Gliese 667 Cc: Musing the Possibilities of Another Earth
Found In Space: Exoplanet Alpha Centauri Bb
Kepler 22B: Exoplanet Dress-up Doll
Kepler's Smokin' Performance: Zero to 68 in 4 Months!
It's a Long, Long Way to Alderaan, but Kepler 10B is a Sight Closer
Kepler Spots Hundreds of Possible Planets
NASA's Kepler: Staring Down Earth-like Planets
The Planet Hunters
Sponsored
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He and his family live in Alameda, CA.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d606424d49e072570290f2ab542490b0?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Chris Bauer | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d606424d49e072570290f2ab542490b0?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d606424d49e072570290f2ab542490b0?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/chris-bauer"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_72717":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_72717","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"72717","score":null,"sort":[1415286031000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"searching-for-other-earths","title":"Searching for Other Earths","publishDate":1415286031,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>During six weeks every summer, for the past six years, University of California-Berkeley astrophysicist Geoff Marcy and five of his students have spent their nights in a small basement room on campus. The room has a microwave oven, a coffeemaker and a couch with two cushions. But none of them gets much use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72711\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/Filming_in_remote_observation_room_081314.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72711 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/Filming_in_remote_observation_room_081314-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"From a remote observing room at the University of California-Berkeley, astrophysicist Geoff Marcy (right) and graduate student Lauren Weiss used one of the Keck telescopes, in Hawaii, to look for planets outside our solar system. KQED’s Helen Silvani and Tomas Tucker filmed them in August. Photo: Gabriela Quirós\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">From a remote observing room at the University of California-Berkeley, astrophysicist Geoff Marcy (right) and graduate student Lauren Weiss used one of the Keck telescopes, in Hawaii, to look for planets outside our solar system. KQED’s Helen Silvani and Tomas Tucker filmed them in August. Photo: Gabriela Quirós\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Each night, Marcy and his students – usually in teams of two – race to scour the skies from 11 pm until 9 am the next morning. Connecting remotely to one of the two Keck telescopes, in Hawaii, they search for planets outside our solar system, trillions of miles away. The Keck telescopes are some of the world's largest, and each night of looking at the stars with one of them costs $50,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a little embarrassing to describe how manic we are,” said Marcy. “From the time the sun sets till the moment when the sun rises, we don’t take any breaks. We just make sure the telescope is pointed at one star, and then immediately another star, and then immediately another star.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72712\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/Geoff_Marcy_in_remote_observation_room_081314.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72712 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/Geoff_Marcy_in_remote_observation_room_081314-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"University of California-Berkeley astrophysicist Geoff Marcy spent six weeks this summer looking for exoplanets from a basement room on campus. In the room, Marcy and his students are able to connect remotely to the Keck telescopes, in Hawaii. Photo: Gabriela Quirós\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">University of California-Berkeley astrophysicist Geoff Marcy spent six weeks this summer looking for exoplanets from a basement room on campus. In the room, Marcy and his students are able to connect remotely to the Keck telescopes, in Hawaii. Photo: Gabriela Quirós\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On an early morning in August, Marcy and graduate student Lauren Weiss were doing just that, somewhat frantically making a last-minute decision to change the way they were taking measurements on a star called HTR248-002. By studying changes in starlight over time, astronomers are able to figure out if the star has any planets orbiting around it. This particular star has one Jupiter-size planet that has been confirmed. Marcy and Weiss were gathering data that could help them confirm the existence of a second planet, this one three times the mass of Jupiter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The so-called exoplanets that Marcy and Weiss are looking for remained elusive for decades, until the first ones were discovered in 1995, first by a team in Switzerland, and shortly thereafter by graduate student Paul Butler and Marcy, who were then at San Francisco State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Discoveries of other planets outside our solar system exploded in 2009, when NASA launched \u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/\">the Kepler telescope\u003c/a> into space, with the mission of finding planets in a constellation of our Milky Way galaxy. Kepler observed the slight dimming caused by planets as they crossed in front of their stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72710\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/NASA_Kepler-milkyway-fov_640.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-72710\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/NASA_Kepler-milkyway-fov_640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"This is a photo of the section of our Milky Way galaxy that the Kepler space telescope observed from 2009 to 2013. Photo: Carter Roberts / Eastbay Astronomical Society. \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This is a photo of the section of our Milky Way galaxy that the Kepler space telescope observed from 2009 to 2013.\u003cbr>Photo: Carter Roberts / Eastbay Astronomical Society.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Based on Kepler’s observations, in 2013 Marcy’s student Erik Petigura, together with Marcy and Andrew Howard, of the University of Hawaii-Manoa, produced an estimate that revealed a stunning number of planets similar to Earth. Their calculations showed that in our galaxy roughly one out of five stars like the sun has an Earth-size planet at just the right distance from its star to potentially harbor water in liquid form.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Forty \u003cem>billion\u003c/em> Earth-size planets at habitable temperatures,” said Marcy. “And that’s just within our Milky Way galaxy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That estimate won Petigura, Howard and Marcy the 2013 National Academy of Sciences’ Cozzarelli Prize, a prestigious award that recognizes outstanding contributions to scientific research. Some 1,500 exoplanets have been confirmed, and another 3,400 exoplanets observed by Kepler await confirmation, according to \u003ca href=\"http://exoplanets.org/\">exoplanets.org\u003c/a>, run by Jason Wright, at Penn State.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72707\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/Keck3_credit-W.M.KeckObservatory_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-72707\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/Keck3_credit-W.M.KeckObservatory_800-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"With their 33 ft. mirrors, the two Keck telescopes, in Hawaii, have enabled scientists to discover new exoplanets. Courtesy of W. M. Keck Observatory. \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">With their 33 ft. mirrors, the two Keck telescopes, in Hawaii, have enabled scientists to discover new exoplanets.\u003cbr>Courtesy of W. M. Keck Observatory.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now, Marcy and his fellow astronomers are trying to figure out which Earth-size exoplanets might actually have water. With measurements from Kepler and Keck, they’re able to calculate a planet’s mass. The denser a planet is, the likelier it is to have a rocky surface where water could pool, allowing life to develop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After four years of looking for Earth-size exoplanets, Kepler has suffered enough wear and tear that scientists can no longer use it to find Earth-size planets, said Marcy. The $600 million space telescope, which malfunctioned last year \u003ca href=\"http://www.astropublishing.com/FreeAstronomyMagazine_JulAug2014/index.html#44/z%20\">but was stabilized and renamed the K2 mission\u003c/a>, is still able to look for exoplanets slightly larger than Earth. Marcy, Petigura and Howard are using it to figure out if exoplanets are as abundant in the rest of the Milky Way as they are in the constellation Cygnus that Kepler observed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72709\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/NASA_Kepler-62MorningStar-1_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-72709\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/NASA_Kepler-62MorningStar-1_800-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"This artist’s concept imagines an exoplanet named Kepler-62f, and in the distance, another planet called Kepler-62e. Scientists have found that these two planets orbit their star at a distance that would make it possible for them to have liquid water. Credit: Courtesy of NASA Ames/JPL-Caltech/Tim Pyle. \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This artist’s concept imagines an exoplanet named Kepler-62f, and in the distance, another planet called Kepler-62e. Scientists have found that these two planets orbit their star at a distance that would make it possible for them to have liquid water.\u003cbr>Courtesy of NASA Ames/JPL-Caltech/Tim Pyle.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And the search for Earth-size exoplanets continues. A new telescope, the Automated Planet Finder, managed by the University of California-Santa Cruz, recently started collecting data at the Lick Observatory, in the hills east of San Jose. The APF gets its name from its ability to observe the skies without the presence of a human operator. With the Keck telescope and two other instruments, the HARPS-N telescope in the Canary Islands and the HARPS in Chile, the APF is one of a handful of powerful telescopes looking for Earth-size exoplanets that are much closer to Earth than the ones that Kepler observed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although considered nearby by astronomers, the closer planets would still take thousands of years for humans to reach with today’s fastest-known rockets. Yet they still intrigue scientists, offering tantalizing opportunities to look for signs of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can maybe look for the glinting of starlight off the oceans,” said Marcy. “Maybe we can analyze the light to look for chlorophyll, or the methane that would come from bovine flatulence or some such. So the nearest stars and their Earth-like planets represent some kind of an astro-biological goldmine, and we’re hunting for those Earths very vigorously.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Update: On Oct. 14, 2015, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/10/14/berkeley-astronomer-geoff-marcy-in-wake-of-sex-harassment-case\" target=\"_blank\">Geoff Marcy resigned his professorship\u003c/a> at UC Berkeley after an investigation found he violated campus sexual harassment policies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This video \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-planet-hunters\">was originally produced by Christopher Bauer\u003c/a> and was updated by Gabriela Quirós.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yTIDkj9Tn58\">Watch the full episode of QUEST.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Do other planets like Earth exist? Since it launched in 2009, NASA’s Kepler space observatory has revealed billions of Earth-size planets. Now scientists are looking for signs of water on these planets. Watch a video and read about their search.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1445296186,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":1151},"headData":{"title":"Searching for Other Earths | KQED","description":"Do other planets like Earth exist? Since it launched in 2009, NASA’s Kepler space observatory has revealed billions of Earth-size planets. Now scientists are looking for signs of water on these planets. Watch a video and read about their search.