there certainly has been a culture shift in the right direction, meaning we're taking it more seriously. The media has done a great job of creating awareness about the dangers of playing while still experiencing symptoms from a concussion, and we're trying to educate athletes, coaches, parents about those signs and symptoms and to take the right precautions in terms of staying out of play and not returning to play until the symptoms have resolved and being cleared by a physician or a clinician with training in concussion management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>UNC-TV\u003c/strong>: In which sports are athletes most prone to suffering a concussion?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Guskiewicz\u003c/strong>: [With] any collision sport there's a higher incidence of concussion. So football, lacrosse, hockey, wrestling, gymnastics. Those tend to sit at the higher end of the incidence rates in terms of concussion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>UNC-TV\u003c/strong>: How do you know you’ve suffered a concussion?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Guskiewicz\u003c/strong>: Common signs and symptoms are headache, dizziness, blurred vision, feeling as though you're in a fog or having concentration problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later that day or that evening could be difficulty sleeping or loss of appetite, things of that nature. Memory impairment, loss of consciousness. Those are two parameters we used to weigh very heavily when diagnosing a concussion and saying this truly is a “concussion.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you go back 15, 20 years ago, it used to be, “Johnny hasn't lost consciousness, so he hasn't sustained a concussion.” Less than 10% of concussions involve loss of consciousness. So it's admitting you don't feel quite right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's been described as a hidden epidemic. Unlike an ankle sprain, we can't see this injury. X-rays can't be used to identify the injury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>UNC-TV\u003c/strong>: In the everyday world, are concussions a big deal? If you get a couple in high school playing football, should you worry about it when you grow up and go about your daily life?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Guskiewicz\u003c/strong>: At UNC, we house the \u003ca href=\"http://exss.unc.edu/research-and-laboratories/center-for-the-study-of-retired-athletes/overview/\">Center for the Study of Retired Athletes\u003c/a>. We've been studying retired NFL football players for the last 11 ½ years. Those with a history of three or more concussions are at an increased risk for depression or a precursor to Alzheimer's. We do need to be concerned that once a young child or a high-schooler has had two or three concussions, we begin to ask the question, what does that mean for that individual at age 35, 45, 55? And so the late in life consequences must be considered in managing these acute injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Kevin Guskiewicz, Ph.D., ATC is the Kenan Distinguished Professor and chair of the department of exercise and sport science in UNC’s College of Arts and Sciences.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>To see a recent QUEST Northern California video about concussions, watch our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/sidelined-sports-concussions/\">Sidelined: Sports Concussions\u003c/a> video story. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/28532/a-head-of-the-curve-interview-with-concussion-expert-kevin-guskiewicz","authors":["10296"],"categories":["quest_12"],"tags":["quest_10564","quest_3578","quest_10569","quest_10565","quest_10567","quest_3351","quest_10568","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_3290","quest_10566","quest_10571","quest_10570","quest_10363"],"featImg":"quest_28540","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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