Book Review: Animal Wise - The Thoughts and Emotions of Our Fellow Creatures
In Defense of Science: An Interview with NCSE’s Eugenie Scott
Seeding Life Through the Universe
The Circus of Evolution
The Fact and Fiction of Fantastic Hybrids
Evolution, Easy as Can Be
Sponsored
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Together these two partners created the \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/exhibits/permanent/index.php?sGalKey=gtwt&galKey=lt\">Genetics: Technology with a Twist\u003c/a> exhibition.\r\n\r\nYou can also see \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/author/dr-barry-starr/\">additional posts by Barry at KQED Science\u003c/a>, and read his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/dr-barry-starr/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4a5680e4c642ea0f0f3041af16018969?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"geneticsboy","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Dr. Barry Starr | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4a5680e4c642ea0f0f3041af16018969?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4a5680e4c642ea0f0f3041af16018969?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/dr-barry-starr"},"lizagross":{"type":"authors","id":"6322","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6322","found":true},"name":"Liza Gross","firstName":"Liza","lastName":"Gross","slug":"lizagross","email":"lizagross@gmail.com","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Liza Gross, an award-winning independent journalist and senior editor at the biomedical journal PLOS Biology, writes mostly about conservation and public and environmental health. She was a 2013 recipient of the NYU Reporting Award, a 2013 Dennis Hunt Health Journalism fellow and a 2015 USC Data Journalism fellow.\r\n\r\nRead her \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/lizagross/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1f7d36efc78088d63466cef5f10c4c7a?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"stateofhealth","roles":["author"]},{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Liza Gross | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1f7d36efc78088d63466cef5f10c4c7a?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1f7d36efc78088d63466cef5f10c4c7a?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/lizagross"},"dannastaaf":{"type":"authors","id":"6324","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6324","found":true},"name":"Danna Staaf","firstName":"Danna","lastName":"Staaf","slug":"dannastaaf","email":"dannajoy@gmail.com","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Danna Staaf is a marine biologist, science writer, novelist, artist, and educator. She holds a PhD in Squid Babies from Stanford and a BA in Biology from the College of Creative Studies at the University of California, Santa Barbara. She helped found the outreach program \u003ca href=\"http://gilly.stanford.edu/outreach.html\">Squids4Kids\u003c/a>, illustrated \u003ca href=\"https://www.thegamecrafter.com/games/the-game-of-science\">The Game of Science\u003c/a>, and blogs at \u003ca href=\"http://www.science20.com/squid_day\">Science 2.0\u003c/a>. She lives in San Jose with her husband, daughter, and cats.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/62085c2562a0b91949bfd6ff7548082e?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Danna Staaf | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/62085c2562a0b91949bfd6ff7548082e?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/62085c2562a0b91949bfd6ff7548082e?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/dannastaaf"},"garyhochman":{"type":"authors","id":"10297","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10297","found":true},"name":"Gary Hochman","firstName":"Gary","lastName":"Hochman","slug":"garyhochman","email":"GHochman@netad.unl.edu","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Gary is a senior producer at NET Television. He’s produced documentaries worldwide, bringing science to audiences through TV, the web, museums, and schools. Gary has twice received the American Association for the Advancement of Science Journalism Award. His recent documentary, NOVA: Secrets Beneath The Ice, examines how researchers explore, drill and prospect to detect how Antarctica’s climate history can forecast Earth’s global climate future. His national productions include: NOVA: Ancient Refuge in the Holy Land, NOVA: Buried In Ash, NOVA: Edgerton and His Incredible Seeing Machines, Behind Lab Doors, Jungle Under Glass, Profit the Earth, Sexuality and Aging, and Seeking the Real Jesse James.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/2211943d85f3e4fed61c451f70e04239?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["coordinator","edit_dashboard","edit_posts","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Gary Hochman | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/2211943d85f3e4fed61c451f70e04239?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/2211943d85f3e4fed61c451f70e04239?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/garyhochman"},"jsojico":{"type":"authors","id":"10562","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10562","found":true},"name":"Jackie Sojico","firstName":"Jackie","lastName":"Sojico","slug":"jsojico","email":"jSojico@netad.unl.edu","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Jackie Sojico is a reporter/producer for NET Radio in Lincoln, NE. She hails from Georgia and is a graduate of Oberlin College and the Salt Institute for Documentary Studies. She has contributed work to StoryCorps, NPR’s State of the Re:Union, and BackStory Radio. Besides producing radio, Jackie also teaches science youth radio and bakes pies.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/86e55b2c23e1cc67256baa8f5faf72c6?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["coordinator","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Jackie Sojico | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/86e55b2c23e1cc67256baa8f5faf72c6?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/86e55b2c23e1cc67256baa8f5faf72c6?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/jsojico"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_71324":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_71324","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"71324","score":null,"sort":[1410876026000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"fossil-burrows-shed-light-on-great-plains-roots","title":"Fossil Burrows Shed Light on Great Plains' Roots","publishDate":1410876026,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/FossilBurrows.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71960\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5687-FI.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71960 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5687-FI.jpg\" alt=\"Shane Tucker holds a fossil gopher tooth next to a modern pocket gopher skull.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5687-FI.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5687-FI-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shane Tucker holds a fossil gopher tooth (left) next to a modern pocket gopher skull. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71983\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_57122.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71983 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_57122-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Jesslyn Weiner leads a tour\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jesslyn Weiner says the fossil burrows are now a regular part of her tours at Happy Jack Chalk Mine. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you drive through central Nebraska and go an hour north of Grand Island, you’ll find Happy Jack Chalk Mine just off Highway 11. It’s been an active chalk mine, an abandoned mine, a state-owned wayside park, and recently a privately owned tourist attraction. But the mine’s significance goes way back before its modern history -- five million years back. In fact, these mines contain a curious collection of clues that are helping scientists learn more about the last great period of climate change, a time of global cooling and drying that occurred right before the most recent Ice Age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jesslyn Weiner has been a tour guide at the mine for five years. She enters the mine through a shack at the foot of the hill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We do have lights in here, but this first one’s burned out and it’s not one we can fix. And these are the burrows,” Weiner points to a dark gray balloon-shaped rock embedded in the stark white rock of the mine’s wall. There's another one less than a foot away. Weiner points out another one, “And this is just one of the burrows, but it looks like a rabbit. Can you see its ears?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71958\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5709.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71958 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5709-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"A cross-section of one of the burrows\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A cross-section of one of the fossil burrows showing a shaft rodents may have used as an entrance. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The burrows are all over the ceiling and walls in the 6,000-square-foot mine. It wasn’t until recently that they became a regular part of the tour. In 2002, the mine’s owners invited University of Nebraska-Lincoln geologist Matt Joeckel to visit and give tour guides some background on the mine’s geology. Joeckel expected to talk about the chalky rock that makes up the mine, called diatomite, but he got a surprise when he walked in: “The minute we walked into the mine we recognized the features on the wall as being fossil burrows. We picked them out right away.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71959\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5692.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71959 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5692-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cross-sections showing chambers in the fossil burrows. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Digging in\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>According to Joeckel, rodents dug the long, nearly vertical tunnels and large chambers into the soft rock in the mine about five million years ago. Some time later sand washed in and filled in the burrows, helping to preserve them as fossils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2002, Joeckel and his colleague Shane Tucker, a paleontologist for the University of Nebraska Museum, have mapped out the locations of all the burrows in the mine, which wasn’t easy. Parts of the mine are cramped and narrow, and Joeckel is a little claustrophobic. Tucker remembers when they had to start photographing the ceiling. “So we brought one of the museum carts and Matt lay down on his back. He had the light and was looking up,” Tucker said. “And I would push him.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joeckel interrupted, “It sounds like that would be great fun, for me, lying on my back on this little four-wheeled cart. But it wasn’t. It was more like a medieval torture chamber.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joeckel and Tucker have been meticulously mapping out the burrows because these burrows are one of the few ancient burrows that have been preserved in the world. Burrows are hard to preserve as fossils because they’re often made in soft soil that erodes easily. In this case, Joeckel and Tucker got lucky that the burrows were made in harder rock.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Looking for the burrowmakers\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71970\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5637-labels.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71970 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5637-labels-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Fossil squirrel tooth and fossil gopher tooth\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tucker compares a pair of teeth found among the fossil burrows. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71967\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5660-labels.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71967 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5660-labels-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"A handful of fossils\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tucker and Joeckel have only found a handful of body fossils from the burrows so far. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Burrowing is a very common rodent behavior now, but it wasn’t always. The first thing Tucker and Joeckel wanted to do was try and figure out what kind of animal made these burrows. They sifted through 500 pounds of sediment from the mine looking for body fossils. What they found fits into the palm of one hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Out of the 20-some different body fossils we got from there, six teeth were well preserved. So…not great,” Tucker said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, Tucker added, the burrows themselves are just as important as body fossils to identify what made them. Tucker and Joeckel made a silicone mold of one burrow to create a plaster replica they could study back at UNL.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have an exact carbon copy of what we saw at the diatomite mine. And in some portions of the wall you could see the striations, these paired grooves, much more easily,” Tucker said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those grooves are evidence of ancient rodents using their top teeth to anchor into the rock and gnawing with their lower teeth to dig.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71964\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5664.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71964 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5664-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Shane Tucker holds up the mold and cast of one of the burrow chambers\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shane Tucker holds up the mold and cast of one of the burrow chambers that he and Matt Joeckel are using to study the burrows more closely. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Those grooves and the burrow’s general shape suggest that a kind of ground squirrel, like modern prairie dogs, built the burrows. Joeckel says these rodents may have started spending more time underground in response to the disappearance of ancient forests and the formation of open grasslands like the Great Plains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Why would they do that? Well, open grasslands are a somewhat harsh environment. There could be prairie fires. There could be extremes in temperature. So we’re seeing a snapshot of the emergence of the modern grassland environment, which is no small thing,” Joeckel explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71971\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5827.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71971 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5827-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Striations in the burrows\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These striations are teeth marks that are helping Joeckel and Tucker identify the burrows' origins. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>The beginning of the Great Plains\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Sometime in the late Oligocene, around the time when huge portions of the earth began to dry, forests gave way to open land. Grasses started growing on those open areas in the late Miocene. Scientists know rodents started burrowing around this time, but because burrows are hard to fossilize they haven’t had any direct evidence -- until now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The burrows at Happy Jack show that complex burrowing behavior that included tunnels and hibernation dens had already evolved in some rodents by the late Miocene. The burrows are also giving us details like what specific kinds of plants made up the first grasslands and how much seasons developed as the climate changed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joeckel says it’s hard to find rocks from that specific time period in Nebraska, so these burrows can help fill in those gaps. But there’s a lot more they’d like to know. Joeckel compares it to having a big picture versus a closeup. “We’re looking through a glass darkly at an emerging world. There are a lot of things we don’t know.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71973\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_58751.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71973 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_58751-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Overlooking the Loup River\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Happy Jack Chalk Mine sits under a hill that overlooks the Loup River in Central Nebraska. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For instance, Joeckel and Tucker want to know how seeds of specific plants responded to the cooling and drying period right before the Ice Age, and they want to know more about how these rodent burrows may have shaped the Great Plains ecosystem as we know it today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As is usually the case with these kinds of geological studies, it probably raises more questions than it answers. I personally find that comforting,” Joeckel said. “I don’t think I want to know everything. I think I want to be in the business of always trying to come up with interesting ways of approaching an understanding of the history of the planet.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The Great Plains didn't evolve in a vacuum. Ancient rodents helped shape the ecosystem we know today. Fossil burrows are helping scientists figure out how.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442639127,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":1376},"headData":{"title":"Fossil Burrows Shed Light on Great Plains' Roots | KQED","description":"The Great Plains didn't evolve in a vacuum. Ancient rodents helped shape the ecosystem we know today. Fossil burrows are helping scientists figure out how.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"71324 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=71324","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/09/16/fossil-burrows-shed-light-on-great-plains-roots/","disqusTitle":"Fossil Burrows Shed Light on Great Plains' Roots","path":"/quest/71324/fossil-burrows-shed-light-on-great-plains-roots","audioUrl":"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/FossilBurrows.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/FossilBurrows.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71960\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5687-FI.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71960 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5687-FI.jpg\" alt=\"Shane Tucker holds a fossil gopher tooth next to a modern pocket gopher skull.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5687-FI.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5687-FI-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shane Tucker holds a fossil gopher tooth (left) next to a modern pocket gopher skull. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71983\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_57122.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71983 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_57122-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Jesslyn Weiner leads a tour\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jesslyn Weiner says the fossil burrows are now a regular part of her tours at Happy Jack Chalk Mine. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you drive through central Nebraska and go an hour north of Grand Island, you’ll find Happy Jack Chalk Mine just off Highway 11. It’s been an active chalk mine, an abandoned mine, a state-owned wayside park, and recently a privately owned tourist attraction. But the mine’s significance goes way back before its modern history -- five million years back. In fact, these mines contain a curious collection of clues that are helping scientists learn more about the last great period of climate change, a time of global cooling and drying that occurred right before the most recent Ice Age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jesslyn Weiner has been a tour guide at the mine for five years. She enters the mine through a shack at the foot of the hill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We do have lights in here, but this first one’s burned out and it’s not one we can fix. And these are the burrows,” Weiner points to a dark gray balloon-shaped rock embedded in the stark white rock of the mine’s wall. There's another one less than a foot away. Weiner points out another one, “And this is just one of the burrows, but it looks like a rabbit. Can you see its ears?