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"72717 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=72717","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/11/06/searching-for-other-earths/","disqusTitle":"Searching for Other Earths","videoEmbed":"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0SE8QDD4BwU?feature=player_profilepage","path":"/quest/72717/searching-for-other-earths","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>During six weeks every summer, for the past six years, University of California-Berkeley astrophysicist Geoff Marcy and five of his students have spent their nights in a small basement room on campus. The room has a microwave oven, a coffeemaker and a couch with two cushions. But none of them gets much use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72711\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/Filming_in_remote_observation_room_081314.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72711 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/Filming_in_remote_observation_room_081314-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"From a remote observing room at the University of California-Berkeley, astrophysicist Geoff Marcy (right) and graduate student Lauren Weiss used one of the Keck telescopes, in Hawaii, to look for planets outside our solar system. KQED’s Helen Silvani and Tomas Tucker filmed them in August. Photo: Gabriela Quirós\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">From a remote observing room at the University of California-Berkeley, astrophysicist Geoff Marcy (right) and graduate student Lauren Weiss used one of the Keck telescopes, in Hawaii, to look for planets outside our solar system. KQED’s Helen Silvani and Tomas Tucker filmed them in August. Photo: Gabriela Quirós\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Each night, Marcy and his students – usually in teams of two – race to scour the skies from 11 pm until 9 am the next morning. Connecting remotely to one of the two Keck telescopes, in Hawaii, they search for planets outside our solar system, trillions of miles away. The Keck telescopes are some of the world's largest, and each night of looking at the stars with one of them costs $50,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a little embarrassing to describe how manic we are,” said Marcy. “From the time the sun sets till the moment when the sun rises, we don’t take any breaks. We just make sure the telescope is pointed at one star, and then immediately another star, and then immediately another star.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72712\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/Geoff_Marcy_in_remote_observation_room_081314.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72712 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/Geoff_Marcy_in_remote_observation_room_081314-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"University of California-Berkeley astrophysicist Geoff Marcy spent six weeks this summer looking for exoplanets from a basement room on campus. In the room, Marcy and his students are able to connect remotely to the Keck telescopes, in Hawaii. Photo: Gabriela Quirós\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">University of California-Berkeley astrophysicist Geoff Marcy spent six weeks this summer looking for exoplanets from a basement room on campus. In the room, Marcy and his students are able to connect remotely to the Keck telescopes, in Hawaii. Photo: Gabriela Quirós\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On an early morning in August, Marcy and graduate student Lauren Weiss were doing just that, somewhat frantically making a last-minute decision to change the way they were taking measurements on a star called HTR248-002. By studying changes in starlight over time, astronomers are able to figure out if the star has any planets orbiting around it. This particular star has one Jupiter-size planet that has been confirmed. Marcy and Weiss were gathering data that could help them confirm the existence of a second planet, this one three times the mass of Jupiter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The so-called exoplanets that Marcy and Weiss are looking for remained elusive for decades, until the first ones were discovered in 1995, first by a team in Switzerland, and shortly thereafter by graduate student Paul Butler and Marcy, who were then at San Francisco State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Discoveries of other planets outside our solar system exploded in 2009, when NASA launched \u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/\">the Kepler telescope\u003c/a> into space, with the mission of finding planets in a constellation of our Milky Way galaxy. Kepler observed the slight dimming caused by planets as they crossed in front of their stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72710\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/NASA_Kepler-milkyway-fov_640.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-72710\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/NASA_Kepler-milkyway-fov_640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"This is a photo of the section of our Milky Way galaxy that the Kepler space telescope observed from 2009 to 2013. Photo: Carter Roberts / Eastbay Astronomical Society. \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This is a photo of the section of our Milky Way galaxy that the Kepler space telescope observed from 2009 to 2013.\u003cbr>Photo: Carter Roberts / Eastbay Astronomical Society.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Based on Kepler’s observations, in 2013 Marcy’s student Erik Petigura, together with Marcy and Andrew Howard, of the University of Hawaii-Manoa, produced an estimate that revealed a stunning number of planets similar to Earth. Their calculations showed that in our galaxy roughly one out of five stars like the sun has an Earth-size planet at just the right distance from its star to potentially harbor water in liquid form.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Forty \u003cem>billion\u003c/em> Earth-size planets at habitable temperatures,” said Marcy. “And that’s just within our Milky Way galaxy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That estimate won Petigura, Howard and Marcy the 2013 National Academy of Sciences’ Cozzarelli Prize, a prestigious award that recognizes outstanding contributions to scientific research. Some 1,500 exoplanets have been confirmed, and another 3,400 exoplanets observed by Kepler await confirmation, according to \u003ca href=\"http://exoplanets.org/\">exoplanets.org\u003c/a>, run by Jason Wright, at Penn State.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72707\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/Keck3_credit-W.M.KeckObservatory_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-72707\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/Keck3_credit-W.M.KeckObservatory_800-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"With their 33 ft. mirrors, the two Keck telescopes, in Hawaii, have enabled scientists to discover new exoplanets. Courtesy of W. M. Keck Observatory. \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">With their 33 ft. mirrors, the two Keck telescopes, in Hawaii, have enabled scientists to discover new exoplanets.\u003cbr>Courtesy of W. M. Keck Observatory.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now, Marcy and his fellow astronomers are trying to figure out which Earth-size exoplanets might actually have water. With measurements from Kepler and Keck, they’re able to calculate a planet’s mass. The denser a planet is, the likelier it is to have a rocky surface where water could pool, allowing life to develop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After four years of looking for Earth-size exoplanets, Kepler has suffered enough wear and tear that scientists can no longer use it to find Earth-size planets, said Marcy. The $600 million space telescope, which malfunctioned last year \u003ca href=\"http://www.astropublishing.com/FreeAstronomyMagazine_JulAug2014/index.html#44/z%20\">but was stabilized and renamed the K2 mission\u003c/a>, is still able to look for exoplanets slightly larger than Earth. Marcy, Petigura and Howard are using it to figure out if exoplanets are as abundant in the rest of the Milky Way as they are in the constellation Cygnus that Kepler observed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72709\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/NASA_Kepler-62MorningStar-1_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-72709\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/NASA_Kepler-62MorningStar-1_800-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"This artist’s concept imagines an exoplanet named Kepler-62f, and in the distance, another planet called Kepler-62e. Scientists have found that these two planets orbit their star at a distance that would make it possible for them to have liquid water. Credit: Courtesy of NASA Ames/JPL-Caltech/Tim Pyle. \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This artist’s concept imagines an exoplanet named Kepler-62f, and in the distance, another planet called Kepler-62e. Scientists have found that these two planets orbit their star at a distance that would make it possible for them to have liquid water.\u003cbr>Courtesy of NASA Ames/JPL-Caltech/Tim Pyle.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And the search for Earth-size exoplanets continues. A new telescope, the Automated Planet Finder, managed by the University of California-Santa Cruz, recently started collecting data at the Lick Observatory, in the hills east of San Jose. The APF gets its name from its ability to observe the skies without the presence of a human operator. With the Keck telescope and two other instruments, the HARPS-N telescope in the Canary Islands and the HARPS in Chile, the APF is one of a handful of powerful telescopes looking for Earth-size exoplanets that are much closer to Earth than the ones that Kepler observed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although considered nearby by astronomers, the closer planets would still take thousands of years for humans to reach with today’s fastest-known rockets. Yet they still intrigue scientists, offering tantalizing opportunities to look for signs of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can maybe look for the glinting of starlight off the oceans,” said Marcy. “Maybe we can analyze the light to look for chlorophyll, or the methane that would come from bovine flatulence or some such. So the nearest stars and their Earth-like planets represent some kind of an astro-biological goldmine, and we’re hunting for those Earths very vigorously.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Update: On Oct. 14, 2015, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/10/14/berkeley-astronomer-geoff-marcy-in-wake-of-sex-harassment-case\" target=\"_blank\">Geoff Marcy resigned his professorship\u003c/a> at UC Berkeley after an investigation found he violated campus sexual harassment policies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This video \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-planet-hunters\">was originally produced by Christopher Bauer\u003c/a> and was updated by Gabriela Quirós.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yTIDkj9Tn58\">Watch the full episode of QUEST.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/72717/searching-for-other-earths","authors":["6186"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_13054","quest_1037","quest_12269","quest_10972","quest_13053","quest_13","quest_2893","quest_12094","quest_3071"],"featImg":"quest_72714","label":"quest"},"quest_51156":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_51156","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"51156","score":null,"sort":[1363966401000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"gliese-667-cc-musing-the-possibilities-of-another-earth","title":"Gliese 667 Cc: Musing the Possibilities of Another Earth","publishDate":1363966401,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>Welcome to Gliese 667 Cc. We hope you enjoy your vacation stay on this amazing planet. You have traveled 23 light years from Earth, but the wonders you will witness are well worth the trip.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could happen, sometime in the future. Maybe. In the meantime, let's read the travel brochure. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Discovered long ago, in 2009, Gliese 667 Cc, as it was originally named, is a model of how un-Earth-like an Earth-like planet can be. First, you may notice that you've put on a few pounds under this super-Earth's greater gravity. You may also think you're losing your sight, since this planet's dim red dwarf sun shines only a fraction of the visible light Earth's Sun does. Finally, as promised, your vacation here will last an entire year and hopefully you read the fine print that this planet's year is only four weeks long. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, back to reality. It's 2013, we do not (yet) have luxury cruisers warping people to other worlds, and we still haven't set foot on another planet. In fact, it's been less than two decades since we detected the first actual extrasolar planet (aka, exoplanet; planets orbiting stars other than our sun). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, since that first exoplanet was found in 1992, we've made some decent progress in exploring other worlds out there, and may even be \u003ca href=\"http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/\" title=\"Planetquest Search for another Earth\" target=\"_blank\">zeroing in on that \"other Earth.\"\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today the count of confirmed exoplanets stands somewhere around 867, with another 2900 or so \"candidates\" whose existence is waiting to be confirmed. And over 2700 of those candidates were brought to our attention within the past three years by \u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/\" title=\"NASA Kepler Mission\" target=\"_blank\">NASA's Kepler mission\u003c/a>, whose goal is to find Earthlike planets—Earthlike, in terms of size and habitability potential. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In that mix are seven planets currently touted as potentially habitable—habitable to life as we know it, at least, with conditions that are friendly to the presence of liquid water. It should be noted that this is what scientists mean by \u003ca href=\"http://phl.upr.edu/\" title=\"Planet Habitability Laboratory\" target=\"_blank\">habitability\u003c/a>: conditions such that liquid water could exist, given an adequate atmosphere and an abundance of water molecules. This definition does not require that a human being could survive in that environment. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back to Gliese 667 Cc. One of three exoplanets (two confirmed, one candidate) orbiting the red dwarf star Gliese 667 C (one of three stars in a triple star system), this one rates highly on the habitability scale (meaning we can imagine there being oceans, a water cycle, and potentially life), but at the same time is strikingly different in several ways to that prototype of Earthlike planets, Earth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is a \"super-Earth\", meaning, as you might expect, bigger than Earth: estimated at 4.8 times the mass of Earth. Depending on its diameter, that could mean surface gravity notably greater than what we're used to: things weigh more, rain falls faster, landscapes are sculpted with a heavier hand. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It orbits within its star's habitable zone—the proper distance so that water can be in liquid form—but since that star is a red dwarf, and much fainter than the Sun, that proper distance is much closer, about a tenth the Earth-Sun distance. Being so close to its star, Gliese 667 Cc only takes about 28 days to complete an orbit and mark its own year. Imagine a birthday party every month! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It has also been suggested that, since this super-Earth is so close to its star, it is probably tidally locked, rotating only once per revolution and keeping the same face toward its star at all times. This would give Gliese 667 Cc a \"day\" hemisphere and a \"night\" hemisphere, so you could choose the time of day you like and stick with it. It would also likely mean a perpetually hot side and a perpetually cold side—unless a thick, Venus-like atmosphere exists that might keep surface temperatures globally similar. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between these extremes, in the twilight zone between day and night, perhaps would be a perpetually temperate ring bounded on one side by a cold dark vastness of hemi-global ice sheets and a vast realm of sweltering sauna lands and hot-tub oceans--something for every type of vacationer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And one has to wonder what kind of weather patterns would develop on this schizoid super-Earth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such we can imagine. We don't know if Gliese 667 Cc has oceans, or what kind of an atmosphere—if any—it might possess. All we really know is its super-Earth status and location within its star's habitable zone. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps we'll learn other details in the future that will help us paint a more realistic picture of this exoplanet and get working on that travel brochure. \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Since the first extra-solar planet was found in 1992, we've made some decent progress in exploring other worlds out there, and may even be zeroing in on that \"other Earth.\" ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442787406,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":808},"headData":{"title":"Gliese 667 Cc: Musing the Possibilities of Another Earth | KQED","description":"Since the first extra-solar planet was found in 1992, we've made some decent progress in exploring other worlds out there, and may even be zeroing in on that "other Earth." ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"51156 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=51156","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/22/gliese-667-cc-musing-the-possibilities-of-another-earth/","disqusTitle":"Gliese 667 Cc: Musing the Possibilities of Another Earth","path":"/quest/51156/gliese-667-cc-musing-the-possibilities-of-another-earth","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Welcome to Gliese 667 Cc. We hope you enjoy your vacation stay on this amazing planet. You have traveled 23 light years from Earth, but the wonders you will witness are well worth the trip.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could happen, sometime in the future. Maybe. In the meantime, let's read the travel brochure. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Discovered long ago, in 2009, Gliese 667 Cc, as it was originally named, is a model of how un-Earth-like an Earth-like planet can be. First, you may notice that you've put on a few pounds under this super-Earth's greater gravity. You may also think you're losing your sight, since this planet's dim red dwarf sun shines only a fraction of the visible light Earth's Sun does. Finally, as promised, your vacation here will last an entire year and hopefully you read the fine print that this planet's year is only four weeks long. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, back to reality. It's 2013, we do not (yet) have luxury cruisers warping people to other worlds, and we still haven't set foot on another planet. In fact, it's been less than two decades since we detected the first actual extrasolar planet (aka, exoplanet; planets orbiting stars other than our sun). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, since that first exoplanet was found in 1992, we've made some decent progress in exploring other worlds out there, and may even be \u003ca href=\"http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/\" title=\"Planetquest Search for another Earth\" target=\"_blank\">zeroing in on that \"other Earth.\"\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today the count of confirmed exoplanets stands somewhere around 867, with another 2900 or so \"candidates\" whose existence is waiting to be confirmed. And over 2700 of those candidates were brought to our attention within the past three years by \u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/\" title=\"NASA Kepler Mission\" target=\"_blank\">NASA's Kepler mission\u003c/a>, whose goal is to find Earthlike planets—Earthlike, in terms of size and habitability potential. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In that mix are seven planets currently touted as potentially habitable—habitable to life as we know it, at least, with conditions that are friendly to the presence of liquid water. It should be noted that this is what scientists mean by \u003ca href=\"http://phl.upr.edu/\" title=\"Planet Habitability Laboratory\" target=\"_blank\">habitability\u003c/a>: conditions such that liquid water could exist, given an adequate atmosphere and an abundance of water molecules. This definition does not require that a human being could survive in that environment. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back to Gliese 667 Cc. One of three exoplanets (two confirmed, one candidate) orbiting the red dwarf star Gliese 667 C (one of three stars in a triple star system), this one rates highly on the habitability scale (meaning we can imagine there being oceans, a water cycle, and potentially life), but at the same time is strikingly different in several ways to that prototype of Earthlike planets, Earth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is a \"super-Earth\", meaning, as you might expect, bigger than Earth: estimated at 4.8 times the mass of Earth. Depending on its diameter, that could mean surface gravity notably greater than what we're used to: things weigh more, rain falls faster, landscapes are sculpted with a heavier hand. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It orbits within its star's habitable zone—the proper distance so that water can be in liquid form—but since that star is a red dwarf, and much fainter than the Sun, that proper distance is much closer, about a tenth the Earth-Sun distance. Being so close to its star, Gliese 667 Cc only takes about 28 days to complete an orbit and mark its own year. Imagine a birthday party every month! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It has also been suggested that, since this super-Earth is so close to its star, it is probably tidally locked, rotating only once per revolution and keeping the same face toward its star at all times. This would give Gliese 667 Cc a \"day\" hemisphere and a \"night\" hemisphere, so you could choose the time of day you like and stick with it. It would also likely mean a perpetually hot side and a perpetually cold side—unless a thick, Venus-like atmosphere exists that might keep surface temperatures globally similar. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between these extremes, in the twilight zone between day and night, perhaps would be a perpetually temperate ring bounded on one side by a cold dark vastness of hemi-global ice sheets and a vast realm of sweltering sauna lands and hot-tub oceans--something for every type of vacationer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And one has to wonder what kind of weather patterns would develop on this schizoid super-Earth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such we can imagine. We don't know if Gliese 667 Cc has oceans, or what kind of an atmosphere—if any—it might possess. All we really know is its super-Earth status and location within its star's habitable zone. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps we'll learn other details in the future that will help us paint a more realistic picture of this exoplanet and get working on that travel brochure. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/51156/gliese-667-cc-musing-the-possibilities-of-another-earth","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_11852","quest_11853","quest_544","quest_1037","quest_11854","quest_11851","quest_1564","quest_1918","quest_2216","quest_13","quest_11855"],"featImg":"quest_51157","label":"quest"},"quest_46173":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_46173","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"46173","score":null,"sort":[1350658812000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"found-in-space-exoplanet-alpha-centauri-bb","title":"Found In Space: Exoplanet Alpha Centauri Bb","publishDate":1350658812,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46174\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/19/found-in-space-exoplanet-alpha-centauri-bb/alphacentauri-bb-j2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46174\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-46174\" title=\"alphacentauri-bb-j2\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/alphacentauri-bb-j2.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of Alpha Centauri Bb\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/alphacentauri-bb-j2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/alphacentauri-bb-j2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of Alpha Centauri Bb\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you've been keeping up on the now very frequent reports of new extrasolar planet discoveries, here's a news flash: an Earth-sized exoplanet has been found orbiting the nearest star!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's called Alpha Centauri Bb and orbits one of the pair of main stars that make up the Alpha Centauri system, Alpha Centauri B. (I heard that if you mention a name three times, people will remember it, so there you are. Either that or Michael Keaton shows up wearing a lot of make-up.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Alpha Centauri system is famous for several reasons, some popular, some more esoteric. First and most famously, it is celebrated as the closest star to our solar system: 4.3 light years, or a mere 25 trillion miles. But the fact that it is actually a system of three stars complicates this distinction a bit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two main stars, Alpha Centauri A and B, orbit each other every 80 years at a mutual distance ranging from the sun-Saturn and sun-Pluto distances (roughly 3 billion and 4 billion miles, respectively). Alpha Centauri A is about 10% more massive than our sun, and B is about 10% less weighty. The pair's combined luminosity and nearness in space make them the third brightest \"star\" in the night sky (from Earth they are seen as a single star).