How Seismic Waves Cause Damage During an Earthquake
Simulating Earthquakes with a Shaking Table
Transforming San Francisco Into a Model of Disaster Preparedness
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Get a new perspective on these powerful phenomena with our collection of videos and infographics co-produced with KQED, originally designed with middle and high school educators in mind. You and your students will learn why earthquakes happen, how they've shaped the Bay Area, and what you can do to prepare for the next one. We've included ideas for how to structure a sequence of learning tasks, but feel free to pick and choose!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether you want to use the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/earthquakes\">Exploring Earthquakes\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> resources with students or to polish your own content knowledge, the following guide provides ideas for how to get started.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>1. The Earth's Structure\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch3>Core, Mantle and Crust\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Before learning about earthquakes, let’s look at the inside of our planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>View the video \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/inside-the-earth-exploring-earth%E2%80%99s-layers\" target=\"_blank\">Inside the Earth: Exploring Earth's Layers\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> and consider the following questions:\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>What are distinct characteristics of each layer?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How is Earth's surface impacted by its interior?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Read more about the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/from-core-to-crust-defining-earths-layers\" target=\"_blank\">core, mantle and crust\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Plate Boundaries\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Movement in narrow zones along plate boundaries causes most earthquakes. Most seismic activity occurs at three types of plate boundaries – convergent, divergent, and transform.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Observe the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/sites/default/files/assets/images/explorescience/earthquake/plate_boundaries_hero_copyrite2012.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">three types of plate boundaries\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> and note where they occur on Earth.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Review the brief description of each boundary type.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>After watching the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=edb7FMcGrAE&index=4&list=PLS14biAqBAtE_wpsyXkZbbb7Wwq4DkUzw\" target=\"_blank\">Plate Boundaries video\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>, research and find specific examples of convergent, divergent, and transform boundaries.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Evidence of Earth’s Layers\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>During an earthquake, different types of seismic waves move through the Earth, traveling through solids or liquids differently. This helps scientists understand the properties and composition of the Earth’s layers – the core, mantle, and crust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Look at the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wDfIgoXaXis&index=2&list=PLS14biAqBAtE_wpsyXkZbbb7Wwq4DkUzw\" target=\"_blank\">Seismic Waves video\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> and discuss with a friend how P and S waves travel differently through the Earth's layers.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>2. Plate Movement through Geologic Time\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch3>The Supercontinent Cycle\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Today’s configuration of continents is dramatically different than it was in the past. Learn how previous supercontinents formed and then broke up again over hundreds of millions of years due to plate tectonics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Watch the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/plate-tectonics-shaping-the-continents\" target=\"_blank\">Plate Tectonics: Shaping the Continents video\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> to witness how Earth's forces have shaped the continents from present day to millions of years ago. Choose a location to follow back in time and describe its path.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Watch the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CxJTuzaonB0&list=PLS14biAqBAtE_wpsyXkZbbb7Wwq4DkUzw&index=8\" target=\"_blank\">Back in Time: 200 Million Years Ago to Present Day video\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> on the Earthquake YouTube playlist. Pause the video two to three times while you are watching and reflect on how the land masses have changed over time.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Formation of the Atlantic Ocean\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The breakup of Pangaea was fueled by the formation of the Atlantic Ocean as new crust was formed along the underwater ridge. By speeding up geologic time through computer simulations, we can witness the movement of the plates and the beginning of this great ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>You are about to witness the formation of the Atlantic Ocean. Before watching, predict when the Atlantic began to form.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>After viewing this timelapse video from\u003cstrong> \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ADsjdu27WaM&list=PLS14biAqBAtE_wpsyXkZbbb7Wwq4DkUzw&index=10\" target=\"_blank\">200 Million Years to Present Day\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>, describe what the Atlantic might look like in millions of years.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Evidence of Plate Tectonics\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Some \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/evidence-of-plate-tectonics\" target=\"_blank\">Evidence of Plate Tectonics\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> comes from what we know about previous life on Earth. Scientists have found fossils of the same land-dwelling animal in Africa and South America. How did similar fossils come to be so far apart? Evidence of plate tectonics has also been gathered from clues left by glaciers and the shapes of coastlines. This has helped scientists to piece together the previous configuration of the continents. How is this possible?\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>After viewing the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/sites/default/files/styles/manual_crop_standard_960x540/public/assets/images/explorescience/earthquake/recordsinrock-hero_copyrite2012.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">Records in Rock graphic\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> of fossil evidence, make a list of questions that you have about fossil records and the connection to plate tectonics.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Similar fossils from South America and Africa are now separated by an ocean. What connections can you make between \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CxJTuzaonB0&list=PLS14biAqBAtE_wpsyXkZbbb7Wwq4DkUzw&index=8\" target=\"_blank\">this video\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> and the previous graphic? What new questions do you have?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>View this \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/sites/default/files/styles/manual_crop_standard_960x540/public/assets/images/explorescience/earthquake/remnants_in_rock_hero_copyrite2012.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">Remnants in Rock graphic\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> of glacier evidence and discuss how it supports the idea of a past supercontinent.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/sites/default/files/styles/manual_crop_standard_960x540/public/assets/images/explorescience/earthquake/complementary-coasts_hero_copyrite2012.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cstrong>Complementary Coasts graphic\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> provides evidence of complementary coastlines along Africa and South America. Look at a world map and determine other coastlines that could fit together based on their shapes.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Plate Tectonics Shaped Human History\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Plate tectonics played an important role in the history of ancient civilizations both by causing destructive events and opportunities for life to flourish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Watch the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/plate-tectonics-and-ancient-civilizations\" target=\"_blank\">Plate Tectonics and Ancient Civilizations video\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> and consider why early civilizations would spring up in tectonically active areas.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>3. Earthquake 101\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch3>Anatomy of an Earthquake\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Although the Earth’s surface is moving and changing through geologic time, we usually do not see it happening before our eyes, but we can experience it through earthquakes. As the plates move past each other, along fault zones, they sometimes get caught and pressure builds up. When the plates finally give and slip due to the increased pressure, energy is released as seismic waves, causing the ground to shake. This is an earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Using the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/07/earthquakes/\" target=\"_blank\">Anatomy of an Earthquake diagram\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>, describe the relationship between the faults and the plates. How are the focus and the epicenter different?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Design a demonstration or model using everyday materials showing how earthquakes occur (built-up strain and sudden energy release).\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Fault Types\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Basic fault types found around the world are normal, reverse, and strike-slip. How do fault types relate to plate boundaries?\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>View \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.iris.washington.edu/gifs/animations/faults.htm\" target=\"_blank\">these animations\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> to learn about the basic fault types. Use your own words and hand movements to describe the different fault types to a friend.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Read \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/faults-where-earthquakes-occur\" target=\"_blank\">Faults: Where Earthquakes Occur \u003c/a>\u003c/strong>to learn more about the different types of faults.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Determining the Epicenter\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>How is the location of the earthquake slip determined? The process is called triangulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Watch the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SFJ_l3uFkPI&list=PLS14biAqBAtE_wpsyXkZbbb7Wwq4DkUzw&index=5\" target=\"_blank\">Epicenter video\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> to learn how to determine the epicenter of an earthquake.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Use the online activity \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencecourseware.com/virtualearthquake/vquakeexecute.html\">Virtual Earthquake by Geology Labs On-Line\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> to practice finding the epicenter of an earthquake.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Alternatively, do this activity to \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/educators/lesson-plans/earthquakes-and-tectonic-plates\" target=\"_blank\">learn how to triangulate\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Then, discuss the following questions with a friend:\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>Why is it necessary to have information from three seismograph stations for triangulation? Why is it not possible to find the epicenter using information from just two stations?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Why is it important to know where the epicenter of an earthquake is located?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What can scientists learn about faults from mapping earthquake epicenters?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Measuring Earthquakes\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Earthquakes are generally described by their magnitude (the energy released) and intensity (the damage that is done). Learn how these are measured.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Read more about \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2016/04/15/measuring-earthquakes-intensity-and-magnitude/\" target=\"_blank\">measuring earthquakes\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Watch the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YXMKSOsv3QA&index=10&list=PLS14biAqBAtE_wpsyXkZbbb7Wwq4DkUzw\" target=\"_blank\">Magnitude video\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> from a scientist at the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center about earthquake energy release. Describe the difference between a 6.9 and an 8.5 earthquake.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Compare the two earthquakes in the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1135/Loma_Prieta/BA_1906_vs_Loma_Prieta.html\">Intensity Comparison of the 1906 and 1989 Earthquakes\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> animation. Make some observations about their intensities.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Seismic Waves\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>An earthquake generates a series of seismic waves that transmit the energy released by an earthquake. They travel through the interior and near the surface of the Earth. Learn about the different types of seismic waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/educators/lesson-plans/measuring-earthquakes\" target=\"_blank\">Build your own seismograph\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> to experience the phenomenon firsthand.