Flame Retardants, Redux: From Toxic Couches to Buildings
Playing Whack-a-Mole with Flame Retardants
The Political Firestorm Inside Your Sofa
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Her science radio stories appear on KQED and NPR.\r\n\r\nEmail her at astanden@kqed.org","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3d021b72de685a788b0487b059d0a6a1?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"news","roles":["subscriber"]},{"site":"futureofyou","roles":["subscriber"]},{"site":"stateofhealth","roles":["subscriber"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Amy Standen | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3d021b72de685a788b0487b059d0a6a1?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3d021b72de685a788b0487b059d0a6a1?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/amystanden"},"lizagross":{"type":"authors","id":"6322","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6322","found":true},"name":"Liza Gross","firstName":"Liza","lastName":"Gross","slug":"lizagross","email":"lizagross@gmail.com","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Liza Gross, an award-winning independent journalist and senior editor at the biomedical journal PLOS Biology, writes mostly about conservation and public and environmental health. She was a 2013 recipient of the NYU Reporting Award, a 2013 Dennis Hunt Health Journalism fellow and a 2015 USC Data Journalism fellow.\r\n\r\nRead her \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/lizagross/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1f7d36efc78088d63466cef5f10c4c7a?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"stateofhealth","roles":["author"]},{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Liza Gross | 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FM","link":"/"}},"quest_52462":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_52462","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"52462","score":null,"sort":[1366210827000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"fire-safety-without-harm","title":"Fire Safety without Harm","publishDate":1366210827,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/17/fire-safety-without-harm/fire/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-52484\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/fire.jpg\" alt=\"fire\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-52484\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/fire.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/fire-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, scientists and regulators from more than 20 countries gathered in San Francisco to discuss the latest research on flame retardants. \u003ca href=\"http://www.bfr2013.com/bfr2013_about.cfm\">The conference\u003c/a> lasted four days, but the theme of the meeting was clear from just a few talks: Do we need toxic chemicals to achieve fire safety?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the past decade, scientists have voiced increasing concern about the potential health and environmental risks of these chemicals, which show up—and leach from—a growing number of consumer products. By now, most California consumers probably know that flame retardants permeate the foam in their couches and chairs, along with a surprising array of baby products. (On Monday, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/health/article/Flame-retardants-to-be-removed-from-nap-mats-4436828.php\">San Francisco Chronicle noted\u003c/a> that at least some nap maps sold in the state will no longer contain flame retardants.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I reported yesterday in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/flame-retardants-in-consumer-products-are-linked-to-health-and-cognitive-problems/2013/04/15/f5c7b2aa-8b34-11e2-9838-d62f083ba93f_story.html\">story for the Washington Post\u003c/a>, mounting evidence suggests that these brominated chemicals pose risks to human health. Californians carry among the highest levels of flame retardants in the world, which researchers attribute to a 70s-era flammability standard that requires foam products to resist an open flame for 12 seconds. Manufacturers typically used flame retardants to comply and many tailored their products to California’s standard—and considerable market share—to avoid double inventories. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown, concerned about the risks the chemicals pose to human health, \u003ca href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=17598\">called on the state agency\u003c/a> in charge of flammability standards to find a way to ensure fire safety without the need for toxic flame retardants. In March, the agency held \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_hOjKKdZR_s&feature=youtu.be\">a public hearing\u003c/a> on its new standard, revised to do just that. The new regulations go into effect July 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2011, when I started \u003ca href=\"http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/ehs/news/2011/money-to-burn\">writing about flame retardants\u003c/a>, I’ve been struck by how the researchers studying these chemicals talk about their findings. Scientists tend to talk about their results in terms of what they don’t know and what new questions their studies raise. (All \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=weak-link-fossil-darwinius\">exceptions duly noted\u003c/a>.) And those studying flame retardants do discuss their findings with all the usual caveats. But they also do something else. They tell me, \"We don’t like what we’re seeing.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few weeks ago, I spoke with Heather Stapleton, a flame retardant expert at Duke University who’s pioneered methods to correlate levels of dust on people’s hands with levels found in their blood or urine. With two small children, a four-year-old son and a daughter who will be two next month, Stapleton said she thinks very carefully “as a mother and scientist” about the products she buys and washes her children’s hands frequently to reduce exposure. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s particularly worried about people using hand-me-down nursing pillows and other baby products that likely exude more flame retardants as they age. “No one to my knowledge is examining infants’ exposure to flame retardants from these small items,” she said. “They’re small but an infant spends a lot of contact time with them.” What’s more, babies are likely to go from sleep positioner to a car seat to a changing table, spending the better part of a day in contact with products that could be leaching the chemicals. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week at the flame retardant conference, researchers talked about the global reach of these chemicals, now detected in trees, sludge, wildlife and people around the world. They listed the wide range of health effects associated with the well-studied brominated flame retardants—including endocrine disruption and developmental, neurological and reproductive defects—and emphasized that the effects have been found in both animals and humans. They also reported worrying early results on new formulations like tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), which is showing up in human breast milk and maternal cord blood samples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Historically, TBBPA was added mostly to electronics and circuit boards in a “reactive mode,” which means it’s unlikely to leach from the product. But as Linda Birnbaum pointed out at the meeting, it’s now being used as a replacement for banned or discontinued brominated flame retardants in an “additive mode”—so it can offgas, migrate from the product into the air. “Which means more is going to get into the environment,” Birnbaum said, “which means more is going to get into people and wildlife.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Birnbaum, director of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and the National Toxicology Program, reported that a two-year study of TBBPA in rats and mice found a dose-related increase in aggressive uterine tumors in the female rats—“these are highly malignant tumors that metastasize to many different sites,” she told the crowd—as well as liver tumors in male and female mice. These results suggest, she said, that TBBPA is a “two species carcinogen” that warrants closer study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few months ago, Birnbaum told me that she used to think flame retardants were providing fire safety but now isn't so sure. She allows there may be applications that warrant them, like airplanes, but even then, she said, “If we think flame retardants are going to be helpful, why not use them in a reactive mode, so they don’t easily escape into the environment?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A decade ago, after seeing data showing rising levels of flame retardants in people along with animal evidence linking neurological effects to exposure early in life, Birnbaum called attention to the issue with a paper called \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1241790/pdf/ehp0112-000009.pdf\">\"Brominated Flame Retardants: Cause for Concern?\" \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, she said, “everything that is being seen in people when you look—and until recently, no one looked—is consistent with things that we’ve seen in animal models.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.bfr2013.com/upload/abstract-download/2013/BirnbaumPlenary.pdf\">weight of the evidence\u003c/a> inspired Birnbaum to write another paper. “I changed the question mark,” she said, “to an exclamation point.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Last week, scientists and regulators from more than 20 countries gathered in San Francisco to discuss the latest research on flame retardants. The conference lasted four days, but the theme of the meeting was clear from just a few talks: Do we need toxic chemicals to achieve fire safety?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1367424417,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":1001},"headData":{"title":"Fire Safety without Harm | KQED","description":"Last week, scientists and regulators from more than 20 countries gathered in San Francisco to discuss the latest research on flame retardants. The conference lasted four days, but the theme of the meeting was clear from just a few talks: Do we need toxic chemicals to achieve fire safety?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Fire Safety without Harm","datePublished":"2013-04-17T15:00:27.000Z","dateModified":"2013-05-01T16:06:57.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"52462 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=52462","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/17/fire-safety-without-harm/","disqusTitle":"Fire Safety without Harm","path":"/quest/52462/fire-safety-without-harm","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/17/fire-safety-without-harm/fire/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-52484\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/fire.jpg\" alt=\"fire\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-52484\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/fire.