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The third star of the trio is Alpha Centauri C (aka Proxima Centauri). And though C is a red dwarf star and not visible to the unaided human eye, being a fifth of a light year closer to us than the A-B pair makes Proxima officially the closest star to our solar system. (Which is a bit ironic since it's not naked-eye visible!)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The newly found planet, \u003ca title=\"Facts and figures for Alpha Centauri Bb\" href=\"http://news.discovery.com/space/infographic-alpha-centauri-earth-sized-exoplanet-121017.html\" target=\"_blank\">Alpha Centauri Bb\u003c/a>, will not have an Earth-like environment to offer us. It is less than 4 million miles from its star and takes only 3.2 days to orbit it once. Its surface temperature is estimated to be 1200 degrees C. The planet is, however, very Earth-like in terms of its size: about 1.13 times the mass of the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now the more esoteric claim to fame: Alpha Centauri was the fictional destination of the Space Family Robinson on the 60's television show \"\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_in_Space\" target=\"_blank\">Lost In Space\u003c/a>\"--in fact, it was the name used for the actual planet they were headed for. Alpha Centauri; Alpha Centauri Bb. Hmm. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifty years after the Robinson's took off on their great misadventure, have we found the planet they were headed for? Probably not, considering Alpha Centauri Bb's surface temperature would melt all of their ship's aluminum fittings, but the find does demonstrate that planets are to be found around the nearest star, opening up the possibility for a more Earth-like landing site sometime in the future…if the Robinsons ever finally find their way to Alpha Centauri!\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"If you've been keeping up on the now very frequent reports of new extrasolar planet discoveries, here's a news flash: an Earth-sized exoplanet has been found orbiting the nearest star!ei","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1370998312,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":498},"headData":{"title":"Found In Space: Exoplanet Alpha Centauri Bb | KQED","description":"If you've been keeping up on the now very frequent reports of new extrasolar planet discoveries, here's a news flash: an Earth-sized exoplanet has been found orbiting the nearest star!ei","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"46173 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=46173","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/19/found-in-space-exoplanet-alpha-centauri-bb/","disqusTitle":"Found In Space: Exoplanet Alpha Centauri Bb","path":"/quest/46173/found-in-space-exoplanet-alpha-centauri-bb","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46174\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/19/found-in-space-exoplanet-alpha-centauri-bb/alphacentauri-bb-j2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46174\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-46174\" title=\"alphacentauri-bb-j2\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/alphacentauri-bb-j2.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of Alpha Centauri Bb\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/alphacentauri-bb-j2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/alphacentauri-bb-j2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of Alpha Centauri Bb\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you've been keeping up on the now very frequent reports of new extrasolar planet discoveries, here's a news flash: an Earth-sized exoplanet has been found orbiting the nearest star!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's called Alpha Centauri Bb and orbits one of the pair of main stars that make up the Alpha Centauri system, Alpha Centauri B. (I heard that if you mention a name three times, people will remember it, so there you are. Either that or Michael Keaton shows up wearing a lot of make-up.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Alpha Centauri system is famous for several reasons, some popular, some more esoteric. First and most famously, it is celebrated as the closest star to our solar system: 4.3 light years, or a mere 25 trillion miles. But the fact that it is actually a system of three stars complicates this distinction a bit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two main stars, Alpha Centauri A and B, orbit each other every 80 years at a mutual distance ranging from the sun-Saturn and sun-Pluto distances (roughly 3 billion and 4 billion miles, respectively). Alpha Centauri A is about 10% more massive than our sun, and B is about 10% less weighty. The pair's combined luminosity and nearness in space make them the third brightest \"star\" in the night sky (from Earth they are seen as a single star).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The third star of the trio is Alpha Centauri C (aka Proxima Centauri). And though C is a red dwarf star and not visible to the unaided human eye, being a fifth of a light year closer to us than the A-B pair makes Proxima officially the closest star to our solar system. (Which is a bit ironic since it's not naked-eye visible!)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The newly found planet, \u003ca title=\"Facts and figures for Alpha Centauri Bb\" href=\"http://news.discovery.com/space/infographic-alpha-centauri-earth-sized-exoplanet-121017.html\" target=\"_blank\">Alpha Centauri Bb\u003c/a>, will not have an Earth-like environment to offer us. It is less than 4 million miles from its star and takes only 3.2 days to orbit it once. Its surface temperature is estimated to be 1200 degrees C. The planet is, however, very Earth-like in terms of its size: about 1.13 times the mass of the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now the more esoteric claim to fame: Alpha Centauri was the fictional destination of the Space Family Robinson on the 60's television show \"\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_in_Space\" target=\"_blank\">Lost In Space\u003c/a>\"--in fact, it was the name used for the actual planet they were headed for. Alpha Centauri; Alpha Centauri Bb. Hmm. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifty years after the Robinson's took off on their great misadventure, have we found the planet they were headed for? Probably not, considering Alpha Centauri Bb's surface temperature would melt all of their ship's aluminum fittings, but the find does demonstrate that planets are to be found around the nearest star, opening up the possibility for a more Earth-like landing site sometime in the future…if the Robinsons ever finally find their way to Alpha Centauri!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/46173/found-in-space-exoplanet-alpha-centauri-bb","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_11539","quest_11540","quest_13192","quest_544","quest_1037","quest_13202"],"featImg":"quest_46174","label":"quest"},"quest_28420":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_28420","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"28420","score":null,"sort":[1324051227000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"kepler-22b-exoplanet-dress-up-doll","title":"Kepler 22B: Exoplanet Dress-up Doll ","publishDate":1324051227,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28422\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/16/kepler-22b-exoplanet-dress-up-doll/kepler22b/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-28422\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/kepler22b.jpg\" alt=\"Kepler 22B compared to the solar terrestrial planets\" title=\"Kepler 22B compared to the solar terrestrial planets\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28422\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/kepler22b.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/kepler22b-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kepler 22B compared to the solar terrestrial planets\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It's 600 light years from Earth, orbits a star very similar to our Sun in a period of about 290 days, and has a diameter about two and a half times that of Earth. What is it? It's the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/news/kepscicon-briefing.html\" target=\"_blank\">NASA Kepler mission's most recent exciting confirmed discovery\u003c/a>, the extrasolar-planet (exoplanet) Kepler 22B. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another real, Earth-sized planet to imagine? Cool! I'm on it….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's fun to play around with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/dec/09/kepler-22-b-helliconia-new-earth-nasa?newsfeed=true\" target=\"_blank\">planetary possibilities\u003c/a>, as science fiction writers have done for decades, but having a real find out there to pin our thoughts on is something more. On that blank ball-shaped canvass we can paint whatever atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere--and who knows, biosphere?--we care to imagine, at least until scientific observation starts to fill in those details. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, Kepler 22B offers something more to our fancy than a mere Earthoid dress-up doll. Being somewhat larger than our world, though still smaller than a Neptune or a Uranus, places it in the category of \"super-Earth,\" a type of planet that we have very little experience with. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What do we know of Kepler 22B beyond the barebone figures revealed by the Kepler spacecraft? In a word, not much. Kepler—a really big camera orbiting the Sun and staring at a patch of 150,000 or so stars in the constellation Cygnus—was designed to detect the presence of Earth-like exoplanets. Using the \"transit\" method of exoplanet detection, Kepler watches unblinkingly for the slight dimming of a star's light as one of its planets \"transits,\" or moves across, its face. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That dimming can tell us exactly three things: the approximate diameter of the planet by how much of the star's light is blocked, the orbital period of the planet by how often it transits, and the distance between the planet and its star (because once you know the orbital period, you can calculate that distance--or \u003ca href=\"http://www.calctool.org/CALC/phys/astronomy/planet_orbit\" target=\"_blank\">visa versa\u003c/a>--as long as you know the mass of the star the planet orbits…which we do). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Being relatively close to the size of the Earth makes Kepler 22B an important find, but maybe more important is the fact of the planet's distance from its star. Kepler's mission isn't merely to find Earth-sized planets, but ones that are within their stars' habitable zones: the right distance so that, given a sufficient atmosphere, liquid water could exist on their surfaces. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler 22B is at that correct distance. Though it is closer to its star than Earth is from the Sun, that star is slightly cooler than the Sun, so its habitable zone is closer in. (Earth is obviously in the Sun's habitable zone; if you're not sure, go get yourself a glass of water.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But back to what we know, and don't know, about Kepler 22B. Not having a super-Earth in our own Solar System, we don't have an up-close example to study. Is it like Earth, a rocky sphere from the core right up to the visible surface, with an apple-peel thin layer of gas and liquid on top? Or is it more like Uranus, with a solid core deep down with massive layers of fluid and gas upholstered around it? Or something between?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We don't know. Future observations may reveal more about this planet, and others. One day we might know more about Kepler 22B's atmosphere (if it has one) through spectroscopic measurements. If we can make a measurement of the planet's mass, we could calculate its average density and better place it on the spectrum between super-Earth and infra-Uranus. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Were we to travel there, could we land, step outside and breathe the air (as well as strain under a super-Earth's gravity)? Would we sink into the fluid envelope around the hidden core, falling to ever greater depths and atmospheric pressure? Would we find ourselves surrounded by human-sized chimpanzees? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That adventure is yet far in the future…but a lot of fun to imagine in the meantime….