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Watch the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wDfIgoXaXis&list=PLS14biAqBAtE_wpsyXkZbbb7Wwq4DkUzw&index=2\" target=\"_blank\">Seismic Waves animation\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> and answer the following questions:\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>What are the different kinds of waves?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Which wave moves the fastest?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Which wave causes the most destruction?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>After watching the animation, review with a friend how the buildings fared on the different substrates. On which type of substrate is it safest to build?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>4. Bay Area Earthquakes\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch3>Bay Area Faults\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>California lies within an active seismic zone, straddling the Pacific and North American plates, which are grinding past each other. There are many active faults in California that are capable of creating major earthquakes. The Bay Area sits on a series of active faults that include the San Andreas, Calaveras, and Hayward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Read more about \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2016/04/15/san-francisco-bay-area-earthquakes-and-faults/\" target=\"_blank\">Bay Area Faults\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Use the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/sites/default/files/assets/images/explorescience/earthquake/bayareafaultplaneslabeled.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">Bay Area Fault Planes image\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> to determine how many fault planes cut through the Bay Area. Why do you think there are so many?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Watch the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GhFMtCmHc9c&list=PLS14biAqBAtE_wpsyXkZbbb7Wwq4DkUzw&index=6\" target=\"_blank\">Hayward Fault: Predictable Peril video\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> and discuss: Why are scientists so concerned about earthquakes occurring on the Hayward Fault?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Based on the evidence of the video above, what type of fault is the Hayward Fault? Why do you think so? (Review the \u003ca href=\"http://www.iris.washington.edu/gifs/animations/faults.htm\" target=\"_blank\">fault animations\u003c/a>.)\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>The Great San Francisco Earthquake of 1906\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The San Andreas Fault, part of the boundary between the Pacific and North American plates, has been the source of damaging earthquakes in the Bay Area. In 1906 a large earthquake occurred on the San Andreas Fault that led to the destruction of many city blocks in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Watch \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y43k3Fzrw4A&list=PLS14biAqBAtE_wpsyXkZbbb7Wwq4DkUzw&index=15\" target=\"_blank\">The Science Behind the 1906 Earthquake video\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> and collect the following information:\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>Where was the focus of the 1906 Earthquake?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What do the red and yellow colors represent on the simulation and how are they related?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Personal Accounts of Earthquakes\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Below are oral history accounts from the 1906 earthquake. Explore these documents and answer the questions provided. Then, seek out a family member or family friend who experienced the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Compare and contrast events as told from several perspectives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Explore these \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org:8080/sites/default/files/assets/docs/pdf/personal_accounts.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">oral history accounts from the 1906 earthquake\u003c/a>. \u003c/strong>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>Compare and contrast the first-person narratives.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Why do personal accounts differ from each other?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Use this \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org:8080/sites/default/files/assets/docs/pdf/339s1_eqoralhistory.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">guide to conduct your own interviews\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> of family or family friends who experienced the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Share your findings of your interviews with your fellow students. Do these personal accounts differ from each other? Why?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>5. Get Prepared\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch3>Engineering Preparedness\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>California has experienced many damaging earthquakes. From the damage caused, scientists and engineers have learned how to design buildings that will better withstand the shaking. Over the past few decades, many structures have undergone earthquake retrofitting in the Bay Area and beyond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Watch \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7hoSqazNmfY&index=13&list=PLS14biAqBAtE_wpsyXkZbbb7Wwq4DkUzw\" target=\"_blank\">The Shaking Table at UC Berkeley video\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> to learn more about how engineers make our built environment better able to withstand earthquakes.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>View the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cu9WpKxfByc&index=11&list=PLS14biAqBAtE_wpsyXkZbbb7Wwq4DkUzw\" target=\"_blank\">The New Bay Bridge: Earthquake Makeover \u003c/a>\u003c/strong>video to learn about changes to the new Bay Bridge in the San Francisco Bay Area.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>What to Do Before an Earthquake\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Creating an emergency plan, preparing an earthquake kit, and safely storing and securing heavy items are a few ways to prepare for the big one!\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Read \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/how-to-prepare-for-an-earthquake\" target=\"_blank\">How to Prepare for an Earthquake\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Make a list of items for your classroom earthquake kit and create a kit that you store at school.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Develop an emergency plan. Think about a few places where you spend the majority of your time. This may be at home, at school, in your car, etc.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>What to Do During an Earthquake\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Earthquakes are unpredictable and can happen at any time. It is important to know what to do when an earthquake occurs whether you are at home, at work or at play.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Go to the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ready.gov/earthquakes\" target=\"_blank\">FEMA Ready website\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> and research what to do during an earthquake. Relate this information to your plans for preparing for an earthquake.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If an earthquake occurred at home, at work, or at play, what would you do? Imagine realistic scenarios and consider where you would drop, cover, and hold on. Do these locations have hazards?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>What to Do After an Earthquake\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The more prepared you are after an earthquake, the better. Consider the information you have learned regarding what to do before and after an earthquake. It is not known what the situation will actually be after an earthquake. What are necessary steps that you can take to assess the situation and your safety?\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>If you don't already know, take the time to learn how to turn off water and gas in your home.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Set a safe location to meet your family or friends after an earthquake. How will you get there? What would you bring with you?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>Connections to NGSS Disciplinary Core Ideas\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch3>ESS1.C The History of Planet Earth\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>(Grade 4) Local, regional, and global patterns of rock formations reveal changes over time due to earth forces, such as earthquakes. The presence and location of certain fossil types indicate the order in which rock layers were formed.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>(Grades 6-8) Tectonic processes continually generate new ocean sea floor at ridges and destroy old sea floor at trenches.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>(Grades 9-12) Continental rocks, which can be older than 4 billion years, are generally much older than the rocks of the ocean floor, which are less than 200 million years old.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>ESS2.A Earth Materials and Systems\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>(Grades 9-12) Evidence from deep probes and seismic waves, reconstructions of historical changes in Earth’s surface and its magnetic field, and an understanding of physical and chemical processes lead to a model of Earth with a hot but solid inner core, a liquid outer core, a solid mantle and crust. Motions of the mantle and crust occur primarily through thermal convection, which involves the cycling of matter due to the outward flow of energy from Earth’s interior and gravitational movement of denser materials toward the interior.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>ESS2.B Plate Tectonics and Large-Scale System Interactions\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>(Grade 4) The locations of mountain ranges, deep ocean trenches, ocean floor structures, earthquakes, and volcanoes occur in patterns. Most earthquakes and volcanoes occur in bands that are often along the boundaries between continents and oceans. Major mountain chains form inside continents or near their edges. Maps can help locate the different land and water features areas of Earth.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>(Grades 6-8) Maps of ancient land and water patterns, based on investigations of rocks and fossils, make clear how Earth’s plates have moved great distances, collided, and spread apart.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>(Grades 6-8) The planet’s systems interact over scales that range from microscopic to global in size, and they operate over fractions of a second to billions of years. These interactions have shaped Earth’s history and will determine its future.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>(Grades 9-12) Plate tectonics is the unifying theory that explains the past and current movements of the rocks at Earth’s surface and provides a framework for understanding its geologic history. Plate movements are responsible for most continental and ocean-floor features and for the distribution of most rocks and minerals within Earth’s crust.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>(Grades 9-12) Plate tectonics can be viewed as the surface expression of mantle convection.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>ESS3.B Natural Hazards\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>(Grade 4) A variety of hazards result from natural processes (e.g., earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions). Humans cannot eliminate the hazards but can take steps to reduce their impacts.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>(Grades 6-8) Mapping the history of natural hazards in a region, combined with an understanding of related geologic forces can help forecast the locations and likelihoods of future events.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>(Grades 9-12) Natural hazards and other geologic events have shaped the course of human history; [they] have significantly altered the sizes of human populations and have driven human migrations.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>PS4.A Wave Properties\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>(Grades 9-12) Geologists use seismic waves and their reflection at interfaces between layers to probe structures deep in the planet.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>This post is part of \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/earthquakes\">Exploring Earthquakes\u003c/a>, a rich collection of resources co-presented by the California Academy of Sciences and KQED. This material is also available as a free \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/book/earthquake/id552255768?mt=11\">iBooks textbook\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/earthquake/id552092722\">iTunes U course\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don’t miss \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/earthquake-life-on-a-dynamic-planet\">Earthquake\u003c/a>\u003c/em>, an interactive exhibit at the Academy exploring the seismic forces that impact us today and featuring the Shake House, an earthquake simulator.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Use this guide to investigate why earthquakes happen, how they've shaped the Bay Area, and what you can do to prepare for the next one.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1460769909,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":2581},"headData":{"title":"Educator Guide: Exploring Earthquakes | KQED","description":"Use this guide to investigate why earthquakes happen, how they've shaped the Bay Area, and what you can do to prepare for the next one.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"142670 http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/?p=142670","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2016/04/15/educator-guide-exploring-earthquakes/","disqusTitle":"Educator Guide: Exploring Earthquakes","path":"/quest/142670/educator-guide-exploring-earthquakes","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>What are earthquakes? Get a new perspective on these powerful phenomena with our collection of videos and infographics co-produced with KQED, originally designed with middle and high school educators in mind. You and your students will learn why earthquakes happen, how they've shaped the Bay Area, and what you can do to prepare for the next one. We've included ideas for how to structure a sequence of learning tasks, but feel free to pick and choose!