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71958\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5709.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71958 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5709-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"A cross-section of one of the burrows\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A cross-section of one of the fossil burrows showing a shaft rodents may have used as an entrance. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The burrows are all over the ceiling and walls in the 6,000-square-foot mine. It wasn’t until recently that they became a regular part of the tour. In 2002, the mine’s owners invited University of Nebraska-Lincoln geologist Matt Joeckel to visit and give tour guides some background on the mine’s geology. Joeckel expected to talk about the chalky rock that makes up the mine, called diatomite, but he got a surprise when he walked in: “The minute we walked into the mine we recognized the features on the wall as being fossil burrows. We picked them out right away.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71959\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5692.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71959 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5692-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cross-sections showing chambers in the fossil burrows. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Digging in\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>According to Joeckel, rodents dug the long, nearly vertical tunnels and large chambers into the soft rock in the mine about five million years ago. Some time later sand washed in and filled in the burrows, helping to preserve them as fossils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2002, Joeckel and his colleague Shane Tucker, a paleontologist for the University of Nebraska Museum, have mapped out the locations of all the burrows in the mine, which wasn’t easy. Parts of the mine are cramped and narrow, and Joeckel is a little claustrophobic. Tucker remembers when they had to start photographing the ceiling. “So we brought one of the museum carts and Matt lay down on his back. He had the light and was looking up,” Tucker said. “And I would push him.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joeckel interrupted, “It sounds like that would be great fun, for me, lying on my back on this little four-wheeled cart. But it wasn’t. It was more like a medieval torture chamber.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joeckel and Tucker have been meticulously mapping out the burrows because these burrows are one of the few ancient burrows that have been preserved in the world. Burrows are hard to preserve as fossils because they’re often made in soft soil that erodes easily. In this case, Joeckel and Tucker got lucky that the burrows were made in harder rock.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Looking for the burrowmakers\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71970\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5637-labels.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71970 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5637-labels-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Fossil squirrel tooth and fossil gopher tooth\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tucker compares a pair of teeth found among the fossil burrows. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71967\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5660-labels.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71967 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5660-labels-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"A handful of fossils\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tucker and Joeckel have only found a handful of body fossils from the burrows so far. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Burrowing is a very common rodent behavior now, but it wasn’t always. The first thing Tucker and Joeckel wanted to do was try and figure out what kind of animal made these burrows. They sifted through 500 pounds of sediment from the mine looking for body fossils. What they found fits into the palm of one hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Out of the 20-some different body fossils we got from there, six teeth were well preserved. So…not great,” Tucker said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, Tucker added, the burrows themselves are just as important as body fossils to identify what made them. Tucker and Joeckel made a silicone mold of one burrow to create a plaster replica they could study back at UNL.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have an exact carbon copy of what we saw at the diatomite mine. And in some portions of the wall you could see the striations, these paired grooves, much more easily,” Tucker said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those grooves are evidence of ancient rodents using their top teeth to anchor into the rock and gnawing with their lower teeth to dig.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71964\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5664.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71964 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5664-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Shane Tucker holds up the mold and cast of one of the burrow chambers\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shane Tucker holds up the mold and cast of one of the burrow chambers that he and Matt Joeckel are using to study the burrows more closely. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Those grooves and the burrow’s general shape suggest that a kind of ground squirrel, like modern prairie dogs, built the burrows. Joeckel says these rodents may have started spending more time underground in response to the disappearance of ancient forests and the formation of open grasslands like the Great Plains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Why would they do that? Well, open grasslands are a somewhat harsh environment. There could be prairie fires. There could be extremes in temperature. So we’re seeing a snapshot of the emergence of the modern grassland environment, which is no small thing,” Joeckel explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71971\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5827.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71971 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5827-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Striations in the burrows\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These striations are teeth marks that are helping Joeckel and Tucker identify the burrows' origins. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>The beginning of the Great Plains\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Sometime in the late Oligocene, around the time when huge portions of the earth began to dry, forests gave way to open land. Grasses started growing on those open areas in the late Miocene. Scientists know rodents started burrowing around this time, but because burrows are hard to fossilize they haven’t had any direct evidence -- until now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The burrows at Happy Jack show that complex burrowing behavior that included tunnels and hibernation dens had already evolved in some rodents by the late Miocene. The burrows are also giving us details like what specific kinds of plants made up the first grasslands and how much seasons developed as the climate changed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joeckel says it’s hard to find rocks from that specific time period in Nebraska, so these burrows can help fill in those gaps. But there’s a lot more they’d like to know. Joeckel compares it to having a big picture versus a closeup. “We’re looking through a glass darkly at an emerging world. There are a lot of things we don’t know.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71973\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_58751.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71973 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_58751-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Overlooking the Loup River\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Happy Jack Chalk Mine sits under a hill that overlooks the Loup River in Central Nebraska. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For instance, Joeckel and Tucker want to know how seeds of specific plants responded to the cooling and drying period right before the Ice Age, and they want to know more about how these rodent burrows may have shaped the Great Plains ecosystem as we know it today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As is usually the case with these kinds of geological studies, it probably raises more questions than it answers. I personally find that comforting,” Joeckel said. “I don’t think I want to know everything. I think I want to be in the business of always trying to come up with interesting ways of approaching an understanding of the history of the planet.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/71324/fossil-burrows-shed-light-on-great-plains-roots","authors":["10562"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_6","quest_9","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_304","quest_12971","quest_921","quest_1032","quest_3405","quest_12269","quest_13200","quest_10353","quest_12973","quest_12559","quest_2115","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_12354","quest_12972","quest_12974"],"featImg":"quest_71960","label":"quest"},"quest_50959":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_50959","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"50959","score":null,"sort":[1386255625000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-people-drove-an-evolution-in-cliff-swallows","title":"How People Drove an Evolution in Cliff Swallows","publishDate":1386255625,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63736\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63736 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/MaryBB_IMG_8975-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"MaryBB_IMG_8975\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">University of Nebraska ornithologist Mary Bomberger Brown measures the wingspan of a cliff swallow. Photo credit: Gary Hochman\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">When the worlds of nature and people converge, nature is often endangered. But in a strange twist, the manmade world of highways has favored the survival of \u003ca href=\"http://birds.audubon.org/birds/cliff-swallow\">cliff swallows\u003c/a>, according to University of Nebraska ornithologist Mary Bomberger Brown. “Natural selection and human development have created a better bird,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63746\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 191px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63746 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC_0033a-235x253.jpg\" alt=\"DSC_0033a\" width=\"191\" height=\"205\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cliff swallows are migratory birds that live in large colonies. Photo credit: Mary Bomberger Brown\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bomberger Brown's bold conclusion is based on her \u003ca href=\"http://download.cell.com/current-biology/pdf/PIIS0960982213001942.pdf\">30-year study of cliff swallows\u003c/a> – one of the longest running evolution studies in the world. Cliff swallows are North American migratory birds. From March to September, they nest and breed in colonies ranging from Canada to Mexico. In winter, they migrate to Chile, Argentina and Brazil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each year during the last three decades, Bomberger Brown and her colleague, Charles Brown of the University of Tulsa, have been conducting a detailed study of cliff swallow life along the roadways and waterways of western Nebraska near Lake McConaughy. Their findings show how natural conditions and human expansion have affected the birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found that the swallows’ wings and body changed significantly,” said Bomberger Brown. “The question was – why?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Browns never set out to conduct an evolution study. In 1982, they began studying bird behavior on a premise related to the old English proverb ‘\u003cem>birds of a feather flock together.’ \u003c/em>When the study began, the big question in behavioral ecology was, why do animals live in groups? Why are they social?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bomberger Brown explains, “Cliff swallows are one of the most social birds in North America. They all live together in large colonies.” The colonies are a natural survival strategy. Swallows are aerial insectivores, meaning they eat insects that they catch in flight. They bugs they catch fly in swarms, including mosquitoes, flies, midges, and leafhoppers. “If you live in a big community like swallows do, they share information – following groups of birds to the location of food, so they can feed more efficiently,” said Bomberger Brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63742\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 260px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63742 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/IMG_0356-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"IMG_0356\" width=\"260\" height=\"195\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cliff swallows build nests from globs of mud they deposit by the beak full. Photo credit: Mary Bomberger Brown\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By nature, cliff swallows build their jug-shaped nests on the sides of cliffs or bluffs, as protection from birds of prey and snakes. They’re always close to water because the swallows build their nests from globs of mud they collect by the beak full. \u003cins cite=\"mailto:Lisa%20Landers\" datetime=\"2013-11-12T14:59\">\u003c/ins>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the Browns began studying the swallows, most of their nests lined the bluffs along the shoreline of Lake McConaughy. In a 90 by 30 mile area, the Browns check around 80 active colonies each year. Each nest holds\u003cins cite=\"mailto:Lisa%20Landers\" datetime=\"2013-11-12T14:57\"> \u003c/ins>a pair of adults and 3-4 chicks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The average colony contains at least2,200 birds. But one colony is enormous – 6,000 nests – or about 34,000 swallows\u003cspan style=\"color: #008000\">. \u003c/span>During the long-term study, Bomberger Brown has examined 317,000 cliff swallows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But soon after their study began, Bomberger Brown began finding that many of the cliff nests were abandoned. So, where did the birds move? Driving from one site to the next, she noticed a radical shift in the birds’ nesting preference. The swallows were forming new nesting colonies in the most unlikely places; beneath highway overpasses and bridges. The Browns wondered why this was happening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64200\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 315px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-64200 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Cliff-Swallow-Nests-on-Bridge_IMG_0365-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Cliff Swallow Nests on Bridge_IMG_0365\" width=\"315\" height=\"177\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cliff swallow nests under a highway bridge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By chance, their study coincided with a sweeping change in roadway design. A nationwide boom in highway and interstate construction was replacing old wooden trestle bridges with new concrete bridges and overpasses. Bomberger Brown soon realized that the swallows abandoned nesting on cliffs of loose, crumbly sandstone in favor of firm concrete structures that offered overhangs sheltering the birds from the elements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We built them a better cliff, says Bomberger Brown, “and the birds flocked to them.” As the highways, expanded east and west, the birds followed suit. “You can now see them across the country,” she adds. “They’ve just followed people in their roadways, so humans have actually expanded their range – from ocean to ocean.” To track the birds, the Browns placed metal leg bands on the swallows to identify them. And to learn how the birds compare, they capture the birds to measure their bodies, beaks, wings, feet, and tails.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as roadways spread, so did agriculture and insects. “It’s a mutualistic relationship,” explains Bomberger Brown. “We’ve given them more food. We’ve given them places to nest. The birds provide pest control. They live with us and they’ve become part of our landscape.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But their new homes came with a risk. The highways were full of cars, trucks and RVs. “It’s an environment that can threaten their survival,” says Bomberger Brown. Soon, traveling up and down the highway, they found birds killed by cars. Examining each swallow, they measured the bodies and wings of each bird.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first, they found about 20-40 road kill swallows. Ironically, with each year’s survey, the number of dead birds on the road was decreasing – at the same time that traffic and the size of cars were increasing. It was a curious finding, but the Browns were not sure why this was happening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, nature intervened with a catastrophe. On the last weekend of May 1996, four days of cold, rain and snow stretched east and west from Colorado to Iowa and north and south from North Dakota to Oklahoma. According to the National Weather Service, this was a freak May storm that had only occurred once before – in 1968.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ordinarily, rain and cold wouldn’t seem like much of a threat,” Bomberger Brown explains. “Swallows can go for four days without eating – but they will starve and start dying on the fifth day.” Cliff swallows usually feed when insects fly, but that doesn’t happen in cold, wet weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cold, wet and starving, about 70% of the cliff swallow population died on the fifth day. The Browns collected 1,856 dead swallows in the Nebraska study area. She estimates that throughout the region, hundreds of thousands of birds died. But not all the cliff swallows were wiped out. Some survived. It was a puzzle the Browns were determined to solve.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">The survivors’ shorter wings made them more acrobatic, like a fighter plane.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Measuring each dead bird and comparing them to the birds that remained, the Browns made a surprising discovery. The birds that died had shorter bodies and longer asymmetrical wings. But the birds that lived had larger bodies and shorter wings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">The survivors’ shorter wings made them more acrobatic, like a fighter plane. They were able to twist and turn, dodging oncoming traffic, especially larger vehicles like SUVs and Mac trucks. The road kill birds had been less agile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63763\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 303px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63763 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Cliff-Swallow_Comparison_2-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Cliff Swallow_Comparison_2\" width=\"303\" height=\"202\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Comparison of cliff swallow wingspans. Swallows with longer wings (top) are more prone to be hit by cars than those with shorter wings (bottom). Photo credit: Gary Hochman\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To understand how the swallows had changed, the Browns reviewed all the data they had collected on living swallows, those birds killed by cars, and those killed by the extreme weather. A clear pattern emerged. Both the birds killed by cars and those killed by the storm had long, asymmetrical wings. The survivors all had wings that averaged one half inch shorter. That’s a significant difference on a wingspan of four and a half inches. And it made all the difference between life and death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Browns concluded that over the course of just a few decades, the wingspan of cliff swallows became shorter as an adaptation to avoiding oncoming traffic. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">The wingspan of cliff swallows became shorter as an adaptation to avoiding oncoming traffic.