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/fire-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, scientists and regulators from more than 20 countries gathered in San Francisco to discuss the latest research on flame retardants. \u003ca href=\"http://www.bfr2013.com/bfr2013_about.cfm\">The conference\u003c/a> lasted four days, but the theme of the meeting was clear from just a few talks: Do we need toxic chemicals to achieve fire safety?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the past decade, scientists have voiced increasing concern about the potential health and environmental risks of these chemicals, which show up—and leach from—a growing number of consumer products. By now, most California consumers probably know that flame retardants permeate the foam in their couches and chairs, along with a surprising array of baby products. (On Monday, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/health/article/Flame-retardants-to-be-removed-from-nap-mats-4436828.php\">San Francisco Chronicle noted\u003c/a> that at least some nap maps sold in the state will no longer contain flame retardants.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I reported yesterday in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/flame-retardants-in-consumer-products-are-linked-to-health-and-cognitive-problems/2013/04/15/f5c7b2aa-8b34-11e2-9838-d62f083ba93f_story.html\">story for the Washington Post\u003c/a>, mounting evidence suggests that these brominated chemicals pose risks to human health. Californians carry among the highest levels of flame retardants in the world, which researchers attribute to a 70s-era flammability standard that requires foam products to resist an open flame for 12 seconds. Manufacturers typically used flame retardants to comply and many tailored their products to California’s standard—and considerable market share—to avoid double inventories. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown, concerned about the risks the chemicals pose to human health, \u003ca href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=17598\">called on the state agency\u003c/a> in charge of flammability standards to find a way to ensure fire safety without the need for toxic flame retardants. In March, the agency held \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_hOjKKdZR_s&feature=youtu.be\">a public hearing\u003c/a> on its new standard, revised to do just that. The new regulations go into effect July 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2011, when I started \u003ca href=\"http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/ehs/news/2011/money-to-burn\">writing about flame retardants\u003c/a>, I’ve been struck by how the researchers studying these chemicals talk about their findings. Scientists tend to talk about their results in terms of what they don’t know and what new questions their studies raise. (All \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=weak-link-fossil-darwinius\">exceptions duly noted\u003c/a>.) And those studying flame retardants do discuss their findings with all the usual caveats. But they also do something else. They tell me, \"We don’t like what we’re seeing.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few weeks ago, I spoke with Heather Stapleton, a flame retardant expert at Duke University who’s pioneered methods to correlate levels of dust on people’s hands with levels found in their blood or urine. With two small children, a four-year-old son and a daughter who will be two next month, Stapleton said she thinks very carefully “as a mother and scientist” about the products she buys and washes her children’s hands frequently to reduce exposure. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s particularly worried about people using hand-me-down nursing pillows and other baby products that likely exude more flame retardants as they age. “No one to my knowledge is examining infants’ exposure to flame retardants from these small items,” she said. “They’re small but an infant spends a lot of contact time with them.” What’s more, babies are likely to go from sleep positioner to a car seat to a changing table, spending the better part of a day in contact with products that could be leaching the chemicals. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week at the flame retardant conference, researchers talked about the global reach of these chemicals, now detected in trees, sludge, wildlife and people around the world. They listed the wide range of health effects associated with the well-studied brominated flame retardants—including endocrine disruption and developmental, neurological and reproductive defects—and emphasized that the effects have been found in both animals and humans. They also reported worrying early results on new formulations like tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), which is showing up in human breast milk and maternal cord blood samples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Historically, TBBPA was added mostly to electronics and circuit boards in a “reactive mode,” which means it’s unlikely to leach from the product. But as Linda Birnbaum pointed out at the meeting, it’s now being used as a replacement for banned or discontinued brominated flame retardants in an “additive mode”—so it can offgas, migrate from the product into the air. “Which means more is going to get into the environment,” Birnbaum said, “which means more is going to get into people and wildlife.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Birnbaum, director of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and the National Toxicology Program, reported that a two-year study of TBBPA in rats and mice found a dose-related increase in aggressive uterine tumors in the female rats—“these are highly malignant tumors that metastasize to many different sites,” she told the crowd—as well as liver tumors in male and female mice. These results suggest, she said, that TBBPA is a “two species carcinogen” that warrants closer study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few months ago, Birnbaum told me that she used to think flame retardants were providing fire safety but now isn't so sure. She allows there may be applications that warrant them, like airplanes, but even then, she said, “If we think flame retardants are going to be helpful, why not use them in a reactive mode, so they don’t easily escape into the environment?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A decade ago, after seeing data showing rising levels of flame retardants in people along with animal evidence linking neurological effects to exposure early in life, Birnbaum called attention to the issue with a paper called \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1241790/pdf/ehp0112-000009.pdf\">\"Brominated Flame Retardants: Cause for Concern?\" \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, she said, “everything that is being seen in people when you look—and until recently, no one looked—is consistent with things that we’ve seen in animal models.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.bfr2013.com/upload/abstract-download/2013/BirnbaumPlenary.pdf\">weight of the evidence\u003c/a> inspired Birnbaum to write another paper. “I changed the question mark,” she said, “to an exclamation point.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/52462/fire-safety-without-harm","authors":["6322"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_5","quest_9","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_11572","quest_13198","quest_1095","quest_10954","quest_13201","quest_11518","quest_2474","quest_10953"],"featImg":"quest_52484","label":"quest"},"quest_47455":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_47455","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"47455","score":null,"sort":[1354125304000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"flame-retardants-redux-from-toxic-couches-to-buildings","title":"Flame Retardants, Redux: From Toxic Couches to Buildings","publishDate":1354125304,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47457\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 637px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/28/flame-retardants-redux-from-toxic-couches-to-buildings/dancingflames-quest/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47457\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/DancingFlames.quest_-637x360.jpg\" alt=\"flame\" title=\"Dancing flames\" width=\"637\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-47457\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California's flammability standard, which has led to the use of toxic flame retardants in a wide range of consumer products, may finally change under the direction of Gov. Jerry Brown. (Photo: Oscar/Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Speaking before a roomful of \u003ca href=\"http://www.bcerp.org/2012mtg/\">breast cancer researchers and activists\u003c/a> in San Francisco earlier this month, Arlene Blum revealed her latest plan to get toxic chemicals out of our homes. “We want to change the international building code,” she said, “so you can have more fire safety in buildings without flame retardants.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to be challenging,” she acknowledged, with characteristic understatement. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For close to six years, Blum, a biophysical chemist, visiting scholar at UC Berkeley and executive director of Berkeley’s Green Science Policy Institute, has worked with state Senator Mark Leno to get cancer-causing chemicals out of consumer products. Leno, who also spoke to the group, lamented the folly of pouring potentially dangerous chemicals into consumer products given the lack of data showing a fire safety benefit. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2007, Leno has tried four different approaches to reduce exposures to flame retardants. Not one bill passed the Legislature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Why is this industry so engaged in defeating every one of our efforts?” he asked. “They’re making billions and billions of dollars.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. demand for flame retardants is \u003ca href=\"http://www.giiresearch.com/press/6786.shtml\">increasing 4.6% a year\u003c/a> to a projected 938 million pounds by 2016, according to market research released in October. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the best-selling flame retardants, produced in the range of \u003ca href=\"http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp202-c5.pdf\">10-50 million pounds a year\u003c/a>, is chlorinated Tris—a chemical that Blum and fellow Berkeley researcher Bruce Ames flagged as a carcinogen nearly 35 years ago. It’s the most commonly used flame retardant in furniture. As a resident of California, your couch probably has a little tag saying it complies with TB117—which means it contains about a pound of chlorinated Tris. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47464\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 364px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/28/flame-retardants-redux-from-toxic-couches-to-buildings/leno/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47464\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/leno-364x360.jpg\" alt=\"state senator mark leno\" title=\"senator mark leno\" width=\"364\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-47464\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">State Senator Mark Leno spoke about his efforts to get toxic flame retardants out of consumer products at the annual meeting of the Breast Cancer and the Environment Research Program in San Francisco this month. The chemical industry fought hard to defeat his legislation for a simple reason, he said: Greed. (Photo: Liza Gross)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es303471d?prevSearch=couches&searchHistoryKey=\">new study released this week\u003c/a>, Blum and her colleagues found flame retardants in 85% of 102 couches they tested. The team analyzed couch samples purchased before and after California phased out the flame retardant formula known as Penta to find out which alternatives manufacturers turned to. Of samples bought before 2005, nearly 40% contained Penta and a quarter had chlorinated Tris. After the Penta phaseout, more than half the samples contained chlorinated Tris, and close to 20% had a little-studied replacement called Firemaster 550.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/ehp.1205597.pdf\">Recent research\u003c/a> links Penta to decreased fertility, lower birth weight and cognitive deficits in children. Chlorinated Tris is a suspected human carcinogen and researchers haven’t had time to study the health effects of Firemaster 550. Since most people tend to keep big ticket items like couches for 20 years or more, there’s no telling how many home have Penta-treated furniture. Based on Blum’s recent research, most of us probably have Tris-treated couches. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But why do our couches have a pound of cancer-causing chemicals that build up in our dust—and our bodies?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you may have heard by now, in 1975 California implemented TB117, which requires foam inside your couch to resist a very small flame for 12 seconds. But the first thing to burn when a cigarette or candle drops on your couch isn’t the foam, it's the fabric. As fabric burns, it generates a large flame, which in turn ignites the foam, which burns within a few seconds. When fire burns without flame retardants, it releases carbon dioxide and water. In the presence of flame retardants, fires release far more soot, smoke and carbon monoxide—which is what kills you in a fire. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TB117 doesn’t increase fire safety, Blum says. It just increases our exposure to toxic chemicals. And flame retardants are showing up in products that aren’t even listed in the standard. Sleep mats aren’t subject to the standard, yet one study found that all the sleep mats in 20 nursery schools in the East Bay contained flame retardants. Most of the foam products in America, including mattress pads and pillows, use flame retardants to comply with TB117, even though it’s not required. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blum believes that Gov. Jerry Brown, who directed state agencies to revise the standard in June, is determined to achieve fire safety without toxic chemicals. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And with a safer furniture standard within reach, she’s set her sights on an even bigger problem: foam plastic insulation in buildings. The Uniform Building Code, which regulates foam plastic insulation in walls, requires a 15-minute thermal barrier (typically gypsum wallboard) to protect them from the heat of a fire. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By the time you hit the insulation, you’ve had a raging fire in your house for 15 minutes,” Blum says. “Having flame retardants in the insulation just makes the fire more toxic.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flame retardants used in building insulation are turning up in the environment, household dust and human body fluids at increasing levels, Blum and her colleagues report in a new study released this week. Studies link the compounds to endocrine disruption, neurological and developmental toxicity and the potential to cause cancer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thanks to a recovering housing market, construction is driving most of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/us-flame-retardant-demand-to-reach-938-million-pounds-in-2016-growing-46-annually-172172821.html\">growth in the flame retardant market\u003c/a> and accounts for the greatest share of sales. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ironically, many green builders use flame-retardant-treated plastic insulation to boost energy efficiency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All these flammability standards—which increase our exposure to toxic chemicals without increasing fire safety—went into effect in the 1970s, “perhaps not with malice aforethought,” Blum says. “But now’s the time to do something.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Last June, Gov. Jerry Brown directed state agencies to change California's flammability standard to ensure fire safety without dousing furniture and other foam products with toxic chemicals. Now activists are focusing on an even bigger market for flame retardants: foam insulation in buildings.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1356732268,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":21,"wordCount":1018},"headData":{"title":"Flame Retardants, Redux: From Toxic Couches to Buildings | KQED","description":"Last June, Gov. Jerry Brown directed state agencies to change California's flammability standard to ensure fire safety without dousing furniture and other foam products with toxic chemicals. Now activists are focusing on an even bigger market for flame retardants: foam insulation in buildings.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Flame Retardants, Redux: From Toxic Couches to Buildings","datePublished":"2012-11-28T17:55:04.000Z","dateModified":"2012-12-28T22:04:28.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"47455 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=47455","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/28/flame-retardants-redux-from-toxic-couches-to-buildings/","disqusTitle":"Flame Retardants, Redux: From Toxic Couches to Buildings","path":"/quest/47455/flame-retardants-redux-from-toxic-couches-to-buildings","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47457\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 637px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/28/flame-retardants-redux-from-toxic-couches-to-buildings/dancingflames-quest/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47457\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/DancingFlames.quest_-637x360.jpg\" alt=\"flame\" title=\"Dancing flames\" width=\"637\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-47457\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California's flammability standard, which has led to the use of toxic flame retardants in a wide range of consumer products, may finally change under the direction of Gov. Jerry Brown. (Photo: Oscar/Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Speaking before a roomful of \u003ca href=\"http://www.bcerp.org/2012mtg/\">breast cancer researchers and activists\u003c/a> in San Francisco earlier this month, Arlene Blum revealed her latest plan to get toxic chemicals out of our homes. “We want to change the international building code,” she said, “so you can have more fire safety in buildings without flame retardants.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to be challenging,” she acknowledged, with characteristic understatement. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For close to six years, Blum, a biophysical chemist, visiting scholar at UC Berkeley and executive director of Berkeley’s Green Science Policy Institute, has worked with state Senator Mark Leno to get cancer-causing chemicals out of consumer products. Leno, who also spoke to the group, lamented the folly of pouring potentially dangerous chemicals into consumer products given the lack of data showing a fire safety benefit. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2007, Leno has tried four different approaches to reduce exposures to flame retardants. Not one bill passed the Legislature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Why is this industry so engaged in defeating every one of our efforts?” he asked. “They’re making billions and billions of dollars.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. demand for flame retardants is \u003ca href=\"http://www.giiresearch.com/press/6786.shtml\">increasing 4.6% a year\u003c/a> to a projected 938 million pounds by 2016, according to market research released in October. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the best-selling flame retardants, produced in the range of \u003ca href=\"http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp202-c5.pdf\">10-50 million pounds a year\u003c/a>, is chlorinated Tris—a chemical that Blum and fellow Berkeley researcher Bruce Ames flagged as a carcinogen nearly 35 years ago. It’s the most commonly used flame retardant in furniture. As a resident of California, your couch probably has a little tag saying it complies with TB117—which means it contains about a pound of chlorinated Tris. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47464\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 364px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/28/flame-retardants-redux-from-toxic-couches-to-buildings/leno/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47464\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/leno-364x360.jpg\" alt=\"state senator mark leno\" title=\"senator mark leno\" width=\"364\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-47464\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">State Senator Mark Leno spoke about his efforts to get toxic flame retardants out of consumer products at the annual meeting of the Breast Cancer and the Environment Research Program in San Francisco this month. The chemical industry fought hard to defeat his legislation for a simple reason, he said: Greed. (Photo: Liza Gross)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es303471d?prevSearch=couches&searchHistoryKey=\">new study released this week\u003c/a>, Blum and her colleagues found flame retardants in 85% of 102 couches they tested. The team analyzed couch samples purchased before and after California phased out the flame retardant formula known as Penta to find out which alternatives manufacturers turned to. Of samples bought before 2005, nearly 40% contained Penta and a quarter had chlorinated Tris. After the Penta phaseout, more than half the samples contained chlorinated Tris, and close to 20% had a little-studied replacement called Firemaster 550.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/ehp.1205597.pdf\">Recent research\u003c/a> links Penta to decreased fertility, lower birth weight and cognitive deficits in children. Chlorinated Tris is a suspected human carcinogen and researchers haven’t had time to study the health effects of Firemaster 550. Since most people tend to keep big ticket items like couches for 20 years or more, there’s no telling how many home have Penta-treated furniture. Based on Blum’s recent research, most of us probably have Tris-treated couches. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But why do our couches have a pound of cancer-causing chemicals that build up in our dust—and our bodies?