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether you want to use the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/earthquakes\">Exploring Earthquakes\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> resources with students or to polish your own content knowledge, the following guide provides ideas for how to get started.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>1. The Earth's Structure\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch3>Core, Mantle and Crust\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Before learning about earthquakes, let’s look at the inside of our planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>View the video \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/inside-the-earth-exploring-earth%E2%80%99s-layers\" target=\"_blank\">Inside the Earth: Exploring Earth's Layers\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> and consider the following questions:\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>What are distinct characteristics of each layer?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How is Earth's surface impacted by its interior?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Read more about the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/from-core-to-crust-defining-earths-layers\" target=\"_blank\">core, mantle and crust\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Plate Boundaries\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Movement in narrow zones along plate boundaries causes most earthquakes. Most seismic activity occurs at three types of plate boundaries – convergent, divergent, and transform.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Observe the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/sites/default/files/assets/images/explorescience/earthquake/plate_boundaries_hero_copyrite2012.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">three types of plate boundaries\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> and note where they occur on Earth.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Review the brief description of each boundary type.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>After watching the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=edb7FMcGrAE&index=4&list=PLS14biAqBAtE_wpsyXkZbbb7Wwq4DkUzw\" target=\"_blank\">Plate Boundaries video\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>, research and find specific examples of convergent, divergent, and transform boundaries.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Evidence of Earth’s Layers\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>During an earthquake, different types of seismic waves move through the Earth, traveling through solids or liquids differently. This helps scientists understand the properties and composition of the Earth’s layers – the core, mantle, and crust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Look at the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wDfIgoXaXis&index=2&list=PLS14biAqBAtE_wpsyXkZbbb7Wwq4DkUzw\" target=\"_blank\">Seismic Waves video\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> and discuss with a friend how P and S waves travel differently through the Earth's layers.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>2. Plate Movement through Geologic Time\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch3>The Supercontinent Cycle\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Today’s configuration of continents is dramatically different than it was in the past. Learn how previous supercontinents formed and then broke up again over hundreds of millions of years due to plate tectonics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Watch the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/plate-tectonics-shaping-the-continents\" target=\"_blank\">Plate Tectonics: Shaping the Continents video\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> to witness how Earth's forces have shaped the continents from present day to millions of years ago. Choose a location to follow back in time and describe its path.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Watch the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CxJTuzaonB0&list=PLS14biAqBAtE_wpsyXkZbbb7Wwq4DkUzw&index=8\" target=\"_blank\">Back in Time: 200 Million Years Ago to Present Day video\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> on the Earthquake YouTube playlist. Pause the video two to three times while you are watching and reflect on how the land masses have changed over time.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Formation of the Atlantic Ocean\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The breakup of Pangaea was fueled by the formation of the Atlantic Ocean as new crust was formed along the underwater ridge. By speeding up geologic time through computer simulations, we can witness the movement of the plates and the beginning of this great ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>You are about to witness the formation of the Atlantic Ocean. Before watching, predict when the Atlantic began to form.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>After viewing this timelapse video from\u003cstrong> \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ADsjdu27WaM&list=PLS14biAqBAtE_wpsyXkZbbb7Wwq4DkUzw&index=10\" target=\"_blank\">200 Million Years to Present Day\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>, describe what the Atlantic might look like in millions of years.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Evidence of Plate Tectonics\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Some \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/evidence-of-plate-tectonics\" target=\"_blank\">Evidence of Plate Tectonics\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> comes from what we know about previous life on Earth. Scientists have found fossils of the same land-dwelling animal in Africa and South America. How did similar fossils come to be so far apart? Evidence of plate tectonics has also been gathered from clues left by glaciers and the shapes of coastlines. This has helped scientists to piece together the previous configuration of the continents. How is this possible?\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>After viewing the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/sites/default/files/styles/manual_crop_standard_960x540/public/assets/images/explorescience/earthquake/recordsinrock-hero_copyrite2012.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">Records in Rock graphic\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> of fossil evidence, make a list of questions that you have about fossil records and the connection to plate tectonics.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Similar fossils from South America and Africa are now separated by an ocean. What connections can you make between \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CxJTuzaonB0&list=PLS14biAqBAtE_wpsyXkZbbb7Wwq4DkUzw&index=8\" target=\"_blank\">this video\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> and the previous graphic? What new questions do you have?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>View this \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/sites/default/files/styles/manual_crop_standard_960x540/public/assets/images/explorescience/earthquake/remnants_in_rock_hero_copyrite2012.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">Remnants in Rock graphic\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> of glacier evidence and discuss how it supports the idea of a past supercontinent.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/sites/default/files/styles/manual_crop_standard_960x540/public/assets/images/explorescience/earthquake/complementary-coasts_hero_copyrite2012.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cstrong>Complementary Coasts graphic\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> provides evidence of complementary coastlines along Africa and South America. Look at a world map and determine other coastlines that could fit together based on their shapes.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Plate Tectonics Shaped Human History\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Plate tectonics played an important role in the history of ancient civilizations both by causing destructive events and opportunities for life to flourish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Watch the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/plate-tectonics-and-ancient-civilizations\" target=\"_blank\">Plate Tectonics and Ancient Civilizations video\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> and consider why early civilizations would spring up in tectonically active areas.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>3. Earthquake 101\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch3>Anatomy of an Earthquake\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Although the Earth’s surface is moving and changing through geologic time, we usually do not see it happening before our eyes, but we can experience it through earthquakes. As the plates move past each other, along fault zones, they sometimes get caught and pressure builds up. When the plates finally give and slip due to the increased pressure, energy is released as seismic waves, causing the ground to shake. This is an earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Using the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/07/earthquakes/\" target=\"_blank\">Anatomy of an Earthquake diagram\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>, describe the relationship between the faults and the plates. How are the focus and the epicenter different?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Design a demonstration or model using everyday materials showing how earthquakes occur (built-up strain and sudden energy release).\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Fault Types\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Basic fault types found around the world are normal, reverse, and strike-slip. How do fault types relate to plate boundaries?\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>View \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.iris.washington.edu/gifs/animations/faults.htm\" target=\"_blank\">these animations\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> to learn about the basic fault types. Use your own words and hand movements to describe the different fault types to a friend.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Read \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/faults-where-earthquakes-occur\" target=\"_blank\">Faults: Where Earthquakes Occur \u003c/a>\u003c/strong>to learn more about the different types of faults.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Determining the Epicenter\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>How is the location of the earthquake slip determined? The process is called triangulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Watch the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SFJ_l3uFkPI&list=PLS14biAqBAtE_wpsyXkZbbb7Wwq4DkUzw&index=5\" target=\"_blank\">Epicenter video\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> to learn how to determine the epicenter of an earthquake.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Use the online activity \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencecourseware.com/virtualearthquake/vquakeexecute.html\">Virtual Earthquake by Geology Labs On-Line\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> to practice finding the epicenter of an earthquake.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Alternatively, do this activity to \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/educators/lesson-plans/earthquakes-and-tectonic-plates\" target=\"_blank\">learn how to triangulate\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Then, discuss the following questions with a friend:\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>Why is it necessary to have information from three seismograph stations for triangulation? Why is it not possible to find the epicenter using information from just two stations?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Why is it important to know where the epicenter of an earthquake is located?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What can scientists learn about faults from mapping earthquake epicenters?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Measuring Earthquakes\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Earthquakes are generally described by their magnitude (the energy released) and intensity (the damage that is done). Learn how these are measured.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Read more about \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2016/04/15/measuring-earthquakes-intensity-and-magnitude/\" target=\"_blank\">measuring earthquakes\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Watch the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YXMKSOsv3QA&index=10&list=PLS14biAqBAtE_wpsyXkZbbb7Wwq4DkUzw\" target=\"_blank\">Magnitude video\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> from a scientist at the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center about earthquake energy release. Describe the difference between a 6.9 and an 8.5 earthquake.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Compare the two earthquakes in the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1135/Loma_Prieta/BA_1906_vs_Loma_Prieta.html\">Intensity Comparison of the 1906 and 1989 Earthquakes\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> animation. Make some observations about their intensities.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Seismic Waves\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>An earthquake generates a series of seismic waves that transmit the energy released by an earthquake. They travel through the interior and near the surface of the Earth. Learn about the different types of seismic waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/educators/lesson-plans/measuring-earthquakes\" target=\"_blank\">Build your own seismograph\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> to experience the phenomenon firsthand.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Watch the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wDfIgoXaXis&list=PLS14biAqBAtE_wpsyXkZbbb7Wwq4DkUzw&index=2\" target=\"_blank\">Seismic Waves animation\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> and answer the following questions:\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>What are the different kinds of waves?