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Almost overnight, the natural calamity of the extreme weather revealed an evolutionary adaptation in cliff swallows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bomberger Brown chalks it up to an oddity in natural selection – not because the swallows changed – but how fast they evolved to adapt to a major transformation of their habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Typically, you expect population genetics to take millions of years. And while cliff swallows didn’t turn into different species, they have evolved through natural selection in a surprisingly short time – just 30 years. “In evolutionary terms, 30 years is an instant in time,” says Bomberger Brown. Yet her study shows that human development of roads and bridges across America have triggered natural selection to significantly modify the body structure and wing length of cliff swallows. \u003cins cite=\"mailto:Lisa%20Landers\" datetime=\"2013-11-12T15:31\">\u003c/ins>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, swallows thrive alongside people who literally zip by the birds. In a strange twist of fate, the survival of cliff swallows has been aided by the network of concrete highway overpasses and bridges that span North America.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Find out how people and roadway designs have favored the survival and evolution of cliff swallows across America. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443823848,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":26,"wordCount":1584},"headData":{"title":"How People Drove an Evolution in Cliff Swallows | KQED","description":"Find out how people and roadway designs have favored the survival and evolution of cliff swallows across America. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"50959 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=50959","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/12/05/how-people-drove-an-evolution-in-cliff-swallows/","disqusTitle":"How People Drove an Evolution in Cliff Swallows","path":"/quest/50959/how-people-drove-an-evolution-in-cliff-swallows","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63736\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63736 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/MaryBB_IMG_8975-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"MaryBB_IMG_8975\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">University of Nebraska ornithologist Mary Bomberger Brown measures the wingspan of a cliff swallow. Photo credit: Gary Hochman\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">When the worlds of nature and people converge, nature is often endangered. But in a strange twist, the manmade world of highways has favored the survival of \u003ca href=\"http://birds.audubon.org/birds/cliff-swallow\">cliff swallows\u003c/a>, according to University of Nebraska ornithologist Mary Bomberger Brown. “Natural selection and human development have created a better bird,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63746\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 191px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63746 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC_0033a-235x253.jpg\" alt=\"DSC_0033a\" width=\"191\" height=\"205\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cliff swallows are migratory birds that live in large colonies. Photo credit: Mary Bomberger Brown\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bomberger Brown's bold conclusion is based on her \u003ca href=\"http://download.cell.com/current-biology/pdf/PIIS0960982213001942.pdf\">30-year study of cliff swallows\u003c/a> – one of the longest running evolution studies in the world. Cliff swallows are North American migratory birds. From March to September, they nest and breed in colonies ranging from Canada to Mexico. In winter, they migrate to Chile, Argentina and Brazil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each year during the last three decades, Bomberger Brown and her colleague, Charles Brown of the University of Tulsa, have been conducting a detailed study of cliff swallow life along the roadways and waterways of western Nebraska near Lake McConaughy. Their findings show how natural conditions and human expansion have affected the birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found that the swallows’ wings and body changed significantly,” said Bomberger Brown. “The question was – why?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Browns never set out to conduct an evolution study. In 1982, they began studying bird behavior on a premise related to the old English proverb ‘\u003cem>birds of a feather flock together.’ \u003c/em>When the study began, the big question in behavioral ecology was, why do animals live in groups? Why are they social?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bomberger Brown explains, “Cliff swallows are one of the most social birds in North America. They all live together in large colonies.” The colonies are a natural survival strategy. Swallows are aerial insectivores, meaning they eat insects that they catch in flight. They bugs they catch fly in swarms, including mosquitoes, flies, midges, and leafhoppers. “If you live in a big community like swallows do, they share information – following groups of birds to the location of food, so they can feed more efficiently,” said Bomberger Brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63742\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 260px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63742 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/IMG_0356-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"IMG_0356\" width=\"260\" height=\"195\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cliff swallows build nests from globs of mud they deposit by the beak full. Photo credit: Mary Bomberger Brown\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By nature, cliff swallows build their jug-shaped nests on the sides of cliffs or bluffs, as protection from birds of prey and snakes. They’re always close to water because the swallows build their nests from globs of mud they collect by the beak full. \u003cins cite=\"mailto:Lisa%20Landers\" datetime=\"2013-11-12T14:59\">\u003c/ins>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the Browns began studying the swallows, most of their nests lined the bluffs along the shoreline of Lake McConaughy. In a 90 by 30 mile area, the Browns check around 80 active colonies each year. Each nest holds\u003cins cite=\"mailto:Lisa%20Landers\" datetime=\"2013-11-12T14:57\"> \u003c/ins>a pair of adults and 3-4 chicks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The average colony contains at least2,200 birds. But one colony is enormous – 6,000 nests – or about 34,000 swallows\u003cspan style=\"color: #008000\">. \u003c/span>During the long-term study, Bomberger Brown has examined 317,000 cliff swallows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But soon after their study began, Bomberger Brown began finding that many of the cliff nests were abandoned. So, where did the birds move? Driving from one site to the next, she noticed a radical shift in the birds’ nesting preference. The swallows were forming new nesting colonies in the most unlikely places; beneath highway overpasses and bridges. The Browns wondered why this was happening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64200\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 315px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-64200 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Cliff-Swallow-Nests-on-Bridge_IMG_0365-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Cliff Swallow Nests on Bridge_IMG_0365\" width=\"315\" height=\"177\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cliff swallow nests under a highway bridge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By chance, their study coincided with a sweeping change in roadway design. A nationwide boom in highway and interstate construction was replacing old wooden trestle bridges with new concrete bridges and overpasses. Bomberger Brown soon realized that the swallows abandoned nesting on cliffs of loose, crumbly sandstone in favor of firm concrete structures that offered overhangs sheltering the birds from the elements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We built them a better cliff, says Bomberger Brown, “and the birds flocked to them.” As the highways, expanded east and west, the birds followed suit. “You can now see them across the country,” she adds. “They’ve just followed people in their roadways, so humans have actually expanded their range – from ocean to ocean.” To track the birds, the Browns placed metal leg bands on the swallows to identify them. And to learn how the birds compare, they capture the birds to measure their bodies, beaks, wings, feet, and tails.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as roadways spread, so did agriculture and insects. “It’s a mutualistic relationship,” explains Bomberger Brown. “We’ve given them more food. We’ve given them places to nest. The birds provide pest control. They live with us and they’ve become part of our landscape.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But their new homes came with a risk. The highways were full of cars, trucks and RVs. “It’s an environment that can threaten their survival,” says Bomberger Brown. Soon, traveling up and down the highway, they found birds killed by cars. Examining each swallow, they measured the bodies and wings of each bird.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first, they found about 20-40 road kill swallows. Ironically, with each year’s survey, the number of dead birds on the road was decreasing – at the same time that traffic and the size of cars were increasing. It was a curious finding, but the Browns were not sure why this was happening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, nature intervened with a catastrophe. On the last weekend of May 1996, four days of cold, rain and snow stretched east and west from Colorado to Iowa and north and south from North Dakota to Oklahoma. According to the National Weather Service, this was a freak May storm that had only occurred once before – in 1968.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ordinarily, rain and cold wouldn’t seem like much of a threat,” Bomberger Brown explains. “Swallows can go for four days without eating – but they will starve and start dying on the fifth day.” Cliff swallows usually feed when insects fly, but that doesn’t happen in cold, wet weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cold, wet and starving, about 70% of the cliff swallow population died on the fifth day. The Browns collected 1,856 dead swallows in the Nebraska study area. She estimates that throughout the region, hundreds of thousands of birds died. But not all the cliff swallows were wiped out. Some survived. It was a puzzle the Browns were determined to solve.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">The survivors’ shorter wings made them more acrobatic, like a fighter plane.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Measuring each dead bird and comparing them to the birds that remained, the Browns made a surprising discovery. The birds that died had shorter bodies and longer asymmetrical wings. But the birds that lived had larger bodies and shorter wings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">The survivors’ shorter wings made them more acrobatic, like a fighter plane. They were able to twist and turn, dodging oncoming traffic, especially larger vehicles like SUVs and Mac trucks. The road kill birds had been less agile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63763\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 303px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63763 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Cliff-Swallow_Comparison_2-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Cliff Swallow_Comparison_2\" width=\"303\" height=\"202\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Comparison of cliff swallow wingspans. Swallows with longer wings (top) are more prone to be hit by cars than those with shorter wings (bottom). Photo credit: Gary Hochman\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To understand how the swallows had changed, the Browns reviewed all the data they had collected on living swallows, those birds killed by cars, and those killed by the extreme weather. A clear pattern emerged. Both the birds killed by cars and those killed by the storm had long, asymmetrical wings. The survivors all had wings that averaged one half inch shorter. That’s a significant difference on a wingspan of four and a half inches. And it made all the difference between life and death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Browns concluded that over the course of just a few decades, the wingspan of cliff swallows became shorter as an adaptation to avoiding oncoming traffic. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">The wingspan of cliff swallows became shorter as an adaptation to avoiding oncoming traffic.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Almost overnight, the natural calamity of the extreme weather revealed an evolutionary adaptation in cliff swallows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bomberger Brown chalks it up to an oddity in natural selection – not because the swallows changed – but how fast they evolved to adapt to a major transformation of their habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Typically, you expect population genetics to take millions of years. And while cliff swallows didn’t turn into different species, they have evolved through natural selection in a surprisingly short time – just 30 years. “In evolutionary terms, 30 years is an instant in time,” says Bomberger Brown. Yet her study shows that human development of roads and bridges across America have triggered natural selection to significantly modify the body structure and wing length of cliff swallows. \u003cins cite=\"mailto:Lisa%20Landers\" datetime=\"2013-11-12T15:31\">\u003c/ins>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, swallows thrive alongside people who literally zip by the birds. In a strange twist of fate, the survival of cliff swallows has been aided by the network of concrete highway overpasses and bridges that span North America.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/50959/how-people-drove-an-evolution-in-cliff-swallows","authors":["10297"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_68","quest_326","quest_340","quest_12458","quest_1032","quest_12269","quest_12461","quest_3679","quest_12463","quest_12462","quest_12354","quest_12373","quest_3792","quest_12459","quest_3331","quest_12460"],"featImg":"quest_64159","label":"quest"},"quest_49832":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_49832","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"49832","score":null,"sort":[1361491950000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-animal-kingdoms-otherworldly-ancestors","title":"The Animal Kingdom's Otherworldly Ancestors","publishDate":1361491950,"format":"aside","headTitle":"The Animal Kingdom’s Otherworldly Ancestors | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49850\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 639px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/21/the-animal-kingdoms-otherworldly-ancestors/06-30b_hurdia/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49850\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49850\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/06.30b_Hurdia.jpg\" alt=\"Hurdia\" width=\"639\" height=\"430\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/06.30b_Hurdia.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/06.30b_Hurdia-400x269.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/06.30b_Hurdia-800x539.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/06.30b_Hurdia-1180x795.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/06.30b_Hurdia-960x646.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 639px) 100vw, 639px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hurdia. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.echomedicalmedia.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">COPYRIGHT QUADE PAUL\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We’re all descended from sea sponges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At one time, the squishy invertebrates constituted most of the animal life on Earth, but about half a billion years ago, something remarkable happened: an evolutionary explosion known as the Cambrian Period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rising oxygen levels in the ocean’s shallows and a morphing genome took animal evolution on a bizarre course, all in a period of 20 to 30 million years. The period marks the establishment of animals on Earth, said Jim Valentine, UC Berkeley professor emeritus of paleontology and paleobiology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fauna has a very weird look to it,” Valentine said. “It looks like these things are from another planet. Some seem eerily familiar because they do belong to major categories of animals that are still with us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the critters’ appearances are indeed strange, some border on terrifying, but others bear a strong resemblance to modern jellyfish or sea anemones. The wide swath of life that arose in the Cambrian Period is the subject of a new book by Valentine and Doug Erwin of the Smithsonian Institute, titled “The Cambrian Explosion: The Construction of Animal Biodiversity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What could be more interesting than the taking over of the biosphere by animals half a billion years ago for a scientist? That’s just the greatest problem you can think of if you’re a biological scientist,” Valentine said with a laugh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The book pulls in research from a number of disciplines to explain what made the rise of animals possible. What allowed for this expansion of biodiversity?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s a $54,000 question,” Valentine said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the key elements to the Cambrian Explosion was a flexible genome that allowed animals to take on larger and more complex forms, Valentine said. Most scientists believe oxygenation of shallow waters allowed the tiny slug- and worm-like creatures to grow. These millimeter-sized bugs lived along mats of microorganisms, but as they grew, they began tearing up the mats, burrowing in them and scratching the surface. At some point, some started eating each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cambrian fossils are found in about 30 areas worldwide, Valentine said, but sites in South China’s Yunan Province and the White Sea in Northern Russia offer the best specimen because of their ideal conditions that preserve not only shells and skeletons, but much of the soft parts such as eyes and limbs. This made the level of detail in \u003ca href=\"http://www.echomedicalmedia.com\">Quade Paul\u003c/a>‘s illustrations possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The detail is fantastic, so there’s little doubt about the morphological inferences you can make from the fossils,” Valentine said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The modern world, the world of animals, was in a sense born in the Cambrian Period, Valentine said. While life wouldn’t move on shore for many millions of years, the same principles that permitted the Cambrian Explosion would eventually allow for the evolution of terrestrial life: insects, dinosaurs, apes and us.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"At one time, squishy invertebrates constituted most of the animal life on Earth, but about half a billion years ago, something remarkable happened: an evolutionary explosion known as the Cambrian Period.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1684973694,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":506},"headData":{"title":"The Animal Kingdom's Otherworldly Ancestors | KQED","description":"At one time, squishy invertebrates constituted most of the animal life on Earth, but about half a billion years ago, something remarkable happened: an evolutionary explosion known as the Cambrian Period.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"templateType":"standard","featuredImageType":"standard","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/quest/49832/the-animal-kingdoms-otherworldly-ancestors","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49850\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 639px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/21/the-animal-kingdoms-otherworldly-ancestors/06-30b_hurdia/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49850\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49850\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/06.30b_Hurdia.jpg\" alt=\"Hurdia\" width=\"639\" height=\"430\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/06.30b_Hurdia.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/06.30b_Hurdia-400x269.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/06.30b_Hurdia-800x539.