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you may have heard by now, in 1975 California implemented TB117, which requires foam inside your couch to resist a very small flame for 12 seconds. But the first thing to burn when a cigarette or candle drops on your couch isn’t the foam, it's the fabric. As fabric burns, it generates a large flame, which in turn ignites the foam, which burns within a few seconds. When fire burns without flame retardants, it releases carbon dioxide and water. In the presence of flame retardants, fires release far more soot, smoke and carbon monoxide—which is what kills you in a fire. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TB117 doesn’t increase fire safety, Blum says. It just increases our exposure to toxic chemicals. And flame retardants are showing up in products that aren’t even listed in the standard. Sleep mats aren’t subject to the standard, yet one study found that all the sleep mats in 20 nursery schools in the East Bay contained flame retardants. Most of the foam products in America, including mattress pads and pillows, use flame retardants to comply with TB117, even though it’s not required. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blum believes that Gov. Jerry Brown, who directed state agencies to revise the standard in June, is determined to achieve fire safety without toxic chemicals. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And with a safer furniture standard within reach, she’s set her sights on an even bigger problem: foam plastic insulation in buildings. The Uniform Building Code, which regulates foam plastic insulation in walls, requires a 15-minute thermal barrier (typically gypsum wallboard) to protect them from the heat of a fire. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By the time you hit the insulation, you’ve had a raging fire in your house for 15 minutes,” Blum says. “Having flame retardants in the insulation just makes the fire more toxic.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flame retardants used in building insulation are turning up in the environment, household dust and human body fluids at increasing levels, Blum and her colleagues report in a new study released this week. Studies link the compounds to endocrine disruption, neurological and developmental toxicity and the potential to cause cancer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thanks to a recovering housing market, construction is driving most of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/us-flame-retardant-demand-to-reach-938-million-pounds-in-2016-growing-46-annually-172172821.html\">growth in the flame retardant market\u003c/a> and accounts for the greatest share of sales. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ironically, many green builders use flame-retardant-treated plastic insulation to boost energy efficiency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All these flammability standards—which increase our exposure to toxic chemicals without increasing fire safety—went into effect in the 1970s, “perhaps not with malice aforethought,” Blum says. “But now’s the time to do something.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/47455/flame-retardants-redux-from-toxic-couches-to-buildings","authors":["6322"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_5","quest_9","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_10955","quest_385","quest_11572","quest_10954","quest_11627","quest_11626","quest_13202"],"featImg":"quest_47457","label":"quest"},"quest_46549":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_46549","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"46549","score":null,"sort":[1351695604000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"playing-whack-a-mole-with-flame-retardants","title":"Playing Whack-a-Mole with Flame Retardants ","publishDate":1351695604,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46550\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 572px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/31/playing-whack-a-mole-with-flame-retardants/house_fire/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46550\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/House_fire.jpg\" alt=\"burning house\" title=\"House_fire\" width=\"572\" height=\"321\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46550\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/House_fire.jpg 572w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/House_fire-400x224.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 572px) 100vw, 572px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Emerging research questions whether flame retardants used to meet California's flammability standard increase fire safety. Activists say fire-resistant fabric can protect furniture built to meet industry codes without the use of toxic flame retardants. (Image: Kpahor/Wikipedia)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Countless consumer products sold in California contain a flame retardant flagged as a possible carcinogen nearly 35 years ago. As of this week, finally, they must carry a warning that the chemical causes cancer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A year ago, the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment \u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/102811list.html\">listed chlorinated Tris\u003c/a> as a cancer-causing chemical under Proposition 65. Under that 1986 law, businesses using a listed chemical have one year to add a warning label to their products. So now, if you buy foam furniture, car seats, nursing pillows or other \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/18/business/18chemical.html?pagewanted=all&_r=1&\">baby products treated with chlorinated Tris\u003c/a>, you should see the warning: \"This product contains a chemical known to the state of California to cause cancer.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bad Characters\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nChlorinated Tris and most other flame retardants are \u003ca href=\"http://www.chemtopics.com/elements/halogen/halogen.htm\">halogenated chemicals\u003c/a>. They’re grouped together as halogens on the Periodic Table, which means they share structural and chemical properties and behave similarly. Halogens—which include the elements bromine, chlorine, fluorine, iodine and astatine—are highly reactive and can be extremely toxic at high enough doses. (Chlorine gas was one of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.vlib.us/medical/gaswar/chlorine.htm\">most feared weapons\u003c/a> used during World War I.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most flame retardants come in brominated and chlorinated forms. Brominated Tris (Tris-BP) was \u003ca href=\"http://www.arleneblum.com/pdfs/blum_77.pdf\">first identified as a possible carcinogen\u003c/a> in 1977 by UC Berkeley researchers Arlene Blum and Bruce Ames. Blum and Ames showed that Tris-BP acts as a mutagen—it damages DNA—with a high likelihood of causing cancer. A previous study had shown that adding Tris-BP to a goldfish tank at 1 ppm—that’s one unit of Tris-BP to a million parts of water—could kill the fish in just five days. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46555\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/31/playing-whack-a-mole-with-flame-retardants/arlene/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46555\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/arlene.jpeg\" alt=\"arlene blum\" title=\"arlene blum\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46555\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Arlene Blum, a biophysical chemist who led the first all-woman ascent of Denali in 1970, leads the call for safer flame retardants. She founded the Green Science Policy Institute after learning that a toxic chemical she helped remove from children’s pajamas in 1977 reappeared in foam furniture and baby products. (Photo courtesy of Steve McCaw/NIEHS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Thanks to Blum and Ames’ work, the Consumer Product Safety Commission banned Tris-BP from children’s pajamas in 1977. Manufacturers then switched to chlorinated Tris—formally called tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate, or TDCPP. Again, Blum, Ames and a colleague pegged the chlorinated form as a mutagen. This time, manufacturers voluntarily removed the toxic chemical from kids’ pajamas. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then six years ago, Blum discovered to her horror that manufacturers were using chlorinated Tris on polyurethane foam in furniture cushions, nursing pillows, car seats and other consumer products to meet California’s flammability standard (called Technical Bulletin 117). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Manufacturers switched to chlorinated Tris after phasing out another brominated chemical, called Penta, which along with its close cousin Octa were banned in California in 2003. \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/oppt/existingchemicals/pubs/qanda.html\">Both have now been phased out\u003c/a> in the United States, but persist in the environment and are building up in the tissues of wildlife and humans, as well as in women’s breast milk. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Manufacturers next turned to Firemaster 550, a proprietary formula that researchers have been scrambling to characterize. It’s now one of the most common replacements for banned flame retardants and a \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es801070p\">major component of house dust. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Evidence of Harm\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nReplacing one halogen with another does nothing to address the safety of these flame retardants, Blum told me. You’re just trading one toxic compound for another, she explained. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People are so worried about getting rid of bisphenol A,\" she said. \"But the halogenated flame retardants are far more dangerous and far more persistent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research in animals has linked halogenated flame retardants to a wide range of toxic effects, including liver, thyroid, reproductive and developmental damage, disrupted brain development and DNA damage. Human studies, though limited, point to lower IQ in children, reduced fertility, hormonal changes and altered onset of puberty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now \u003ca href=\"http://news.ncsu.edu/releases/wms-patisaul-firemaster/\">a preliminary study in rats\u003c/a> implicates Firemaster 550 as an endocrine disruptor and “obesogen,” a \u003ca href=\"http://www.uci.edu/features/2009/10/feature_obesogens_091019.php\">term coined by UCLA biologist Bruce Blumberg\u003c/a> to describe environmental chemicals that alter hormonal and metabolic processes and lead to obesity. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pilot study, led by \u003ca href=\"http://www4.ncsu.edu/~hbpatisa/\">Heather Patisaul\u003c/a>, an assistant professor of biology at North Carolina State University and expert in endocrine-disruption, exposed pregnant rats to flame retardants at low, high and zero levels (as controls). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In keeping with other flame retardant studies, exposure to Firemaster 500 altered the thyroid levels of pregnant rats. Maternal thyroid hormones play a critical role in the normal growth and development of the fetus. Changes in thyroid levels can wreak havoc on developing organs, particularly the brain. In this study, Firemaster increased thyroid levels in the mothers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After exposing pregnant rats to Firemaster, the researchers detected a component of the flame retardant, called TBB, in both exposed mothers and their babies, suggesting the babies either ingested the compound while nursing or absorbed it in utero (after it crossed the placenta). Both exposed male and female offspring showed extreme weight gain. But in the female offspring, obesity came with additional costs, including early onset of puberty, high anxiety and insulin resistance. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While taking care to point out that their findings are preliminary, Patisaul and her colleagues also note that endocrine-disrupting effects of prenatal exposure to Firemaster 550 occurred at levels “much lower” than that reported safe by the manufacturer—and that we likely encounter in our homes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fire Safety without Toxic Chemicals\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nResearchers don't understand exactly how diverse halogenated flame retardants cause damage. But they know that their shared chemical properties—which help them persist, accumulate in living tissue, and disrupt molecular processes—means that if one is toxic, the rest may be too. When it comes to this class of flame retardants, there appears to be no safer alternative. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Activists have long argued that regulations favor industry over public health by forcing consumers to prove that chemicals cause harm rather than requiring industry to demonstrate safety. It’s hard to find fault with that complaint when the Environmental Protection Agency \u003ca href=\"ftp://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/09-10/bill/sen/sb_0901-0950/sb_928_cfa_20100401_171410_sen_comm.html\">has tested just 200 out of some 85,000 chemicals\u003c/a> in commerce--and banned five--while the California Department of Toxic Substances Control notes that 45 percent of \u003ca href=\"http://www.dtsc.ca.gov/assessingrisk/emergingcontaminants.cfm#Related_Links\">some 2,500 high production volume compounds\u003c/a> lack adequate health and safety toxicity data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the flame retardant business growing—from $4.6 billion in 2011 to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.bccresearch.com/report/flame-retardant-chemicals-market-chm014k.html\">projected $6.1 billion in 2014\u003c/a>—manufacturers have a clear interest in protecting their investments. They \u003ca href=\"http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/ehs/news/2011/money-to-burn\">spent more than $23 million\u003c/a> to defeat five bills to regulate their products before the California Legislature. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as a devastating \u003ca href=\"http://media.apps.chicagotribune.com/flames/index.html\">report from the Chicago Tribune\u003c/a> showed, the industry deceived the public about the safety and efficacy of their products. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blum thinks it’s time to end the whack-a-mole approach to regulating flame retardants. And so does Gov. Jerry Brown, judging from his June directive to the Bureau of Electronic Appliance Repair, Home Furnishing and Thermal Insulation, the bureau that controls the state’s flammability standards, to ensure fire safety without toxic flame retardants. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can have fire safety without toxicity, Blum says. She hopes the research documenting the toxic effects of flame retardants reaches parents just as the pajama studies did. When it does, she believes, they’ll demand safer products. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6IDlb4N-_u4]\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Countless consumer products sold in California contain a flame retardant flagged as a possible carcinogen nearly 35 years ago. As of this week, finally, they must carry a warning that the chemical causes cancer. But is it enough when manufacturers simply replace one toxic chemical with another?\r\n","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1353013002,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":1276},"headData":{"title":"Playing Whack-a-Mole with Flame Retardants | KQED","description":"Countless consumer products sold in California contain a flame retardant flagged as a possible carcinogen nearly 35 years ago. As of this week, finally, they must carry a warning that the chemical causes cancer. But is it enough when manufacturers simply replace one toxic chemical with another?\r\n","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Playing Whack-a-Mole with Flame Retardants ","datePublished":"2012-10-31T15:00:04.000Z","dateModified":"2012-11-15T20:56:42.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"46549 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=46549","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/31/playing-whack-a-mole-with-flame-retardants/","disqusTitle":"Playing Whack-a-Mole with Flame Retardants ","path":"/quest/46549/playing-whack-a-mole-with-flame-retardants","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46550\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 572px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/31/playing-whack-a-mole-with-flame-retardants/house_fire/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46550\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/House_fire.jpg\" alt=\"burning house\" title=\"House_fire\" width=\"572\" height=\"321\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46550\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/House_fire.jpg 572w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/House_fire-400x224.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 572px) 100vw, 572px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Emerging research questions whether flame retardants used to meet California's flammability standard increase fire safety. Activists say fire-resistant fabric can protect furniture built to meet industry codes without the use of toxic flame retardants. (Image: Kpahor/Wikipedia)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Countless consumer products sold in California contain a flame retardant flagged as a possible carcinogen nearly 35 years ago. As of this week, finally, they must carry a warning that the chemical causes cancer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A year ago, the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment \u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/102811list.html\">listed chlorinated Tris\u003c/a> as a cancer-causing chemical under Proposition 65. Under that 1986 law, businesses using a listed chemical have one year to add a warning label to their products. So now, if you buy foam furniture, car seats, nursing pillows or other \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/18/business/18chemical.html?pagewanted=all&_r=1&\">baby products treated with chlorinated Tris\u003c/a>, you should see the warning: \"This product contains a chemical known to the state of California to cause cancer.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bad Characters\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nChlorinated Tris and most other flame retardants are \u003ca href=\"http://www.chemtopics.com/elements/halogen/halogen.htm\">halogenated chemicals\u003c/a>. They’re grouped together as halogens on the Periodic Table, which means they share structural and chemical properties and behave similarly. Halogens—which include the elements bromine, chlorine, fluorine, iodine and astatine—are highly reactive and can be extremely toxic at high enough doses. (Chlorine gas was one of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.vlib.us/medical/gaswar/chlorine.htm\">most feared weapons\u003c/a> used during World War I.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most flame retardants come in brominated and chlorinated forms. Brominated Tris (Tris-BP) was \u003ca href=\"http://www.arleneblum.com/pdfs/blum_77.pdf\">first identified as a possible carcinogen\u003c/a> in 1977 by UC Berkeley researchers Arlene Blum and Bruce Ames. Blum and Ames showed that Tris-BP acts as a mutagen—it damages DNA—with a high likelihood of causing cancer. A previous study had shown that adding Tris-BP to a goldfish tank at 1 ppm—that’s one unit of Tris-BP to a million parts of water—could kill the fish in just five days. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46555\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/31/playing-whack-a-mole-with-flame-retardants/arlene/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46555\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/arlene.jpeg\" alt=\"arlene blum\" title=\"arlene blum\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46555\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Arlene Blum, a biophysical chemist who led the first all-woman ascent of Denali in 1970, leads the call for safer flame retardants. She founded the Green Science Policy Institute after learning that a toxic chemical she helped remove from children’s pajamas in 1977 reappeared in foam furniture and baby products. (Photo courtesy of Steve McCaw/NIEHS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Thanks to Blum and Ames’ work, the Consumer Product Safety Commission banned Tris-BP from children’s pajamas in 1977. Manufacturers then switched to chlorinated Tris—formally called tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate, or TDCPP. Again, Blum, Ames and a colleague pegged the chlorinated form as a mutagen. This time, manufacturers voluntarily removed the toxic chemical from kids’ pajamas. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then six years ago, Blum discovered to her horror that manufacturers were using chlorinated Tris on polyurethane foam in furniture cushions, nursing pillows, car seats and other consumer products to meet California’s flammability standard (called Technical Bulletin 117). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Manufacturers switched to chlorinated Tris after phasing out another brominated chemical, called Penta, which along with its close cousin Octa were banned in California in 2003. \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/oppt/existingchemicals/pubs/qanda.html\">Both have now been phased out\u003c/a> in the United States, but persist in the environment and are building up in the tissues of wildlife and humans, as well as in women’s breast milk. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Manufacturers next turned to Firemaster 550, a proprietary formula that researchers have been scrambling to characterize. It’s now one of the most common replacements for banned flame retardants and a \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es801070p\">major component of house dust. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Evidence of Harm\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nReplacing one halogen with another does nothing to address the safety of these flame retardants, Blum told me. You’re just trading one toxic compound for another, she explained. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People are so worried about getting rid of bisphenol A,\" she said. \"But the halogenated flame retardants are far more dangerous and far more persistent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research in animals has linked halogenated flame retardants to a wide range of toxic effects, including liver, thyroid, reproductive and developmental damage, disrupted brain development and DNA damage. Human studies, though limited, point to lower IQ in children, reduced fertility, hormonal changes and altered onset of puberty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now \u003ca href=\"http://news.ncsu.edu/releases/wms-patisaul-firemaster/\">a preliminary study in rats\u003c/a> implicates Firemaster 550 as an endocrine disruptor and “obesogen,” a \u003ca href=\"http://www.uci.edu/features/2009/10/feature_obesogens_091019.php\">term coined by UCLA biologist Bruce Blumberg\u003c/a> to describe environmental chemicals that alter hormonal and metabolic processes and lead to obesity. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pilot study, led by \u003ca href=\"http://www4.ncsu.edu/~hbpatisa/\">Heather Patisaul\u003c/a>, an assistant professor of biology at North Carolina State University and expert in endocrine-disruption, exposed pregnant rats to flame retardants at low, high and zero levels (as controls). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In keeping with other flame retardant studies, exposure to Firemaster 500 altered the thyroid levels of pregnant rats. Maternal thyroid hormones play a critical role in the normal growth and development of the fetus. Changes in thyroid levels can wreak havoc on developing organs, particularly the brain. In this study, Firemaster increased thyroid levels in the mothers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After exposing pregnant rats to Firemaster, the researchers detected a component of the flame retardant, called TBB, in both exposed mothers and their babies, suggesting the babies either ingested the compound while nursing or absorbed it in utero (after it crossed the placenta). Both exposed male and female offspring showed extreme weight gain. But in the female offspring, obesity came with additional costs, including early onset of puberty, high anxiety and insulin resistance. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While taking care to point out that their findings are preliminary, Patisaul and her colleagues also note that endocrine-disrupting effects of prenatal exposure to Firemaster 550 occurred at levels “much lower” than that reported safe by the manufacturer—and that we likely encounter in our homes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fire Safety without Toxic Chemicals\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nResearchers don't understand exactly how diverse halogenated flame retardants cause damage. But they know that their shared chemical properties—which help them persist, accumulate in living tissue, and disrupt molecular processes—means that if one is toxic, the rest may be too. When it comes to this class of flame retardants, there appears to be no safer alternative. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Activists have long argued that regulations favor industry over public health by forcing consumers to prove that chemicals cause harm rather than requiring industry to demonstrate safety. It’s hard to find fault with that complaint when the Environmental Protection Agency \u003ca href=\"ftp://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/09-10/bill/sen/sb_0901-0950/sb_928_cfa_20100401_171410_sen_comm.html\">has tested just 200 out of some 85,000 chemicals\u003c/a> in commerce--and banned five--while the California Department of Toxic Substances Control notes that 45 percent of \u003ca href=\"http://www.dtsc.ca.gov/assessingrisk/emergingcontaminants.cfm#Related_Links\">some 2,500 high production volume compounds\u003c/a> lack adequate health and safety toxicity data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the flame retardant business growing—from $4.6 billion in 2011 to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.bccresearch.com/report/flame-retardant-chemicals-market-chm014k.html\">projected $6.1 billion in 2014\u003c/a>—manufacturers have a clear interest in protecting their investments. They \u003ca href=\"http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/ehs/news/2011/money-to-burn\">spent more than $23 million\u003c/a> to defeat five bills to regulate their products before the California Legislature. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as a devastating \u003ca href=\"http://media.apps.chicagotribune.com/flames/index.html\">report from the Chicago Tribune\u003c/a> showed, the industry deceived the public about the safety and efficacy of their products. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blum thinks it’s time to end the whack-a-mole approach to regulating flame retardants. And so does Gov. Jerry Brown, judging from his June directive to the Bureau of Electronic Appliance Repair, Home Furnishing and Thermal Insulation, the bureau that controls the state’s flammability standards, to ensure fire safety without toxic flame retardants. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can have fire safety without toxicity, Blum says. She hopes the research documenting the toxic effects of flame retardants reaches parents just as the pajama studies did. When it does, she believes, they’ll demand safer products. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/6IDlb4N-_u4'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/6IDlb4N-_u4'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/46549/playing-whack-a-mole-with-flame-retardants","authors":["6322"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_5","quest_9","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_11572","quest_13198","quest_10954","quest_11573","quest_13202","quest_11574"],"featImg":"quest_46550","label":"quest"},"quest_34736":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_34736","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"34736","score":null,"sort":[1333742409000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-political-firestorm-inside-your-sofa","title":"The Political Firestorm Inside Your Sofa ","publishDate":1333742409,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/04/2012-04-09-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to environmental policy, no state has paved the way more often than California. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Californians didn't just invent iPads and commercial microprocessors; they brought to life laws promoting clean water, clean air, laws that eventually went on to become national policy, credited with cleaning up vast swaths of the country. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34942\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sofa_scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sofa_scaled-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"sofa\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-34942\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An average-sized sofa can contain two pounds of flame-retardant chemicals. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But sometimes, the picture is less clear. That’s the case with TB 117, a pioneering California law that many scientists now say was a big mistake. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of those scientists is chemist Arlene Blum, a visiting scholar at the University of California, Berkeley and founder of the Green Science Policy Institute, a non-profit group in Berkeley. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I met Blum at a furniture store in Berkeley. Standing in front of a three-seated sofa, she lifted a cushion and read aloud from the small white tag sewn into the fabric. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This article meets the flammability requirements of the California Bureau of Home Furnishings \u003ca href=\"http://www.bhfti.ca.gov/industry/bulletin.shtml\">Technical Bulletin 117\u003c/a>.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A California law's mixed legacy\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TB 117, as it’s called, is a state law passed in 1975. It says that the foam inside upholstered furniture must be able to resist a flame, for example, from a cigarette lighter, for 12 seconds without catching fire. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Manufacturers meet this law by treating the foam with several different kinds of chemicals, up to two pounds of flame retardant chemicals in an average-size sofa, according to Don Lucas, a flammability expert at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though the law is specific to California, it affects furniture sold across the country. Major furniture dealers sell California-compliant products in all 50 states, and Canada. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem, say Blum and others, is that the chemicals don’t just stay inside the sofas. They turn up in \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21239062\">household dust\u003c/a> and can be detected in human blood and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20079522\">breast milk\u003c/a>. \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/reports/pbdesintoddlers\">Toddlers\u003c/a> often have \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17035146\">higher levels\u003c/a> of the chemicals in their bodies than adults do. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"One study found that the levels of PBDEs found in bodies of toddlers are similar to what you'd find in people who work in a recycling foam factory. That's two to ten times what you'd find in adults,\" says Ami Zota, a researcher with UCSF's Program on reproductive Health and the Environment. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's a growing body of evidence demonstrating effects in animals, and not just lab animals, but birds and marine mammals,\" says Linda Birnbaum, who directs the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences of the National Institutes of Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Birnbaum says while effects in humans are less certain, there is good evidence to suggest that some flame retardants, particularly a class called PBDEs, which have been largely phased out sine 2004, can affect the reproductive system, nervous system, as well as learning, memory, and behavior in children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some flame retardant chemicals cause cancer in lab animals. Observational studies of humans suggest connections between the chemicals and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20103495\">infertility\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21878423\">low-birth weight\u003c/a> and abnormal brain development in kids. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One chemical, known as tris, was used widely in children's pajamas until the 1970s, when scientists, including Arlene Blum, campaigned successfully for a phase out. Tris is considered carcinogenic under California's Proposition 65 but is still used widely in furniture and also \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/18/business/18chemical.html?pagewanted=all\">turns up\u003c/a> in baby products, such as nursing pillows and changing pads. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Industry fights change\u003c/strong> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State lawmakers have tried -- and failed -- five times to change California's law in ways that would reduce or eliminate the use of flame retardant chemicals in furniture. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four of those attempts came from one lawmaker, State Senator Mark Leno, who represents Marin and San Francisco. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leno’s last bill, \u003ca href=\"http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/11-12/bill/sen/sb_0101-0150/sb_147_cfa_20110428_150643_sen_comm.html\">SB 147\u003c/a> had the support of furniture makers, firefighter groups, and doctors. All of them wanted the chemicals out of furniture. But the bill was killed in committee by a vote of seven to one. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each of the lawmakers who voted on the bill had received campaign contributions from the chemical industry. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leno says it's not hard to see those lobbying dollars in action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whenever one of his flame retardants bills would come up for a vote, he says, he’d pay a visit to each of the committee members, just before the vote, to make his case. But the lobbyists outnumbered him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Repeatedly, as I would leave a colleague’s office, an hour or two before the committee hearing racing to get to another office, in the waiting room of the office I’m leaving is a lobbyist for the chemical industry. So they’d have the last word,” says Leno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cbr>\n(Update: Read about how a Seattle burn doctor misled California lawmakers with the fictional story of an infant burn victim in the Chicago Tribune's four-part series, \"\u003ca href=\"http://media.apps.chicagotribune.com/flames/index.html\">Playing with Fire\u003c/a>.\")\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In February, a state lawmaker, Assemblywoman Holly Mitchell, from Los Angeles, introduced -- and then quickly withdrew -- \u003ca href=\"http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/11-12/bill/asm/ab_2151-2200/ab_2197_bill_20120223_introduced.html\">her own bill\u003c/a> on the topic. A spokesperson said Mitchell decided she was too busy, but would pick it up next year. Since 2011, Mitchell has taken $3,500 from the chemical industry.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cbr>\n(For more on how campaign dollars from the chemical industry have helped keep flame retardants in furniture, see \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/lizagross/\">Liza Gross\u003c/a>' 2011 special report in Environmental Health News, \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/ehs/news/2011/money-to-burn\">Money to Burn\u003c/a>.\")\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s hard to find supporters of TB 117 who aren’t in some way connected to the same companies that produce flame retardant chemicals. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joe Lang is a former tobacco lobbyist with the firm Lang, Hansen, O'Malley & Miller, in Sacramento, whose clients include the American Chemistry Council, a chemical industry group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a hearing last April, Lang argued that changes to the California law are unnecessary because many of the most harmful flame retardants, a group called PBDEs, have already been banned. Newer alternatives, he said, are safer than the old ones. He said that over-regulating this industry would squelch innovation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we continue to ban chemicals that are developed before they're used, we won't have any chemicals to be used. We won't be able to create the jobs we want to create in California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nDo flame retardants in furniture prevent fires?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lang and others in the industry say that flame retardant chemicals, and the law that requires them, TB 117, serve a critical purpose: They prevent fires. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Donald Lucas, the Lawrence Berkeley National Lab scientist, and his colleague Vyto Babrauskas researched exactly \u003ca href=\"http://abstracts.acs.org/chem/243nm/program/view.php\">this question\u003c/a>: Do flame retardant chemicals prevent fires? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our conclusions were that we really don’t need the flame retardants in the foam in home furnishing,\" said Lucas. We don’t think the TB 117 standard is very good.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chemicals don’t work, he says, because fires don’t start inside sofas. They start on the surface of the sofa, on the fabric. California's flammability law, TB 117 law says nothing about the fabric, just the foam. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once the fabric catches on fire, the flame that the foam is exposed to is much larger than the flame in the test,” says Lucas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At that point, there’s nothing chemicals can do. It’s too late. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The foam is going to burn anyway.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, there are far fewer fires today than there were in the 1970s, when TB 117 was written. Fewer smokers, as well as laws requiring smoke detectors and sprinklers have made homes safer. These days, most fires start in the kitchen, not on a sofa. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s one reason even fire fighters have had a change of heart on the subject of flame retardants. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tom O’Connor, a fire fighter in San Francisco, says fires these days are a toxic soup of chemicals, thanks, in part, to chemically-treated furniture. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>O'Connor, and others, believe they're seeing an epidemic of cancers among firefighters. San Francisco's Fire Department is one of several around the country participating in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.usfa.fema.gov/fireservice/research/safety/niosh_cancer_study.shtm\">study\u003c/a> of firefighters and cancer run by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If flame-retardant chemicals in furniture are part of the problem, says O'Connor, \"then obviously we want them out of the products of combustion, once we go into a burning building.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given recent events in Sacramento, that change is unlikely to start happening, at least this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One California official could sidestep the legislature and change the law: Tonya Blood. She was appointed just last week as the new chief of the California Bureau of Home Furnishings. It’s the same agency that established TB 117 back in 1975. Blood’s office didn’t answer requests for an interview. \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"To comply with California law, furniture makers treat the foam in cushions with flame-retardant chemicals, up to two pounds of chemicals in an average-sized sofa. Those chemicals can turn up in household dust, blood, and breast milk. But efforts to remove them have been blocked by the chemical industry.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1370996599,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":47,"wordCount":1476},"headData":{"title":"The Political Firestorm Inside Your Sofa | KQED","description":"To comply with California law, furniture makers treat the foam in cushions with flame-retardant chemicals, up to two pounds of chemicals in an average-sized sofa. Those chemicals can turn up in household dust, blood, and breast milk. But efforts to remove them have been blocked by the chemical industry.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Political Firestorm Inside Your Sofa ","datePublished":"2012-04-06T20:00:09.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T00:23:19.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"34736 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=audio_reports&p=34736","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/06/the-political-firestorm-inside-your-sofa/","disqusTitle":"The Political Firestorm Inside Your Sofa ","path":"/quest/34736/the-political-firestorm-inside-your-sofa","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/04/2012-04-09-quest.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/04/2012-04-09-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to environmental policy, no state has paved the way more often than California. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Californians didn't just invent iPads and commercial microprocessors; they brought to life laws promoting clean water, clean air, laws that eventually went on to become national policy, credited with cleaning up vast swaths of the country. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34942\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sofa_scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sofa_scaled-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"sofa\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-34942\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An average-sized sofa can contain two pounds of flame-retardant chemicals. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But sometimes, the picture is less clear. That’s the case with TB 117, a pioneering California law that many scientists now say was a big mistake. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of those scientists is chemist Arlene Blum, a visiting scholar at the University of California, Berkeley and founder of the Green Science Policy Institute, a non-profit group in Berkeley. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I met Blum at a furniture store in Berkeley. Standing in front of a three-seated sofa, she lifted a cushion and read aloud from the small white tag sewn into the fabric. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This article meets the flammability requirements of the California Bureau of Home Furnishings \u003ca href=\"http://www.bhfti.ca.gov/industry/bulletin.shtml\">Technical Bulletin 117\u003c/a>.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A California law's mixed legacy\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TB 117, as it’s called, is a state law passed in 1975. It says that the foam inside upholstered furniture must be able to resist a flame, for example, from a cigarette lighter, for 12 seconds without catching fire. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Manufacturers meet this law by treating the foam with several different kinds of chemicals, up to two pounds of flame retardant chemicals in an average-size sofa, according to Don Lucas, a flammability expert at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though the law is specific to California, it affects furniture sold across the country. Major furniture dealers sell California-compliant products in all 50 states, and Canada. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem, say Blum and others, is that the chemicals don’t just stay inside the sofas. They turn up in \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21239062\">household dust\u003c/a> and can be detected in human blood and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20079522\">breast milk\u003c/a>. \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/reports/pbdesintoddlers\">Toddlers\u003c/a> often have \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17035146\">higher levels\u003c/a> of the chemicals in their bodies than adults do. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"One study found that the levels of PBDEs found in bodies of toddlers are similar to what you'd find in people who work in a recycling foam factory. That's two to ten times what you'd find in adults,\" says Ami Zota, a researcher with UCSF's Program on reproductive Health and the Environment. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's a growing body of evidence demonstrating effects in animals, and not just lab animals, but birds and marine mammals,\" says Linda Birnbaum, who directs the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences of the National Institutes of Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Birnbaum says while effects in humans are less certain, there is good evidence to suggest that some flame retardants, particularly a class called PBDEs, which have been largely phased out sine 2004, can affect the reproductive system, nervous system, as well as learning, memory, and behavior in children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some flame retardant chemicals cause cancer in lab animals. Observational studies of humans suggest connections between the chemicals and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20103495\">infertility\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21878423\">low-birth weight\u003c/a> and abnormal brain development in kids. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One chemical, known as tris, was used widely in children's pajamas until the 1970s, when scientists, including Arlene Blum, campaigned successfully for a phase out. Tris is considered carcinogenic under California's Proposition 65 but is still used widely in furniture and also \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/18/business/18chemical.html?pagewanted=all\">turns up\u003c/a> in baby products, such as nursing pillows and changing pads. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Industry fights change\u003c/strong> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State lawmakers have tried -- and failed -- five times to change California's law in ways that would reduce or eliminate the use of flame retardant chemicals in furniture. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four of those attempts came from one lawmaker, State Senator Mark Leno, who represents Marin and San Francisco. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leno’s last bill, \u003ca href=\"http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/11-12/bill/sen/sb_0101-0150/sb_147_cfa_20110428_150643_sen_comm.html\">SB 147\u003c/a> had the support of furniture makers, firefighter groups, and doctors. All of them wanted the chemicals out of furniture. But the bill was killed in committee by a vote of seven to one. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each of the lawmakers who voted on the bill had received campaign contributions from the chemical industry. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leno says it's not hard to see those lobbying dollars in action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whenever one of his flame retardants bills would come up for a vote, he says, he’d pay a visit to each of the committee members, just before the vote, to make his case. But the lobbyists outnumbered him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Repeatedly, as I would leave a colleague’s office, an hour or two before the committee hearing racing to get to another office, in the waiting room of the office I’m leaving is a lobbyist for the chemical industry. So they’d have the last word,” says Leno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cbr>\n(Update: Read about how a Seattle burn doctor misled California lawmakers with the fictional story of an infant burn victim in the Chicago Tribune's four-part series, \"\u003ca href=\"http://media.apps.chicagotribune.com/flames/index.html\">Playing with Fire\u003c/a>.\")\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In February, a state lawmaker, Assemblywoman Holly Mitchell, from Los Angeles, introduced -- and then quickly withdrew -- \u003ca href=\"http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/11-12/bill/asm/ab_2151-2200/ab_2197_bill_20120223_introduced.html\">her own bill\u003c/a> on the topic. A spokesperson said Mitchell decided she was too busy, but would pick it up next year. Since 2011, Mitchell has taken $3,500 from the chemical industry.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cbr>\n(For more on how campaign dollars from the chemical industry have helped keep flame retardants in furniture, see \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/lizagross/\">Liza Gross\u003c/a>' 2011 special report in Environmental Health News, \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/ehs/news/2011/money-to-burn\">Money to Burn\u003c/a>.\")\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s hard to find supporters of TB 117 who aren’t in some way connected to the same companies that produce flame retardant chemicals. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joe Lang is a former tobacco lobbyist with the firm Lang, Hansen, O'Malley & Miller, in Sacramento, whose clients include the American Chemistry Council, a chemical industry group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a hearing last April, Lang argued that changes to the California law are unnecessary because many of the most harmful flame retardants, a group called PBDEs, have already been banned. Newer alternatives, he said, are safer than the old ones. He said that over-regulating this industry would squelch innovation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we continue to ban chemicals that are developed before they're used, we won't have any chemicals to be used. We won't be able to create the jobs we want to create in California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nDo flame retardants in furniture prevent fires?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lang and others in the industry say that flame retardant chemicals, and the law that requires them, TB 117, serve a critical purpose: They prevent fires. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Donald Lucas, the Lawrence Berkeley National Lab scientist, and his colleague Vyto Babrauskas researched exactly \u003ca href=\"http://abstracts.acs.org/chem/243nm/program/view.php\">this question\u003c/a>: Do flame retardant chemicals prevent fires? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our conclusions were that we really don’t need the flame retardants in the foam in home furnishing,\" said Lucas. We don’t think the TB 117 standard is very good.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chemicals don’t work, he says, because fires don’t start inside sofas. They start on the surface of the sofa, on the fabric. California's flammability law, TB 117 law says nothing about the fabric, just the foam. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once the fabric catches on fire, the flame that the foam is exposed to is much larger than the flame in the test,” says Lucas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At that point, there’s nothing chemicals can do. It’s too late. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The foam is going to burn anyway.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, there are far fewer fires today than there were in the 1970s, when TB 117 was written. Fewer smokers, as well as laws requiring smoke detectors and sprinklers have made homes safer. These days, most fires start in the kitchen, not on a sofa. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s one reason even fire fighters have had a change of heart on the subject of flame retardants. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tom O’Connor, a fire fighter in San Francisco, says fires these days are a toxic soup of chemicals, thanks, in part, to chemically-treated furniture. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>O'Connor, and others, believe they're seeing an epidemic of cancers among firefighters. San Francisco's Fire Department is one of several around the country participating in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.usfa.fema.gov/fireservice/research/safety/niosh_cancer_study.shtm\">study\u003c/a> of firefighters and cancer run by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If flame-retardant chemicals in furniture are part of the problem, says O'Connor, \"then obviously we want them out of the products of combustion, once we go into a burning building.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given recent events in Sacramento, that change is unlikely to start happening, at least this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One California official could sidestep the legislature and change the law: Tonya Blood. She was appointed just last week as the new chief of the California Bureau of Home Furnishings. It’s the same agency that established TB 117 back in 1975. Blood’s office didn’t answer requests for an interview. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/34736/the-political-firestorm-inside-your-sofa","authors":["210"],"categories":["quest_5","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_10955","quest_252","quest_10957","quest_10954","quest_10956","quest_10959","quest_13203","quest_10964","quest_13202","quest_10953","quest_10958","quest_10960"],"featImg":"quest_34942","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? 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You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. 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Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. 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Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.","airtime":"MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.marketplace.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"American Public Media"},"link":"/radio/program/marketplace","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=201853034&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/APM-Marketplace-p88/","rss":"https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"}},"mindshift":{"id":"mindshift","title":"MindShift","tagline":"A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids","info":"The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3am-9am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/morning-edition"},"onourwatch":{"id":"onourwatch","title":"On Our Watch","tagline":"Police secrets, unsealed","info":"For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. 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