\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"It's 600 light years from Earth, orbits a star very similar to our Sun in a period of about 290 days, and has a diameter about two and a half times that of Earth. What is it? It's the NASA Kepler mission's most recent exciting confirmed discovery, the extrasolar-planet Kepler 22B. \r\n","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371059867,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":698},"headData":{"title":"Kepler 22B: Exoplanet Dress-up Doll | KQED","description":"It's 600 light years from Earth, orbits a star very similar to our Sun in a period of about 290 days, and has a diameter about two and a half times that of Earth. What is it? It's the NASA Kepler mission's most recent exciting confirmed discovery, the extrasolar-planet Kepler 22B. \r\n","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"28420 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=28420","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/16/kepler-22b-exoplanet-dress-up-doll/","disqusTitle":"Kepler 22B: Exoplanet Dress-up Doll ","path":"/quest/28420/kepler-22b-exoplanet-dress-up-doll","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28422\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/16/kepler-22b-exoplanet-dress-up-doll/kepler22b/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-28422\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/kepler22b.jpg\" alt=\"Kepler 22B compared to the solar terrestrial planets\" title=\"Kepler 22B compared to the solar terrestrial planets\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28422\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/kepler22b.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/kepler22b-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kepler 22B compared to the solar terrestrial planets\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It's 600 light years from Earth, orbits a star very similar to our Sun in a period of about 290 days, and has a diameter about two and a half times that of Earth. What is it? It's the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/news/kepscicon-briefing.html\" target=\"_blank\">NASA Kepler mission's most recent exciting confirmed discovery\u003c/a>, the extrasolar-planet (exoplanet) Kepler 22B. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another real, Earth-sized planet to imagine? Cool! I'm on it….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's fun to play around with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/dec/09/kepler-22-b-helliconia-new-earth-nasa?newsfeed=true\" target=\"_blank\">planetary possibilities\u003c/a>, as science fiction writers have done for decades, but having a real find out there to pin our thoughts on is something more. On that blank ball-shaped canvass we can paint whatever atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere--and who knows, biosphere?--we care to imagine, at least until scientific observation starts to fill in those details. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, Kepler 22B offers something more to our fancy than a mere Earthoid dress-up doll. Being somewhat larger than our world, though still smaller than a Neptune or a Uranus, places it in the category of \"super-Earth,\" a type of planet that we have very little experience with. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What do we know of Kepler 22B beyond the barebone figures revealed by the Kepler spacecraft? In a word, not much. Kepler—a really big camera orbiting the Sun and staring at a patch of 150,000 or so stars in the constellation Cygnus—was designed to detect the presence of Earth-like exoplanets. Using the \"transit\" method of exoplanet detection, Kepler watches unblinkingly for the slight dimming of a star's light as one of its planets \"transits,\" or moves across, its face. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That dimming can tell us exactly three things: the approximate diameter of the planet by how much of the star's light is blocked, the orbital period of the planet by how often it transits, and the distance between the planet and its star (because once you know the orbital period, you can calculate that distance--or \u003ca href=\"http://www.calctool.org/CALC/phys/astronomy/planet_orbit\" target=\"_blank\">visa versa\u003c/a>--as long as you know the mass of the star the planet orbits…which we do). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Being relatively close to the size of the Earth makes Kepler 22B an important find, but maybe more important is the fact of the planet's distance from its star. Kepler's mission isn't merely to find Earth-sized planets, but ones that are within their stars' habitable zones: the right distance so that, given a sufficient atmosphere, liquid water could exist on their surfaces. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler 22B is at that correct distance. Though it is closer to its star than Earth is from the Sun, that star is slightly cooler than the Sun, so its habitable zone is closer in. (Earth is obviously in the Sun's habitable zone; if you're not sure, go get yourself a glass of water.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But back to what we know, and don't know, about Kepler 22B. Not having a super-Earth in our own Solar System, we don't have an up-close example to study. Is it like Earth, a rocky sphere from the core right up to the visible surface, with an apple-peel thin layer of gas and liquid on top? Or is it more like Uranus, with a solid core deep down with massive layers of fluid and gas upholstered around it? Or something between?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We don't know. Future observations may reveal more about this planet, and others. One day we might know more about Kepler 22B's atmosphere (if it has one) through spectroscopic measurements. If we can make a measurement of the planet's mass, we could calculate its average density and better place it on the spectrum between super-Earth and infra-Uranus. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Were we to travel there, could we land, step outside and breathe the air (as well as strain under a super-Earth's gravity)? Would we sink into the fluid envelope around the hidden core, falling to ever greater depths and atmospheric pressure? Would we find ourselves surrounded by human-sized chimpanzees? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That adventure is yet far in the future…but a lot of fun to imagine in the meantime….\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/28420/kepler-22b-exoplanet-dress-up-doll","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_10550","quest_13192","quest_544","quest_1037","quest_1050","quest_1564","quest_1918","quest_13202"],"label":"quest"},"quest_12099":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_12099","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"12099","score":null,"sort":[1297443641000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"kepler%e2%80%99s-smokin%e2%80%99-performance-zero-to-68-in-4-months","title":"Kepler's Smokin' Performance: Zero to 68 in 4 Months!","publishDate":1297443641,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/513899main_Slide05_full.gif\">\u003cem>Kepler's patch of sky (one four hundredth of the total sky) filled\u003cbr> with possible planets. Credit: NASA/Kepler\u003cbr>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I heard that NASA was holding a press conference to make a major announcement from findings by the Kepler mission—a “historic” announcement, as was alluded to by a trusted expert source—the first thing I thought was, “Kepler has found its Holy Grail: an Earth-sized planet orbiting a Sun-like star within the Habitable Zone!” I mean, what else could it be?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the first panelist started by saying that finding and confirming an Earth-sized planet in a habitable zone is of course what we want to do…, I thought I was going to be disappointed (because that, of course, is what I wanted to hear, and it didn’t sound like the talk was going that way). Had Kepler merely detected a Grail-shaped beacon—a potential, but not confirmed, exo-Earth? A “candidate”?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only two minutes later the threatened disappointment washed away, and I was reassured that the news was in fact big and I was in fact witnessing history….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The frame of the announcement were the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/news/kepler_data_release.html\">results from Kepler’s first 4 months of observations\u003c/a>, from May to September in 2009. At the time of launch, a couple hundred extra-solar planets had been detected, over the previous two decades, by ground-based observatories. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early in 2010, NASA released some of the results from the initial observations: about 400 candidate worlds, mostly the big “hot Jupiter” planets (big balls of gas close to their stars, “easy” to detect) of the ilk that were being discovered monthly through ground based observations. Along with this announcement it was stated that a batch of Kepler data was being “embargoed” (or sequestered) to give Kepler scientists time to analyze it in more detail and make additional observations. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In December 2010 NASA announced the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/01/14/its-a-long-long-way-to-alderaan-but-kepler-10b-is-a-sight-closer/\">discovery of Kepler 10b\u003c/a>, the first bonafide Earth-size rocky planet detection—albeit a red-hot lump of rock that orbits its star in less than a day. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curtain lifts; drumroll please.... In Kepler’s first 4 months of staring at its target patch of sky in the constellation Cygnus, fully 1235 (with a capital T) candidate planets wink at us from the transit data—and after dusting away the “chaff” of hot-Jupiters and super-Jupiters, what’s left may be the very jewels Kepler set out to find.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the 1235 candidate planets (candidates because they still need to be confirmed—though Kepler scientists have said they believe 80-90% of them will turn out to be real planets, and not spurious blips in the data), 68 of them are approximately Earth-sized (some larger, some smaller, some spot on), and of those, 5 orbit their stars within the Habitable Zone: the right distance for sunlight to enable liquid water to exist. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five worlds with the right proportions of material and heat to make the porridge “just right”! Awesome! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this is not counting the “Avatar effect”: 49 other candidates found within habitable zones range in size from “super-Earths” all the way up to “super-Jupiters”—any of which could theoretically possess one or more moons of near-Earth stature, which would place those moons within habitable zones as well. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My head’s still reeling. What’s next? Will Kepler produce pictures of worlds with oceans, continents, and shorelines—or maybe 12-foot tall blue aliens? Is it time to start drafting a charter for a United Federation of Planets? Not yet.... \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler was designed to do one thing: find Earth-sized worlds at water-friendly distances from their stars—and pending confirming follow-up observations, it may already have wildly outperformed NASA’s expectations on that front. Another two or so years of observations will be required for confirmations, but that’s only another Superbowl or two. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing is clear to me: From now on when I go out at night and look up at the sky, I won’t see stars; I’ll see planets. Lots of them….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA's Kepler mission announces the results from its first four months of observations: 1235 possible planets around other stars!","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371063948,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":729},"headData":{"title":"Kepler's Smokin' Performance: Zero to 68 in 4 Months! | KQED","description":"NASA's Kepler mission announces the results from its first four months of observations: 1235 possible planets around other stars!","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"12099 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=12099","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/02/11/kepler%e2%80%99s-smokin%e2%80%99-performance-zero-to-68-in-4-months/","disqusTitle":"Kepler's Smokin' Performance: Zero to 68 in 4 Months!","path":"/quest/12099/kepler%e2%80%99s-smokin%e2%80%99-performance-zero-to-68-in-4-months","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/513899main_Slide05_full.gif\">\u003cem>Kepler's patch of sky (one four hundredth of the total sky) filled\u003cbr> with possible planets. Credit: NASA/Kepler\u003cbr>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I heard that NASA was holding a press conference to make a major announcement from findings by the Kepler mission—a “historic” announcement, as was alluded to by a trusted expert source—the first thing I thought was, “Kepler has found its Holy Grail: an Earth-sized planet orbiting a Sun-like star within the Habitable Zone!” I mean, what else could it be?