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/06.30b_Hurdia-1180x795.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/06.30b_Hurdia-960x646.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 639px) 100vw, 639px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hurdia. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.echomedicalmedia.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">COPYRIGHT QUADE PAUL\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We’re all descended from sea sponges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At one time, the squishy invertebrates constituted most of the animal life on Earth, but about half a billion years ago, something remarkable happened: an evolutionary explosion known as the Cambrian Period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rising oxygen levels in the ocean’s shallows and a morphing genome took animal evolution on a bizarre course, all in a period of 20 to 30 million years. The period marks the establishment of animals on Earth, said Jim Valentine, UC Berkeley professor emeritus of paleontology and paleobiology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fauna has a very weird look to it,” Valentine said. “It looks like these things are from another planet. Some seem eerily familiar because they do belong to major categories of animals that are still with us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the critters’ appearances are indeed strange, some border on terrifying, but others bear a strong resemblance to modern jellyfish or sea anemones. The wide swath of life that arose in the Cambrian Period is the subject of a new book by Valentine and Doug Erwin of the Smithsonian Institute, titled “The Cambrian Explosion: The Construction of Animal Biodiversity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What could be more interesting than the taking over of the biosphere by animals half a billion years ago for a scientist? That’s just the greatest problem you can think of if you’re a biological scientist,” Valentine said with a laugh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The book pulls in research from a number of disciplines to explain what made the rise of animals possible. What allowed for this expansion of biodiversity?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s a $54,000 question,” Valentine said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the key elements to the Cambrian Explosion was a flexible genome that allowed animals to take on larger and more complex forms, Valentine said. Most scientists believe oxygenation of shallow waters allowed the tiny slug- and worm-like creatures to grow. These millimeter-sized bugs lived along mats of microorganisms, but as they grew, they began tearing up the mats, burrowing in them and scratching the surface. At some point, some started eating each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cambrian fossils are found in about 30 areas worldwide, Valentine said, but sites in South China’s Yunan Province and the White Sea in Northern Russia offer the best specimen because of their ideal conditions that preserve not only shells and skeletons, but much of the soft parts such as eyes and limbs. This made the level of detail in \u003ca href=\"http://www.echomedicalmedia.com\">Quade Paul\u003c/a>‘s illustrations possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The detail is fantastic, so there’s little doubt about the morphological inferences you can make from the fossils,” Valentine said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The modern world, the world of animals, was in a sense born in the Cambrian Period, Valentine said. While life wouldn’t move on shore for many millions of years, the same principles that permitted the Cambrian Explosion would eventually allow for the evolution of terrestrial life: insects, dinosaurs, apes and us.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/49832/the-animal-kingdoms-otherworldly-ancestors","authors":["1429"],"categories":["quest_4"],"tags":["quest_326","quest_11743","quest_1032","quest_11194"],"featImg":"quest_49921","label":"quest"},"quest_49780":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_49780","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"49780","score":null,"sort":[1361376044000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"book-review-animal-wise","title":"Book Review: Animal Wise - The Thoughts and Emotions of Our Fellow Creatures","publishDate":1361376044,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49786\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 166px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/20/book-review-animal-wise/cover/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49786\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/cover-166x253.jpg\" alt=\"book cover of animal wise\" width=\"166\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-49786\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Animal Wise: The thoughts and emotions of our fellow creatures. Virginia Morell; Crown: 2013\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you're not a comparative psychologist or student of animal behavior, chances are you didn't know that \u003ca href=\"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/5277090.stm\">cows have regional accents\u003c/a> or that \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v414/n6860/abs/414165a0.html\">sheep don’t forget a face\u003c/a>. I'd also wager that you never heard that \u003ca href=\"http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/LifeSciences/BioethicsSocialIssues/?ci=9780199551200\">fish feel pain\u003c/a> or that \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=88031220\">moths remember life as a caterpillar\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are just a few of the surprising mental feats our “lesser” animal relatives can manage, science journalist Virginia Morell tells us in her moving and entertaining new book, “Animal Wise: The Thoughts and Emotions of Our Fellow Creatures.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though an appreciation of the rich inner lives of our fellow creatures dates back at least to Aristotle, suggestions that animals could feel or think once met indignant resistance from theologians and philosophers who saw humans as the anointed ruler of a divinely created hierarchy of nature. Indignation turned to outrage when Charles Darwin recast humans not as the crown of creation but as an organism like any other, evolving in response to its ever-changing environment. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not surprising that Darwin, who documented physical similarities across species who live in similar environments, would think that such pressures gave rise to a continuity of mind across species as well. Any cognitive differences between humans and other animals are of degree, not kind, he argued in the “Descent of Man.” Furthermore, he wrote, “the senses and intuitions, the various emotions and faculties, such as love, memory, attention, curiosity, imitation, reason, etc., of which man boasts, may be found in an incipient, or even sometimes in a well-developed condition, in the lower animals.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49783\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/20/book-review-animal-wise/corvus_brachyrhynchos/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49783\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/Corvus_brachyrhynchos-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"american crow\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-49783\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Crows can use tools, challenging us to rethink the boundaries of animal cognition. (Photo: Walter Siegmund)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As Morell shows us, the need to elevate ourselves above nature runs deep. By the 1920s, the rise of behaviorists—psychologists who believed that science could investigate only observable behaviors—again demoted animals to mere stimulus-response robots incapable of anything approaching the human capacity for empathy, learning or intelligence. Some psychologists still cling to this view of animal automatons. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Try telling any dog or cat lover that her cherished companion doesn’t have a personality or care whether she lives or dies. I’ll never forget how our Airedale, Amanda, would let loose in a fit of hysterical howls as she flung herself into my arms every time I came home from college break. And I still miss the Russian blue who magically appeared purring at my feet whenever I was feeling down. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such anecdotes are simply that, of course. But just because scientists don’t know how to study animal emotions \u003ca href=\"http://www.wonderlance.com/february2011_scientech_fransdewaal.html\">doesn’t mean animals don’t experience them\u003c/a>. And given how often a study knocks yet another “uniquely” human trait off its pedestal, it may be just a matter of time before someone figures out how to study emotions in animals too. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is the boundaries of animal cognition that interest Morell, a frequent contributor to National Geographic and Science. She takes a journalist’s approach to the question of animal minds, but shows a deep compassion and empathy for her subjects, which include species separated by some 100 million years of evolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49796\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 287px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/20/book-review-animal-wise/african_forest_elephant/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49796\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/African_Forest_Elephant.jpg\" alt=\"african elephant\" width=\"287\" height=\"350\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49796\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Elephants, massacred by the thousands in Africa for the ivory in their tusks, experience grief and something akin to post-traumatic stress syndrome when they lose a family member. This male was photographed in Gabon, which conservationists consider ground zero for elephant massacre. (Photo: Peter H. Wrege)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Without evolution as a guide, the cognitive skills of \u003cem>Homo sapiens\u003c/em> do not make sense biologically, Morell writes about animal physiologist Donald Griffin’s quest to bring science to the study of animal minds in the mid-1970s. Human cognition did not spring de novo from the hand of a divine creator, lingering protestations to the contrary. What, then, Morell asks, are the biological roots and evolutionary processes that gave rise to the cognitive capacities we share with our animal kin?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out, she travels the globe to visit researchers in their labs and in the field as they search for the evolutionary roots of cognition. In the process, she shows us not just the remarkable mental skills of “nonhuman” animals, but the nature of science and how we know what we know.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We learn about ant “teachers” that look, under a magnifying glass, like “Elizabethan actors or courtiers fashionably dressed in pantaloons and fancy hats” after Nigel Franks, an English behavioral ecologist, and his students painstakingly paint each one with a unique colored pattern. The work, though excruciating, helps reveal how and why each ant responds to a challenge—in this case, the destruction of the colony’s nest. The experiments, Morell reports, suggest that ants “the size of hyphens” make decisions when confronted with challenges and appear to teach their comrades to follow their lead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3boAzft0qkE]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We meet a German neuroscientist named Stefan Schuster who found the perfect research subject by happy accident—a supplier mistakenly sent him a big aquarium, which he filled with archerfish “just for fun.” Three years in, Schuster realized the fish could help him study how animals with small brains can make complex decisions. Archerfish, “the sharpshooters of the piscine world,” fire streams of water at prey, usually insects, on branches or leaves above the surface then race to nab them once dislodged. By analyzing videotapes of archerfish squirting and grabbing prey under a variety of conditions, Schuster concluded that the fish learn how to shoot new and difficult targets by watching a skilled colleague.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Morell goes on to introduce us to the birds that forced scientists to rethink the meaning of bird-brained (including Betty, the tool-using crow), rats that “laugh” when tickled, elephants that experience post-traumatic stress after losing their matriarch, dolphins that cooperate to help another in distress and chimps whose sophisticated social intelligence forces us to consider our own failures. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ofjo26O0z_o]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She ends, fittingly, with the latest studies of our most constant companion, the dog, a species Darwin considered closer to humans than to the wolves they descended from. The similarities between dogs and human are so striking that one group of scientists decided that studying the transition from wolf to dog would say more about the evolution of the human mind than studying the differences between chimpanzees and humans. Dogs, Morell writes, were Darwin’s “prime example of how animals, other than humans, experience ‘pleasure and pain, happiness and memory.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Morell obliterates the lines that might separate us from the rest of the animal kingdom by relating trailblazing discoveries of the emotional and intellectual lives of animals. In the process, she challenges us to rethink our ethical obligations to the creatures who share our world. Morell notes that even some of the scientists studying animal cognition wanted to know how she would address the question of what sets us apart from other animals. “That question was not the point of the book,” she told them. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Given that we now know that we live in a world of sentient beings, not one of stimulus-response machines,\" Morell writes, \"we need to ask: ‘How should we treat these other emotional, thinking creatures?' ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, critics of those advocating for the compassionate treatment of animals have argued there’s no evidence to support their claims. As Morell makes clear, that argument no longer stands. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question, now, is: what are we going to do about it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>***\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hear Virginia Morell talk about Animal Wise at Pegasus Books, 2349 Shattuck Ave., Berkeley, March 14 at 7:30 p.m.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"An appreciation of the rich inner lives of nonhuman animals dates back at least to Aristotle and gained support from Charles Darwin, who saw any differences between humans and other animals as a matter of degree, not kind. Still, the notion that humans stand above and apart from our fellow creatures dies hard. In her new book, \"Animal Wise,\" science journalist Virginia Morell takes us on a tour of labs and field sites around the world to show us that many of the traits once thought uniquely human appear in even our most distant evolutionary relatives. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1361419103,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":24,"wordCount":1332},"headData":{"title":"Book Review: Animal Wise - The Thoughts and Emotions of Our Fellow Creatures | KQED","description":"An appreciation of the rich inner lives of nonhuman animals dates back at least to Aristotle and gained support from Charles Darwin, who saw any differences between humans and other animals as a matter of degree, not kind. Still, the notion that humans stand above and apart from our fellow creatures dies hard. In her new book, "Animal Wise," science journalist Virginia Morell takes us on a tour of labs and field sites around the world to show us that many of the traits once thought uniquely human appear in even our most distant evolutionary relatives. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"49780 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=49780","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/20/book-review-animal-wise/","disqusTitle":"Book Review: Animal Wise - The Thoughts and Emotions of Our Fellow Creatures","path":"/quest/49780/book-review-animal-wise","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49786\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 166px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/20/book-review-animal-wise/cover/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49786\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/cover-166x253.jpg\" alt=\"book cover of animal wise\" width=\"166\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-49786\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Animal Wise: The thoughts and emotions of our fellow creatures. Virginia Morell; Crown: 2013\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you're not a comparative psychologist or student of animal behavior, chances are you didn't know that \u003ca href=\"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/5277090.stm\">cows have regional accents\u003c/a> or that \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v414/n6860/abs/414165a0.html\">sheep don’t forget a face\u003c/a>. I'd also wager that you never heard that \u003ca href=\"http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/LifeSciences/BioethicsSocialIssues/?ci=9780199551200\">fish feel pain\u003c/a> or that \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=88031220\">moths remember life as a caterpillar\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are just a few of the surprising mental feats our “lesser” animal relatives can manage, science journalist Virginia Morell tells us in her moving and entertaining new book, “Animal Wise: The Thoughts and Emotions of Our Fellow Creatures.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though an appreciation of the rich inner lives of our fellow creatures dates back at least to Aristotle, suggestions that animals could feel or think once met indignant resistance from theologians and philosophers who saw humans as the anointed ruler of a divinely created hierarchy of nature. Indignation turned to outrage when Charles Darwin recast humans not as the crown of creation but as an organism like any other, evolving in response to its ever-changing environment. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not surprising that Darwin, who documented physical similarities across species who live in similar environments, would think that such pressures gave rise to a continuity of mind across species as well. Any cognitive differences between humans and other animals are of degree, not kind, he argued in the “Descent of Man.” Furthermore, he wrote, “the senses and intuitions, the various emotions and faculties, such as love, memory, attention, curiosity, imitation, reason, etc., of which man boasts, may be found in an incipient, or even sometimes in a well-developed condition, in the lower animals.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49783\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/20/book-review-animal-wise/corvus_brachyrhynchos/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49783\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/Corvus_brachyrhynchos-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"american crow\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-49783\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Crows can use tools, challenging us to rethink the boundaries of animal cognition. (Photo: Walter Siegmund)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As Morell shows us, the need to elevate ourselves above nature runs deep. By the 1920s, the rise of behaviorists—psychologists who believed that science could investigate only observable behaviors—again demoted animals to mere stimulus-response robots incapable of anything approaching the human capacity for empathy, learning or intelligence. Some psychologists still cling to this view of animal automatons. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Try telling any dog or cat lover that her cherished companion doesn’t have a personality or care whether she lives or dies. I’ll never forget how our Airedale, Amanda, would let loose in a fit of hysterical howls as she flung herself into my arms every time I came home from college break. And I still miss the Russian blue who magically appeared purring at my feet whenever I was feeling down. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such anecdotes are simply that, of course. But just because scientists don’t know how to study animal emotions \u003ca href=\"http://www.wonderlance.com/february2011_scientech_fransdewaal.html\">doesn’t mean animals don’t experience them\u003c/a>. And given how often a study knocks yet another “uniquely” human trait off its pedestal, it may be just a matter of time before someone figures out how to study emotions in animals too. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is the boundaries of animal cognition that interest Morell, a frequent contributor to National Geographic and Science. She takes a journalist’s approach to the question of animal minds, but shows a deep compassion and empathy for her subjects, which include species separated by some 100 million years of evolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49796\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 287px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/20/book-review-animal-wise/african_forest_elephant/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49796\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/African_Forest_Elephant.jpg\" alt=\"african elephant\" width=\"287\" height=\"350\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49796\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Elephants, massacred by the thousands in Africa for the ivory in their tusks, experience grief and something akin to post-traumatic stress syndrome when they lose a family member. This male was photographed in Gabon, which conservationists consider ground zero for elephant massacre. (Photo: Peter H. Wrege)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Without evolution as a guide, the cognitive skills of \u003cem>Homo sapiens\u003c/em> do not make sense biologically, Morell writes about animal physiologist Donald Griffin’s quest to bring science to the study of animal minds in the mid-1970s. Human cognition did not spring de novo from the hand of a divine creator, lingering protestations to the contrary. What, then, Morell asks, are the biological roots and evolutionary processes that gave rise to the cognitive capacities we share with our animal kin?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out, she travels the globe to visit researchers in their labs and in the field as they search for the evolutionary roots of cognition. In the process, she shows us not just the remarkable mental skills of “nonhuman” animals, but the nature of science and how we know what we know.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We learn about ant “teachers” that look, under a magnifying glass, like “Elizabethan actors or courtiers fashionably dressed in pantaloons and fancy hats” after Nigel Franks, an English behavioral ecologist, and his students painstakingly paint each one with a unique colored pattern. The work, though excruciating, helps reveal how and why each ant responds to a challenge—in this case, the destruction of the colony’s nest. The experiments, Morell reports, suggest that ants “the size of hyphens” make decisions when confronted with challenges and appear to teach their comrades to follow their lead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/3boAzft0qkE'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/3boAzft0qkE'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We meet a German neuroscientist named Stefan Schuster who found the perfect research subject by happy accident—a supplier mistakenly sent him a big aquarium, which he filled with archerfish “just for fun.” Three years in, Schuster realized the fish could help him study how animals with small brains can make complex decisions. Archerfish, “the sharpshooters of the piscine world,” fire streams of water at prey, usually insects, on branches or leaves above the surface then race to nab them once dislodged. By analyzing videotapes of archerfish squirting and grabbing prey under a variety of conditions, Schuster concluded that the fish learn how to shoot new and difficult targets by watching a skilled colleague.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Morell goes on to introduce us to the birds that forced scientists to rethink the meaning of bird-brained (including Betty, the tool-using crow), rats that “laugh” when tickled, elephants that experience post-traumatic stress after losing their matriarch, dolphins that cooperate to help another in distress and chimps whose sophisticated social intelligence forces us to consider our own failures. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/ofjo26O0z_o'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/ofjo26O0z_o'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She ends, fittingly, with the latest studies of our most constant companion, the dog, a species Darwin considered closer to humans than to the wolves they descended from. The similarities between dogs and human are so striking that one group of scientists decided that studying the transition from wolf to dog would say more about the evolution of the human mind than studying the differences between chimpanzees and humans. Dogs, Morell writes, were Darwin’s “prime example of how animals, other than humans, experience ‘pleasure and pain, happiness and memory.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Morell obliterates the lines that might separate us from the rest of the animal kingdom by relating trailblazing discoveries of the emotional and intellectual lives of animals. In the process, she challenges us to rethink our ethical obligations to the creatures who share our world. Morell notes that even some of the scientists studying animal cognition wanted to know how she would address the question of what sets us apart from other animals. “That question was not the point of the book,” she told them. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Given that we now know that we live in a world of sentient beings, not one of stimulus-response machines,\" Morell writes, \"we need to ask: ‘How should we treat these other emotional, thinking creatures?' ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, critics of those advocating for the compassionate treatment of animals have argued there’s no evidence to support their claims. As Morell makes clear, that argument no longer stands. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question, now, is: what are we going to do about it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>***\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hear Virginia Morell talk about Animal Wise at Pegasus Books, 2349 Shattuck Ave., Berkeley, March 14 at 7:30 p.m.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/49780/book-review-animal-wise","authors":["6322"],"categories":["quest_4"],"tags":["quest_11737","quest_11211","quest_168","quest_366","quest_1032","quest_13202"],"featImg":"quest_49783","label":"quest"},"quest_42879":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_42879","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"42879","score":null,"sort":[1345652832000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"in-defense-of-science-an-interview-with-ncse%e2%80%99s-eugenie-scott","title":"In Defense of Science: An Interview with NCSE’s Eugenie Scott","publishDate":1345652832,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42894\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/22/in-defense-of-science-an-interview-with-ncse%e2%80%99s-eugenie-scott/p1020007-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42894\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-42894\" title=\"Eugenie Scott\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/genie2-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Eugenie Scott\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Eugenie Scott, president of the Bay Area Skeptics and executive director of the National Center for Science Education. A physical anthropologist by training, Scott has spent the past three decades defending sound science and the teaching of evolution in schools. (Photo: Liza Gross)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A few weeks ago \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/08/doubt-and-denialism-vaccine-myths-persist-in-the-face-of-science/\">I wrote about what happens\u003c/a> when people respond to well-established science with disbelief or mistrust. As I noted, this is an occupational risk for researchers who work on vaccines (and journalists who write about them), which is why I told a cautionary tale about rejecting science in the face of super-bugs. The piece resonated with readers, but not in the way I’d hoped. Of nearly 220 comments, the vast majority opposed vaccination, for various reasons, rejecting the science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I considered how to respond, I wondered how science educators might deal with the chasm between scientific facts and public opinion. Then it struck me: who better to consider rebukes of mainstream science than the Bay Area’s own \u003ca href=\"http://ncse.com/evolution/eugenie-scott-wins-stephen-jay-gould-prize\">Eugenie Scott\u003c/a>?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of America’s most revered science guardians, Scott has long taught rational thought and “science as a way of knowing” as president of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.baskeptics.org/about\">Bay Area Skeptics \u003c/a>and as executive director of the Oakland-based \u003ca href=\"http://ncse.com/about\">National Center for Science Education\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Best-known for defending the teaching of evolution in public schools, Scott led NCSE into the climate wars in January, when the center launched its \u003ca href=\"http://ncse.com/about\">climate change education initiative\u003c/a> to help educators under attack for teaching students about climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I spoke with Scott last week about the challenges of communicating science when evidence runs headlong into ideology, belief, and denial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gross:\u003c/strong> One thing I noticed in some of the comments last week was a tendency to glom onto rare events, like adverse reactions to vaccines, to reject an entire body of science. NCSE hasn’t taken on the anti-vaccination issue, but do you see something similar with those who reject evolution and climate change?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scott:\u003c/strong> This kind of anomaly mongering is something that we’ve dealt with for decades with evolution. We’re starting to learn more about it with climate change. One such anomaly is the fact that 1998 was an unusually warm year. So if you measure from 1998 to 2008--the line goes down--cooling has happened, therefore global warming is not taking place. Now, this is exactly parallel to the kind of anomaly mongering you get with creationism. Where they’ll point to the live mollusk that carbon 14 dating indicated had been dead for 3,000 years, and say, therefore radioisotopic dating is not valid, therefore the Earth is young, therefore, evolution didn’t take place. It’s a logical series of arguments in one sense except the premises are all wrong because these are anomalies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42909\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 267px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/22/in-defense-of-science-an-interview-with-ncse%e2%80%99s-eugenie-scott/editorial_cartoon_depicting_charles_darwin_as_an_ape_1871/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42909\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-42909\" title=\"Editorial_cartoon_depicting_Charles_Darwin_as_an_ape_(1871)\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Editorial_cartoon_depicting_Charles_Darwin_as_an_ape_1871-267x360.jpg\" alt=\"Darwin as ape\" width=\"267\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This satirical cartoon depicting Charles Darwin as an ape, published in 1871, following the publication of Darwin's \"The Descent of Man,\" typified reactions of those who rejected Darwin's contention that humans and apes shared common ancestry.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the case of the 1998 year, that’s cherry picking the data in a most egregious fashion, because if you pick just about any other year, you’ll find that the climate is getting warmer. And with the living mollusk, \u003ca href=\"http://www.bcin.ca/Interface/openbcin.cgi?submit=submit&Chinkey=64152\">that article was not an attack upon radioisotopic dating\u003c/a>, but a methodology article showing the difference between carbon absorption in lacustrine [lake] versus riverine environments and how you must consider the source of your sample.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You find the same thing with people who object to vaccines. They’ll pick some anomalous observation and say, “See, see, we told you vaccines are dangerous,” or “We told you they’re ineffective,” or something along those lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To understand this phenomenon you really have to dig deeper into what is motivating people. First of all, I’d like to distinguish between the people who lead these movements versus the people who follow them. They’re not the ones generating the vaccine anomaly, so to speak, but they’ve read this literature and they’re parroting what they’ve heard. And your heart goes out to them. They’re concerned about their children. They don’t want their kids to get sick. But as many admit, they don’t fully understand the science. And your decisions are obviously going to be influenced by your emotions. We’re human beings, not automatons. But you need to temper them with good information, empirical information, dare I say scientific information, in order to make the best decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gross:\u003c/strong> Another parallel with the evolution and climate change denial narrative, which seems to relate to motivation, is the changing rationale for doubting the science. The reasons change but the doubt doesn’t, as if doubt itself is a motivation. How do you counter doubt with science?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scott:\u003c/strong> Well, I think one of the things to remember is that, like Gaul [\u003ca href=\"http://classics.mit.edu/Caesar/gallic.1.1.html\">Julius Caesar’s Gallic conquest\u003c/a>], the public is divided into three parts. You have the people who are perfectly okay with vaccines. You have the people who are really, really concerned about vaccines, and you have the vast majority of Americans who are in the middle. They haven’t thought about it very much. They are reachable with information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think we are unwise as scientists or as people who want to help the public understand science to ignore motivation. But we have to remember that different audiences are open to a different kinds of information. And I just can’t imagine that knowledge and information and the empirical evidence and the results of good studies are immaterial, especially for that middle group. They may be less likely to persuade the people in the category of, “I’ve got my fingers stuck in my ears and I don’t want to listen,” who have a really strong emotional, ideological investment in a position.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NCSE has always aimed at that big middle. In the case of evolution, the people who are not conservative Christians, who don’t have a religious or ideological reason to object to evolution but who just don’t know very much about it and who are reachable. I think with vaccines that should be the target for those of us who want to improve the understanding of vaccines and help communicate the importance of why you need to vaccinate your child.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gross:\u003c/strong> How do you reach the people in the middle when organized groups routinely perpetuate the myths? For a nonscientist it’s very difficult to figure out what to think, especially when the so-called “debates” on these issues become so emotionally charged. How do you cut through the emotions to help people think rationally?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42942\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 340px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/22/in-defense-of-science-an-interview-with-ncse%e2%80%99s-eugenie-scott/misconceptions_flawedtheory/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42942\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-42942\" title=\"misconceptions_flawedtheory\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/misconceptions_flawedtheory-340x360.gif\" alt=\"UCMP evolution creationism cartoon\" width=\"340\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Credit: University of California Museum of Paleontology - Understanding Evolution - www.berkeley.edu)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scott:\u003c/strong> Our experience with the evolution and climate change issues has been to recognize that there is a huge amount of dichotomous thinking going on. In the case of evolution you’re either a good guy Christian creationist or you’re a bad guy evolutionist atheist. Those are the packages that many students come into classrooms with. So breaking apart these dichotomies is very important because they’re false dichotomies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With Christians, there’s really a huge range of views about evolution from the most extreme creationists to theistic evolution, which is a position that God created [humans] through evolution. This is actually mainstream Christianity. The most extreme creationism goes from flat-Earthism through geocentrism to young-Earth creationism to old-Earth creationism to theistic evolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also dichotomous thinking going on in terms of climate change that doesn’t have anything to do with the science but with ideologies that prevent people from listening to the science. You’re either a good Republican, anti-global-warming person or you’re a pro-big-government, political liberal, global warming accepter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finding the people who think ideologically but still accept the science is what we would like to do. Our job at NCSE, at least in global warming and evolution, has been to point out that these dichotomies are false. And to find the people in intermediate positions who hold those ideological positions, find the conservative Christians who accept evolution, find the Republicans who accept global warming, find the libertarians who accept global warming and say, “See, you don’t need to let ideology get in the way to accept the science.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gross:\u003c/strong> There seems to be a similar dichotomy with vaccination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scott:\u003c/strong> Well, it’s different. It’s people protecting their kids. That’s the ideology. Go back to motivation. Why is it that people are rejecting vaccination for their kids? It’s obviously an emotional thing, I’m not criticizing that. People love their kids but they’re just hyper, hyper worried. I think that’s probably the motivator. So, when they hear something that is on the other side of standard science, they don’t know whether it’s credible or not but the more things they read they talk themselves into believing it. And, yes, there’s this kind of dichotomous reasoning: \"You’re either a good guy who really loves your kid or you’re a dogmatic scientist trying to cram this stuff down our throats.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The intermediate position that we try to invoke in the other two controversies we deal with is in this case people whose children have autism or perhaps other conditions people ascribe to vaccines but who still support vaccination. They have a credibility with other parents that scientists don’t. A scientist who is a parent can obviously wear two hats, but parents who can speak the language, so to speak, parents who are coping with an autistic child or a child who has suffered one of the diseases that are attributed to vaccinations can have more credibility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Again, I think we shouldn’t abandon the people who are in that one segment of society who are bound and determined not to accept vaccinations but we should really focus our attention more on keeping people from slipping down into that category. Certainly, that’s what we’ve done with evolution and that’s what we are likely to be doing with climate change as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gross:\u003c/strong> Do you think the fact that scientists argue over some aspects of science, like when to get mammograms, feeds into people’s doubts, so they think scientists don’t really know any more than they do?