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When he’s not on the radio, Grant enjoys biking and gardening with his family in Lincoln, Nebraska.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/0e2c4a789680f3af627ed5da426902a0?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["coordinator","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Grant Gerlock | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/0e2c4a789680f3af627ed5da426902a0?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/0e2c4a789680f3af627ed5da426902a0?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/grantgerlock"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_72702":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_72702","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"72702","score":null,"sort":[1415977720000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-does-electricity-get-to-your-home","title":"How Does Electricity Get to Your Home?","publishDate":1415977720,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":12599,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>When you flick on a light switch or plug in your computer you’re using electricity. But where does it come from and how does it reach your house?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 40 percent of the energy from all energy resources is used to generate electricity, more than for any other single purpose. Scientific and technical understanding of energy has allowed us to generate, transmit and use electricity to heat homes, charge phones, light streets and so much more. In 2012 the U.S. generated more than four thousand billion kilowatt hours of electricity. That’s enough energy to drive today’s electric cars almost 12 trillion miles, or to the Sun and back nearly 12,000 times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[edge_animation id=\"16\"]\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Click on the numbers above to learn how electricity gets to your home.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As modern society became electrified there developed a network of power plants, transmission lines, substations and other components of an electricity transmission and distribution system. This network is called the “electrical grid,” or simply the grid. In the U.S., the grid is composed of approximately 6,600 power plants, over 300,000 miles of high-voltage transmission lines and tens of millions of final electricity-user destinations.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>This interactive explainer is featured in our \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/renewable-energy-careers/\" target=\"_blank\">Energy\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> e-book series. Click on the thumbnails below to download our free e-books or subscribe to our iTunes U course. You can also visit our \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\">e-books page\u003c/a> to view our other offerings.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-11944\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Energy-e-book-cover-2014_Basics-150x194.jpg\" alt=\"Energy e-book cover 2013_4\" width=\"105\" height=\"136\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Examine the science of energy, from what it is to where it comes from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/energy/id826157199?mt=13\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11945\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Download_on_iTunes_Badge_US-UK_110x40_1004.png\" alt=\"Download on iBooks\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/energy/id830977778\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/E-book-button-for-Web.png\" alt=\"Subscribe on iTunes\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-11944\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Energy-e-book-cover-2014_Use_Eff-150x194.jpg\" alt=\"Energy e-book cover 2013_4\" width=\"105\" height=\"136\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Explore how humans use energy — from generating electricity to developing energy-efficient technologies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/energy/id884353155?mt=13\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11945\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Download_on_iTunes_Badge_US-UK_110x40_1004.png\" alt=\"Download on iBooks\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/energy/id830977778\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/E-book-button-for-Web.png\" alt=\"Subscribe on iTunes\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"How does electricity move from a power plant to your home, school or nearby shopping center? Find out in this interactive graphic.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1493851583,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":277},"headData":{"title":"How Does Electricity Get to Your Home? | KQED","description":"How does electricity move from a power plant to your home, school or nearby shopping center? Find out in this interactive graphic.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"72702 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=72702","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/11/14/how-does-electricity-get-to-your-home/","disqusTitle":"How Does Electricity Get to Your Home?","path":"/quest/72702/how-does-electricity-get-to-your-home","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When you flick on a light switch or plug in your computer you’re using electricity. But where does it come from and how does it reach your house?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 40 percent of the energy from all energy resources is used to generate electricity, more than for any other single purpose. Scientific and technical understanding of energy has allowed us to generate, transmit and use electricity to heat homes, charge phones, light streets and so much more. In 2012 the U.S. generated more than four thousand billion kilowatt hours of electricity. That’s enough energy to drive today’s electric cars almost 12 trillion miles, or to the Sun and back nearly 12,000 times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[edge_animation id=\"16\"]\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Click on the numbers above to learn how electricity gets to your home.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As modern society became electrified there developed a network of power plants, transmission lines, substations and other components of an electricity transmission and distribution system. This network is called the “electrical grid,” or simply the grid. In the U.S., the grid is composed of approximately 6,600 power plants, over 300,000 miles of high-voltage transmission lines and tens of millions of final electricity-user destinations.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>This interactive explainer is featured in our \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/renewable-energy-careers/\" target=\"_blank\">Energy\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> e-book series. Click on the thumbnails below to download our free e-books or subscribe to our iTunes U course. You can also visit our \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\">e-books page\u003c/a> to view our other offerings.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-11944\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Energy-e-book-cover-2014_Basics-150x194.jpg\" alt=\"Energy e-book cover 2013_4\" width=\"105\" height=\"136\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Examine the science of energy, from what it is to where it comes from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/energy/id826157199?mt=13\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11945\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Download_on_iTunes_Badge_US-UK_110x40_1004.png\" alt=\"Download on iBooks\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/energy/id830977778\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/E-book-button-for-Web.png\" alt=\"Subscribe on iTunes\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-11944\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Energy-e-book-cover-2014_Use_Eff-150x194.jpg\" alt=\"Energy e-book cover 2013_4\" width=\"105\" height=\"136\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Explore how humans use energy — from generating electricity to developing energy-efficient technologies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/energy/id884353155?mt=13\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11945\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Download_on_iTunes_Badge_US-UK_110x40_1004.png\" alt=\"Download on iBooks\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/energy/id830977778\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/E-book-button-for-Web.png\" alt=\"Subscribe on iTunes\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/72702/how-does-electricity-get-to-your-home","authors":["10216"],"categories":["quest_11765"],"tags":["quest_12946","quest_954","quest_984","quest_13057","quest_2270","quest_2349","quest_10860","quest_2981"],"collections":["quest_12599"],"featImg":"quest_72747","label":"quest_12599"},"quest_25846":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_25846","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"25846","score":null,"sort":[1318038123000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"what-makes-us-conserve-energy-6-lessons-from-the-smart-grid","title":"What Makes Us Conserve Energy? 6 Lessons from the Smart Grid","publishDate":1318038123,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25851\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Meter.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25851\" title=\"Meter\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Meter-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A PG&E SmartMeter on a Bay Area home. (Photo: Lauren Sommer)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Smart meters have arrived for many Californians. More than 11 million have been installed by electric utilities in the state, with PG&E leading the way. The new meters digitally track a household's energy use. So, for the first time, we can see our daily and even hourly data online (with a one-day lag before it's posted).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies have shown that consumers reduce their energy use when they have access to this information. But as PG&E and other utilities have discovered, raw energy data doesn't mean much to most of us (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/in-a-sea-of-energy-data-utilities-try-to-inspire-conservation/\">including me in this week's QUEST story\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A number of clean tech start-ups and major corporations are jumping into this space, trying to bridge the gap between hardware (meter) and well, \"soft\"-ware (consumers).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting busy people to change their behavior is no simple task. So I spoke to two companies that have worked with PG&E and other utilities on this problem. Both \u003ca href=\"http://opower.com/\">Opower \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://www.silverspringnet.com/\">Silver Springs Networks\u003c/a> have designed the web portals that consumers see when they log into their utility accounts. They're designed not just to make us understand, but to inspire us to use less energy in our daily lives. I asked Dan Yates of Opower and Eric Dresselhuys of Silver Spring Networks what lessons they've learned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lesson 1: Keep Up with the Joneses \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might think that saving the planet would be enough of a reason to guilt us into energy conservation. But it turns out that our competitive streak is a bigger motivator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The companies' websites show customers how their energy use compares to similar houses in their neighborhood. Don't worry - they're not publishing exactly how much electricity the Smiths use down the street. But the companies say knowing how you compare to others is a powerful motivation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not shame,\" says Yates of Opower. \"It is really just recognizing an addressable opportunity to reduce usage. If I have a $250 utility bill, I don't really know how much I can save. But as soon as I know that a similar home in my neighborhood is paying $150, suddenly I feel like I have an addressable gap of $100 that I want to pay attention.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's called \"normative comparison\" in the behavioral science world. And Dresselhuys agrees. \"People don't like to lose. People start to wonder why they use so much more than their neighbor does and they start to dig into it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opower is rolling out new social features later this year that allow customers to compare themselves to friends on Facebook. \"It puts the information in a context that's relevant to people. We've seen the power of the neighbor comparison and we're taking it to the next level with the friend comparison,\" says Yates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lesson 2: Provide Concrete Advice\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once you get people's attention, they need specific recommendations to take action on – and those recommendations need to be doable, say Yates. \"People don't want data, they want insights.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I always joke that my mom is my litmus test. And I know that she would never spend a minute looking at raw energy data. But what she would love to find out is that her freezer is very energy intensive and it would be worth it to buy a new one,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opower is working with PG&E to roll out a new web portal to customers by the end of the year. Using smart meter data, they can analyze a household's energy use and break it into four categories: heating, cooling, base load (like refrigerator and DVR) and everything else (like lighting and TV watching).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heating and cooling makes up half of a home's energy use on average. Yates says reducing your heating and cooling load is one of the easiest ways to save energy and reduce your bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lesson 3: Get Information Out There\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The average customer isn't getting up in the morning and checking their energy use data,\" says Yates. Emails, text messages and plain old snail mail are crucial for getting customers to pay attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eric Dresselhuys says mobile devices, including iPhone apps, are making it much easier. \"You can get a text if your electricity usage is getting high. Or the utility can send a message on peak days when they need customers to conserve energy,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Letting customers know what their bill will be is also a good way to get their attention. \"Today, getting your utility bill is like shopping for groceries all month long and never seeing a bill until the end of the month,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lesson 4: Set a Goal\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember those gold stars in elementary school? It turns out we still like to be rewarded when we achieve something.