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Which wave moves the fastest?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Which wave causes the most destruction?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>After watching the animation, review with a friend how the buildings fared on the different substrates. On which type of substrate is it safest to build?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>4. Bay Area Earthquakes\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch3>Bay Area Faults\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>California lies within an active seismic zone, straddling the Pacific and North American plates, which are grinding past each other. There are many active faults in California that are capable of creating major earthquakes. The Bay Area sits on a series of active faults that include the San Andreas, Calaveras, and Hayward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Read more about \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2016/04/15/san-francisco-bay-area-earthquakes-and-faults/\" target=\"_blank\">Bay Area Faults\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Use the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/sites/default/files/assets/images/explorescience/earthquake/bayareafaultplaneslabeled.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">Bay Area Fault Planes image\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> to determine how many fault planes cut through the Bay Area. Why do you think there are so many?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Watch the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GhFMtCmHc9c&list=PLS14biAqBAtE_wpsyXkZbbb7Wwq4DkUzw&index=6\" target=\"_blank\">Hayward Fault: Predictable Peril video\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> and discuss: Why are scientists so concerned about earthquakes occurring on the Hayward Fault?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Based on the evidence of the video above, what type of fault is the Hayward Fault? Why do you think so? (Review the \u003ca href=\"http://www.iris.washington.edu/gifs/animations/faults.htm\" target=\"_blank\">fault animations\u003c/a>.)\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>The Great San Francisco Earthquake of 1906\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The San Andreas Fault, part of the boundary between the Pacific and North American plates, has been the source of damaging earthquakes in the Bay Area. In 1906 a large earthquake occurred on the San Andreas Fault that led to the destruction of many city blocks in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Watch \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y43k3Fzrw4A&list=PLS14biAqBAtE_wpsyXkZbbb7Wwq4DkUzw&index=15\" target=\"_blank\">The Science Behind the 1906 Earthquake video\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> and collect the following information:\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>Where was the focus of the 1906 Earthquake?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What do the red and yellow colors represent on the simulation and how are they related?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Personal Accounts of Earthquakes\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Below are oral history accounts from the 1906 earthquake. Explore these documents and answer the questions provided. Then, seek out a family member or family friend who experienced the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Compare and contrast events as told from several perspectives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Explore these \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org:8080/sites/default/files/assets/docs/pdf/personal_accounts.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">oral history accounts from the 1906 earthquake\u003c/a>. \u003c/strong>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>Compare and contrast the first-person narratives.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Why do personal accounts differ from each other?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Use this \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org:8080/sites/default/files/assets/docs/pdf/339s1_eqoralhistory.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">guide to conduct your own interviews\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> of family or family friends who experienced the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Share your findings of your interviews with your fellow students. Do these personal accounts differ from each other? Why?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>5. Get Prepared\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch3>Engineering Preparedness\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>California has experienced many damaging earthquakes. From the damage caused, scientists and engineers have learned how to design buildings that will better withstand the shaking. Over the past few decades, many structures have undergone earthquake retrofitting in the Bay Area and beyond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Watch \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7hoSqazNmfY&index=13&list=PLS14biAqBAtE_wpsyXkZbbb7Wwq4DkUzw\" target=\"_blank\">The Shaking Table at UC Berkeley video\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> to learn more about how engineers make our built environment better able to withstand earthquakes.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>View the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cu9WpKxfByc&index=11&list=PLS14biAqBAtE_wpsyXkZbbb7Wwq4DkUzw\" target=\"_blank\">The New Bay Bridge: Earthquake Makeover \u003c/a>\u003c/strong>video to learn about changes to the new Bay Bridge in the San Francisco Bay Area.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>What to Do Before an Earthquake\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Creating an emergency plan, preparing an earthquake kit, and safely storing and securing heavy items are a few ways to prepare for the big one!\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Read \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/how-to-prepare-for-an-earthquake\" target=\"_blank\">How to Prepare for an Earthquake\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Make a list of items for your classroom earthquake kit and create a kit that you store at school.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Develop an emergency plan. Think about a few places where you spend the majority of your time. This may be at home, at school, in your car, etc.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>What to Do During an Earthquake\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Earthquakes are unpredictable and can happen at any time. It is important to know what to do when an earthquake occurs whether you are at home, at work or at play.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Go to the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ready.gov/earthquakes\" target=\"_blank\">FEMA Ready website\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> and research what to do during an earthquake. Relate this information to your plans for preparing for an earthquake.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If an earthquake occurred at home, at work, or at play, what would you do? Imagine realistic scenarios and consider where you would drop, cover, and hold on. Do these locations have hazards?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>What to Do After an Earthquake\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The more prepared you are after an earthquake, the better. Consider the information you have learned regarding what to do before and after an earthquake. It is not known what the situation will actually be after an earthquake. What are necessary steps that you can take to assess the situation and your safety?\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>If you don't already know, take the time to learn how to turn off water and gas in your home.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Set a safe location to meet your family or friends after an earthquake. How will you get there? What would you bring with you?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>Connections to NGSS Disciplinary Core Ideas\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch3>ESS1.C The History of Planet Earth\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>(Grade 4) Local, regional, and global patterns of rock formations reveal changes over time due to earth forces, such as earthquakes. The presence and location of certain fossil types indicate the order in which rock layers were formed.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>(Grades 6-8) Tectonic processes continually generate new ocean sea floor at ridges and destroy old sea floor at trenches.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>(Grades 9-12) Continental rocks, which can be older than 4 billion years, are generally much older than the rocks of the ocean floor, which are less than 200 million years old.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>ESS2.A Earth Materials and Systems\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>(Grades 9-12) Evidence from deep probes and seismic waves, reconstructions of historical changes in Earth’s surface and its magnetic field, and an understanding of physical and chemical processes lead to a model of Earth with a hot but solid inner core, a liquid outer core, a solid mantle and crust. Motions of the mantle and crust occur primarily through thermal convection, which involves the cycling of matter due to the outward flow of energy from Earth’s interior and gravitational movement of denser materials toward the interior.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>ESS2.B Plate Tectonics and Large-Scale System Interactions\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>(Grade 4) The locations of mountain ranges, deep ocean trenches, ocean floor structures, earthquakes, and volcanoes occur in patterns. Most earthquakes and volcanoes occur in bands that are often along the boundaries between continents and oceans. Major mountain chains form inside continents or near their edges. Maps can help locate the different land and water features areas of Earth.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>(Grades 6-8) Maps of ancient land and water patterns, based on investigations of rocks and fossils, make clear how Earth’s plates have moved great distances, collided, and spread apart.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>(Grades 6-8) The planet’s systems interact over scales that range from microscopic to global in size, and they operate over fractions of a second to billions of years. These interactions have shaped Earth’s history and will determine its future.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>(Grades 9-12) Plate tectonics is the unifying theory that explains the past and current movements of the rocks at Earth’s surface and provides a framework for understanding its geologic history. Plate movements are responsible for most continental and ocean-floor features and for the distribution of most rocks and minerals within Earth’s crust.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>(Grades 9-12) Plate tectonics can be viewed as the surface expression of mantle convection.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>ESS3.B Natural Hazards\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>(Grade 4) A variety of hazards result from natural processes (e.g., earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions). Humans cannot eliminate the hazards but can take steps to reduce their impacts.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>(Grades 6-8) Mapping the history of natural hazards in a region, combined with an understanding of related geologic forces can help forecast the locations and likelihoods of future events.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>(Grades 9-12) Natural hazards and other geologic events have shaped the course of human history; [they] have significantly altered the sizes of human populations and have driven human migrations.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>PS4.A Wave Properties\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>(Grades 9-12) Geologists use seismic waves and their reflection at interfaces between layers to probe structures deep in the planet.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>This post is part of \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/earthquakes\">Exploring Earthquakes\u003c/a>, a rich collection of resources co-presented by the California Academy of Sciences and KQED. This material is also available as a free \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/book/earthquake/id552255768?mt=11\">iBooks textbook\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/earthquake/id552092722\">iTunes U course\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don’t miss \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/earthquake-life-on-a-dynamic-planet\">Earthquake\u003c/a>\u003c/em>, an interactive exhibit at the Academy exploring the seismic forces that impact us today and featuring the Shake House, an earthquake simulator.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/142670/educator-guide-exploring-earthquakes","authors":["6170"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_439","quest_909","quest_932","quest_13461","quest_13466"],"collections":["quest_10627"],"featImg":"quest_142706","label":"quest_10627"},"quest_141523":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_141523","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"141523","score":null,"sort":[1460707246000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"exploring-earthquakes","title":"Exploring Earthquakes","publishDate":1460707246,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":10627,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Geological processes shape life on Earth. They affect its surface, the evolution and distribution of our planet's species, and impact people’s lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within the past century, scientists have gained significant knowledge about these processes and why earthquakes occur. They've learned that Earth’s surface, made up of plates, is constantly moving and that forces between these plates cause earthquakes, which produce energy released as seismic waves. They've also studied how this energy release affects our environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earthquakes are part of the larger story of plate tectonics. The constant movement of Earth's plates builds mountains, moves continents, and creates the landscape in which life evolves or goes extinct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By studying these processes, scientists can predict where earthquakes will occur, but not when. Even if we don't know when earthquakes are coming, we can do our best to prepare for them. Knowing what to expect from and how to respond to an earthquake can mitigate its impact and save lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Academy of Sciences (CAS) and KQED partnered to bring you this rich collection of resources about earthquakes. This material is also available as a free \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/energy/id884353155?mt=13&ign-mpt=uo%3D4\">iBooks Textbook \u003c/a>in Apple’s iBookstore and as a course of \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/earthquake/id552092722\">iTunes U\u003c/a>. The media collection includes the following information about earthquakes:\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>What is an Earthquake?