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scott:\u003c/strong> I think so much of what people misunderstand about science is this balance between science being very reliable in explaining the natural world yet it’s expandable. It’s the idea of core ideas of science, of frontier ideas, and then fringe ideas. We can expand our understanding of nature by testing new ideas against nature and throwing out the ones that don’t work, tentatively keeping the ones that do work because we need more and more tests before that tentative explanation goes into the core. But once we get that consensus, once scientists have arm wrestled over this new explanation and we’ve tested it up one side and down another and it goes into that core, then we stop arguing about it. This is where we are with evolution and climate change and the basic theory of vaccination—the basic understanding of antigens and antibodies and how you can prevent antigens from causing disease by zapping them with antibodies, which you acquire by getting a vaccination or getting the disease. Which do you want? Believe me, a vaccination is much more benign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That basic understanding about what makes vaccinations work is a core idea of science. We’re just not debating whether that works or not any more than we’re debating whether living things have common ancestors or the planet’s getting warmer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4GXPQzY58bs]\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Eugenie Scott, longtime director of Oakland's National Center for Science Education, has won numerous awards for helping the public understand science and defending evolution, especially against threats to replace it with “creation science” in public schools. She shares her thoughts on the challenges of communicating science in a climate of denial.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1366826182,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":29,"wordCount":2056},"headData":{"title":"In Defense of Science: An Interview with NCSE’s Eugenie Scott | KQED","description":"Eugenie Scott, longtime director of Oakland's National Center for Science Education, has won numerous awards for helping the public understand science and defending evolution, especially against threats to replace it with “creation science” in public schools. She shares her thoughts on the challenges of communicating science in a climate of denial.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"42879 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=42879","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/22/in-defense-of-science-an-interview-with-ncse%e2%80%99s-eugenie-scott/","disqusTitle":"In Defense of Science: An Interview with NCSE’s Eugenie Scott","path":"/quest/42879/in-defense-of-science-an-interview-with-ncse%e2%80%99s-eugenie-scott","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42894\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/22/in-defense-of-science-an-interview-with-ncse%e2%80%99s-eugenie-scott/p1020007-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42894\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-42894\" title=\"Eugenie Scott\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/genie2-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Eugenie Scott\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Eugenie Scott, president of the Bay Area Skeptics and executive director of the National Center for Science Education. A physical anthropologist by training, Scott has spent the past three decades defending sound science and the teaching of evolution in schools. (Photo: Liza Gross)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A few weeks ago \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/08/doubt-and-denialism-vaccine-myths-persist-in-the-face-of-science/\">I wrote about what happens\u003c/a> when people respond to well-established science with disbelief or mistrust. As I noted, this is an occupational risk for researchers who work on vaccines (and journalists who write about them), which is why I told a cautionary tale about rejecting science in the face of super-bugs. The piece resonated with readers, but not in the way I’d hoped. Of nearly 220 comments, the vast majority opposed vaccination, for various reasons, rejecting the science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I considered how to respond, I wondered how science educators might deal with the chasm between scientific facts and public opinion. Then it struck me: who better to consider rebukes of mainstream science than the Bay Area’s own \u003ca href=\"http://ncse.com/evolution/eugenie-scott-wins-stephen-jay-gould-prize\">Eugenie Scott\u003c/a>?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of America’s most revered science guardians, Scott has long taught rational thought and “science as a way of knowing” as president of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.baskeptics.org/about\">Bay Area Skeptics \u003c/a>and as executive director of the Oakland-based \u003ca href=\"http://ncse.com/about\">National Center for Science Education\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Best-known for defending the teaching of evolution in public schools, Scott led NCSE into the climate wars in January, when the center launched its \u003ca href=\"http://ncse.com/about\">climate change education initiative\u003c/a> to help educators under attack for teaching students about climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I spoke with Scott last week about the challenges of communicating science when evidence runs headlong into ideology, belief, and denial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gross:\u003c/strong> One thing I noticed in some of the comments last week was a tendency to glom onto rare events, like adverse reactions to vaccines, to reject an entire body of science. NCSE hasn’t taken on the anti-vaccination issue, but do you see something similar with those who reject evolution and climate change?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scott:\u003c/strong> This kind of anomaly mongering is something that we’ve dealt with for decades with evolution. We’re starting to learn more about it with climate change. One such anomaly is the fact that 1998 was an unusually warm year. So if you measure from 1998 to 2008--the line goes down--cooling has happened, therefore global warming is not taking place. Now, this is exactly parallel to the kind of anomaly mongering you get with creationism. Where they’ll point to the live mollusk that carbon 14 dating indicated had been dead for 3,000 years, and say, therefore radioisotopic dating is not valid, therefore the Earth is young, therefore, evolution didn’t take place. It’s a logical series of arguments in one sense except the premises are all wrong because these are anomalies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42909\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 267px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/22/in-defense-of-science-an-interview-with-ncse%e2%80%99s-eugenie-scott/editorial_cartoon_depicting_charles_darwin_as_an_ape_1871/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42909\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-42909\" title=\"Editorial_cartoon_depicting_Charles_Darwin_as_an_ape_(1871)\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Editorial_cartoon_depicting_Charles_Darwin_as_an_ape_1871-267x360.jpg\" alt=\"Darwin as ape\" width=\"267\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This satirical cartoon depicting Charles Darwin as an ape, published in 1871, following the publication of Darwin's \"The Descent of Man,\" typified reactions of those who rejected Darwin's contention that humans and apes shared common ancestry.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the case of the 1998 year, that’s cherry picking the data in a most egregious fashion, because if you pick just about any other year, you’ll find that the climate is getting warmer. And with the living mollusk, \u003ca href=\"http://www.bcin.ca/Interface/openbcin.cgi?submit=submit&Chinkey=64152\">that article was not an attack upon radioisotopic dating\u003c/a>, but a methodology article showing the difference between carbon absorption in lacustrine [lake] versus riverine environments and how you must consider the source of your sample.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You find the same thing with people who object to vaccines. They’ll pick some anomalous observation and say, “See, see, we told you vaccines are dangerous,” or “We told you they’re ineffective,” or something along those lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To understand this phenomenon you really have to dig deeper into what is motivating people. First of all, I’d like to distinguish between the people who lead these movements versus the people who follow them. They’re not the ones generating the vaccine anomaly, so to speak, but they’ve read this literature and they’re parroting what they’ve heard. And your heart goes out to them. They’re concerned about their children. They don’t want their kids to get sick. But as many admit, they don’t fully understand the science. And your decisions are obviously going to be influenced by your emotions. We’re human beings, not automatons. But you need to temper them with good information, empirical information, dare I say scientific information, in order to make the best decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gross:\u003c/strong> Another parallel with the evolution and climate change denial narrative, which seems to relate to motivation, is the changing rationale for doubting the science. The reasons change but the doubt doesn’t, as if doubt itself is a motivation. How do you counter doubt with science?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scott:\u003c/strong> Well, I think one of the things to remember is that, like Gaul [\u003ca href=\"http://classics.mit.edu/Caesar/gallic.1.1.html\">Julius Caesar’s Gallic conquest\u003c/a>], the public is divided into three parts. You have the people who are perfectly okay with vaccines. You have the people who are really, really concerned about vaccines, and you have the vast majority of Americans who are in the middle. They haven’t thought about it very much. They are reachable with information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think we are unwise as scientists or as people who want to help the public understand science to ignore motivation. But we have to remember that different audiences are open to a different kinds of information. And I just can’t imagine that knowledge and information and the empirical evidence and the results of good studies are immaterial, especially for that middle group. They may be less likely to persuade the people in the category of, “I’ve got my fingers stuck in my ears and I don’t want to listen,” who have a really strong emotional, ideological investment in a position.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NCSE has always aimed at that big middle. In the case of evolution, the people who are not conservative Christians, who don’t have a religious or ideological reason to object to evolution but who just don’t know very much about it and who are reachable. I think with vaccines that should be the target for those of us who want to improve the understanding of vaccines and help communicate the importance of why you need to vaccinate your child.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gross:\u003c/strong> How do you reach the people in the middle when organized groups routinely perpetuate the myths? For a nonscientist it’s very difficult to figure out what to think, especially when the so-called “debates” on these issues become so emotionally charged. How do you cut through the emotions to help people think rationally?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42942\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 340px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/22/in-defense-of-science-an-interview-with-ncse%e2%80%99s-eugenie-scott/misconceptions_flawedtheory/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42942\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-42942\" title=\"misconceptions_flawedtheory\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/misconceptions_flawedtheory-340x360.gif\" alt=\"UCMP evolution creationism cartoon\" width=\"340\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Credit: University of California Museum of Paleontology - Understanding Evolution - www.berkeley.edu)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scott:\u003c/strong> Our experience with the evolution and climate change issues has been to recognize that there is a huge amount of dichotomous thinking going on. In the case of evolution you’re either a good guy Christian creationist or you’re a bad guy evolutionist atheist. Those are the packages that many students come into classrooms with. So breaking apart these dichotomies is very important because they’re false dichotomies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With Christians, there’s really a huge range of views about evolution from the most extreme creationists to theistic evolution, which is a position that God created [humans] through evolution. This is actually mainstream Christianity. The most extreme creationism goes from flat-Earthism through geocentrism to young-Earth creationism to old-Earth creationism to theistic evolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also dichotomous thinking going on in terms of climate change that doesn’t have anything to do with the science but with ideologies that prevent people from listening to the science. You’re either a good Republican, anti-global-warming person or you’re a pro-big-government, political liberal, global warming accepter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finding the people who think ideologically but still accept the science is what we would like to do. Our job at NCSE, at least in global warming and evolution, has been to point out that these dichotomies are false. And to find the people in intermediate positions who hold those ideological positions, find the conservative Christians who accept evolution, find the Republicans who accept global warming, find the libertarians who accept global warming and say, “See, you don’t need to let ideology get in the way to accept the science.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gross:\u003c/strong> There seems to be a similar dichotomy with vaccination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scott:\u003c/strong> Well, it’s different. It’s people protecting their kids. That’s the ideology. Go back to motivation. Why is it that people are rejecting vaccination for their kids? It’s obviously an emotional thing, I’m not criticizing that. People love their kids but they’re just hyper, hyper worried. I think that’s probably the motivator. So, when they hear something that is on the other side of standard science, they don’t know whether it’s credible or not but the more things they read they talk themselves into believing it. And, yes, there’s this kind of dichotomous reasoning: \"You’re either a good guy who really loves your kid or you’re a dogmatic scientist trying to cram this stuff down our throats.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The intermediate position that we try to invoke in the other two controversies we deal with is in this case people whose children have autism or perhaps other conditions people ascribe to vaccines but who still support vaccination. They have a credibility with other parents that scientists don’t. A scientist who is a parent can obviously wear two hats, but parents who can speak the language, so to speak, parents who are coping with an autistic child or a child who has suffered one of the diseases that are attributed to vaccinations can have more credibility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Again, I think we shouldn’t abandon the people who are in that one segment of society who are bound and determined not to accept vaccinations but we should really focus our attention more on keeping people from slipping down into that category. Certainly, that’s what we’ve done with evolution and that’s what we are likely to be doing with climate change as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gross:\u003c/strong> Do you think the fact that scientists argue over some aspects of science, like when to get mammograms, feeds into people’s doubts, so they think scientists don’t really know any more than they do?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scott:\u003c/strong> I think so much of what people misunderstand about science is this balance between science being very reliable in explaining the natural world yet it’s expandable. It’s the idea of core ideas of science, of frontier ideas, and then fringe ideas. We can expand our understanding of nature by testing new ideas against nature and throwing out the ones that don’t work, tentatively keeping the ones that do work because we need more and more tests before that tentative explanation goes into the core. But once we get that consensus, once scientists have arm wrestled over this new explanation and we’ve tested it up one side and down another and it goes into that core, then we stop arguing about it. This is where we are with evolution and climate change and the basic theory of vaccination—the basic understanding of antigens and antibodies and how you can prevent antigens from causing disease by zapping them with antibodies, which you acquire by getting a vaccination or getting the disease. Which do you want? Believe me, a vaccination is much more benign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That basic understanding about what makes vaccinations work is a core idea of science. We’re just not debating whether that works or not any more than we’re debating whether living things have common ancestors or the planet’s getting warmer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/4GXPQzY58bs'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/4GXPQzY58bs'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/42879/in-defense-of-science-an-interview-with-ncse%e2%80%99s-eugenie-scott","authors":["6322"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_6","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_621","quest_622","quest_723","quest_11381","quest_1032","quest_11382","quest_13202","quest_2532","quest_13365","quest_3054"],"featImg":"quest_42894","label":"quest"},"quest_40551":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_40551","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"40551","score":null,"sort":[1341846038000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"seeding-life-through-the-universe","title":"Seeding Life Through the Universe ","publishDate":1341846038,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40556\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/09/seeding-life-through-the-universe/murchisonmeteroite/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40556\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/MurchisonMeteroite.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"MurchisonMeteroite\" width=\"640\" height=\"364\" class=\"size-full wp-image-40556\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/MurchisonMeteroite.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/MurchisonMeteroite-400x228.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This meteorite has lots of different organic molecules that may have helped to jump start life here on Earth.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Watching \u003cem>Prometheus\u003c/em>, the science-fiction film by Ridley Scott, with my son the other day got me to thinking about panspermia. This is the idea that life sometimes spreads through the universe by riding on interstellar flotsam and jetsam like meteors or asteroids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe a life-bearing planet blows up and some of the chunks have spores or at the very least a few building blocks of life. One of these chunks travels for centuries or millennia (or probably even longer) until it hits a lifeless planet where the spores come to life. Soon the planet is teeming with life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>(SPOILER ALERT)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This isn’t exactly what happened in \u003cem>Prometheus\u003c/em>. At the start of the movie, a humanoid alien disintegrates itself so that it can unleash its DNA into the waters of a lifeless Earth. The DNA then starts dividing and/or mutating, eventually resulting in all the life on Earth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, I assume it is mutating. Otherwise it would be very strange for all life to come from humanoid DNA. Although I suppose the alien could have been a colony of different organisms that were then all released into Earth’s lifeless oceans. Or maybe all the alien’s skin and intestinal bacteria were also released so they could spread throughout the Earth. Or any other of a number of possibilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Technically, though, this isn’t really panspermia. It is more akin to something called exogenesis. In panspermia, the spread of life is accidental. It is deliberate with exogenesis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I am a sucker for science-fiction movies like \u003cem>Prometheus\u003c/em>. I love the thought of being able to find and confront our extraterrestrial ancestors like ancient Greeks storming Mount Olympus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately there isn’t any good evidence that life on this planet came from another planet. But there are hints that the start of life on Earth may have been aided by space borne organic molecules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have found some very life like molecules on meteorites. For example, one meteorite is reported to have had uracil, a key component of RNA, as well as a number of other DNA-like bases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These probably didn’t come from planets that had life though. Instead they were created through some run-of-the-mill ammonium cyanide chemistry out in space. It may be that organic molecules are more easily created in space than they were on the Earth of four billion years ago. Or even that they are much easier to make than scientists previously thought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So these organic molecules from space might have provided some of the raw materials from which life arose rather than being proof of life elsewhere. Instead of an alien disintegrating so it could release its DNA, maybe lots of meteorites disintegrated and released their organic molecules to give life a jump-start. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is way more satisfying to me than panspermia or exogenesis. With either of these, we are just pushing the problem of the start of life back a step. Life had to evolve on those other planets at some point (or at least at a single planet somewhere) so panspermia doesn’t really answer the biggest question—where did we come from. It just rephrases the question to how did our extraterrestrial ancestors evolve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_TPQUgUOPhY]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Richard Dawkins on organic molecules from space\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Watching Prometheus the other day with my son got me to thinking about panspermia. This is the idea that life sometimes spreads through the universe by riding on interstellar flotsam and jetsam like meteors or asteroids.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1342628975,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":584},"headData":{"title":"Seeding Life Through the Universe | KQED","description":"Watching Prometheus the other day with my son got me to thinking about panspermia. This is the idea that life sometimes spreads through the universe by riding on interstellar flotsam and jetsam like meteors or asteroids.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"40551 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=40551","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/09/seeding-life-through-the-universe/","disqusTitle":"Seeding Life Through the Universe ","path":"/quest/40551/seeding-life-through-the-universe","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40556\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/09/seeding-life-through-the-universe/murchisonmeteroite/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40556\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/MurchisonMeteroite.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"MurchisonMeteroite\" width=\"640\" height=\"364\" class=\"size-full wp-image-40556\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/MurchisonMeteroite.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/MurchisonMeteroite-400x228.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This meteorite has lots of different organic molecules that may have helped to jump start life here on Earth.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Watching \u003cem>Prometheus\u003c/em>, the science-fiction film by Ridley Scott, with my son the other day got me to thinking about panspermia. This is the idea that life sometimes spreads through the universe by riding on interstellar flotsam and jetsam like meteors or asteroids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe a life-bearing planet blows up and some of the chunks have spores or at the very least a few building blocks of life. One of these chunks travels for centuries or millennia (or probably even longer) until it hits a lifeless planet where the spores come to life. Soon the planet is teeming with life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>(SPOILER ALERT)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This isn’t exactly what happened in \u003cem>Prometheus\u003c/em>. At the start of the movie, a humanoid alien disintegrates itself so that it can unleash its DNA into the waters of a lifeless Earth. The DNA then starts dividing and/or mutating, eventually resulting in all the life on Earth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, I assume it is mutating. Otherwise it would be very strange for all life to come from humanoid DNA. Although I suppose the alien could have been a colony of different organisms that were then all released into Earth’s lifeless oceans. Or maybe all the alien’s skin and intestinal bacteria were also released so they could spread throughout the Earth. Or any other of a number of possibilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Technically, though, this isn’t really panspermia. It is more akin to something called exogenesis. In panspermia, the spread of life is accidental. It is deliberate with exogenesis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I am a sucker for science-fiction movies like \u003cem>Prometheus\u003c/em>. I love the thought of being able to find and confront our extraterrestrial ancestors like ancient Greeks storming Mount Olympus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately there isn’t any good evidence that life on this planet came from another planet. But there are hints that the start of life on Earth may have been aided by space borne organic molecules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have found some very life like molecules on meteorites. For example, one meteorite is reported to have had uracil, a key component of RNA, as well as a number of other DNA-like bases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These probably didn’t come from planets that had life though. Instead they were created through some run-of-the-mill ammonium cyanide chemistry out in space. It may be that organic molecules are more easily created in space than they were on the Earth of four billion years ago. Or even that they are much easier to make than scientists previously thought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So these organic molecules from space might have provided some of the raw materials from which life arose rather than being proof of life elsewhere. Instead of an alien disintegrating so it could release its DNA, maybe lots of meteorites disintegrated and released their organic molecules to give life a jump-start. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is way more satisfying to me than panspermia or exogenesis. With either of these, we are just pushing the problem of the start of life back a step. Life had to evolve on those other planets at some point (or at least at a single planet somewhere) so panspermia doesn’t really answer the biggest question—where did we come from. It just rephrases the question to how did our extraterrestrial ancestors evolve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/_TPQUgUOPhY'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/_TPQUgUOPhY'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Richard Dawkins on organic molecules from space\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/40551/seeding-life-through-the-universe","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_4"],"tags":["quest_11271","quest_1032","quest_11268","quest_1656","quest_11272","quest_11269","quest_11270","quest_13202","quest_3319"],"featImg":"quest_40556","label":"quest"},"quest_33872":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_33872","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"33872","score":null,"sort":[1332880864000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-circus-of-evolution","title":"The Circus of Evolution","publishDate":1332880864,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33877\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/27/the-circus-of-evolution/cirque-du-soleil-totem/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33877\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Cirque-du-Soleil-Totem.jpg\" alt=\"Cirque du Soleil - Totem\" title=\"Cirque du Soleil - Totem\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33877\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Cirque-du-Soleil-Totem.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Cirque-du-Soleil-Totem-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cirque du Soleil - Totem - Red-Eyed and Reticulate Poison Dart Frogs\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I was super-excited to see \u003ca href=\"http://www.cirquedusoleil.com/en/shows/totem/default.aspx\" title=\"Cirque du Soleil - Totem\">Totem\u003c/a> because A) a friend who saw it in San Francisco \u003cem>raved\u003c/em> about it, and B) it's about evolution! How cool is that? Cirque du Soleil says of their latest touring show, \"TOTEM traces the fascinating journey of the human species from its original amphibian state to its ultimate desire to fly.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wait. Amphibians?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sure, humans (and dogs and horses and birds) evolved from amphibians. But our amphibian ancestors in turn evolved from fish, so you might just as well talk about our \"original fish state.\" And the fish evolved from some kind of worm, which in turn evolved from something like an amoeba . . . \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You know what? Let's just start with the origin of life on Earth, about 4 billion years ago. Pedantic scientist that I am, if I were to design a circus show about human evolution, I'd open with \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiogenesis\" title=\"Abiogenesis\">primordial soup\u003c/a>. Perhaps a human ladder would construct itself from nucleic acids and proteins. Then there would be an aerial \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis#Cyanobacteria_and_the_evolution_of_photosynthesis\" title=\"Evolution of Photosynthesis\">photosynthesis\u003c/a> act (2.4 billion years ago) in which \"light rays\" swing down from above and pass their energy to \"cells.\" The show's first climax would be an acrobatic act that grew ever more intricate as more and more performers joined in--the evolution of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/yeast-suggests-speedy-start-for-multicellular-life-1.9810\" title=\"Origin of Multicellularity - Nature News\">multicellularity\u003c/a> (600 million years ago).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The creators of Totem decided to skip all this and start \u003cem>in media res\u003c/em>, with amphibians--who evolved a scant 300 million years ago. However, I'm not exactly complaining, because the amphibian gymnastics are thrilling and their costumes spectacular. I went to the show with a friend who breeds frogs, and she instantly recognized the artists as \u003ca href=\"http://allaboutfrogs.org/info/species/redeye.html\" title=\"Red Eye Tree Frogs\">red-eyed tree frogs\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.poisondartfrog.co.uk/reticulatus.php\" title=\"Reticulated Poison Dart Frogs\">reticulated poison dart frogs\u003c/a>. Score one for anatomical accuracy--but for the sake of \u003cem>evolutionary\u003c/em> accuracy, I must point out that these are modern frog species, just as \"evolved\" as modern humans. They were not around 300 million years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By starting with amphibians, though, and returning to the water theme throughout the show, Totem pays appropriate homage to our aquatic origins. Just a few seconds of beautifully orchestrated sound and background video place the audience beside a rushing river in one scene, a quiet pond in the next. And the ocean, ancient mother of all life, is not forgotten.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The show is hardly an evolutionary textbook, but who could ask it to be? Totem is a tribute to the transcendence of human imagination and hard work--Cirque du Soleil at its best. It'll be in San Jose until April 15. Go see the magic that science can inspire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/27/the-circus-of-evolution/crystal_man/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33883\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/crystal_man.jpg\" alt=\"Cirque du Soleil - Totem - Crystal Man\" title=\"crystal_man\" width=\"490\" height=\"350\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-33883\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/crystal_man.jpg 490w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/crystal_man-400x286.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 490px) 100vw, 490px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"I was super-excited to see Totem because A) a friend who saw it in San Francisco raved about it, and B) it's about evolution! How cool is that? Cirque du Soleil says of their latest touring show, \"TOTEM traces the fascinating journey of the human species from its original amphibian state to its ultimate desire to fly.\"","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443827545,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":447},"headData":{"title":"The Circus of Evolution | KQED","description":"I was super-excited to see Totem because A) a friend who saw it in San Francisco raved about it, and B) it's about evolution! How cool is that? Cirque du Soleil says of their latest touring show, "TOTEM traces the fascinating journey of the human species from its original amphibian state to its ultimate desire to fly."","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"33872 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=33872","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/27/the-circus-of-evolution/","disqusTitle":"The Circus of Evolution","path":"/quest/33872/the-circus-of-evolution","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33877\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/27/the-circus-of-evolution/cirque-du-soleil-totem/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33877\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Cirque-du-Soleil-Totem.jpg\" alt=\"Cirque du Soleil - Totem\" title=\"Cirque du Soleil - Totem\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33877\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Cirque-du-Soleil-Totem.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Cirque-du-Soleil-Totem-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cirque du Soleil - Totem - Red-Eyed and Reticulate Poison Dart Frogs\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I was super-excited to see \u003ca href=\"http://www.cirquedusoleil.com/en/shows/totem/default.aspx\" title=\"Cirque du Soleil - Totem\">Totem\u003c/a> because A) a friend who saw it in San Francisco \u003cem>raved\u003c/em> about it, and B) it's about evolution! How cool is that? Cirque du Soleil says of their latest touring show, \"TOTEM traces the fascinating journey of the human species from its original amphibian state to its ultimate desire to fly.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wait. Amphibians?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sure, humans (and dogs and horses and birds) evolved from amphibians. But our amphibian ancestors in turn evolved from fish, so you might just as well talk about our \"original fish state.\" And the fish evolved from some kind of worm, which in turn evolved from something like an amoeba . . . \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You know what? Let's just start with the origin of life on Earth, about 4 billion years ago. Pedantic scientist that I am, if I were to design a circus show about human evolution, I'd open with \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiogenesis\" title=\"Abiogenesis\">primordial soup\u003c/a>. Perhaps a human ladder would construct itself from nucleic acids and proteins. Then there would be an aerial \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis#Cyanobacteria_and_the_evolution_of_photosynthesis\" title=\"Evolution of Photosynthesis\">photosynthesis\u003c/a> act (2.4 billion years ago) in which \"light rays\" swing down from above and pass their energy to \"cells.\" The show's first climax would be an acrobatic act that grew ever more intricate as more and more performers joined in--the evolution of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/yeast-suggests-speedy-start-for-multicellular-life-1.9810\" title=\"Origin of Multicellularity - Nature News\">multicellularity\u003c/a> (600 million years ago).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The creators of Totem decided to skip all this and start \u003cem>in media res\u003c/em>, with amphibians--who evolved a scant 300 million years ago. However, I'm not exactly complaining, because the amphibian gymnastics are thrilling and their costumes spectacular. I went to the show with a friend who breeds frogs, and she instantly recognized the artists as \u003ca href=\"http://allaboutfrogs.org/info/species/redeye.html\" title=\"Red Eye Tree Frogs\">red-eyed tree frogs\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.poisondartfrog.co.uk/reticulatus.php\" title=\"Reticulated Poison Dart Frogs\">reticulated poison dart frogs\u003c/a>. Score one for anatomical accuracy--but for the sake of \u003cem>evolutionary\u003c/em> accuracy, I must point out that these are modern frog species, just as \"evolved\" as modern humans. They were not around 300 million years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By starting with amphibians, though, and returning to the water theme throughout the show, Totem pays appropriate homage to our aquatic origins. Just a few seconds of beautifully orchestrated sound and background video place the audience beside a rushing river in one scene, a quiet pond in the next. And the ocean, ancient mother of all life, is not forgotten.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The show is hardly an evolutionary textbook, but who could ask it to be? Totem is a tribute to the transcendence of human imagination and hard work--Cirque du Soleil at its best. It'll be in San Jose until April 15. Go see the magic that science can inspire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/27/the-circus-of-evolution/crystal_man/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33883\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/crystal_man.jpg\" alt=\"Cirque du Soleil - Totem - Crystal Man\" title=\"crystal_man\" width=\"490\" height=\"350\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-33883\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/crystal_man.jpg 490w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/crystal_man-400x286.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 490px) 100vw, 490px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/33872/the-circus-of-evolution","authors":["6324"],"categories":["quest_4"],"tags":["quest_439","quest_10903","quest_10904","quest_1032","quest_1411","quest_3351","quest_10905","quest_2349","quest_13","quest_10906"],"featImg":"quest_33877","label":"quest"},"quest_32219":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_32219","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"32219","score":null,"sort":[1331187182000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"fictional-natural-history","title":"The Fact and Fiction of Fantastic Hybrids","publishDate":1331187182,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32223\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/07/fictional-natural-history/olympus-digital-camera-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32223\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/crabfish.jpg\" alt=\"Crabfish - Sandra Yagi\" title=\"Crabfish - Sandra Yagi\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-32223\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/crabfish.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/crabfish-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Crabfish - Sandra Yagi\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Have you heard of the Poisonous Fiddlerfrog, whose tadpoles grow up into crabs? Or the Hummingshrew, who eats flies as well as nectar?