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we see is that getting people to go after a goal, even 5%, has a big impact,\" says Yates. When they track a customer's progress towards a goal, Yates says it helps them save energy, no matter the size of the goal. \"It's applicable even if you're at the very bottom of the pile and use a ton of energy,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lesson 5: Tell People When They Do Well but Don't Overdo it\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Say you're super energy efficient, turning off lights and power strips in your house with unrelenting dedication. If your utility tells you that you're head and shoulders above everyone else, chances are you'll stop trying so hard. \"This was a concerning outcome of earlier studies we did,\" says Yates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's been seen in other scenarios. There was an anti-drinking campaign called ‘two beers is enough' at college campuses. There were non-drinkers who started thinking ‘if the campus is telling me two is enough, maybe I should drink more beer,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We've designed our reports so everyone has a goal in front of them,\" says Yates. It's always good to reward people for doing a good job, but Yates says they stay away from telling people if they're achieving way above expectations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lesson 6: The Smart Grid is Probably Smarter without Consumers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Home automation, as its known, is almost a holy grail for utilities. If technology can take care of energy conservation, then customers don't have do remember to do it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is that on peak days, when the utility needs to conserve energy, it can send a message to a customer's smart meter. The meter is connected to the thermostat over a Home Area Network, so the thermostat adjusts itself by a few degrees to conserve electricity. Customers can opt-out anytime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both the carrot and stick in this case comes in the form of a varied pricing plan. During hot afternoons or so-called \"peak events,\" electricity would be more expensive. So the customer has the potential to save money by shifting their energy use later in the evening when power is cheaper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dresselhuys says they saw the potential of this in a pilot with Oklahoma Gas & Electric customers. \"The more automation in the home, the higher the level of savings. Using that home automation about doubles the amount of money they can save,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/Radio6-2-EnergyBehavior2//_files/iframe.html?noscale=640x423\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"640\" height=\"423\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Smart meters are providing consumers with hourly and daily energy use information. But does it inspire conservation?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1367348485,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/Radio6-2-EnergyBehavior2//_files/iframe.html"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":34,"wordCount":1237},"headData":{"title":"What Makes Us Conserve Energy? 6 Lessons from the Smart Grid | KQED","description":"Smart meters are providing consumers with hourly and daily energy use information. But does it inspire conservation?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"25846 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=25846","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/07/what-makes-us-conserve-energy-6-lessons-from-the-smart-grid/","disqusTitle":"What Makes Us Conserve Energy? 6 Lessons from the Smart Grid","path":"/quest/25846/what-makes-us-conserve-energy-6-lessons-from-the-smart-grid","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25851\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Meter.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25851\" title=\"Meter\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Meter-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A PG&E SmartMeter on a Bay Area home. (Photo: Lauren Sommer)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Smart meters have arrived for many Californians. More than 11 million have been installed by electric utilities in the state, with PG&E leading the way. The new meters digitally track a household's energy use. So, for the first time, we can see our daily and even hourly data online (with a one-day lag before it's posted).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies have shown that consumers reduce their energy use when they have access to this information. But as PG&E and other utilities have discovered, raw energy data doesn't mean much to most of us (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/in-a-sea-of-energy-data-utilities-try-to-inspire-conservation/\">including me in this week's QUEST story\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A number of clean tech start-ups and major corporations are jumping into this space, trying to bridge the gap between hardware (meter) and well, \"soft\"-ware (consumers).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting busy people to change their behavior is no simple task. So I spoke to two companies that have worked with PG&E and other utilities on this problem. Both \u003ca href=\"http://opower.com/\">Opower \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://www.silverspringnet.com/\">Silver Springs Networks\u003c/a> have designed the web portals that consumers see when they log into their utility accounts. They're designed not just to make us understand, but to inspire us to use less energy in our daily lives. I asked Dan Yates of Opower and Eric Dresselhuys of Silver Spring Networks what lessons they've learned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lesson 1: Keep Up with the Joneses \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might think that saving the planet would be enough of a reason to guilt us into energy conservation. But it turns out that our competitive streak is a bigger motivator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The companies' websites show customers how their energy use compares to similar houses in their neighborhood. Don't worry - they're not publishing exactly how much electricity the Smiths use down the street. But the companies say knowing how you compare to others is a powerful motivation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not shame,\" says Yates of Opower. \"It is really just recognizing an addressable opportunity to reduce usage. If I have a $250 utility bill, I don't really know how much I can save. But as soon as I know that a similar home in my neighborhood is paying $150, suddenly I feel like I have an addressable gap of $100 that I want to pay attention.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's called \"normative comparison\" in the behavioral science world. And Dresselhuys agrees. \"People don't like to lose. People start to wonder why they use so much more than their neighbor does and they start to dig into it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opower is rolling out new social features later this year that allow customers to compare themselves to friends on Facebook. \"It puts the information in a context that's relevant to people. We've seen the power of the neighbor comparison and we're taking it to the next level with the friend comparison,\" says Yates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lesson 2: Provide Concrete Advice\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once you get people's attention, they need specific recommendations to take action on – and those recommendations need to be doable, say Yates. \"People don't want data, they want insights.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I always joke that my mom is my litmus test. And I know that she would never spend a minute looking at raw energy data. But what she would love to find out is that her freezer is very energy intensive and it would be worth it to buy a new one,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opower is working with PG&E to roll out a new web portal to customers by the end of the year. Using smart meter data, they can analyze a household's energy use and break it into four categories: heating, cooling, base load (like refrigerator and DVR) and everything else (like lighting and TV watching).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heating and cooling makes up half of a home's energy use on average. Yates says reducing your heating and cooling load is one of the easiest ways to save energy and reduce your bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lesson 3: Get Information Out There\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The average customer isn't getting up in the morning and checking their energy use data,\" says Yates. Emails, text messages and plain old snail mail are crucial for getting customers to pay attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eric Dresselhuys says mobile devices, including iPhone apps, are making it much easier. \"You can get a text if your electricity usage is getting high. Or the utility can send a message on peak days when they need customers to conserve energy,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Letting customers know what their bill will be is also a good way to get their attention. \"Today, getting your utility bill is like shopping for groceries all month long and never seeing a bill until the end of the month,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lesson 4: Set a Goal\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember those gold stars in elementary school? It turns out we still like to be rewarded when we achieve something.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we see is that getting people to go after a goal, even 5%, has a big impact,\" says Yates. When they track a customer's progress towards a goal, Yates says it helps them save energy, no matter the size of the goal. \"It's applicable even if you're at the very bottom of the pile and use a ton of energy,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lesson 5: Tell People When They Do Well but Don't Overdo it\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Say you're super energy efficient, turning off lights and power strips in your house with unrelenting dedication. If your utility tells you that you're head and shoulders above everyone else, chances are you'll stop trying so hard. \"This was a concerning outcome of earlier studies we did,\" says Yates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's been seen in other scenarios. There was an anti-drinking campaign called ‘two beers is enough' at college campuses. There were non-drinkers who started thinking ‘if the campus is telling me two is enough, maybe I should drink more beer,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We've designed our reports so everyone has a goal in front of them,\" says Yates. It's always good to reward people for doing a good job, but Yates says they stay away from telling people if they're achieving way above expectations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lesson 6: The Smart Grid is Probably Smarter without Consumers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Home automation, as its known, is almost a holy grail for utilities. If technology can take care of energy conservation, then customers don't have do remember to do it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is that on peak days, when the utility needs to conserve energy, it can send a message to a customer's smart meter. The meter is connected to the thermostat over a Home Area Network, so the thermostat adjusts itself by a few degrees to conserve electricity. Customers can opt-out anytime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both the carrot and stick in this case comes in the form of a varied pricing plan. During hot afternoons or so-called \"peak events,\" electricity would be more expensive. So the customer has the potential to save money by shifting their energy use later in the evening when power is cheaper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dresselhuys says they saw the potential of this in a pilot with Oklahoma Gas & Electric customers. \"The more automation in the home, the higher the level of savings. Using that home automation about doubles the amount of money they can save,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/Radio6-2-EnergyBehavior2//_files/iframe.html?noscale=640x423\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"640\" height=\"423\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/25846/what-makes-us-conserve-energy-6-lessons-from-the-smart-grid","authors":["239"],"categories":["quest_11765","quest_8","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_684","quest_954","quest_984","quest_1337","quest_1379","quest_1664","quest_2270","quest_2662","quest_2663"],"featImg":"quest_25851","label":"quest"},"quest_25818":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_25818","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"25818","score":null,"sort":[1318019691000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"in-a-sea-of-energy-data-utilities-try-to-inspire-conservation","title":"In a Sea of Energy Data, Utilities Try to Inspire Conservation","publishDate":1318019691,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":3357,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/10/2011-10-10-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25820\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Smart-home-640.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25820\" title=\"Smart-home-640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Smart-home-640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A \"smart\" demonstration home set up by Southern California Edison. (Photo: Lauren Sommer)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California's electric utilities have installed more than 11 million smart meters in homes and businesses around the state. Which means for the first time, customers can see how much electricity they're using every hour, instead of once-a-month when the bill comes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consumers use less energy, studies have shown, when they can see that real-time data. But getting customers to pay attention in the first place may be the biggest hurdle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Digital smart meters provide a stream of energy use data, which industry analysts say has the potential to remake our homes. That's evident just outside of Los Angeles, where \u003ca href=\"http://www.sce.com/default.htm\">Southern California Edison\u003c/a> has set up a \"smart\" demonstration home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Above us we have photovoltaic solar panels to the left used for generating electricity and a solar thermal water heating system,\" says Cynthia Miller as she leads a tour of the \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.sce.com/b-sb/energy-centers/ctac/tour-ctac/smart-energy-experience.htm\">Smart Energy Experience\u003c/a>.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You might notice that we have some nice appliances,\" she says, pointing to the kitchen. The house is a green gadget-lovers dream. There's an electric car in the garage, LED lights, and a \"smart\" washing machine that communicates with the dryer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They're able to talk to each other so the washer can tell the dryer what its washing and the dryer can determine the optimal heat setting for that particular load of laundry,\" Miller says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's also a small screen in the kitchen that shows how much power the house is using at any given moment. Miller demonstrates what happens when you turn the toaster on. \"And we'll see a jump here... and there we go. The jump happened and it's 1.7 kilowatts at 41 cents per hour.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The real intelligence of this house is its ability to communicate with the electric grid through its \u003ca href=\"http://www.sdge.com/smartmeter/homeAreaNetwork.shtml\">Home Area Network\u003c/a>. So on a hot summer day, when SCE is cranking out power, the utility could send a message to your house that kicks your home into conservation mode.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You notice my lights have dimmed, the ceiling fan turned on, the shades are coming down,\" says Miller. The thermostat turns up to 73 degrees and the air-conditioning shuts off. SCE would offer this as a voluntary program with financial incentives to sweeten the deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You know, what we anticipate is the awareness is really going to drive a change in behavior for our customers because this information is compelling,\" says Miller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Swimming in a Sea of Data\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, our homes today aren't quite as advanced. That's evident every time I log into my \u003ca href=\"http://www.pge.com/smartmeter/\">PG&E SmartMeter account\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25873\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/PGE-current21.