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/from-core-to-crust-defining-earths-layers\">From Core to Crust: Defining Earth’s Layers \u003c/a> [CAS]\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/educators/inside-the-earth-exploring-earths-layers\">Inside the Earth: Exploring Earth’s Layers\u003c/a> [CAS]\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/plate-tectonics-shaping-the-continents\">Plate Tectonics: Shaping the Continents\u003c/a> [CAS]\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/evidence-of-plate-tectonics\">Evidence of Plate Tectonics\u003c/a> [CAS]\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/plate-tectonics-and-ancient-civilizations\">Plate Tectonics and Ancient Civilizations\u003c/a> [CAS]\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/plate-boundaries-divergent-convergent-and-transform\">Plate Boundaries: Divergent, Convergent, and Transform\u003c/a> [CAS]\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/faults-where-earthquakes-occur\">Faults: Where Earthquakes Occur\u003c/a> [CAS]\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Measuring Earthquakes\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/07/the-four-types-of-seismic-waves/\">What Are Seismic Waves\u003c/a>?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2016/04/15/how-to-find-the-epicenter-of-an-earthquake/\">How to Find the Epicenter of an Earthquake\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2016/04/15/measuring-earthquakes-intensity-and-magnitude/\">Measuring Earthquakes: Intensity and Magnitude\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2016/04/15/building-for-earthquakes/\">Building for Earthquakes\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Bay Area Earthquakes\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2016/04/15/san-francisco-bay-area-earthquakes-and-faults/\">San Francisco Bay Area Earthquakes and Faults\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/the-great-san-francisco-earthquake-of-1906\">The Great San Francisco Earthquake of 1906\u003c/a> [CAS]\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Earthquake Preparedness\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/how-to-prepare-for-an-earthquake\">How to Prepare for an Earthquake\u003c/a> [CAS]\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Educator Guide\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2016/04/15/educator-guide-exploring-earthquakes/\">Exploring Earthquakes: Educator Guide\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Explore the science of earthquakes with the California Academy of Sciences and KQED.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1494362417,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":7,"wordCount":325},"headData":{"title":"Exploring Earthquakes | KQED","description":"Explore the science of earthquakes with the California Academy of Sciences and KQED.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"141523 http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/?p=141523","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2016/04/15/exploring-earthquakes/","disqusTitle":"Exploring Earthquakes","path":"/quest/141523/exploring-earthquakes","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Geological processes shape life on Earth. They affect its surface, the evolution and distribution of our planet's species, and impact people’s lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within the past century, scientists have gained significant knowledge about these processes and why earthquakes occur. They've learned that Earth’s surface, made up of plates, is constantly moving and that forces between these plates cause earthquakes, which produce energy released as seismic waves. They've also studied how this energy release affects our environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earthquakes are part of the larger story of plate tectonics. The constant movement of Earth's plates builds mountains, moves continents, and creates the landscape in which life evolves or goes extinct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By studying these processes, scientists can predict where earthquakes will occur, but not when. Even if we don't know when earthquakes are coming, we can do our best to prepare for them. Knowing what to expect from and how to respond to an earthquake can mitigate its impact and save lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Academy of Sciences (CAS) and KQED partnered to bring you this rich collection of resources about earthquakes. This material is also available as a free \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/energy/id884353155?mt=13&ign-mpt=uo%3D4\">iBooks Textbook \u003c/a>in Apple’s iBookstore and as a course of \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/earthquake/id552092722\">iTunes U\u003c/a>. The media collection includes the following information about earthquakes:\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>What is an Earthquake?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/from-core-to-crust-defining-earths-layers\">From Core to Crust: Defining Earth’s Layers \u003c/a> [CAS]\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/educators/inside-the-earth-exploring-earths-layers\">Inside the Earth: Exploring Earth’s Layers\u003c/a> [CAS]\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/plate-tectonics-shaping-the-continents\">Plate Tectonics: Shaping the Continents\u003c/a> [CAS]\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/evidence-of-plate-tectonics\">Evidence of Plate Tectonics\u003c/a> [CAS]\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/plate-tectonics-and-ancient-civilizations\">Plate Tectonics and Ancient Civilizations\u003c/a> [CAS]\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/plate-boundaries-divergent-convergent-and-transform\">Plate Boundaries: Divergent, Convergent, and Transform\u003c/a> [CAS]\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/faults-where-earthquakes-occur\">Faults: Where Earthquakes Occur\u003c/a> [CAS]\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Measuring Earthquakes\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/07/the-four-types-of-seismic-waves/\">What Are Seismic Waves\u003c/a>?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2016/04/15/how-to-find-the-epicenter-of-an-earthquake/\">How to Find the Epicenter of an Earthquake\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2016/04/15/measuring-earthquakes-intensity-and-magnitude/\">Measuring Earthquakes: Intensity and Magnitude\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2016/04/15/building-for-earthquakes/\">Building for Earthquakes\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Bay Area Earthquakes\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2016/04/15/san-francisco-bay-area-earthquakes-and-faults/\">San Francisco Bay Area Earthquakes and Faults\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/the-great-san-francisco-earthquake-of-1906\">The Great San Francisco Earthquake of 1906\u003c/a> [CAS]\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Earthquake Preparedness\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/how-to-prepare-for-an-earthquake\">How to Prepare for an Earthquake\u003c/a> [CAS]\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Educator Guide\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2016/04/15/educator-guide-exploring-earthquakes/\">Exploring Earthquakes: Educator Guide\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/141523/exploring-earthquakes","authors":["10216"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_439","quest_907","quest_909","quest_13373","quest_13461","quest_3706"],"collections":["quest_10627"],"featImg":"quest_141524","label":"quest_10627"},"quest_141904":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_141904","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"141904","score":null,"sort":[1460707239000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"san-francisco-bay-area-earthquakes-and-faults","title":"San Francisco Bay Area Earthquakes and Faults","publishDate":1460707239,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":10627,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Most earthquakes happen along plate boundaries. Many of these locations are also where mountain building or volcanic activity occurs. Certain areas, sometimes referred to as earthquake belts, are more prone to earthquakes. One belt runs northward through the western Pacific Ocean, across the Aleutian Islands, and then down the western coasts of North and South America. This belt includes the Bay Area faults and is called the “Ring of Fire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_141905\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2304px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-141905 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2016/04/BayAreaFaultPlanesLabeled.png\" alt=\"major Bay Area Faults\" width=\"2304\" height=\"3072\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/04/BayAreaFaultPlanesLabeled.png 2304w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/04/BayAreaFaultPlanesLabeled-400x533.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/04/BayAreaFaultPlanesLabeled-800x1067.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/04/BayAreaFaultPlanesLabeled-768x1024.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/04/BayAreaFaultPlanesLabeled-1440x1920.png 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/04/BayAreaFaultPlanesLabeled-1180x1573.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/04/BayAreaFaultPlanesLabeled-960x1280.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2304px) 100vw, 2304px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Major Bay Area Faults \u003ccite>((Courtesy of California Academy of Sciences))\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The City of San Francisco experienced major earthquakes in 1906 and 1989 due to its location along the San Andreas fault. However, of the major fault systems in the Bay Area, the Hayward Fault is of most concern to geologists. Extending almost 40 miles from Fremont to San Pablo Bay, the Hayward Fault runs under some of the most densely populated areas in the country. More than two million people live and work along the fault. BART, major gas lines, schools, and trauma centers sit on or near the fault. The Hayward Fault is a prime candidate in Northern California for a magnitude 7 earthquake within the next 30 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GhFMtCmHc9c&w=640&h=360]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geologists have observed cracks and deformed curbs on sidewalks and streets in areas near the fault. These are evidence of creep, a phenomenon of slow movement on the surface of the ground even though deep beneath the surface the rock is stuck in place. When the rock that’s stuck builds up enough tension, the fault then ruptures, or slips, causing a major earthquake. The last major earthquake on the Hayward Fault was in 1868—more than 140 years ago—and historically, major earthquakes have occurred along that fault about every 140 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>This post is part of \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/earthquakes\">Exploring Earthquakes\u003c/a>, a rich collection of resources co-presented by the California Academy of Sciences and KQED. This material is also available as a free \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/book/earthquake/id552255768?mt=11\">iBooks textbook\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/earthquake/id552092722\">iTunes U course\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don’t miss \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/earthquake-life-on-a-dynamic-planet\">Earthquake\u003c/a>, an interactive exhibit at the Academy exploring the seismic forces that impact us today and featuring the Shake House, an earthquake simulator.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Many faults run through the San Francisco Bay Area, making it prone to earthquakes. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1460684944,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":8,"wordCount":367},"headData":{"title":"San Francisco Bay Area Earthquakes and Faults | KQED","description":"Many faults run through the San Francisco Bay Area, making it prone to earthquakes. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"141904 http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/?p=141904","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2016/04/15/san-francisco-bay-area-earthquakes-and-faults/","disqusTitle":"San Francisco Bay Area Earthquakes and Faults","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m5xM-CTDLo0&index=1&list=PLS14biAqBAtE_wpsyXkZbbb7Wwq4DkUzw","path":"/quest/141904/san-francisco-bay-area-earthquakes-and-faults","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Most earthquakes happen along plate boundaries. Many of these locations are also where mountain building or volcanic activity occurs. Certain areas, sometimes referred to as earthquake belts, are more prone to earthquakes. One belt runs northward through the western Pacific Ocean, across the Aleutian Islands, and then down the western coasts of North and South America. This belt includes the Bay Area faults and is called the “Ring of Fire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_141905\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2304px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-141905 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2016/04/BayAreaFaultPlanesLabeled.png\" alt=\"major Bay Area Faults\" width=\"2304\" height=\"3072\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/04/BayAreaFaultPlanesLabeled.png 2304w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/04/BayAreaFaultPlanesLabeled-400x533.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/04/BayAreaFaultPlanesLabeled-800x1067.