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These animals aren't real, so you'd only know about them if you've seen \u003ca href=\"http://sandrayagi.com/page10/page15/page15.html\" title=\"Sandra Yagi - Voyage Through A Hidden World\">Voyage Through a Hidden World\u003c/a>. This collaboration between artist Sandra Yagi and writer Julie Benbow is currently on display at \u003ca href=\"http://www.boneroompresents.com/\" title=\"The Bone Room Presents\">The Bone Room Presents\u003c/a> in Berkeley. Yagi's hybrid creatures are paired with Benbow's journal entries, written from the perspective of fictional 18th century explorer Lady Lavinia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32224\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 192px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/07/fictional-natural-history/olympus-digital-camera-3/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32224\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/rhinobeetle-192x253.jpg\" alt=\"Rhinobeetle - Sandra Yagi\" title=\"Rhinobeetle - Sandra Yagi\" width=\"192\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-32224\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rhinobeetle - Sandra Yagi\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Many members of the beautiful bestiary are puns incarnate. Real \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinoceros_beetle\" title=\"Wikipedia - Rhinoceros beetle\">rhino beetles\u003c/a> are large and oddly shaped, but Yagi's Rhinobeetle has the head of a literal rhinoceros. \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leafy_seadragon\" title=\"Wikipedia - Leafy seadragon\">Leafy seadragons\u003c/a> in our world are marine fish; the ones on Yagi's canvas crawl on reptilian limbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yagi has always been fascinated by science. \"I'd go to \u003ca href=\"http://www.bodyworlds.com/en.html\" title=\"Body Worlds\">Body Worlds\u003c/a> and take my sketchbook,\" she says. \"I collect anatomy books.\" The artist is also lucky to have a personal fact-checker: \"My partner works in medicine, so she'll tell me if I get anything wrong.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But aren't all hybrids \"getting it wrong\" in a spectacular way? In \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.outsideonline.com/outdoor-adventure/Zonkeys-Are-Pretty-Much-My-Favorite-Animal.html?page=all\" title=\"Jon Cohen - Outside - Zonkeys\">Zonkeys are Pretty Much My Favorite Animal\u003c/a>\" (July 31, 2007 \u003cem>Outside\u003c/em>), Jon Cohen points out that hybrids \"strain credulity--even when they're staring you in the face.\" They flout the organized structure we've set up to understand nature. And yet real hybrids are more common, and possibly more important to evolution, than most of us realize. Have you ever heard of blynxes? Pizzlies? \u003cem>Humanzees\u003c/em>?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But real-world hybrids are always produced by crosses between similar species. Remember the classification scheme you probably had to memorize in high school biology, with humans as an example:\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32225\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 193px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/07/fictional-natural-history/olympus-digital-camera-4/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32225\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/hummingshrew-193x253.jpg\" alt=\"Hummingshrew - Sandra Yagi\" title=\"Hummingshrew - Sandra Yagi\" width=\"193\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-32225\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hummingshrew - Sandra Yagi\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Kingdom\u003c/strong> (Animalia)\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Phylum\u003c/strong> (Chordata)\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Class\u003c/strong> (Mammalia)\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Order\u003c/strong> (Primate)\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Family\u003c/strong> (Hominidae)\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Genus\u003c/strong> (\u003cem>Homo\u003c/em>)\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Species\u003c/strong> (\u003cem>sapiens\u003c/em>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A bobcat (\u003cem>Lynx rufus\u003c/em>) and a lynx (\u003cem>Lynx lynx\u003c/em>) belong to the same \u003cstrong>genus\u003c/strong>, and they can make a baby blynx. Polar bears (\u003cem>Ursus maritimus\u003c/em>) and grizzlies (\u003cem>Ursus arctos\u003c/em>) are also congeners, and can join forces to create a pizzly. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hummingbirds and shrews, by contrast, belong to entirely separate \u003cstrong>classes\u003c/strong>, and frogs and crabs to separate \u003cstrong>phyla\u003c/strong>. Anatomical and chemical differences between these pairs are too extreme to allow hybridization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So fiddlerfrogs and hummingshrews remain confined to our imaginations. Disappointment, or relief? Your choice!\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Have you heard of the Poisonous Fiddlerfrog, whose tadpoles grow up into crabs? Or the Hummingshrew, who eats flies as well as nectar? These animals aren't real, so you'd only know about them if you've seen Voyage Through a Hidden World.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1331669688,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":400},"headData":{"title":"The Fact and Fiction of Fantastic Hybrids | KQED","description":"Have you heard of the Poisonous Fiddlerfrog, whose tadpoles grow up into crabs? Or the Hummingshrew, who eats flies as well as nectar? These animals aren't real, so you'd only know about them if you've seen Voyage Through a Hidden World.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"32219 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=32219","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/07/fictional-natural-history/","disqusTitle":"The Fact and Fiction of Fantastic Hybrids","path":"/quest/32219/fictional-natural-history","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32223\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/07/fictional-natural-history/olympus-digital-camera-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32223\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/crabfish.jpg\" alt=\"Crabfish - Sandra Yagi\" title=\"Crabfish - Sandra Yagi\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-32223\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/crabfish.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/crabfish-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Crabfish - Sandra Yagi\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Have you heard of the Poisonous Fiddlerfrog, whose tadpoles grow up into crabs? Or the Hummingshrew, who eats flies as well as nectar?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These animals aren't real, so you'd only know about them if you've seen \u003ca href=\"http://sandrayagi.com/page10/page15/page15.html\" title=\"Sandra Yagi - Voyage Through A Hidden World\">Voyage Through a Hidden World\u003c/a>. This collaboration between artist Sandra Yagi and writer Julie Benbow is currently on display at \u003ca href=\"http://www.boneroompresents.com/\" title=\"The Bone Room Presents\">The Bone Room Presents\u003c/a> in Berkeley. Yagi's hybrid creatures are paired with Benbow's journal entries, written from the perspective of fictional 18th century explorer Lady Lavinia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32224\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 192px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/07/fictional-natural-history/olympus-digital-camera-3/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32224\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/rhinobeetle-192x253.jpg\" alt=\"Rhinobeetle - Sandra Yagi\" title=\"Rhinobeetle - Sandra Yagi\" width=\"192\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-32224\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rhinobeetle - Sandra Yagi\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Many members of the beautiful bestiary are puns incarnate. Real \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinoceros_beetle\" title=\"Wikipedia - Rhinoceros beetle\">rhino beetles\u003c/a> are large and oddly shaped, but Yagi's Rhinobeetle has the head of a literal rhinoceros. \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leafy_seadragon\" title=\"Wikipedia - Leafy seadragon\">Leafy seadragons\u003c/a> in our world are marine fish; the ones on Yagi's canvas crawl on reptilian limbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yagi has always been fascinated by science. \"I'd go to \u003ca href=\"http://www.bodyworlds.com/en.html\" title=\"Body Worlds\">Body Worlds\u003c/a> and take my sketchbook,\" she says. \"I collect anatomy books.\" The artist is also lucky to have a personal fact-checker: \"My partner works in medicine, so she'll tell me if I get anything wrong.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But aren't all hybrids \"getting it wrong\" in a spectacular way? In \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.outsideonline.com/outdoor-adventure/Zonkeys-Are-Pretty-Much-My-Favorite-Animal.html?page=all\" title=\"Jon Cohen - Outside - Zonkeys\">Zonkeys are Pretty Much My Favorite Animal\u003c/a>\" (July 31, 2007 \u003cem>Outside\u003c/em>), Jon Cohen points out that hybrids \"strain credulity--even when they're staring you in the face.\" They flout the organized structure we've set up to understand nature. And yet real hybrids are more common, and possibly more important to evolution, than most of us realize. Have you ever heard of blynxes? Pizzlies? \u003cem>Humanzees\u003c/em>?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But real-world hybrids are always produced by crosses between similar species. Remember the classification scheme you probably had to memorize in high school biology, with humans as an example:\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32225\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 193px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/07/fictional-natural-history/olympus-digital-camera-4/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32225\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/hummingshrew-193x253.jpg\" alt=\"Hummingshrew - Sandra Yagi\" title=\"Hummingshrew - Sandra Yagi\" width=\"193\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-32225\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hummingshrew - Sandra Yagi\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Kingdom\u003c/strong> (Animalia)\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Phylum\u003c/strong> (Chordata)\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Class\u003c/strong> (Mammalia)\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Order\u003c/strong> (Primate)\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Family\u003c/strong> (Hominidae)\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Genus\u003c/strong> (\u003cem>Homo\u003c/em>)\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Species\u003c/strong> (\u003cem>sapiens\u003c/em>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A bobcat (\u003cem>Lynx rufus\u003c/em>) and a lynx (\u003cem>Lynx lynx\u003c/em>) belong to the same \u003cstrong>genus\u003c/strong>, and they can make a baby blynx. Polar bears (\u003cem>Ursus maritimus\u003c/em>) and grizzlies (\u003cem>Ursus arctos\u003c/em>) are also congeners, and can join forces to create a pizzly. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hummingbirds and shrews, by contrast, belong to entirely separate \u003cstrong>classes\u003c/strong>, and frogs and crabs to separate \u003cstrong>phyla\u003c/strong>. Anatomical and chemical differences between these pairs are too extreme to allow hybridization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So fiddlerfrogs and hummingshrews remain confined to our imaginations. Disappointment, or relief? Your choice!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/32219/fictional-natural-history","authors":["6324"],"categories":["quest_4"],"tags":["quest_216","quest_3309","quest_1032","quest_10751","quest_3351","quest_3307","quest_2349","quest_13202","quest_10752","quest_2871"],"featImg":"quest_32223","label":"quest"},"quest_30703":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_30703","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"30703","score":null,"sort":[1329757259000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"evolution-easy-as-can-be","title":"Evolution, Easy as Can Be","publishDate":1329757259,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30705\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/20/evolution-easy-as-can-be/rfpyeast/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30705\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/RFPyeast.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"RFPyeast\" width=\"640\" height=\"364\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30705\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/RFPyeast.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/RFPyeast-400x228.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Yeast like these are teaching us how simple evolution really is. Image courtesy of Masur, Wikimedia Commons\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Evolving from something simple like a single celled beast into a slug, mushroom, cactus or a human seems impossibly hard. The series of precise DNA changes you need is mind-boggling to think about. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unless, of course, the changes are easier than we imagine. For example, what if it is pretty easy to go from a single celled beast to a multi-cellular one? Or what if you can get increased complexity through easy to come by DNA changes? Then maybe it becomes easier to wrap your head around evolving complexity. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A couple of new studies in baker’s yeast are showing us just how easy it can be to build up complexity. Going from a single celled yeast into a multi-cellular one is pretty easy under the right conditions. And fairly common DNA changes can lead to increased complexity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taken together these two studies show us that increased complexity is easier to get than many people think. Certainly simpler than creating a 747 from a tornado in a junkyard!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I won’t have the space to deal with both studies in this blog. So I’ll talk about multicellularity in this one and then tackle the other, more complicated mutation example in my next entry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How to Make a Multi-Cellular Yeast\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the first study, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/109/5/1595\">Ratcliff and coworkers\u003c/a> used a very clever technique to end up with multi-cellular yeast. Basically they shook yeast in a big flask and only let those that were at the bottom reproduce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After just two months, you had these beautiful beasts:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mZAIzi0M2rY]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These aren’t just yeast cells stuck to each other either. That wouldn’t really be multi-cellular life. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, as you can see in the video, these new creatures give birth to smaller multi-cellular instead of reverting back to single celled yeast. Being multicellular is now the default state of these yeast. This is true even when you stop the flask experiment and let them grow “naturally.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only do they give rise to little versions of themselves, but they also have specialized cells within the snowflake cluster. For example, certain cells are willing to die so that the little juvenile snowflakes can separate from mom. No self-serving single cell would suicide like that unless it were part of a larger organism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the transition from one to many cells may be simpler than we thought. Which makes sense if current theories about life’s evolution are true. Scientists think multicellularity \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/%28SICI%291520-6602%281998%291:1%3C27::AID-INBI4%3E3.0.CO;2-6/pdf\">evolved dozens of times\u003c/a> over the last few billion years.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Evolving from something simple like a single celled beast into a slug, mushroom, cactus or a human seems impossibly hard. The series of precise DNA changes you need is mind-boggling to think about. Unless, of course, the changes are easier than we imagine.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1330542084,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":459},"headData":{"title":"Evolution, Easy as Can Be | KQED","description":"Evolving from something simple like a single celled beast into a slug, mushroom, cactus or a human seems impossibly hard. The series of precise DNA changes you need is mind-boggling to think about. Unless, of course, the changes are easier than we imagine.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"30703 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=30703","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/20/evolution-easy-as-can-be/","disqusTitle":"Evolution, Easy as Can Be","path":"/quest/30703/evolution-easy-as-can-be","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30705\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/20/evolution-easy-as-can-be/rfpyeast/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30705\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/RFPyeast.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"RFPyeast\" width=\"640\" height=\"364\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30705\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/RFPyeast.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/RFPyeast-400x228.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Yeast like these are teaching us how simple evolution really is. Image courtesy of Masur, Wikimedia Commons\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Evolving from something simple like a single celled beast into a slug, mushroom, cactus or a human seems impossibly hard. The series of precise DNA changes you need is mind-boggling to think about. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unless, of course, the changes are easier than we imagine. For example, what if it is pretty easy to go from a single celled beast to a multi-cellular one? Or what if you can get increased complexity through easy to come by DNA changes? Then maybe it becomes easier to wrap your head around evolving complexity. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A couple of new studies in baker’s yeast are showing us just how easy it can be to build up complexity. Going from a single celled yeast into a multi-cellular one is pretty easy under the right conditions. And fairly common DNA changes can lead to increased complexity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taken together these two studies show us that increased complexity is easier to get than many people think. Certainly simpler than creating a 747 from a tornado in a junkyard!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I won’t have the space to deal with both studies in this blog. So I’ll talk about multicellularity in this one and then tackle the other, more complicated mutation example in my next entry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How to Make a Multi-Cellular Yeast\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the first study, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/109/5/1595\">Ratcliff and coworkers\u003c/a> used a very clever technique to end up with multi-cellular yeast. Basically they shook yeast in a big flask and only let those that were at the bottom reproduce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After just two months, you had these beautiful beasts:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/mZAIzi0M2rY'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/mZAIzi0M2rY'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These aren’t just yeast cells stuck to each other either. That wouldn’t really be multi-cellular life. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, as you can see in the video, these new creatures give birth to smaller multi-cellular instead of reverting back to single celled yeast. Being multicellular is now the default state of these yeast. This is true even when you stop the flask experiment and let them grow “naturally.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only do they give rise to little versions of themselves, but they also have specialized cells within the snowflake cluster. For example, certain cells are willing to die so that the little juvenile snowflakes can separate from mom. No self-serving single cell would suicide like that unless it were part of a larger organism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the transition from one to many cells may be simpler than we thought. Which makes sense if current theories about life’s evolution are true. Scientists think multicellularity \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/%28SICI%291520-6602%281998%291:1%3C27::AID-INBI4%3E3.0.CO;2-6/pdf\">evolved dozens of times\u003c/a> over the last few billion years.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/30703/evolution-easy-as-can-be","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_4"],"tags":["quest_1032","quest_1197","quest_10704","quest_13202","quest_10705","quest_10703","quest_3319"],"featImg":"quest_30705","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. 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Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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