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the first panelist started by saying that finding and confirming an Earth-sized planet in a habitable zone is of course what we want to do…, I thought I was going to be disappointed (because that, of course, is what I wanted to hear, and it didn’t sound like the talk was going that way). Had Kepler merely detected a Grail-shaped beacon—a potential, but not confirmed, exo-Earth? A “candidate”?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only two minutes later the threatened disappointment washed away, and I was reassured that the news was in fact big and I was in fact witnessing history….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The frame of the announcement were the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/news/kepler_data_release.html\">results from Kepler’s first 4 months of observations\u003c/a>, from May to September in 2009. At the time of launch, a couple hundred extra-solar planets had been detected, over the previous two decades, by ground-based observatories. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early in 2010, NASA released some of the results from the initial observations: about 400 candidate worlds, mostly the big “hot Jupiter” planets (big balls of gas close to their stars, “easy” to detect) of the ilk that were being discovered monthly through ground based observations. Along with this announcement it was stated that a batch of Kepler data was being “embargoed” (or sequestered) to give Kepler scientists time to analyze it in more detail and make additional observations. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In December 2010 NASA announced the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/01/14/its-a-long-long-way-to-alderaan-but-kepler-10b-is-a-sight-closer/\">discovery of Kepler 10b\u003c/a>, the first bonafide Earth-size rocky planet detection—albeit a red-hot lump of rock that orbits its star in less than a day. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curtain lifts; drumroll please.... In Kepler’s first 4 months of staring at its target patch of sky in the constellation Cygnus, fully 1235 (with a capital T) candidate planets wink at us from the transit data—and after dusting away the “chaff” of hot-Jupiters and super-Jupiters, what’s left may be the very jewels Kepler set out to find.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the 1235 candidate planets (candidates because they still need to be confirmed—though Kepler scientists have said they believe 80-90% of them will turn out to be real planets, and not spurious blips in the data), 68 of them are approximately Earth-sized (some larger, some smaller, some spot on), and of those, 5 orbit their stars within the Habitable Zone: the right distance for sunlight to enable liquid water to exist. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five worlds with the right proportions of material and heat to make the porridge “just right”! Awesome! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this is not counting the “Avatar effect”: 49 other candidates found within habitable zones range in size from “super-Earths” all the way up to “super-Jupiters”—any of which could theoretically possess one or more moons of near-Earth stature, which would place those moons within habitable zones as well. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My head’s still reeling. What’s next? Will Kepler produce pictures of worlds with oceans, continents, and shorelines—or maybe 12-foot tall blue aliens? Is it time to start drafting a charter for a United Federation of Planets? Not yet.... \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler was designed to do one thing: find Earth-sized worlds at water-friendly distances from their stars—and pending confirming follow-up observations, it may already have wildly outperformed NASA’s expectations on that front. Another two or so years of observations will be required for confirmations, but that’s only another Superbowl or two. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing is clear to me: From now on when I go out at night and look up at the sky, I won’t see stars; I’ll see planets. Lots of them….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/12099/kepler%e2%80%99s-smokin%e2%80%99-performance-zero-to-68-in-4-months","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_13192","quest_1037","quest_1050","quest_3601","quest_1564","quest_1918"],"featImg":"quest_12112","label":"quest"},"quest_11540":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_11540","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"11540","score":null,"sort":[1295028033000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"its-a-long-long-way-to-alderaan-but-kepler-10b-is-a-sight-closer","title":"It's a Long, Long Way to Alderaan, but Kepler 10B is a Sight Closer","publishDate":1295028033,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/earth-and-kepler-10b.jpg\">\u003cem>Size comparison between Earth and Kepler 10b.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Delta Vega, Alderaan, Malacandra, Altair IV, Kepler 10-b. Which one of these worlds is not like the other? Answer: Kepler 10-b. Why? Because among the thousands of small, rocky, Earth-sized planets that we have come to know over the past century, Kepler 10-b is not a piece of fiction, but real. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After over a century of science fiction storytelling involving distant aliens worlds—many of which are depicted as being not so unlike Earth, right down to oddly similar vegetation, human-like inhabitants, and one particular rock formation that is the spitting image of one I’ve seen in the Mojave desert—NASA’s Kepler mission \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2011-007&cid=release_2011-007&msource=11007&tr=y&auid=7605855\">has made good on its “promise”\u003c/a> to find an Earth-sized \u003ca href=\"http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/\">exoplanet\u003c/a>. “Sci-Fa” has finally caught up with Sci-Fi….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler 10-b: 1.4 times Earth’s diameter, 4.6 times Earth’s mass, and 8.8 grams per cubic centimeter average density. In all the physical categories, a heavy-weight compared to Earth’s newly (dare I say) demoted middle-weight status. Were you to stand on Kepler 10b’s surface, you would weigh about 2.3 times what you weigh on Earth. (Interestingly, that’s just a small bit less than you’d weigh if you could stand on the surface of Jupiter—if Jupiter had a solid surface, that is; imagine instead that you’re standing on a floating gas mining facility, like that one in the second Star Wars movie….)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how Earthlike is Kepler 10b? Well—not knowing anything about its atmosphere (if it has one), the fact that this rocky planet is about twenty times closer to its star than Mercury, and its surface is estimated to be 2,400 degrees Fahrenheit, means that it’s hot enough down there to melt most minerals, as well as about half of the list of metals you might jot down mentally. Since I keep alluding to worlds out of science fiction, I guess I’d say this makes Kepler 10b more like the planet from Star Trek (the original series) inhabited by the hot rock beings who recreated Abraham Lincoln, among other figures…okay, I’ll try to stop….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the first finding of an Earth-stature planet is a really big deal (it shows us evidence that other planets Earth’s size do exist beyond our solar system), this hit is actually only halfway to the bullseye of the Kepler agenda (Kepler the spacecraft, that is). Kepler’s ultimate goal is to find an Earth-sized planet orbiting its star within its “habitable zone”: at the right distance for its star’s light to allow liquid water to exist on the surface. (In other words, where most of the invented worlds of science fiction serendipitously revolve….)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/planetMakeover/planetMakeover.html\">How about a closer look?\u003c/a> Well—it took the Kepler spacecraft and the enormous ground-based Keck Observatory telescopes just to detect Kepler 10b’s presence, by observing the tiny amount of light the planet blocks as it crosses in front of (or “transits”) its star (Kepler’s method), and by the gravitational tug it has on its star (Keck’s confirming observation). Why can’t all this telescope power give us a nice picture of what the planet actually looks like? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, consider that the Hubble Space Telescope, which has given us the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pluto-map-hs-2010-06-a-faces.jpg\">best image of Pluto\u003c/a> so far, has only revealed Pluto as a globe of blurry, slightly different-shaded regions—about as clear an image as a near-sighted person would have of the Moon without their contact lenses, and no telescope. And at a distance of 560 light years, Kepler 10b is over 900,000 times farther away than Pluto!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re still a long way from Delta Vega, or Altair IV, with their vivid vistas of distant outposts and extinct alien civilizations—but we’re now a great deal closer to a real other-Earth…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Among the thousands of vivid and unique Earth-sized planets we have come to know through Science Fiction, NASA's Kepler mission has now given us our first real one: meet Kepler 10b.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371064033,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":708},"headData":{"title":"It's a Long, Long Way to Alderaan, but Kepler 10B is a Sight Closer | KQED","description":"Among the thousands of vivid and unique Earth-sized planets we have come to know through Science Fiction, NASA's Kepler mission has now given us our first real one: meet Kepler 10b.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"11540 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=11540","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/01/14/its-a-long-long-way-to-alderaan-but-kepler-10b-is-a-sight-closer/","disqusTitle":"It's a Long, Long Way to Alderaan, but Kepler 10B is a Sight Closer","path":"/quest/11540/its-a-long-long-way-to-alderaan-but-kepler-10b-is-a-sight-closer","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/earth-and-kepler-10b.jpg\">\u003cem>Size comparison between Earth and Kepler 10b.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Delta Vega, Alderaan, Malacandra, Altair IV, Kepler 10-b. Which one of these worlds is not like the other? Answer: Kepler 10-b. Why? Because among the thousands of small, rocky, Earth-sized planets that we have come to know over the past century, Kepler 10-b is not a piece of fiction, but real. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After over a century of science fiction storytelling involving distant aliens worlds—many of which are depicted as being not so unlike Earth, right down to oddly similar vegetation, human-like inhabitants, and one particular rock formation that is the spitting image of one I’ve seen in the Mojave desert—NASA’s Kepler mission \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2011-007&cid=release_2011-007&msource=11007&tr=y&auid=7605855\">has made good on its “promise”\u003c/a> to find an Earth-sized \u003ca href=\"http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/\">exoplanet\u003c/a>. “Sci-Fa” has finally caught up with Sci-Fi….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler 10-b: 1.4 times Earth’s diameter, 4.6 times Earth’s mass, and 8.8 grams per cubic centimeter average density. In all the physical categories, a heavy-weight compared to Earth’s newly (dare I say) demoted middle-weight status. Were you to stand on Kepler 10b’s surface, you would weigh about 2.3 times what you weigh on Earth. (Interestingly, that’s just a small bit less than you’d weigh if you could stand on the surface of Jupiter—if Jupiter had a solid surface, that is; imagine instead that you’re standing on a floating gas mining facility, like that one in the second Star Wars movie….)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how Earthlike is Kepler 10b? Well—not knowing anything about its atmosphere (if it has one), the fact that this rocky planet is about twenty times closer to its star than Mercury, and its surface is estimated to be 2,400 degrees Fahrenheit, means that it’s hot enough down there to melt most minerals, as well as about half of the list of metals you might jot down mentally. Since I keep alluding to worlds out of science fiction, I guess I’d say this makes Kepler 10b more like the planet from Star Trek (the original series) inhabited by the hot rock beings who recreated Abraham Lincoln, among other figures…okay, I’ll try to stop….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the first finding of an Earth-stature planet is a really big deal (it shows us evidence that other planets Earth’s size do exist beyond our solar system), this hit is actually only halfway to the bullseye of the Kepler agenda (Kepler the spacecraft, that is). Kepler’s ultimate goal is to find an Earth-sized planet orbiting its star within its “habitable zone”: at the right distance for its star’s light to allow liquid water to exist on the surface. (In other words, where most of the invented worlds of science fiction serendipitously revolve….)