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-25873\" title=\"PGE current2\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/PGE-current21.jpg\" alt=\"My home energy use on PG&E's website.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">My home energy use on PG&E's website.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>My account shows charts of my home's daily and hourly energy use. But, for the average consumer like me, it doesn't tell me a lot. I see a few spikes in the chart where clearly my husband and I used more electricity, but what caused it? Neither of us could figure it out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For most people, including for me, that really is not very useful information,\" says Jim Sweeney, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://peec.stanford.edu/index.php\">Precourt Energy Efficiency Center\u003c/a> at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies have shown that consumers reduce their energy use by as much as 10 percent when they have smart meter data like mine. Sweeney says they also studied that with a group of Google employees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The results have been very disappointing. In the first month, there was a significant reduction of energy use, but by end of three or four months, they were back to the same amount. This becomes an interesting toy or gimmick for people at first, but then they get tired of doing it and they revert right back to the old behavior patterns,\" Sweeney says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No One Said Change Was Easy\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sweeney says using electricity in our homes is a lot like going grocery shopping in a store with no price tags. \"There are flank steak and chuck steak and hamburger. But you've never seen a price tag ever in a grocery store. How good a shopper would you be with that little information?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are reasons to pay attention to energy, whether it's to reduce your carbon footprint or save money on your utility bill. But even though electricity may seem expensive, Sweeney says it's only a small part of the average household's income.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We use 2.3 percent of our disposable personal income for electricity, natural gas and all other energy in the house. So if you have work hard to save that, you're probably not going to do it,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sweeney believes the key is to attach a price tag to the decisions we make the second we make them. So, if you turn up your air conditioning, the thermostat tells you how much more you're spending.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technology to do that isn't far away. Today's smart meters already have the capability to talk to your house through a home area network. The California Public Utilities Commission also \u003ca href=\"http://docs.cpuc.ca.gov/published/News_release/140316.htm\">recently ruled\u003c/a> that utilities must make customers' energy use data available to third-party companies that sell home energy management systems, if a customer purchases one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But utilities have a long way to go to get customers to think this way. Only 20 percent of PG&E customers have set up online accounts. And according to one study, consumers interact with their utilities for only six minutes a year on average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Clean Tech Companies Search for the Secret Recipe\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have to get it right when we have those six minutes,\" says Dan Yates, CEO of \u003ca href=\"http://opower.com/\">Opower\u003c/a>, a smart grid technology company that's trying to find the secret sauce of behavioral change. PG&E has hired Opower to redesign the website I was looking at. (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/07/what-makes-us-conserve-energy-6-lessons-from-the-smart-grid/\">Check out a preview here\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People don't want data, they want insights. So, I always joke that my mom is my litmus test. And I know that she would never spend a minute looking at raw energy data. But what she would love to find out is that her freezer is very energy intensive,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working with other utilities, Opower says their program has helped households cut their energy use by one to three percent and the change sticks. They do that by showing customers how their energy use compares to similar homes in their neighborhood. (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/07/what-makes-us-conserve-energy-6-lessons-from-the-smart-grid/\">More about what motivates us\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not shame. It is really just recognizing an addressable opportunity to reduce usage. And then when you start to have people's attention, the key comes down to have relevant, targeting insights,\" says Yates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yates says for utilities that are used to dealing with hardware, working with behavioral science is a new challenge. But it's one with the potential to remake the way we consume energy. PG&E's redesigned SmartMeter website will be available by the end of the year.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Smart meters are providing California households with their hourly and daily energy use information for the first time. Consumers use less electricity, studies have shown, when they can see that data. But getting them to pay attention to energy in the first place may be the biggest hurdle.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1366919611,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":31,"wordCount":1188},"headData":{"title":"In a Sea of Energy Data, Utilities Try to Inspire Conservation | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"25818 http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/in-a-sea-of-energy-data-utilities-try-to-inspire-conservation/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/07/in-a-sea-of-energy-data-utilities-try-to-inspire-conservation/","disqusTitle":"In a Sea of Energy Data, Utilities Try to Inspire Conservation","path":"/quest/25818/in-a-sea-of-energy-data-utilities-try-to-inspire-conservation","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/10/2011-10-10-quest.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/10/2011-10-10-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25820\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Smart-home-640.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25820\" title=\"Smart-home-640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Smart-home-640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A \"smart\" demonstration home set up by Southern California Edison. (Photo: Lauren Sommer)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California's electric utilities have installed more than 11 million smart meters in homes and businesses around the state. Which means for the first time, customers can see how much electricity they're using every hour, instead of once-a-month when the bill comes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consumers use less energy, studies have shown, when they can see that real-time data. But getting customers to pay attention in the first place may be the biggest hurdle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Digital smart meters provide a stream of energy use data, which industry analysts say has the potential to remake our homes. That's evident just outside of Los Angeles, where \u003ca href=\"http://www.sce.com/default.htm\">Southern California Edison\u003c/a> has set up a \"smart\" demonstration home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Above us we have photovoltaic solar panels to the left used for generating electricity and a solar thermal water heating system,\" says Cynthia Miller as she leads a tour of the \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.sce.com/b-sb/energy-centers/ctac/tour-ctac/smart-energy-experience.htm\">Smart Energy Experience\u003c/a>.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You might notice that we have some nice appliances,\" she says, pointing to the kitchen. The house is a green gadget-lovers dream. There's an electric car in the garage, LED lights, and a \"smart\" washing machine that communicates with the dryer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They're able to talk to each other so the washer can tell the dryer what its washing and the dryer can determine the optimal heat setting for that particular load of laundry,\" Miller says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's also a small screen in the kitchen that shows how much power the house is using at any given moment. Miller demonstrates what happens when you turn the toaster on. \"And we'll see a jump here... and there we go. The jump happened and it's 1.7 kilowatts at 41 cents per hour.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The real intelligence of this house is its ability to communicate with the electric grid through its \u003ca href=\"http://www.sdge.com/smartmeter/homeAreaNetwork.shtml\">Home Area Network\u003c/a>. So on a hot summer day, when SCE is cranking out power, the utility could send a message to your house that kicks your home into conservation mode.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You notice my lights have dimmed, the ceiling fan turned on, the shades are coming down,\" says Miller. The thermostat turns up to 73 degrees and the air-conditioning shuts off. SCE would offer this as a voluntary program with financial incentives to sweeten the deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You know, what we anticipate is the awareness is really going to drive a change in behavior for our customers because this information is compelling,\" says Miller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Swimming in a Sea of Data\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, our homes today aren't quite as advanced. That's evident every time I log into my \u003ca href=\"http://www.pge.com/smartmeter/\">PG&E SmartMeter account\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25873\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/PGE-current21.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-25873\" title=\"PGE current2\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/PGE-current21.jpg\" alt=\"My home energy use on PG&E's website.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">My home energy use on PG&E's website.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>My account shows charts of my home's daily and hourly energy use. But, for the average consumer like me, it doesn't tell me a lot. I see a few spikes in the chart where clearly my husband and I used more electricity, but what caused it? Neither of us could figure it out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For most people, including for me, that really is not very useful information,\" says Jim Sweeney, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://peec.stanford.edu/index.php\">Precourt Energy Efficiency Center\u003c/a> at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies have shown that consumers reduce their energy use by as much as 10 percent when they have smart meter data like mine. Sweeney says they also studied that with a group of Google employees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The results have been very disappointing. In the first month, there was a significant reduction of energy use, but by end of three or four months, they were back to the same amount. This becomes an interesting toy or gimmick for people at first, but then they get tired of doing it and they revert right back to the old behavior patterns,\" Sweeney says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No One Said Change Was Easy\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sweeney says using electricity in our homes is a lot like going grocery shopping in a store with no price tags. \"There are flank steak and chuck steak and hamburger. But you've never seen a price tag ever in a grocery store. How good a shopper would you be with that little information?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are reasons to pay attention to energy, whether it's to reduce your carbon footprint or save money on your utility bill. But even though electricity may seem expensive, Sweeney says it's only a small part of the average household's income.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We use 2.3 percent of our disposable personal income for electricity, natural gas and all other energy in the house. So if you have work hard to save that, you're probably not going to do it,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sweeney believes the key is to attach a price tag to the decisions we make the second we make them. So, if you turn up your air conditioning, the thermostat tells you how much more you're spending.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technology to do that isn't far away. Today's smart meters already have the capability to talk to your house through a home area network. The California Public Utilities Commission also \u003ca href=\"http://docs.cpuc.ca.gov/published/News_release/140316.htm\">recently ruled\u003c/a> that utilities must make customers' energy use data available to third-party companies that sell home energy management systems, if a customer purchases one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But utilities have a long way to go to get customers to think this way. Only 20 percent of PG&E customers have set up online accounts. And according to one study, consumers interact with their utilities for only six minutes a year on average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Clean Tech Companies Search for the Secret Recipe\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have to get it right when we have those six minutes,\" says Dan Yates, CEO of \u003ca href=\"http://opower.com/\">Opower\u003c/a>, a smart grid technology company that's trying to find the secret sauce of behavioral change. PG&E has hired Opower to redesign the website I was looking at. (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/07/what-makes-us-conserve-energy-6-lessons-from-the-smart-grid/\">Check out a preview here\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People don't want data, they want insights. So, I always joke that my mom is my litmus test. And I know that she would never spend a minute looking at raw energy data. But what she would love to find out is that her freezer is very energy intensive,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working with other utilities, Opower says their program has helped households cut their energy use by one to three percent and the change sticks. They do that by showing customers how their energy use compares to similar homes in their neighborhood. (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/07/what-makes-us-conserve-energy-6-lessons-from-the-smart-grid/\">More about what motivates us\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not shame. It is really just recognizing an addressable opportunity to reduce usage. And then when you start to have people's attention, the key comes down to have relevant, targeting insights,\" says Yates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yates says for utilities that are used to dealing with hardware, working with behavioral science is a new challenge. But it's one with the potential to remake the way we consume energy. PG&E's redesigned SmartMeter website will be available by the end of the year.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/25818/in-a-sea-of-energy-data-utilities-try-to-inspire-conservation","authors":["239"],"categories":["quest_11765","quest_8","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_684","quest_686","quest_10195","quest_954","quest_984","quest_987","quest_1379","quest_13203","quest_2172","quest_13202","quest_2663"],"collections":["quest_3357"],"featImg":"quest_25820","label":"quest_3357"},"quest_25030":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_25030","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"25030","score":null,"sort":[1316814893000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"mercury-rises-on-coal-costs","title":"Mercury Rises on Coal Costs","publishDate":1316814893,"format":"audio","headTitle":"Coal at the Crossroads | QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":10214,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/09/2011-9-23-quest-nebraska-coal.