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/04/BayAreaFaultPlanesLabeled-768x1024.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/04/BayAreaFaultPlanesLabeled-1440x1920.png 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/04/BayAreaFaultPlanesLabeled-1180x1573.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/04/BayAreaFaultPlanesLabeled-960x1280.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2304px) 100vw, 2304px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Major Bay Area Faults \u003ccite>((Courtesy of California Academy of Sciences))\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The City of San Francisco experienced major earthquakes in 1906 and 1989 due to its location along the San Andreas fault. However, of the major fault systems in the Bay Area, the Hayward Fault is of most concern to geologists. Extending almost 40 miles from Fremont to San Pablo Bay, the Hayward Fault runs under some of the most densely populated areas in the country. More than two million people live and work along the fault. BART, major gas lines, schools, and trauma centers sit on or near the fault. The Hayward Fault is a prime candidate in Northern California for a magnitude 7 earthquake within the next 30 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/GhFMtCmHc9c'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/GhFMtCmHc9c'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geologists have observed cracks and deformed curbs on sidewalks and streets in areas near the fault. These are evidence of creep, a phenomenon of slow movement on the surface of the ground even though deep beneath the surface the rock is stuck in place. When the rock that’s stuck builds up enough tension, the fault then ruptures, or slips, causing a major earthquake. The last major earthquake on the Hayward Fault was in 1868—more than 140 years ago—and historically, major earthquakes have occurred along that fault about every 140 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>This post is part of \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/earthquakes\">Exploring Earthquakes\u003c/a>, a rich collection of resources co-presented by the California Academy of Sciences and KQED. This material is also available as a free \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/book/earthquake/id552255768?mt=11\">iBooks textbook\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/earthquake/id552092722\">iTunes U course\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don’t miss \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/earthquake-life-on-a-dynamic-planet\">Earthquake\u003c/a>, an interactive exhibit at the Academy exploring the seismic forces that impact us today and featuring the Shake House, an earthquake simulator.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/141904/san-francisco-bay-area-earthquakes-and-faults","authors":["10216"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_439","quest_909","quest_13461","quest_1080","quest_1325","quest_2484","quest_3071"],"collections":["quest_10627"],"featImg":"quest_141905","label":"quest_10627"},"quest_136791":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_136791","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"136791","score":null,"sort":[1460707222000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"building-for-earthquakes","title":"Building for Earthquakes","publishDate":1460707222,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":10627,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2008/3027/\">An earthquake forecast\u003c/a> for the State of California was released by USGS, Southern California Earthquake Center and the California Geological Survey in 2008. It states that there is a greater than 99% probability that one or more earthquakes of at least a 6.7 magnitude will occur in California over the next 30 years. California has experienced many damaging earthquakes in its history. Scientists and engineers have learned how to design buildings that will better withstand future earthquakes. Over the past few decades, many structures have undergone earthquake retrofitting in the Bay Area and beyond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Engineers have dedicated their careers to studying how to make the buildings we live and work in safer and better able to withstand damage from future earthquakes. Computer simulations help scientists test possible scenarios and see the impact of a future earthquake on the Bay Area. Information such as the proximity of mountains, type of soil, and other factors are used to calculate shaking intensity. This information allows engineers to design safer structures for earthquake prone areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7hoSqazNmfY&w=640&h=360]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Real-world tests on building materials are conducted on large tables that simulate ground shaking using accurate seismic data. The shaking table at the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center at UC Berkeley is the largest multi-directional shaking table in the U.S. and has been the site of important research. Because the shaking table can move vertically and horizontally—and because it includes three rotational components—it can be programmed to simulate seismic waves with various forces, velocities and frequencies. This allows engineers to test how building materials will stand up under different earthquake scenarios. Engineering designs, such as the isolation bearings found below a building, enable engineers to strengthen buildings like San Francisco’s City Hall and the iconic Ferry Building.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cu9WpKxfByc&w=640&h=360]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge was built in 1936. During its first year, nine million vehicles crossed the bridge. That number has now increased to more than 102 million vehicles per year. The bridge consists of two major crossings—the West Span and the East Span, with Yerba Buena Island situated in between. In 1989, the Loma Prieta earthquake caused a portion of the East Span of the bridge to fail, resulting in a decision to retrofit the West Span of the bridge and build a new self-anchored suspension bridge to replace the vulnerable East Span. The new East Span of the Bay Bridge has been designed to withstand the largest earthquake expected to occur at a nearby fault in the next 1,500 years. Instead of having two cables holding up the deck like most other self-anchored suspension bridges, it has one huge cable that loops under the bridge, acting like a sling. The tower in the East Span is made up of four separate legs that are connected by “shear link beams.” These steel beams are designed to move separately and will function like fuses in an electrical circuit during an earthquake, absorbing most of the energy and leaving the bridge intact. One of the piles of the tower’s foundation even contains seismic monitoring equipment to collect data about ground motion during an earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nOQqTP2JvDs&w=640&h=360]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco Public Utilities Commission is hard at work on a $4.6 billion, decade-long construction project to overhaul the Hetch Hetchy water system, which delivers water from the Hetch Hetchy reservoir in Yosemite National Park and five local reservoirs to 2.5 million residents in the Bay Area. The most expensive and biggest of the jobs is replacing a 90-year-old earth and rock-filled Calaveras dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WHbAHUTQX9I&w=640&h=360]\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>This post is part of \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/earthquakes\">Exploring Earthquakes\u003c/a>, a rich collection of resources co-presented by the California Academy of Sciences and KQED. This material is also available as a free \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/book/earthquake/id552255768?mt=11\">iBooks textbook\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/earthquake/id552092722\">iTunes U course\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don’t miss \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/earthquake-life-on-a-dynamic-planet\">Earthquake\u003c/a>, an interactive exhibit at the Academy exploring the seismic forces that impact us today and featuring the Shake House, an earthquake simulator.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Scientists and engineers are constantly exploring how to make buildings, bridges and dams earthquake safe.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1460744804,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":724},"headData":{"title":"Building for Earthquakes | KQED","description":"Scientists and engineers are constantly exploring how to make buildings, bridges and dams earthquake safe.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"136791 http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/?p=136791","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2016/04/15/building-for-earthquakes/","disqusTitle":"Building for Earthquakes","path":"/quest/136791/building-for-earthquakes","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2008/3027/\">An earthquake forecast\u003c/a> for the State of California was released by USGS, Southern California Earthquake Center and the California Geological Survey in 2008. It states that there is a greater than 99% probability that one or more earthquakes of at least a 6.7 magnitude will occur in California over the next 30 years. California has experienced many damaging earthquakes in its history. Scientists and engineers have learned how to design buildings that will better withstand future earthquakes. Over the past few decades, many structures have undergone earthquake retrofitting in the Bay Area and beyond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Engineers have dedicated their careers to studying how to make the buildings we live and work in safer and better able to withstand damage from future earthquakes. Computer simulations help scientists test possible scenarios and see the impact of a future earthquake on the Bay Area. Information such as the proximity of mountains, type of soil, and other factors are used to calculate shaking intensity. This information allows engineers to design safer structures for earthquake prone areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/7hoSqazNmfY'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/7hoSqazNmfY'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Real-world tests on building materials are conducted on large tables that simulate ground shaking using accurate seismic data. The shaking table at the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center at UC Berkeley is the largest multi-directional shaking table in the U.S. and has been the site of important research. Because the shaking table can move vertically and horizontally—and because it includes three rotational components—it can be programmed to simulate seismic waves with various forces, velocities and frequencies. This allows engineers to test how building materials will stand up under different earthquake scenarios. Engineering designs, such as the isolation bearings found below a building, enable engineers to strengthen buildings like San Francisco’s City Hall and the iconic Ferry Building.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/cu9WpKxfByc'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/cu9WpKxfByc'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge was built in 1936. During its first year, nine million vehicles crossed the bridge. That number has now increased to more than 102 million vehicles per year. The bridge consists of two major crossings—the West Span and the East Span, with Yerba Buena Island situated in between. In 1989, the Loma Prieta earthquake caused a portion of the East Span of the bridge to fail, resulting in a decision to retrofit the West Span of the bridge and build a new self-anchored suspension bridge to replace the vulnerable East Span. The new East Span of the Bay Bridge has been designed to withstand the largest earthquake expected to occur at a nearby fault in the next 1,500 years. Instead of having two cables holding up the deck like most other self-anchored suspension bridges, it has one huge cable that loops under the bridge, acting like a sling. The tower in the East Span is made up of four separate legs that are connected by “shear link beams.” These steel beams are designed to move separately and will function like fuses in an electrical circuit during an earthquake, absorbing most of the energy and leaving the bridge intact. One of the piles of the tower’s foundation even contains seismic monitoring equipment to collect data about ground motion during an earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/nOQqTP2JvDs'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/nOQqTP2JvDs'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco Public Utilities Commission is hard at work on a $4.6 billion, decade-long construction project to overhaul the Hetch Hetchy water system, which delivers water from the Hetch Hetchy reservoir in Yosemite National Park and five local reservoirs to 2.5 million residents in the Bay Area. The most expensive and biggest of the jobs is replacing a 90-year-old earth and rock-filled Calaveras dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/WHbAHUTQX9I'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/WHbAHUTQX9I'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>This post is part of \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/earthquakes\">Exploring Earthquakes\u003c/a>, a rich collection of resources co-presented by the California Academy of Sciences and KQED. This material is also available as a free \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/book/earthquake/id552255768?mt=11\">iBooks textbook\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/earthquake/id552092722\">iTunes U course\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don’t miss \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/earthquake-life-on-a-dynamic-planet\">Earthquake\u003c/a>, an interactive exhibit at the Academy exploring the seismic forces that impact us today and featuring the Shake House, an earthquake simulator.