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/planetMakeover/planetMakeover.html\">How about a closer look?\u003c/a> Well—it took the Kepler spacecraft and the enormous ground-based Keck Observatory telescopes just to detect Kepler 10b’s presence, by observing the tiny amount of light the planet blocks as it crosses in front of (or “transits”) its star (Kepler’s method), and by the gravitational tug it has on its star (Keck’s confirming observation). Why can’t all this telescope power give us a nice picture of what the planet actually looks like? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, consider that the Hubble Space Telescope, which has given us the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pluto-map-hs-2010-06-a-faces.jpg\">best image of Pluto\u003c/a> so far, has only revealed Pluto as a globe of blurry, slightly different-shaded regions—about as clear an image as a near-sighted person would have of the Moon without their contact lenses, and no telescope. And at a distance of 560 light years, Kepler 10b is over 900,000 times farther away than Pluto!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re still a long way from Delta Vega, or Altair IV, with their vivid vistas of distant outposts and extinct alien civilizations—but we’re now a great deal closer to a real other-Earth…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/11540/its-a-long-long-way-to-alderaan-but-kepler-10b-is-a-sight-closer","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_1037","quest_1050","quest_1564","quest_1565","quest_1918"],"featImg":"quest_11543","label":"quest"},"quest_6426":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_6426","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"6426","score":null,"sort":[1278088388000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"kepler-spots-hundreds-of-possible-planets","title":"Kepler Spots Hundreds of Possible Planets","publishDate":1278088388,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/07/exoplanet.jpg\">\u003cem>Artist concept of an Earthlike Exoplanet. Credit: ESO\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nIt's been a little over a year since \u003ca href=\"http://www.kepler.arc.nasa.gov/\">NASA's Kepler \u003c/a>telescope was launched into space. Its mission: to stare unblinkingly at 156,000 stars in a patch of sky in the constellations Lyra and Cygnus on a quest to spot extrasolar planets. Results so far? As anticipated…astounding. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's been 15 years since the first \u003ca href=\"http://exoplanets.org/\">extrasolar planet \u003c/a>(exoplanet: planet orbiting a star other than our Sun) was confirmed to exist. Since that time and until the launch of Kepler, subsequent detections have racked up the number by about one a month to well over 400. \u003cem>Planets\u003c/em>, see? Worlds! What would we name them if we knew them more intimately, as we do Jupiter and Neptune? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What are they like, and how are we seeing them? Well—we don't exactly see them; we detect their presence by their affect on their parent stars: small wiggles and wobbles that their gravity and motion cause in their star, or tiny dips in star brightness when they pass in front of it (\"transit\"). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for what they're like, so far we've detected mostly very large planets—gas giants, like Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune—that are relatively close to their stars. \"\u003ca href=\"http://news.cnet.com/8301-13506_3-10424263-17.html\">Hot Jupiters\u003c/a>\" they've been called, for obvious reasons. The bigger the planet, the greater its gravitational or eclipsing effects; the closer the planet to its star, the shorter its orbital period and so the more frequently we can detect their influences. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA's Kepler mission has a slightly different goal than finding Hot Jupiters. Using the \"transit method\" of looking for small drops in star brightness, \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/070424_hab_exoplanet.html\">Kepler is looking for \u003c/a>Earth-sized planets orbiting their stars at Earth-like distances—in a nutshell, we're looking for environments similar to those of Earth, since Earth's environment is the one that we know supports life. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the drop in light caused by the transit of a small planet is much more difficult to detect, Kepler is located in space, outside of Earth's distorting atmosphere. And since Kepler is looking for transits that should occur only one time in many months, and which may last only hours, it must observe constantly over a long time, without \"blinking\". \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what has Kepler come up with so far? \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/kepler-spacecraft-finds-hundreds-possible-planets-100618.html\">NASA recently released data from Kepler\u003c/a> taken in the first 43 days of its science mission. How many candidates for exoplanethood, you ask? The report announced a total of 706 possible detections in that 43 days—although NASA has only released the data on 306 of the lower priority detections, holding back a balance of about 400 \"more interesting\" candidates for more detailed study. What has piqued their interest on these, I really want to know….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the Kepler candidates are not a mix of Hot Jupiters; as the mission was designed for, these potential planets are smaller and with longer orbital periods. In the mix there are a number of Neptune-like possibilities, and a larger number further down the size scale closer to true Earth-like character. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, in 15 years of observations made from Earth telescopes, a bit over 400 exoplanets. In Kepler's first 43 days of observation: 706. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, the numbers look cool, but I must point out that the 400 (actually closer to 460 as of June 2010) convenctional exoplanet detections are all confirmed to exist, while the 706 from Kepler have yet to be—but that's mostly a matter of time and followup. They may not all end up being confirmed; a number of them will likely turn out to be \"false positives\". But, I expect many of them will end up being confirmed--and Kepler has another couple of years of left before its mission ends. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How many planets—and how many Earth-sized worlds—will end up being discovered between now and then? Maybe someone should start a Kepler exoplanet poll….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"It's been a little over a year since NASA's Kepler telescope was launched into space. It's mission: to stare unblinkingly at 156,000 stars in a patch of sky in the constellations Lyra and Cygnus on a quest to spot extrasolar planets transiting their stars. Results so far? As anticipated…astounding.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371076867,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":676},"headData":{"title":"Kepler Spots Hundreds of Possible Planets | KQED","description":"It's been a little over a year since NASA's Kepler telescope was launched into space. It's mission: to stare unblinkingly at 156,000 stars in a patch of sky in the constellations Lyra and Cygnus on a quest to spot extrasolar planets transiting their stars. Results so far? As anticipated…astounding.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"6426 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=6426","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/07/02/kepler-spots-hundreds-of-possible-planets/","disqusTitle":"Kepler Spots Hundreds of Possible Planets","path":"/quest/6426/kepler-spots-hundreds-of-possible-planets","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/07/exoplanet.jpg\">\u003cem>Artist concept of an Earthlike Exoplanet. Credit: ESO\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nIt's been a little over a year since \u003ca href=\"http://www.kepler.arc.nasa.gov/\">NASA's Kepler \u003c/a>telescope was launched into space. Its mission: to stare unblinkingly at 156,000 stars in a patch of sky in the constellations Lyra and Cygnus on a quest to spot extrasolar planets. Results so far? As anticipated…astounding. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's been 15 years since the first \u003ca href=\"http://exoplanets.org/\">extrasolar planet \u003c/a>(exoplanet: planet orbiting a star other than our Sun) was confirmed to exist. Since that time and until the launch of Kepler, subsequent detections have racked up the number by about one a month to well over 400. \u003cem>Planets\u003c/em>, see? Worlds! What would we name them if we knew them more intimately, as we do Jupiter and Neptune? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What are they like, and how are we seeing them? Well—we don't exactly see them; we detect their presence by their affect on their parent stars: small wiggles and wobbles that their gravity and motion cause in their star, or tiny dips in star brightness when they pass in front of it (\"transit\"). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for what they're like, so far we've detected mostly very large planets—gas giants, like Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune—that are relatively close to their stars. \"\u003ca href=\"http://news.cnet.com/8301-13506_3-10424263-17.html\">Hot Jupiters\u003c/a>\" they've been called, for obvious reasons. The bigger the planet, the greater its gravitational or eclipsing effects; the closer the planet to its star, the shorter its orbital period and so the more frequently we can detect their influences. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA's Kepler mission has a slightly different goal than finding Hot Jupiters. Using the \"transit method\" of looking for small drops in star brightness, \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/070424_hab_exoplanet.html\">Kepler is looking for \u003c/a>Earth-sized planets orbiting their stars at Earth-like distances—in a nutshell, we're looking for environments similar to those of Earth, since Earth's environment is the one that we know supports life. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the drop in light caused by the transit of a small planet is much more difficult to detect, Kepler is located in space, outside of Earth's distorting atmosphere. And since Kepler is looking for transits that should occur only one time in many months, and which may last only hours, it must observe constantly over a long time, without \"blinking\". \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what has Kepler come up with so far? \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/kepler-spacecraft-finds-hundreds-possible-planets-100618.html\">NASA recently released data from Kepler\u003c/a> taken in the first 43 days of its science mission. How many candidates for exoplanethood, you ask? The report announced a total of 706 possible detections in that 43 days—although NASA has only released the data on 306 of the lower priority detections, holding back a balance of about 400 \"more interesting\" candidates for more detailed study. What has piqued their interest on these, I really want to know….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the Kepler candidates are not a mix of Hot Jupiters; as the mission was designed for, these potential planets are smaller and with longer orbital periods. In the mix there are a number of Neptune-like possibilities, and a larger number further down the size scale closer to true Earth-like character. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, in 15 years of observations made from Earth telescopes, a bit over 400 exoplanets. In Kepler's first 43 days of observation: 706. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, the numbers look cool, but I must point out that the 400 (actually closer to 460 as of June 2010) convenctional exoplanet detections are all confirmed to exist, while the 706 from Kepler have yet to be—but that's mostly a matter of time and followup. They may not all end up being confirmed; a number of them will likely turn out to be \"false positives\". But, I expect many of them will end up being confirmed--and Kepler has another couple of years of left before its mission ends. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How many planets—and how many Earth-sized worlds—will end up being discovered between now and then? Maybe someone should start a Kepler exoplanet poll….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/6426/kepler-spots-hundreds-of-possible-planets","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_1037","quest_1564","quest_1918","quest_2216"],"label":"quest"},"quest_1434":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_1434","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"1434","score":null,"sort":[1235762510000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"nasas-kepler-staring-down-earth-like-planets","title":"NASA's Kepler: Staring Down Earth-like Planets","publishDate":1235762510,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/02/kelper.