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Half of the airborne mercury pollution in the US comes from coal-fired power plants. After years of study and debate, the Environmental Protection Agency is planning to announce new limits on mercury from coal plants in November. Meanwhile, utilities are scrambling to meet other new federal regulations and industry groups are asking the government to slow down. Grant Gerlock of NET Nebaska reports for our special radio series, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/coal-at-the-crossroads/\">Coal at the Crossroads\u003c/a>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25034\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/coal-nebraksa-inline640-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Bluestem Lake near Lincoln, Nebraska\" title=\"Bluestem Lake near Lincoln, Nebraska\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25034\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bluestem Lake near Lincoln, Nebraska.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bluestem Lake near Lincoln, Nebraska is five miles north of a coal-fired power plant. It is also one of 85 bodies of water in the state under a consumption advisory because of fish found to have elevated levels of mercury in their tissues. Half of the airborne mercury pollution in the US comes from coal-fired power plants. After years of study and debate, the EPA is planning to announce new limits on mercury from coal plants in November. Ken Winston of the Nebraska Sierra Club believes the agency is doing the right thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you burn coal, mercury goes up into the atmosphere,” Winston said. “It comes down in the form of rain. Fish eat it. People eat the fish. It can be very damaging and have long term negative impact on the development of children. So it’s something we need to get out of the environment as much as possible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA says its proposed new mercury rules could reduce emissions across the country by 91%. Meanwhile, utilities are scrambling to meet other new federal regulations and industry groups are asking the government to slow down. The Nebraska Public Power District operates two coal plants. Under the proposed mercury rule Environmental Manager, Joe Citta, says the utility will need to install equipment that uses activated carbon in order to remove even more mercury than control systems already in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25033\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/coal-nebraksa640.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/coal-nebraksa640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"coal plant\" title=\"coal-nebraksa640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25033\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sheldon Station coal fired power plant produces 140 pounds of mercury per year. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The system is several million dollars,” Citta said. “But what really makes it expensive is the operating cost because activated carbon is rather pricey.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPPD will spend 35 million dollars to meet another new regulation reducing smog-forming pollutants that cross state lines. That rule, the Cross-State Air Pollution Rule (CSAPR), was announced in July and takes effect in January. Citta says it requires more cuts than many in the industry expected for pollutants like nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur dioxide (SO2).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This caught our state, many other states also,” Citta said. When the final rule came out they had reduced those by an additional 40%. Then with only 6 months to comply…We felt the proposed rule was manageable. We would have had to do some things. But they were certainly more achievable than this additional 40% reduction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nebraska utilities feeling rushed by regulation are hoping to get some extra time. The Nebraska Attorney General’s office is working on a lawsuit against the interstate smog rule that a spokesperson says would protect utilities and consumers from costly federal overreach. A bill in the House of Representatives could slow things down by commissioning a study on the economic impact of the EPA’s emissions agenda. Steve Gates of the American Coalition for Clean Coal Energy says it is a reaction to a lot of regulation in a short period of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In a state like Nebraska where 65% of our electricity comes from coal, something is going to happen and the guess is electricity prices go up immediately,” Gates said. “You know, there’s just a lot of economic implications that really should be looked at before we jump into something that no one knows the outcome economically.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nebraska rails are a major thoroughfare from Wyoming to power plants in the Midwest and southern Plains. Gates says the state’s economic ties to coal show the advantage of having easy access to inexpensive energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re fortunate enough to be in the top ten lowest states for electricity in the country,” Gates said. “What we need to do is find a balance between reducing emissions the best we can while also keeping an eye on what we’re going to do to local economies if we enact something too quickly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA claims that the mercury rule will have a positive economic impact in the end by providing health savings of up to $140 billion from reduced asthma, heart disease and other serious ailments. Gates says the EPA underestimates the cumulative impact of multiple rules all coming down at once, particularly in a bad economy. The Sierra Club’s Ken Winston believes power companies are capable of covering costs that they have not paid in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They can absorb the cost of making these changes much more easily than a person can,” Winston said. “An individual whose child doesn’t develop appropriately because they’ve had mercury poisoning, that’s a life that’s destroyed and we can’t tolerate that.” \u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Additional Links\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nppd.com/\">Nebraska Public Power District (NPPD)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/airquality/powerplanttoxics/\">EPA mercury rule\u003c/a> \u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://sierranebraska.org/\">Nebraska Sierra Club\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sierraclub.org/coal/map/\">Sierra Club - Beyond Coal\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.deq.state.ne.us/SurfaceW.nsf/Pages/FCA\">Fish consumption advisories page\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/crossstaterule/\">Cross-State Air Pollution Rule (CSAPR)\u003c/a> \u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.chron.com/business/energy/article/Texas-sues-EPA-to-block-new-pollution-rule-2182573.php\">Houtson Chronicle - Texas sues EPA to block new pollution rule\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://journalstar.com/news/local/article_f3cf3df3-af06-5791-9e50-07b5b597e476.html\">Nebraska AG lawsuit story\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/white-house-threatens-veto-of-house-bill-to-delay-epa-pollution-rules/2011/09/21/gIQAk2pNlK_story.html\">Washington Post - White House threatens veto of House bill to delay EPA pollution rules\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://cleancoalusa.org/\">The American Coalition for Clean Coal Electricity (ACCCE)\u003c/a> \u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Half of the airborne mercury pollution in the US comes from coal-fired power plants. After years of study and debate, the Environmental Protection Agency is planning to announce new limits on mercury from coal plants in November. Meanwhile, utilities are scrambling to meet other new federal regulations and industry groups are asking the government to slow down.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1316816350,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":948},"headData":{"title":"Mercury Rises on Coal Costs | KQED","description":"Half of the airborne mercury pollution in the US comes from coal-fired power plants. After years of study and debate, the Environmental Protection Agency is planning to announce new limits on mercury from coal plants in November. Meanwhile, utilities are scrambling to meet other new federal regulations and industry groups are asking the government to slow down.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"25030 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=audio_reports&p=25030","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/23/mercury-rises-on-coal-costs/","disqusTitle":"Mercury Rises on Coal Costs","path":"/quest/25030/mercury-rises-on-coal-costs","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/09/2011-9-23-quest-nebraska-coal.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/09/2011-9-23-quest-nebraska-coal.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Half of the airborne mercury pollution in the US comes from coal-fired power plants. After years of study and debate, the Environmental Protection Agency is planning to announce new limits on mercury from coal plants in November. Meanwhile, utilities are scrambling to meet other new federal regulations and industry groups are asking the government to slow down. Grant Gerlock of NET Nebaska reports for our special radio series, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/coal-at-the-crossroads/\">Coal at the Crossroads\u003c/a>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25034\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/coal-nebraksa-inline640-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Bluestem Lake near Lincoln, Nebraska\" title=\"Bluestem Lake near Lincoln, Nebraska\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25034\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bluestem Lake near Lincoln, Nebraska.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bluestem Lake near Lincoln, Nebraska is five miles north of a coal-fired power plant. It is also one of 85 bodies of water in the state under a consumption advisory because of fish found to have elevated levels of mercury in their tissues. Half of the airborne mercury pollution in the US comes from coal-fired power plants. After years of study and debate, the EPA is planning to announce new limits on mercury from coal plants in November. Ken Winston of the Nebraska Sierra Club believes the agency is doing the right thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you burn coal, mercury goes up into the atmosphere,” Winston said. “It comes down in the form of rain. Fish eat it. People eat the fish. It can be very damaging and have long term negative impact on the development of children. So it’s something we need to get out of the environment as much as possible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA says its proposed new mercury rules could reduce emissions across the country by 91%. Meanwhile, utilities are scrambling to meet other new federal regulations and industry groups are asking the government to slow down. The Nebraska Public Power District operates two coal plants. Under the proposed mercury rule Environmental Manager, Joe Citta, says the utility will need to install equipment that uses activated carbon in order to remove even more mercury than control systems already in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25033\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/coal-nebraksa640.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/coal-nebraksa640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"coal plant\" title=\"coal-nebraksa640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25033\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sheldon Station coal fired power plant produces 140 pounds of mercury per year. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The system is several million dollars,” Citta said. “But what really makes it expensive is the operating cost because activated carbon is rather pricey.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPPD will spend 35 million dollars to meet another new regulation reducing smog-forming pollutants that cross state lines. That rule, the Cross-State Air Pollution Rule (CSAPR), was announced in July and takes effect in January. Citta says it requires more cuts than many in the industry expected for pollutants like nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur dioxide (SO2).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This caught our state, many other states also,” Citta said. When the final rule came out they had reduced those by an additional 40%. Then with only 6 months to comply…We felt the proposed rule was manageable. We would have had to do some things. But they were certainly more achievable than this additional 40% reduction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nebraska utilities feeling rushed by regulation are hoping to get some extra time. The Nebraska Attorney General’s office is working on a lawsuit against the interstate smog rule that a spokesperson says would protect utilities and consumers from costly federal overreach. A bill in the House of Representatives could slow things down by commissioning a study on the economic impact of the EPA’s emissions agenda. Steve Gates of the American Coalition for Clean Coal Energy says it is a reaction to a lot of regulation in a short period of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In a state like Nebraska where 65% of our electricity comes from coal, something is going to happen and the guess is electricity prices go up immediately,” Gates said. “You know, there’s just a lot of economic implications that really should be looked at before we jump into something that no one knows the outcome economically.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nebraska rails are a major thoroughfare from Wyoming to power plants in the Midwest and southern Plains. Gates says the state’s economic ties to coal show the advantage of having easy access to inexpensive energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re fortunate enough to be in the top ten lowest states for electricity in the country,” Gates said. “What we need to do is find a balance between reducing emissions the best we can while also keeping an eye on what we’re going to do to local economies if we enact something too quickly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA claims that the mercury rule will have a positive economic impact in the end by providing health savings of up to $140 billion from reduced asthma, heart disease and other serious ailments. Gates says the EPA underestimates the cumulative impact of multiple rules all coming down at once, particularly in a bad economy. The Sierra Club’s Ken Winston believes power companies are capable of covering costs that they have not paid in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They can absorb the cost of making these changes much more easily than a person can,” Winston said. “An individual whose child doesn’t develop appropriately because they’ve had mercury poisoning, that’s a life that’s destroyed and we can’t tolerate that.” \u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Additional Links\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nppd.com/\">Nebraska Public Power District (NPPD)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/airquality/powerplanttoxics/\">EPA mercury rule\u003c/a> \u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://sierranebraska.org/\">Nebraska Sierra Club\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sierraclub.org/coal/map/\">Sierra Club - Beyond Coal\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.deq.state.ne.us/SurfaceW.nsf/Pages/FCA\">Fish consumption advisories page\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/crossstaterule/\">Cross-State Air Pollution Rule (CSAPR)\u003c/a> \u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.chron.com/business/energy/article/Texas-sues-EPA-to-block-new-pollution-rule-2182573.php\">Houtson Chronicle - Texas sues EPA to block new pollution rule\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://journalstar.com/news/local/article_f3cf3df3-af06-5791-9e50-07b5b597e476.html\">Nebraska AG lawsuit story\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/white-house-threatens-veto-of-house-bill-to-delay-epa-pollution-rules/2011/09/21/gIQAk2pNlK_story.html\">Washington Post - White House threatens veto of House bill to delay EPA pollution rules\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://cleancoalusa.org/\">The American Coalition for Clean Coal Electricity (ACCCE)\u003c/a> \u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/25030/mercury-rises-on-coal-costs","authors":["10231"],"series":["quest_10214"],"categories":["quest_9"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_482","quest_10217","quest_638","quest_3923","quest_923","quest_954","quest_10215","quest_1009","quest_3351","quest_9934","quest_1791","quest_3930","quest_3929","quest_10216","quest_2257","quest_2349","quest_3289","quest_3734"],"featImg":"quest_25033","label":"quest_10214"},"quest_25082":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_25082","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"25082","score":null,"sort":[1316806734000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"as-renewables-boom-california-struggles-to-quit-coal","title":"As Renewables Boom, California Struggles to Quit Coal","publishDate":1316806734,"format":"audio","headTitle":"As Renewables Boom, California Struggles to Quit Coal | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":10214,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/09/2011-09-26-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California is known for its “green” reputation. Just look at all the new solar and wind farms popping up around the state. So it might be a surprise that residents in Southern California still depend on coal power when they turn on the lights. The region’s utilities are struggling to wean themselves off coal energy. As Lauren Sommer reports for our series \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/coal-at-the-crossroads/\">Coal at the Crossroads\u003c/a>, utilities around the country may soon be facing the same battle.