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/136791/building-for-earthquakes","authors":["10216"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_287","quest_439","quest_907","quest_13458","quest_909","quest_13197","quest_13461","quest_13446","quest_3071"],"collections":["quest_10627"],"featImg":"quest_141963","label":"quest_10627"},"quest_136760":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_136760","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"136760","score":null,"sort":[1460707200000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-to-find-the-epicenter-of-an-earthquake","title":"How to Find the Epicenter of an Earthquake","publishDate":1460707200,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":10627,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Scientists use triangulation to find the epicenter of an earthquake. When seismic data is collected from at least three different locations, it can be used to determine the epicenter by where it intersects. Every earthquake is recorded on numerous seismographs located in different directions. Each seismograph records the times when the first (P waves) and second (S waves) seismic waves arrive. From that information, scientists can determine how fast the waves are traveling. Knowing this helps them calculate the distance from the epicenter to each seismograph.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To determine the direction each wave traveled, scientists draw circles around the seismograph locations. The radius of each circle equals the known distance to the epicenter. Where these three circles intersect is the epicenter.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>This post is part of \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/earthquakes\">Exploring Earthquakes\u003c/a>, a rich collection of resources co-presented by the California Academy of Sciences and KQED. This material is also available as a free \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/book/earthquake/id552255768?mt=11\">iBooks textbook\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/earthquake/id552092722\">iTunes U course\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don’t miss \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/earthquake-life-on-a-dynamic-planet\">Earthquake\u003c/a>, an interactive exhibit at the Academy exploring the seismic forces that impact us today and featuring the Shake House, an earthquake simulator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Learn how scientists use triangulation to determine an earthquake's epicenter.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1460742532,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":6,"wordCount":185},"headData":{"title":"How to Find the Epicenter of an Earthquake | KQED","description":"Learn how scientists use triangulation to determine an earthquake's epicenter.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"136760 http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/?p=136760","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2016/04/15/how-to-find-the-epicenter-of-an-earthquake/","disqusTitle":"How to Find the Epicenter of an Earthquake","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SFJ_l3uFkPI","path":"/quest/136760/how-to-find-the-epicenter-of-an-earthquake","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Scientists use triangulation to find the epicenter of an earthquake. When seismic data is collected from at least three different locations, it can be used to determine the epicenter by where it intersects. Every earthquake is recorded on numerous seismographs located in different directions. Each seismograph records the times when the first (P waves) and second (S waves) seismic waves arrive. From that information, scientists can determine how fast the waves are traveling. Knowing this helps them calculate the distance from the epicenter to each seismograph.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To determine the direction each wave traveled, scientists draw circles around the seismograph locations. The radius of each circle equals the known distance to the epicenter. Where these three circles intersect is the epicenter.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>This post is part of \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/earthquakes\">Exploring Earthquakes\u003c/a>, a rich collection of resources co-presented by the California Academy of Sciences and KQED. This material is also available as a free \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/book/earthquake/id552255768?mt=11\">iBooks textbook\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/earthquake/id552092722\">iTunes U course\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don’t miss \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/earthquake-life-on-a-dynamic-planet\">Earthquake\u003c/a>, an interactive exhibit at the Academy exploring the seismic forces that impact us today and featuring the Shake House, an earthquake simulator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/136760/how-to-find-the-epicenter-of-an-earthquake","authors":["10216"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_439","quest_909","quest_13462","quest_13461","quest_2581","quest_13463"],"collections":["quest_10627"],"featImg":"quest_142580","label":"quest_10627"},"quest_139358":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_139358","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"139358","score":null,"sort":[1459964689000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"hands-on-earthquake-activities-for-the-classroom","title":"Hands-On Earthquake Activities for the Classroom","publishDate":1459964689,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":13456,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>California is earthquake country. For engineers, that means they need to build buildings and bridges that can stand up to the destructive power of earthquakes. But engineers can’t just wait around for the next big one to hit. Instead, they use a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2016/03/10/simulating-earthquakes-with-a-shaking-table/\">giant shaking table to simulate earthquakes\u003c/a>. Your classroom doesn’t have a shaking table, but there are still some great classroom activities to help students better understand earthquakes. Check them out below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/ess05.sci.ess.earthsys.lp_earthquakes/earthquakes/\">What Causes an Earthquake?\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIn this lesson from PBS LearningMedia, a mixture of video resources and hands-on activities provides students with a great understanding of what causes earthquakes and how scientists are trying to better predict them. Students learn about plate tectonics, explore the concepts of stress, strain and vibration using silly putty and a sugar cube, and discuss different kinds of earthquake damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/extra/lessons_plans/dont-need-seismograph-study-earthquakes/\">\u003cstrong>You Don’t Need a Seismograph to Study Earthquakes\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nThis lesson plan from PBS NewsHour is broken down into three parts. First, students will research specific earthquakes from the last 20 years. Then, using rope and a slinky, students can simulate the waves of an earthquake, known as p waves and s waves. Finally, using styrofoam, toothpicks and glue, students can simulate a transform boundary, which is where two tectonic plates meet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/education/activities/2913_volcano.html\">\u003cstrong>Volcano’s Deadly Warning\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nDesigned for a high school classroom, this activity from NOVA will teach students to identify the different patterns exhibited by volcanic seismic waves by sketching the wave patterns. To understand how these complex waves are formed, students will combine two simple sine waves. By plotting various points, students will explore the concepts of constructive versus destructive interference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://tryengineering.org/lesson-plans/shake-it-seismographs\">\u003cstrong>Build Your Own Seismograph\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nIn this activity, students learn how to build their own seismographs out of everyday items. Then, they test the device’s ability to record a simulated classroom earthquake. Students then present their findings to the class. Curriculum alignment sheets are included, allowing teachers to target any age group from 8-18.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Check out some great resources that tackle every aspect of earthquakes.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1467224678,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":7,"wordCount":336},"headData":{"title":"Hands-On Earthquake Activities for the Classroom | KQED","description":"Check out some great resources that tackle every aspect of earthquakes.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"139358 http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/?p=139358","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2016/04/06/hands-on-earthquake-activities-for-the-classroom/","disqusTitle":"Hands-On Earthquake Activities for the Classroom","path":"/quest/139358/hands-on-earthquake-activities-for-the-classroom","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California is earthquake country. For engineers, that means they need to build buildings and bridges that can stand up to the destructive power of earthquakes. But engineers can’t just wait around for the next big one to hit. Instead, they use a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2016/03/10/simulating-earthquakes-with-a-shaking-table/\">giant shaking table to simulate earthquakes\u003c/a>. Your classroom doesn’t have a shaking table, but there are still some great classroom activities to help students better understand earthquakes. Check them out below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/ess05.sci.ess.earthsys.lp_earthquakes/earthquakes/\">What Causes an Earthquake?\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIn this lesson from PBS LearningMedia, a mixture of video resources and hands-on activities provides students with a great understanding of what causes earthquakes and how scientists are trying to better predict them. Students learn about plate tectonics, explore the concepts of stress, strain and vibration using silly putty and a sugar cube, and discuss different kinds of earthquake damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/extra/lessons_plans/dont-need-seismograph-study-earthquakes/\">\u003cstrong>You Don’t Need a Seismograph to Study Earthquakes\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nThis lesson plan from PBS NewsHour is broken down into three parts. First, students will research specific earthquakes from the last 20 years. Then, using rope and a slinky, students can simulate the waves of an earthquake, known as p waves and s waves. Finally, using styrofoam, toothpicks and glue, students can simulate a transform boundary, which is where two tectonic plates meet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/education/activities/2913_volcano.html\">\u003cstrong>Volcano’s Deadly Warning\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nDesigned for a high school classroom, this activity from NOVA will teach students to identify the different patterns exhibited by volcanic seismic waves by sketching the wave patterns. To understand how these complex waves are formed, students will combine two simple sine waves. By plotting various points, students will explore the concepts of constructive versus destructive interference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://tryengineering.org/lesson-plans/shake-it-seismographs\">\u003cstrong>Build Your Own Seismograph\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nIn this activity, students learn how to build their own seismographs out of everyday items. Then, they test the device’s ability to record a simulated classroom earthquake. Students then present their findings to the class. Curriculum alignment sheets are included, allowing teachers to target any age group from 8-18.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/139358/hands-on-earthquake-activities-for-the-classroom","authors":["10621"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_12787","quest_909","quest_13197","quest_13441"],"collections":["quest_13456"],"featImg":"quest_139378","label":"quest_13456"},"quest_134599":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_134599","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"134599","score":null,"sort":[1458594012000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-seismic-waves-cause-damage-during-an-earthquake","title":"How Seismic Waves Cause Damage During an Earthquake","publishDate":1458594012,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":13456,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>An earthquake generates a series of seismic waves that travel through the interior or near the surface of the Earth. There are four types of seismic waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How will three identically engineered buildings react to an earthquake on different types of substrate?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first set of waves to be detected by seismographs are \u003cstrong>P waves, or primary waves\u003c/strong>, as they’re the fastest. They’re compressional or longitudinal waves that push and pull the ground in the direction the wave is traveling. They usually cause very little damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>S waves, or secondary waves\u003c/strong>, come next since they travel more slowly than P waves. They travel in the same direction, but they shake the ground back and forth perpendicular to the direction the wave is traveling. S waves are more dangerous than P waves because they have greater amplitude and produce vertical and horizontal motion of the ground surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The slowest waves, surface waves, arrive last. They travel only along the surface of the Earth. There are two types of surface waves: Love and Rayleigh waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Love waves\u003c/strong> move back and forth horizontally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rayleigh waves\u003c/strong> cause both vertical and horizontal ground motion. These can be the most destructive waves as they roll along lifting and dropping the ground as they pass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Want to learn more about earthquakes? Check out this \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2016/03/10/simulating-earthquakes-with-a-shaking-table/\">video about how engineers use a giant shaking table\u003c/a> to design earthquake safe structures.