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>For several years there has been a lot of buzz about the detection of extra-solar planets, or \u003ca href=\"http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">exoplanets\u003c/a>: planets orbiting stars other than our Sun. However, due to the limits in technology and observational capabilities, to date only large, gas giant planets orbiting close to the stars (so called \"\u003ca href=\"http://blog.wired.com/wiredscience/2009/01/hot-planet.html\" target=\"_blank\">Hot Jupiters\u003c/a>\") have been found, with a possible exception or two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main method for detecting exoplanets is by spectroscopically observing a tiny \"wobble\" in a star caused by the gravitational tug of a massive planet in orbit. Only Jupiter-sized planets have enough pull to produce a wobble in their star that we can detect—and the closer they are to their star, the shorter their orbital period and the more wobbles we can measure in a given period of time. The gravity of an Earth-sized planet is too feeble for this and planets at Earth-like distance orbit only once in many months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But NASA is about to launch a new spacecraft, \u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Kepler\u003c/a>, whose mission is to detect Earth-sized planets at Earth-like distances from their stars. Kepler will launch on March 5th, and will eventually move into an orbit around the Sun. In essence, Kepler is a giant space camera designed to \"stare\" at a chosen patch of the sky continuously for years to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what exactly is Kepler looking for in its unblinking stare contest with the stars in its vision? Kepler won’t be looking for microwobbles in those stars. Kepler will detect planets through the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ursa.fi/sirius/HD209458/HD209458_eng.html\" target=\"_blank\">transit method\u003c/a>. A transit is when a planet crosses in front of its star, blocking off a tiny amount of the star's light for a time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A number of the hot Jupiters have been detected by their transits across their stars: a large planet can block a measurable amount of their star's light. But the drop in a star's brightness caused by an Earth-sized planet is far smaller—and if that planet only orbits its star every year or so, with its infrequent transit lasting only a few hours, an observer would have to stare long and hard to notice it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler will be based in space, and will be able to observe its target patch of sky continuously, uninterrupted by the cycles of day and night on Earth. Also by virtue of being in space, Kepler won't be hampered by Earth's turbulent and obscuring atmosphere—so there will be far less \"noise\" in the starlight, noise that can hide a minute drop in brightness. Finally, Kepler's sensitive \u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/sci/design/spacecraft.html\" target=\"_blank\">digital camera system\u003c/a> is an array of 42 CCD chips positioned at the focus of a 0.95 meter telescope, which will image an area of the sky about 12 degrees in diameter—equivalent to the area of sky you can cover with your open hand at arm's length.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler will stare at a patch of sky \u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/sci/basis/fov.html\" target=\"_blank\">near the constellation Cygnus,\u003c/a> constantly monitoring about 150,000 stars for the next few years, looking for minute drops in brightness that may be the passage of Earth-sized planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler won't reveal the composition or atmospheres of Earth-sized planets, or any telltale signs of life. Perhaps more importantly at this stage of our exploration of space, Kepler should give us an idea of how numerous Earth-sized planets are out there—whether or not they are as commonplace as depicted on Star Trek...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Good luck, Kepler, and stare on!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7631 -122.409\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"For several years there has been a lot of buzz about the detection of extra-solar planets, or exoplanets: planets orbiting stars other than our Sun. However, due to the limits in technology and observational capabilities, to date only large, gas giant planets orbiting close to the stars (so called \"Hot Jupiters\") have been found, with a possible exception or two.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371079223,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":590},"headData":{"title":"NASA's Kepler: Staring Down Earth-like Planets | KQED","description":"For several years there has been a lot of buzz about the detection of extra-solar planets, or exoplanets: planets orbiting stars other than our Sun. However, due to the limits in technology and observational capabilities, to date only large, gas giant planets orbiting close to the stars (so called "Hot Jupiters") have been found, with a possible exception or two.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"1434 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=1434","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/02/27/nasas-kepler-staring-down-earth-like-planets/","disqusTitle":"NASA's Kepler: Staring Down Earth-like Planets","path":"/quest/1434/nasas-kepler-staring-down-earth-like-planets","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/02/kelper.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>For several years there has been a lot of buzz about the detection of extra-solar planets, or \u003ca href=\"http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">exoplanets\u003c/a>: planets orbiting stars other than our Sun. However, due to the limits in technology and observational capabilities, to date only large, gas giant planets orbiting close to the stars (so called \"\u003ca href=\"http://blog.wired.com/wiredscience/2009/01/hot-planet.html\" target=\"_blank\">Hot Jupiters\u003c/a>\") have been found, with a possible exception or two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main method for detecting exoplanets is by spectroscopically observing a tiny \"wobble\" in a star caused by the gravitational tug of a massive planet in orbit. Only Jupiter-sized planets have enough pull to produce a wobble in their star that we can detect—and the closer they are to their star, the shorter their orbital period and the more wobbles we can measure in a given period of time. The gravity of an Earth-sized planet is too feeble for this and planets at Earth-like distance orbit only once in many months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But NASA is about to launch a new spacecraft, \u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Kepler\u003c/a>, whose mission is to detect Earth-sized planets at Earth-like distances from their stars. Kepler will launch on March 5th, and will eventually move into an orbit around the Sun. In essence, Kepler is a giant space camera designed to \"stare\" at a chosen patch of the sky continuously for years to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what exactly is Kepler looking for in its unblinking stare contest with the stars in its vision? Kepler won’t be looking for microwobbles in those stars. Kepler will detect planets through the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ursa.fi/sirius/HD209458/HD209458_eng.html\" target=\"_blank\">transit method\u003c/a>. A transit is when a planet crosses in front of its star, blocking off a tiny amount of the star's light for a time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A number of the hot Jupiters have been detected by their transits across their stars: a large planet can block a measurable amount of their star's light. But the drop in a star's brightness caused by an Earth-sized planet is far smaller—and if that planet only orbits its star every year or so, with its infrequent transit lasting only a few hours, an observer would have to stare long and hard to notice it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler will be based in space, and will be able to observe its target patch of sky continuously, uninterrupted by the cycles of day and night on Earth. Also by virtue of being in space, Kepler won't be hampered by Earth's turbulent and obscuring atmosphere—so there will be far less \"noise\" in the starlight, noise that can hide a minute drop in brightness. Finally, Kepler's sensitive \u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/sci/design/spacecraft.html\" target=\"_blank\">digital camera system\u003c/a> is an array of 42 CCD chips positioned at the focus of a 0.95 meter telescope, which will image an area of the sky about 12 degrees in diameter—equivalent to the area of sky you can cover with your open hand at arm's length.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler will stare at a patch of sky \u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/sci/basis/fov.html\" target=\"_blank\">near the constellation Cygnus,\u003c/a> constantly monitoring about 150,000 stars for the next few years, looking for minute drops in brightness that may be the passage of Earth-sized planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler won't reveal the composition or atmospheres of Earth-sized planets, or any telltale signs of life. Perhaps more importantly at this stage of our exploration of space, Kepler should give us an idea of how numerous Earth-sized planets are out there—whether or not they are as commonplace as depicted on Star Trek...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Good luck, Kepler, and stare on!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7631 -122.409\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/1434/nasas-kepler-staring-down-earth-like-planets","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_13192","quest_906","quest_1037","quest_1564","quest_1918","quest_2739"],"label":"quest"},"quest_17386":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_17386","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"17386","score":null,"sort":[1185919421000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-planet-hunters","title":"The Planet Hunters","publishDate":1185919421,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Do other planets like Earth exist? To find out, a team of astronomers from the University of California is building a new telescope in the hills east of San Jose. QUEST finds out what the chances are that there are others like ours somewhere in the cosmos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This video was \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/searching-for-other-earths/\">updated\u003c/a> on 11/6/14.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Do other planets like Earth exist? To find out, a team of astronomers from the University of California is building a new telescope in the hills east of San Jose. QUEST finds out what the chances are that there are others like ours somewhere in the cosmos.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457573609,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":4,"wordCount":57},"headData":{"title":"The Planet Hunters | KQED","description":"Do other planets like Earth exist? To find out, a team of astronomers from the University of California is building a new telescope in the hills east of San Jose. QUEST finds out what the chances are that there are others like ours somewhere in the cosmos.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"17386 http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/the-planet-hunters/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/07/31/the-planet-hunters/","disqusTitle":"The Planet Hunters","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0SE8QDD4BwU","path":"/quest/17386/the-planet-hunters","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Do other planets like Earth exist? To find out, a team of astronomers from the University of California is building a new telescope in the hills east of San Jose. QUEST finds out what the chances are that there are others like ours somewhere in the cosmos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This video was \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/searching-for-other-earths/\">updated\u003c/a> on 11/6/14.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/17386/the-planet-hunters","authors":["10169","6176"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_16","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_13054","quest_544","quest_1037","quest_10972","quest_13053","quest_13","quest_2893","quest_12094","quest_3071"],"featImg":"quest_35201","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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