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25095\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Coal-Plant.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25095\" title=\"Coal Plant\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Coal-Plant-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The coal-fired San Juan Generating Station in New Mexico. (Photo: Matt Preusch)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Massive coal-fired power plants aren’t something you’ll find within California’s borders. To find the source of the state’s coal power, you have to go to places like northern New Mexico, where the San Juan Generating Station is located.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We currently have unit four offline, but units one, two and three are operating at full load,” says Pat Themig, Vice President of Generation for \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnm.com/\">PNM\u003c/a>, the New Mexico utility that runs the plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you see the line where the stack is, everything going behind that is scrubber,” he says, pointing past a towering smokestack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those scrubbers remove pollutants from the air emissions. But PNM has struggled to meet air quality standards and last month, the Environmental Protection Agency \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnmresources.com/press/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=606130\">ordered the plant\u003c/a> to install new pollution control equipment. Those costs are generally passed on to the power plant owners, which, in this case, are utilities in Arizona, New Mexico and California. The San Juan Generating Station \u003ca href=\"http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/powerplants/coal_plants_ownership.html\">supplies power to several California cities\u003c/a> and the Southern California Public Power Authority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People would be very surprised to know, particularly in Los Angeles, that historically, more of our electricity comes from coal fired power than from any other source,” says Evan Gillespie of the Sierra Club’s “Beyond Coal” campaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Several decades ago, Los Angeles made a number of bad bets on coal fired power plants – that that would be the way of the future. That has clearly turned out to not be the case,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gillespie is talking about one particular utility: the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ladwp.com/ladwp/homepage.jsp\">Los Angeles Department of Water and Power\u003c/a> (DWP). It’s the largest municipal utility in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Challenges for Los Angeles Utility \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We get about 40 percent today from coal and that is all out of state coal,” says General Manager Ron Nichols. It comes from two coal-fired power plants, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.srpnet.com/about/stations/navajo.aspx\">Navajo Generating Station\u003c/a> in Arizona and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipautah.com/\">Intermountain Power Project\u003c/a> in Utah.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Historically, coal has been attractive to utilities for two reasons: it’s reliable and cheap. “Coal tends to come around 5 to 6 cents a kilowatt hour. Our renewable portfolio today is around about 11 cents,” says Nichols.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that’s changing, according to Nichols and most of the energy industry. Renewable energy is getting cheaper, while coal is getting more expensive due to stricter air pollution rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two years ago, Los Angeles Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa set a goal for DWP. “I’m directing the CEO of the Department of Water and Power to take every action necessary to reach these goals and eliminate the use of coal by 2020.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meeting that 2020 goal isn’t something DWP managers have committed to. That’s because DWP’s contract with the Utah coal plant isn’t up until 2027. Nichols says ending it early is difficult because they have to negotiate with the plant’s many owners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But perhaps the bigger challenge is: that coal power has to be replaced with something else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Within a decade and a half, we’re going have replaced on the order of 70 percent of our total power supply. And for a utility that thinks in decades, that’s rocket fast,” says Nichols.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DWP must generate a third of its electricity from renewable sources by 2020, according to state law. But the problem with solar and wind power is that it fluctuates. The sun doesn’t shine all the time and the wind stops blowing. Utilities often use electricity from natural gas power plants to fill in power gaps. But DWP has a problem there too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Billion-Dollar Revamp for Natural Gas Plants \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DWP relies on three coastal natural gas power plants, including the Haynes Generating Station in Long Beach. The 1800-megawatt power plant was built more than 50 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we walk out here, I’ll show you how we get the ocean water,” says DWP projects manager Nazih Batarseh. “For these old power plants, we use ocean water for cooling. And then we return it back into the ocean.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technique is known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/ocean/cwa316/\">once-through-cooling\u003c/a>. Everyday, almost 700 million gallons of seawater is pumped through power plant. That water holds fish larvae and plankton that die in the process. So last year, the State Water Resources Control Board ruled that coastal power plants must switch to a new cooling method over the next decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a huge project. It is something that requires us to take plants down, plant by plant, and completely rebuild them. And those are plants that are key to our reliability,” says Nichols.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ron Nichols says rebuilding three natural gas plants will cost DWP $2.2 billion dollars. The utility recently convinced the water board to \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/ocean/cwa316/\">give it an extension to 2029\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add that to investing in more renewable energy and moving away from coal power and it’s a challenging time for the utility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is a transition that every utility in the country will make says,” Evan Gillespie of the Sierra Club.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gillespie says Los Angeles’s challenges are a snapshot of what utilities around the country will be facing as the country gradually puts national global warming rules in place. And he says those that embrace renewable energy first will benefit the most.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of these investments, while they create a lot of jobs, jobs that we desperately need, these are also investments that are going to modernize the utility. And I think the opportunity here in Los Angeles is to help provide that roadmap to help these other utilities around the country manage that transition,” says Gillespie.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"California is known for its \"green\" reputation, so it might be a surprise that residents in Southern California still depend on coal power when they turn on the lights.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1684972311,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":29,"wordCount":1092},"headData":{"title":"As Renewables Boom, California Struggles to Quit Coal | KQED","description":"California is known for its "green" reputation, so it might be a surprise that residents in Southern California still depend on coal power when they turn on the lights.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"templateType":"standard","featuredImageType":"standard","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/quest/25082/as-renewables-boom-california-struggles-to-quit-coal","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/09/2011-09-26-quest.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/09/2011-09-26-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California is known for its “green” reputation. Just look at all the new solar and wind farms popping up around the state. So it might be a surprise that residents in Southern California still depend on coal power when they turn on the lights. The region’s utilities are struggling to wean themselves off coal energy. As Lauren Sommer reports for our series \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/coal-at-the-crossroads/\">Coal at the Crossroads\u003c/a>, utilities around the country may soon be facing the same battle.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25095\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Coal-Plant.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25095\" title=\"Coal Plant\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Coal-Plant-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The coal-fired San Juan Generating Station in New Mexico. (Photo: Matt Preusch)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Massive coal-fired power plants aren’t something you’ll find within California’s borders. To find the source of the state’s coal power, you have to go to places like northern New Mexico, where the San Juan Generating Station is located.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We currently have unit four offline, but units one, two and three are operating at full load,” says Pat Themig, Vice President of Generation for \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnm.com/\">PNM\u003c/a>, the New Mexico utility that runs the plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you see the line where the stack is, everything going behind that is scrubber,” he says, pointing past a towering smokestack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those scrubbers remove pollutants from the air emissions. But PNM has struggled to meet air quality standards and last month, the Environmental Protection Agency \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnmresources.com/press/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=606130\">ordered the plant\u003c/a> to install new pollution control equipment. Those costs are generally passed on to the power plant owners, which, in this case, are utilities in Arizona, New Mexico and California. The San Juan Generating Station \u003ca href=\"http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/powerplants/coal_plants_ownership.html\">supplies power to several California cities\u003c/a> and the Southern California Public Power Authority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People would be very surprised to know, particularly in Los Angeles, that historically, more of our electricity comes from coal fired power than from any other source,” says Evan Gillespie of the Sierra Club’s “Beyond Coal” campaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Several decades ago, Los Angeles made a number of bad bets on coal fired power plants – that that would be the way of the future. That has clearly turned out to not be the case,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gillespie is talking about one particular utility: the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ladwp.com/ladwp/homepage.jsp\">Los Angeles Department of Water and Power\u003c/a> (DWP). It’s the largest municipal utility in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Challenges for Los Angeles Utility \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We get about 40 percent today from coal and that is all out of state coal,” says General Manager Ron Nichols. It comes from two coal-fired power plants, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.srpnet.com/about/stations/navajo.aspx\">Navajo Generating Station\u003c/a> in Arizona and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipautah.com/\">Intermountain Power Project\u003c/a> in Utah.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Historically, coal has been attractive to utilities for two reasons: it’s reliable and cheap. “Coal tends to come around 5 to 6 cents a kilowatt hour. Our renewable portfolio today is around about 11 cents,” says Nichols.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that’s changing, according to Nichols and most of the energy industry. Renewable energy is getting cheaper, while coal is getting more expensive due to stricter air pollution rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two years ago, Los Angeles Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa set a goal for DWP. “I’m directing the CEO of the Department of Water and Power to take every action necessary to reach these goals and eliminate the use of coal by 2020.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meeting that 2020 goal isn’t something DWP managers have committed to. That’s because DWP’s contract with the Utah coal plant isn’t up until 2027. Nichols says ending it early is difficult because they have to negotiate with the plant’s many owners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But perhaps the bigger challenge is: that coal power has to be replaced with something else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Within a decade and a half, we’re going have replaced on the order of 70 percent of our total power supply. And for a utility that thinks in decades, that’s rocket fast,” says Nichols.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DWP must generate a third of its electricity from renewable sources by 2020, according to state law. But the problem with solar and wind power is that it fluctuates. The sun doesn’t shine all the time and the wind stops blowing. Utilities often use electricity from natural gas power plants to fill in power gaps. But DWP has a problem there too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Billion-Dollar Revamp for Natural Gas Plants \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DWP relies on three coastal natural gas power plants, including the Haynes Generating Station in Long Beach. The 1800-megawatt power plant was built more than 50 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we walk out here, I’ll show you how we get the ocean water,” says DWP projects manager Nazih Batarseh. “For these old power plants, we use ocean water for cooling. And then we return it back into the ocean.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technique is known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/ocean/cwa316/\">once-through-cooling\u003c/a>. Everyday, almost 700 million gallons of seawater is pumped through power plant. That water holds fish larvae and plankton that die in the process. So last year, the State Water Resources Control Board ruled that coastal power plants must switch to a new cooling method over the next decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a huge project. It is something that requires us to take plants down, plant by plant, and completely rebuild them. And those are plants that are key to our reliability,” says Nichols.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ron Nichols says rebuilding three natural gas plants will cost DWP $2.2 billion dollars. The utility recently convinced the water board to \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/ocean/cwa316/\">give it an extension to 2029\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add that to investing in more renewable energy and moving away from coal power and it’s a challenging time for the utility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is a transition that every utility in the country will make says,” Evan Gillespie of the Sierra Club.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gillespie says Los Angeles’s challenges are a snapshot of what utilities around the country will be facing as the country gradually puts national global warming rules in place. And he says those that embrace renewable energy first will benefit the most.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of these investments, while they create a lot of jobs, jobs that we desperately need, these are also investments that are going to modernize the utility. And I think the opportunity here in Los Angeles is to help provide that roadmap to help these other utilities around the country manage that transition,” says Gillespie.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/25082/as-renewables-boom-california-struggles-to-quit-coal","authors":["239"],"series":["quest_10214"],"categories":["quest_11765","quest_8","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_94","quest_252","quest_638","quest_954","quest_984","quest_1134","quest_10223","quest_13203","quest_2270","quest_13","quest_2409","quest_2693","quest_3164"],"featImg":"quest_25095","label":"quest_10214"},"quest_17455":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_17455","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"17455","score":null,"sort":[1304562600000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"geothermal-heats-up","title":"Geothermal Heats Up","publishDate":1304562600,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":3357,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Solar and wind power may get the headlines when it comes to renewable energy. But another type of clean power is heating up in the hills just north of Sonoma wine country. Geothermal power uses heat from deep inside the Earth to generate electricity. The Geysers, the world's largest power-producing geothermal field, has been providing electricity for roughly 850,000 Northern California households, and is set to expand even further.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Find out more about \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/11/18/producers-notes-geothermal-heats-up/\" target=\"_blank\">geothermal energy and the video\u003c/a> with the Producer's Notes.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Solar and wind power may get the headlines when it comes to renewable energy. But another type of clean power is heating up in the hills just north of Sonoma wine country. The Geysers, the world's largest power-producing geothermal field, has been providing electricity for roughly 850,000 Northern California households, and is set to expand even further.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457656587,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":4,"wordCount":88},"headData":{"title":"Geothermal Heats Up | KQED","description":"Solar and wind power may get the headlines when it comes to renewable energy. But another type of clean power is heating up in the hills just north of Sonoma wine country. The Geysers, the world's largest power-producing geothermal field, has been providing electricity for roughly 850,000 Northern California households, and is set to expand even further.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"17455 http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/geothermal-heats-up/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/05/04/geothermal-heats-up/","disqusTitle":"Geothermal Heats Up","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Viy2_IFPrgY","path":"/quest/17455/geothermal-heats-up","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Solar and wind power may get the headlines when it comes to renewable energy. But another type of clean power is heating up in the hills just north of Sonoma wine country. Geothermal power uses heat from deep inside the Earth to generate electricity. The Geysers, the world's largest power-producing geothermal field, has been providing electricity for roughly 850,000 Northern California households, and is set to expand even further.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Find out more about \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/11/18/producers-notes-geothermal-heats-up/\" target=\"_blank\">geothermal energy and the video\u003c/a> with the Producer's Notes.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/17455/geothermal-heats-up","authors":["209","10193"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_11765","quest_8","quest_9","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_11148","quest_11137","quest_954","quest_984","quest_1206","quest_3351","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_13","quest_2408","quest_2893","quest_3321"],"collections":["quest_3357"],"label":"quest_3357"},"quest_12823":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_12823","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"12823","score":null,"sort":[1301082601000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-green-is-biomass-energy-2","title":"How Green is Biomass Energy?","publishDate":1301082601,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/biomass3002.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Almond shells at the West Biofuels biomass test plant in Woodland, California.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you think of where energy comes from, you might picture a power plant or maybe wind mills. You probably wouldn't think of a pile of 12 tons of almond shells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is hungry for renewable energy. Solar and wind power have taken off thanks to the state's ambitious clean energy goals. But there's another way to generate electricity -- by using organic material like agricultural and tree waste. It's known as biomass power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Matt Summers is an engineer with West Biofuels at their test power plant near Sacramento. California, by the way, is the world leader in growing almonds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So we've got more almond shells than anybody else. And you know, we know some companies that handle almond shells and they're always looking for somewhere to take them,\" says Summers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Audio Player\" skin=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip\" file=\"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/03/2011-03-28-quest.mp3\" ]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/how-green-is-biomass-energy\">How Green Is Biomass Energy?\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>But where some see a waste product, Summers sees an energy source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So this is the heart of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.westbiofuels.com/\" target=\"_blank\">West Biofuels\u003c/a> process,\" he says, pointing to a tower of industrial equipment that turns almond shells into electricity. First, the waste, or biomass, is fed into a reactor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We call it reforming, so we're re-forming what's biomass, what's almond shells into smaller particles that are gases,\" says Summers, describing their gasification technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gas that's produced is a lot like natural gas, so it goes to an advanced generator where it's burned to produce electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this is where biomass is different from other renewables. The generator produces air pollution, unlike, say, a solar farm. So Summers and his team use pollution control technology to meet California's air quality standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, despite the emissions from biomass plants, many say there are big benefits to using waste as an energy source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Waste is pretty green,\" says Jim Boyd, a member of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.energy.ca.gov/\">California Energy Commission\u003c/a>. \"There's enough material out there to make thousands of megawatts of electricity.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/biomasspile2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Matt Summers of West Biofuels stands next to their fuel source.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a lot of unused energy sources out there, Boyd says, like construction debris and orchard cuttings. Biomass energy also has one big advantage over other renewables - reliability. Wind and solar power are variable since the sun and wind aren't available all the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And instead of just thinking about building more natural gas plants to fill the void, we could utilize biomass plants because they are seven by 24 once you get them up and running,\" says Boyd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But while other renewables are booming, biomass is on the decline in California. After dozens of plants were built in the 1980s, today, only a handful of new plants are being proposed. In 2009, biomass provided about two percent of the state's electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's a great infatuation with wind and solar and very rare references to biomass and some of us are trying to turn that around a little bit,\" Boyd says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One problem is simply cost. Biomass facilities need tons and tons of material and trucking it in from around the state isn't very economical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other issue gets back to the concern of whether biomass energy is really as green as supporters say. There's the problem of greenhouse gas emissions from biomass plants. Another controversy is over one particular fuel source: trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All those years of Smokey Bear and fire suppression in California have created very dense forests – which are at high risk for fires. Both private and public land managers have been trying to reduce that fuel load.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In a lot of cases you'd do thinning operation where you take out some of the trees, usually the smaller trees, the less valuable trees,\" says Bill Stewart, a forestry specialist at the University of California - Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stewart says most of the material removed from forests is either burned or left to decay. So there's a lot of interest in using forestry waste in biomass plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Debbie Hammel of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Natural Resources Defense Council\u003c/a> says, \"I think if you're talking about waste, it's important to define what you mean.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you take too much of that residue out of the forest, you're going to have an impact on the forest floor, the fertility of the soil, erosion and potentially wildlife habitat.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hammel says there's a major debate over how much thinning is good for a forest. So, she worries that a larger biomass industry would create incentives to over-harvest forests. That's why Hammel says not all biomass is equal - and why waste like almond shells should be used before forest cuttings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There is a role for biomass done right, but it's a smaller role I think than some people imagine,\" says Hammel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking ahead, Hammel says the next thorny issue is calculating the greenhouse gas emissions from biomass plants, which can be tricky since the fuels come from a number of sources. That's something the federal Environmental Protection Agency is reviewing now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>38.714854 -121.75320\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"When you think of where energy comes from, you might picture a power plant or maybe wind mills. You probably wouldn't think of a pile of 12 tons of almond shells.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371061255,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":33,"wordCount":892},"headData":{"title":"How Green is Biomass Energy? | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"12823 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2011/03/25/how-green-is-biomass-energy/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/25/how-green-is-biomass-energy-2/","disqusTitle":"How Green is Biomass Energy?","path":"/quest/12823/how-green-is-biomass-energy-2","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/03/2011-03-28-quest.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/biomass3002.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Almond shells at the West Biofuels biomass test plant in Woodland, California.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you think of where energy comes from, you might picture a power plant or maybe wind mills. You probably wouldn't think of a pile of 12 tons of almond shells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is hungry for renewable energy. Solar and wind power have taken off thanks to the state's ambitious clean energy goals. But there's another way to generate electricity -- by using organic material like agricultural and tree waste. It's known as biomass power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Matt Summers is an engineer with West Biofuels at their test power plant near Sacramento. California, by the way, is the world leader in growing almonds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So we've got more almond shells than anybody else. And you know, we know some companies that handle almond shells and they're always looking for somewhere to take them,\" says Summers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Audio Player\" skin=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip\" file=\"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/03/2011-03-28-quest.mp3\" ]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/how-green-is-biomass-energy\">How Green Is Biomass Energy?\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>But where some see a waste product, Summers sees an energy source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So this is the heart of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.westbiofuels.com/\" target=\"_blank\">West Biofuels\u003c/a> process,\" he says, pointing to a tower of industrial equipment that turns almond shells into electricity. First, the waste, or biomass, is fed into a reactor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We call it reforming, so we're re-forming what's biomass, what's almond shells into smaller particles that are gases,\" says Summers, describing their gasification technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gas that's produced is a lot like natural gas, so it goes to an advanced generator where it's burned to produce electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this is where biomass is different from other renewables. The generator produces air pollution, unlike, say, a solar farm. So Summers and his team use pollution control technology to meet California's air quality standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, despite the emissions from biomass plants, many say there are big benefits to using waste as an energy source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Waste is pretty green,\" says Jim Boyd, a member of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.energy.ca.gov/\">California Energy Commission\u003c/a>. \"There's enough material out there to make thousands of megawatts of electricity.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/biomasspile2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Matt Summers of West Biofuels stands next to their fuel source.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a lot of unused energy sources out there, Boyd says, like construction debris and orchard cuttings. Biomass energy also has one big advantage over other renewables - reliability. Wind and solar power are variable since the sun and wind aren't available all the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And instead of just thinking about building more natural gas plants to fill the void, we could utilize biomass plants because they are seven by 24 once you get them up and running,\" says Boyd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But while other renewables are booming, biomass is on the decline in California. After dozens of plants were built in the 1980s, today, only a handful of new plants are being proposed. In 2009, biomass provided about two percent of the state's electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's a great infatuation with wind and solar and very rare references to biomass and some of us are trying to turn that around a little bit,\" Boyd says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One problem is simply cost. Biomass facilities need tons and tons of material and trucking it in from around the state isn't very economical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other issue gets back to the concern of whether biomass energy is really as green as supporters say. There's the problem of greenhouse gas emissions from biomass plants. Another controversy is over one particular fuel source: trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All those years of Smokey Bear and fire suppression in California have created very dense forests – which are at high risk for fires. Both private and public land managers have been trying to reduce that fuel load.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In a lot of cases you'd do thinning operation where you take out some of the trees, usually the smaller trees, the less valuable trees,\" says Bill Stewart, a forestry specialist at the University of California - Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stewart says most of the material removed from forests is either burned or left to decay. So there's a lot of interest in using forestry waste in biomass plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Debbie Hammel of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Natural Resources Defense Council\u003c/a> says, \"I think if you're talking about waste, it's important to define what you mean.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you take too much of that residue out of the forest, you're going to have an impact on the forest floor, the fertility of the soil, erosion and potentially wildlife habitat.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hammel says there's a major debate over how much thinning is good for a forest. So, she worries that a larger biomass industry would create incentives to over-harvest forests. That's why Hammel says not all biomass is equal - and why waste like almond shells should be used before forest cuttings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There is a role for biomass done right, but it's a smaller role I think than some people imagine,\" says Hammel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking ahead, Hammel says the next thorny issue is calculating the greenhouse gas emissions from biomass plants, which can be tricky since the fuels come from a number of sources. That's something the federal Environmental Protection Agency is reviewing now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>38.714854 -121.75320\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/12823/how-green-is-biomass-energy-2","authors":["239"],"categories":["quest_11765","quest_8","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_85","quest_94","quest_3483","quest_954","quest_984","quest_1132","quest_13203","quest_2409","quest_2460","quest_2993"],"featImg":"quest_12829","label":"quest"},"quest_6952":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_6952","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"6952","score":null,"sort":[1280534433000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"reporters-notes-energy-storage-the-holy-grail","title":"Reporter's Notes for Energy Storage: The Holy Grail","publishDate":1280534433,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/energy-storage-the-holy-grail\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/07/4_40_energystorage_300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>A 2 MW battery the AES Huntington Beach power plant.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Energy storage (through batteries) is something we use everyday in our cell phones and computers. So it may be a little surprising that when it comes to the electric grid, storing energy is something that's rarely done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California's grid is designed to deliver electricity on a real-time basis. Every four seconds, the grid operators at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.caiso.com/\" target=\"_blank\">California Independent System Operator\u003c/a> have to ensure that the energy supply meets the demand in the state - something that's known as \"balancing the grid.\" (You can \u003ca href=\"http://www.caiso.com/outlook/SystemStatus.html\" target=\"_blank\">check out today's electricity forecast\u003c/a> on their site). As a result, they coordinate the one piece of the system that they have control over: the generators, like natural gas plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Luckily, most generators produce a steady power supply. But California is adding increasing amounts of solar and wind power to the grid each year. Since the output of a solar or wind farm depends on the sun or wind, the power they produce is variable (\u003ca href=\"http://www.caiso.com/green/renewrpt/DailyRenewablesWatch.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">here's a time-of-day profile\u003c/a> of renewable energy on the grid today). That causes problems for the grid operators on a number of levels. Wind farms produce most of their power at night, but that's when demand for power is lowest. Solar farms using photovoltaics can drop off substantially when the sun disappears behind clouds. And large solar thermal farms ramp up extremely fast when they are first hit by the sun in the morning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Energy storage is one of the ways that utilities and grid operators can address this intermittency. By having some extra electricity on hand, they can smooth out the bumps caused by these renewables. Just how to store energy is another issue. Here are some of the ways it can be done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pumped Hydro\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the energy storage world, this is as old school as it gets. Hydro power uses water and gravity to generate electricity. Storage is added by pumping that water back uphill to the reservoir, so it can generate power again. Of course, it takes electricity to run the pumps, but usually this is done a night when there is cheaper or excess power on the grid. California's largest pumped hydro facility is PG&E's \u003ca href=\"http://www.ferc.gov/industries/hydropower/gen-info/regulation/pump.asp\" target=\"_blank\">Helms Pumped Storage Project\u003c/a> outside of Fresno, which has a 1.2 gigawatt capacity (for more on how it works, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwcouncil.org/energy/wind/meetings/2008/10/ManhoYeung.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">check out this powerpoint\u003c/a>). \u003ca href=\"http://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/stories/2009/02/23/story15.html\">PG&E is reportedly looking\u003c/a> at 2 gigawatts of new pumped storage at two other sites in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Batteries\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a number of different kinds of batteries that can be used in grid-scale installations. I visited a 2 megawatt battery in Southern California that uses lithium-ion cells, much like a hybrid car uses. Southern California Edison is \u003ca href=\"http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/socal-edison-wants-a123s-biggest-grid-battery-ever/\" target=\"_blank\">working on an 8 MW battery\u003c/a> project near the Tehachapi wind farms. But lithium-ion technology has plenty of competitors, many of which \u003ca href=\"http://arpa-e.energy.gov/ProgramsProjects/GRIDS.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">have been awarded federal stimulus funding\u003c/a>. The primary barrier for batteries is the cost. \u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/07/Flywheel.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>A Beacon Power flywheel.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Flywheels\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This technology uses rotational energy to store power. Flywheels have an internal rotor that uses electricity to spin at high speeds. When energy is needed, the rotor slows down and generates electricity through a motor. This is used for what's known as \"frequency regulation\" on the grid. Since they can charge and discharge power on a second-to-second basis, flywheels can smooth out the short-term fluctuations on the grid. \u003ca href=\"http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea//news/article/2010/03/beacon-connects-flywheel-system-to-california-wind-farm\" target=\"_blank\">Beacon Power has installed flywheels\u003c/a> in Tehachapi, California as part of a demonstration project there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Compressed Air\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using energy produced at non-peak times (at night), compressed air energy storage projects pump air into large underground caverns. When demand for energy is high, it's released to run power turbines. \u003ca href=\"http://www.next100.com/2009/08/pge-opts-for-energy-storage.php\" target=\"_blank\">PG&E is now planning\u003c/a> a 300 MW compressed air facility in Kern County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, for all these technologies, cost is major issue, not mention the siting and planning considerations. For a good comparison, check out these\u003ca href=\"http://www.electricitystorage.org/ESA/technologies/technology_comparisons/\">technology comparison charts\u003c/a> from the Energy Storage Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/07/30/reporters-notes-energy-storage-the-holy-grail/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/energy-storage-the-holy-grail\">Listen to Energy Storage: The Holy Grail\u003c/a> radio story online and check out the rest of our stories in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/science/climatewatch/33by20/index.jsp\" target=\"_blank\">33x20 renewable energy series\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.398255 -122.14449\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Energy storage (through batteries) is something we use everyday in our cell phones and computers. So it may be a little surprising that when it comes to the electric grid, storing energy is something that's rarely done.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443829359,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":720},"headData":{"title":"Reporter's Notes for Energy Storage: The Holy Grail | KQED","description":"Energy storage (through batteries) is something we use everyday in our cell phones and computers. So it may be a little surprising that when it comes to the electric grid, storing energy is something that's rarely done.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"6952 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2010/07/30/reporters-notes-energy-storage-the-holy-grail/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/07/30/reporters-notes-energy-storage-the-holy-grail/","disqusTitle":"Reporter's Notes for Energy Storage: The Holy Grail","path":"/quest/6952/reporters-notes-energy-storage-the-holy-grail","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/energy-storage-the-holy-grail\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/07/4_40_energystorage_300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>A 2 MW battery the AES Huntington Beach power plant.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Energy storage (through batteries) is something we use everyday in our cell phones and computers. So it may be a little surprising that when it comes to the electric grid, storing energy is something that's rarely done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California's grid is designed to deliver electricity on a real-time basis. Every four seconds, the grid operators at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.caiso.com/\" target=\"_blank\">California Independent System Operator\u003c/a> have to ensure that the energy supply meets the demand in the state - something that's known as \"balancing the grid.\" (You can \u003ca href=\"http://www.caiso.com/outlook/SystemStatus.html\" target=\"_blank\">check out today's electricity forecast\u003c/a> on their site). As a result, they coordinate the one piece of the system that they have control over: the generators, like natural gas plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Luckily, most generators produce a steady power supply. But California is adding increasing amounts of solar and wind power to the grid each year. Since the output of a solar or wind farm depends on the sun or wind, the power they produce is variable (\u003ca href=\"http://www.caiso.com/green/renewrpt/DailyRenewablesWatch.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">here's a time-of-day profile\u003c/a> of renewable energy on the grid today). That causes problems for the grid operators on a number of levels. Wind farms produce most of their power at night, but that's when demand for power is lowest. Solar farms using photovoltaics can drop off substantially when the sun disappears behind clouds. And large solar thermal farms ramp up extremely fast when they are first hit by the sun in the morning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Energy storage is one of the ways that utilities and grid operators can address this intermittency. By having some extra electricity on hand, they can smooth out the bumps caused by these renewables. Just how to store energy is another issue. Here are some of the ways it can be done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pumped Hydro\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the energy storage world, this is as old school as it gets. Hydro power uses water and gravity to generate electricity. Storage is added by pumping that water back uphill to the reservoir, so it can generate power again. Of course, it takes electricity to run the pumps, but usually this is done a night when there is cheaper or excess power on the grid. California's largest pumped hydro facility is PG&E's \u003ca href=\"http://www.ferc.gov/industries/hydropower/gen-info/regulation/pump.asp\" target=\"_blank\">Helms Pumped Storage Project\u003c/a> outside of Fresno, which has a 1.2 gigawatt capacity (for more on how it works, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwcouncil.org/energy/wind/meetings/2008/10/ManhoYeung.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">check out this powerpoint\u003c/a>). \u003ca href=\"http://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/stories/2009/02/23/story15.html\">PG&E is reportedly looking\u003c/a> at 2 gigawatts of new pumped storage at two other sites in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Batteries\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a number of different kinds of batteries that can be used in grid-scale installations. I visited a 2 megawatt battery in Southern California that uses lithium-ion cells, much like a hybrid car uses. Southern California Edison is \u003ca href=\"http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/socal-edison-wants-a123s-biggest-grid-battery-ever/\" target=\"_blank\">working on an 8 MW battery\u003c/a> project near the Tehachapi wind farms. But lithium-ion technology has plenty of competitors, many of which \u003ca href=\"http://arpa-e.energy.gov/ProgramsProjects/GRIDS.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">have been awarded federal stimulus funding\u003c/a>. The primary barrier for batteries is the cost. \u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/07/Flywheel.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>A Beacon Power flywheel.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Flywheels\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This technology uses rotational energy to store power. Flywheels have an internal rotor that uses electricity to spin at high speeds. When energy is needed, the rotor slows down and generates electricity through a motor. This is used for what's known as \"frequency regulation\" on the grid. Since they can charge and discharge power on a second-to-second basis, flywheels can smooth out the short-term fluctuations on the grid. \u003ca href=\"http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea//news/article/2010/03/beacon-connects-flywheel-system-to-california-wind-farm\" target=\"_blank\">Beacon Power has installed flywheels\u003c/a> in Tehachapi, California as part of a demonstration project there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Compressed Air\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using energy produced at non-peak times (at night), compressed air energy storage projects pump air into large underground caverns. When demand for energy is high, it's released to run power turbines. \u003ca href=\"http://www.next100.com/2009/08/pge-opts-for-energy-storage.php\" target=\"_blank\">PG&E is now planning\u003c/a> a 300 MW compressed air facility in Kern County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, for all these technologies, cost is major issue, not mention the siting and planning considerations. For a good comparison, check out these\u003ca href=\"http://www.electricitystorage.org/ESA/technologies/technology_comparisons/\">technology comparison charts\u003c/a> from the Energy Storage Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/07/30/reporters-notes-energy-storage-the-holy-grail/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/energy-storage-the-holy-grail\">Listen to Energy Storage: The Holy Grail\u003c/a> radio story online and check out the rest of our stories in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/science/climatewatch/33by20/index.jsp\" target=\"_blank\">33x20 renewable energy series\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.398255 -122.14449\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/6952/reporters-notes-energy-storage-the-holy-grail","authors":["239"],"categories":["quest_11765","quest_8"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_281","quest_438","quest_954","quest_984","quest_1276","quest_2409","quest_2413","quest_2693","quest_3164"],"label":"quest"},"quest_6859":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_6859","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"6859","score":null,"sort":[1280422854000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"computer-memory-poised-to-get-shock-therapy","title":"Computer Memory Poised to Get Shock Therapy?","publishDate":1280422854,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/07/nano300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>A hard drive surface as viewed using an electron microscope. Memory is stored magnetically in the pattern of dark and light patches.\u003ca rel=\"cc:attributionURL\" href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NanoScanHrMFMWD3200BEVT.JPG\">Image from Wikimedia Commons. \u003c/a> / \u003ca rel=\"license\" href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en%20/\"> CC Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported \u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Spanish filmmaker Luis Buñuel once wrote, “You have to begin to lose your memory, if only in bits and pieces, to realize that memory is what makes our lives. Life without memory is no life at all.” The same might be said (albeit with less existential fanfare) of memory in the world of computers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the form of bigger hard drives, computer memory has revolutionized our ability to store everything from research articles, to Hollywood films, to cookbooks. Historically these devices have been enabled through the clever manipulation of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/HighSchool/Magnetism/magnetismintro.htm\">magnetism\u003c/a>. However, recent advances at UC Berkeley and elsewhere in the development of exciting materials known as multiferroics may be changing that recipe for success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The inside of a modern hard drive works by almost exactly the same principles that kitchen magnets exploit when holding a wedding invitation to your fridge. A material with such magnetic (or more technically, \u003cstrong>ferromagnetic\u003c/strong>) properties such as a kitchen magnet is extremely useful because of its directionality. If you place two magnets together head-to-tail they attract, whereas if you flip the top magnet and repeat the process they push each other apart. A computer essentially writes and reads information by flipping little magnetic patches up or down and measuring what happens to another magnet placed on top of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a major difference, however, between the individual size of a magnet on your hard drive and a kitchen magnet. Each computerized bit on a hard drive may be 10 billion times smaller than the size of your thumbnail in area (see the figure above). It is precisely the smallness of these details that enable a computer to remember so much information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, however, scientists have been playing around with more exotic forms of data storage. It turns out that some very specialized materials are not only like to be magnetically ordered, but are also naturally \u003ca href=\"http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/HighSchool/Electricity/electriccharge.htm\">charged\u003c/a>. That is to say, one side of the material likes to accumulate more \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron\">electrons\u003c/a> than the other side. Charging is a common enough effect in nature. When you rub a balloon against your hair you pull electrons from your hair onto the balloon. The subsequent tingling effect is a direct result of this charging. Thunderclouds exhibit charging when they accumulate massive amounts of electrons at their bases. When the energy is finally released it can result in spectacular shows of \u003ca href=\"http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/natural-disasters/lightning-interactive/\">lightning\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When charging occurs naturally in a material, scientists say that the material is \u003cstrong>ferroelectric\u003c/strong>. A material that is both ferroelectric and ferromagnetic (or in cases, a variation called antiferromagnetic) is said to be \u003cstrong>multiferroic\u003c/strong>. If properly exploited, these extra properties may be quite useful in technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An experiment published last Sunday in the \u003cem>Nature Materials \u003c/em>by researchers at UC Berkeley showed that electric voltages applied to the multiferroic bismuth ferrite could be used to directly manipulate a nearby material’s magnetic properties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stephen Wu, the paper’s lead author, explained that this could be an incredible step forward for technology. While people have been able to control magnetism using electricity before, never have they been able to do it in a way that requires no power, and never before have they been able to switch the direction of this magnetism so quickly. Such a development both saves energy and battery life, but also reduces the amount of heat within a system, thereby making it scalable. “You can make a lot of it, it’s static, and you can do it really fast,” said Wu, elaborating that if you could get such a system to work at room temperature, this magic combination of features could revolutionize the computing industry. In some of the most imaginative visions of the future, computers may not even be based on semiconductors or silicon at all, but rather on these new multiferroics and related compounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silicon Valley may need to consider a name change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8778 -122.243\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In recent years, scientists have been playing around with more exotic forms of data storage. It turns out that some very specialized materials are not only like to be magnetically ordered, but are also naturally charged.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1316925439,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":693},"headData":{"title":"Computer Memory Poised to Get Shock Therapy? | KQED","description":"In recent years, scientists have been playing around with more exotic forms of data storage. It turns out that some very specialized materials are not only like to be magnetically ordered, but are also naturally charged.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"6859 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2010/07/29/computer-memory-poised-to-get-shock-therapy/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/07/29/computer-memory-poised-to-get-shock-therapy/","disqusTitle":"Computer Memory Poised to Get Shock Therapy?","path":"/quest/6859/computer-memory-poised-to-get-shock-therapy","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/07/nano300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>A hard drive surface as viewed using an electron microscope. Memory is stored magnetically in the pattern of dark and light patches.\u003ca rel=\"cc:attributionURL\" href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NanoScanHrMFMWD3200BEVT.JPG\">Image from Wikimedia Commons. \u003c/a> / \u003ca rel=\"license\" href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en%20/\"> CC Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported \u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Spanish filmmaker Luis Buñuel once wrote, “You have to begin to lose your memory, if only in bits and pieces, to realize that memory is what makes our lives. Life without memory is no life at all.” The same might be said (albeit with less existential fanfare) of memory in the world of computers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the form of bigger hard drives, computer memory has revolutionized our ability to store everything from research articles, to Hollywood films, to cookbooks. Historically these devices have been enabled through the clever manipulation of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/HighSchool/Magnetism/magnetismintro.htm\">magnetism\u003c/a>. However, recent advances at UC Berkeley and elsewhere in the development of exciting materials known as multiferroics may be changing that recipe for success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The inside of a modern hard drive works by almost exactly the same principles that kitchen magnets exploit when holding a wedding invitation to your fridge. A material with such magnetic (or more technically, \u003cstrong>ferromagnetic\u003c/strong>) properties such as a kitchen magnet is extremely useful because of its directionality. If you place two magnets together head-to-tail they attract, whereas if you flip the top magnet and repeat the process they push each other apart. A computer essentially writes and reads information by flipping little magnetic patches up or down and measuring what happens to another magnet placed on top of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a major difference, however, between the individual size of a magnet on your hard drive and a kitchen magnet. Each computerized bit on a hard drive may be 10 billion times smaller than the size of your thumbnail in area (see the figure above). It is precisely the smallness of these details that enable a computer to remember so much information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, however, scientists have been playing around with more exotic forms of data storage. It turns out that some very specialized materials are not only like to be magnetically ordered, but are also naturally \u003ca href=\"http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/HighSchool/Electricity/electriccharge.htm\">charged\u003c/a>. That is to say, one side of the material likes to accumulate more \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron\">electrons\u003c/a> than the other side. Charging is a common enough effect in nature. When you rub a balloon against your hair you pull electrons from your hair onto the balloon. The subsequent tingling effect is a direct result of this charging. Thunderclouds exhibit charging when they accumulate massive amounts of electrons at their bases. When the energy is finally released it can result in spectacular shows of \u003ca href=\"http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/natural-disasters/lightning-interactive/\">lightning\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When charging occurs naturally in a material, scientists say that the material is \u003cstrong>ferroelectric\u003c/strong>. A material that is both ferroelectric and ferromagnetic (or in cases, a variation called antiferromagnetic) is said to be \u003cstrong>multiferroic\u003c/strong>. If properly exploited, these extra properties may be quite useful in technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An experiment published last Sunday in the \u003cem>Nature Materials \u003c/em>by researchers at UC Berkeley showed that electric voltages applied to the multiferroic bismuth ferrite could be used to directly manipulate a nearby material’s magnetic properties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stephen Wu, the paper’s lead author, explained that this could be an incredible step forward for technology. While people have been able to control magnetism using electricity before, never have they been able to do it in a way that requires no power, and never before have they been able to switch the direction of this magnetism so quickly. Such a development both saves energy and battery life, but also reduces the amount of heat within a system, thereby making it scalable. “You can make a lot of it, it’s static, and you can do it really fast,” said Wu, elaborating that if you could get such a system to work at room temperature, this magic combination of features could revolutionize the computing industry. In some of the most imaginative visions of the future, computers may not even be based on semiconductors or silicon at all, but rather on these new multiferroics and related compounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silicon Valley may need to consider a name change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8778 -122.243\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/6859/computer-memory-poised-to-get-shock-therapy","authors":["10205"],"categories":["quest_8"],"tags":["quest_676","quest_954","quest_959","quest_13199","quest_1086","quest_1087","quest_1313","quest_1712","quest_1716","quest_1788","quest_1892"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. 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Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/possible-5gxfizEbKOJ-pbF5ASgxrs_.1400x1400.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/CodeSwitchLifeKit_StationGraphics_300x300EmailGraphic.png","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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