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Earthquakes create 4 different types of seismic waves","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1483486573,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":237},"headData":{"title":"How Seismic Waves Cause Damage During an Earthquake | KQED","description":"Earthquakes create 4 different types of seismic waves","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"134599 http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/?p=134599","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2016/03/21/how-seismic-waves-cause-damage-during-an-earthquake/","disqusTitle":"How Seismic Waves Cause Damage During an Earthquake","videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/wDfIgoXaXis","path":"/quest/134599/how-seismic-waves-cause-damage-during-an-earthquake","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>An earthquake generates a series of seismic waves that travel through the interior or near the surface of the Earth. There are four types of seismic waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How will three identically engineered buildings react to an earthquake on different types of substrate?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first set of waves to be detected by seismographs are \u003cstrong>P waves, or primary waves\u003c/strong>, as they’re the fastest. They’re compressional or longitudinal waves that push and pull the ground in the direction the wave is traveling. They usually cause very little damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>S waves, or secondary waves\u003c/strong>, come next since they travel more slowly than P waves. They travel in the same direction, but they shake the ground back and forth perpendicular to the direction the wave is traveling. S waves are more dangerous than P waves because they have greater amplitude and produce vertical and horizontal motion of the ground surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The slowest waves, surface waves, arrive last. They travel only along the surface of the Earth. There are two types of surface waves: Love and Rayleigh waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Love waves\u003c/strong> move back and forth horizontally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rayleigh waves\u003c/strong> cause both vertical and horizontal ground motion. These can be the most destructive waves as they roll along lifting and dropping the ground as they pass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Want to learn more about earthquakes? Check out this \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2016/03/10/simulating-earthquakes-with-a-shaking-table/\">video about how engineers use a giant shaking table\u003c/a> to design earthquake safe structures.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/134599/how-seismic-waves-cause-damage-during-an-earthquake","authors":["6170"],"categories":["quest_8","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_909","quest_2581"],"collections":["quest_13456"],"featImg":"quest_134600","label":"quest_13456"},"quest_127102":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_127102","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"127102","score":null,"sort":[1457656481000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"simulating-earthquakes-with-a-shaking-table","title":"Simulating Earthquakes with a Shaking Table","publishDate":1457656481,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":13456,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">For almost half a decade, engineers have come to the \u003ca href=\"http://peer.berkeley.edu/about/what_is_peer.html\">Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research (PEER) Center\u003c/a> to better understand how structures respond to the complex and destructive forces of an earthquake. Engineers can’t just wait around for the next earthquake to hit. Instead, they simulate earthquakes on a 20-foot by 20-foot, 100,000-pound, reinforced concrete shaking table. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_127170\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-127170\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2016/02/PEER_UCB-table-with-dixon-reaRESIZED-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Original installation of the shaking table's original actuators\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/02/PEER_UCB-table-with-dixon-reaRESIZED-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/02/PEER_UCB-table-with-dixon-reaRESIZED-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/02/PEER_UCB-table-with-dixon-reaRESIZED-768x432.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/02/PEER_UCB-table-with-dixon-reaRESIZED.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Original installation of the shaking table's original actuators \u003ccite>(Peer Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The PEER shaking table is the largest six degree-of-freedom shaking in the United States. What that means is that it can move in six unique directions. It can move horizontally along both the X and Y axes, and vertically along the Z axis. It can also rotate along each of these three axes, allowing for pitch, roll and yaw. Combine these motions together and engineers can simulate just about any earthquake-like movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The simulation of earthquakes is a big part of what we do,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.ce.berkeley.edu/people/faculty/mosalam\">Khalid Mosalam, Director of PEER\u003c/a>. “Putting a structure on the table, we can take a variety of measurements directly on the surface of the table or at different critical points, and that will generate a body of experimental data.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With this data, engineers can design buildings and bridges that can better withstand earthquakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_127154\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-127154 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2016/02/PEER_UCB-RC-shearwall-table-400x597.jpg\" alt=\"Testing a reinforced concrete shearwall building model.\" width=\"400\" height=\"597\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/02/PEER_UCB-RC-shearwall-table-400x597.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/02/PEER_UCB-RC-shearwall-table-800x1194.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/02/PEER_UCB-RC-shearwall-table-768x1146.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/02/PEER_UCB-RC-shearwall-table-1440x2148.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/02/PEER_UCB-RC-shearwall-table-1180x1761.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/02/PEER_UCB-RC-shearwall-table-960x1432.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Testing a reinforced concrete shearwall building model. \u003ccite>(PEER Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the most significant developments to come out of testing on the shaking table is the proof of concept for energy dissipation devices. These devices are placed between the building's foundation and the ground. During an earthquake, the dissipators decouple the ground motion from the building, limiting major damage. Before the 1980s, energy dissipation devices were not readily accepted by the structural engineering profession.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This technology is used very commonly now,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://peer.berkeley.edu/news/2014/08/peer-welcomes-grace-kang/\">Grace Kang, Director of Communications for PEER\u003c/a>, and a structural engineer herself. “It’s used for the design of new buildings throughout California and Japan, and other high-seismic area regions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Critical facilities like airports, hospitals and government buildings have been retrofitted with these devices so that they can continue to operate despite suffering damage from an earthquake.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Still, in earthquake-prone areas like California, there are thousands of structures that won’t be able to withstand the next big earthquake. But with the help of the shaking table, engineers have more tools than ever before to make those structures safer.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Engineers can't wait around for the next big one to hit. So, they use a huge platform to simulate an earthquake.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1467224735,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":413},"headData":{"title":"Simulating Earthquakes with a Shaking Table | KQED","description":"Engineers can't wait around for the next big one to hit. So, they use a huge platform to simulate an earthquake.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"127102 http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/?p=127102","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2016/03/10/simulating-earthquakes-with-a-shaking-table/","disqusTitle":"Simulating Earthquakes with a Shaking Table","videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/7hoSqazNmfY","path":"/quest/127102/simulating-earthquakes-with-a-shaking-table","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">For almost half a decade, engineers have come to the \u003ca href=\"http://peer.berkeley.edu/about/what_is_peer.html\">Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research (PEER) Center\u003c/a> to better understand how structures respond to the complex and destructive forces of an earthquake. Engineers can’t just wait around for the next earthquake to hit. Instead, they simulate earthquakes on a 20-foot by 20-foot, 100,000-pound, reinforced concrete shaking table. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_127170\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-127170\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2016/02/PEER_UCB-table-with-dixon-reaRESIZED-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Original installation of the shaking table's original actuators\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/02/PEER_UCB-table-with-dixon-reaRESIZED-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/02/PEER_UCB-table-with-dixon-reaRESIZED-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/02/PEER_UCB-table-with-dixon-reaRESIZED-768x432.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/02/PEER_UCB-table-with-dixon-reaRESIZED.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Original installation of the shaking table's original actuators \u003ccite>(Peer Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The PEER shaking table is the largest six degree-of-freedom shaking in the United States. What that means is that it can move in six unique directions. It can move horizontally along both the X and Y axes, and vertically along the Z axis. It can also rotate along each of these three axes, allowing for pitch, roll and yaw. Combine these motions together and engineers can simulate just about any earthquake-like movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The simulation of earthquakes is a big part of what we do,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.ce.berkeley.edu/people/faculty/mosalam\">Khalid Mosalam, Director of PEER\u003c/a>. “Putting a structure on the table, we can take a variety of measurements directly on the surface of the table or at different critical points, and that will generate a body of experimental data.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With this data, engineers can design buildings and bridges that can better withstand earthquakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_127154\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-127154 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2016/02/PEER_UCB-RC-shearwall-table-400x597.jpg\" alt=\"Testing a reinforced concrete shearwall building model.\" width=\"400\" height=\"597\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/02/PEER_UCB-RC-shearwall-table-400x597.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/02/PEER_UCB-RC-shearwall-table-800x1194.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/02/PEER_UCB-RC-shearwall-table-768x1146.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/02/PEER_UCB-RC-shearwall-table-1440x2148.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/02/PEER_UCB-RC-shearwall-table-1180x1761.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/02/PEER_UCB-RC-shearwall-table-960x1432.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Testing a reinforced concrete shearwall building model. \u003ccite>(PEER Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the most significant developments to come out of testing on the shaking table is the proof of concept for energy dissipation devices. These devices are placed between the building's foundation and the ground. During an earthquake, the dissipators decouple the ground motion from the building, limiting major damage. Before the 1980s, energy dissipation devices were not readily accepted by the structural engineering profession.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This technology is used very commonly now,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://peer.berkeley.edu/news/2014/08/peer-welcomes-grace-kang/\">Grace Kang, Director of Communications for PEER\u003c/a>, and a structural engineer herself. “It’s used for the design of new buildings throughout California and Japan, and other high-seismic area regions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Critical facilities like airports, hospitals and government buildings have been retrofitted with these devices so that they can continue to operate despite suffering damage from an earthquake.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Still, in earthquake-prone areas like California, there are thousands of structures that won’t be able to withstand the next big earthquake. But with the help of the shaking table, engineers have more tools than ever before to make those structures safer.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/127102/simulating-earthquakes-with-a-shaking-table","authors":["10621"],"categories":["quest_8"],"tags":["quest_909","quest_13446","quest_3021"],"collections":["quest_13456"],"featImg":"quest_127131","label":"quest_13456"},"quest_62076":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_62076","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"62076","score":null,"sort":[1384959614000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"transforming-san-francisco-into-a-model-of-disaster-preparedness","title":"Transforming San Francisco Into a Model of Disaster Preparedness","publishDate":1384959614,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63816\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/11/20/transforming-san-francisco-into-a-model-of-disaster-preparedness/shawn-clover_edited-1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-63816\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-63816\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Shawn-Clover_edited-1.jpg\" alt=\"A mashup of San Francisco's Pacific Heights neighborhood right after the 1906 earthquake and what the area looks like today. Credit: Shawn Clover\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Shawn-Clover_edited-1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Shawn-Clover_edited-1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A mashup of San Francisco's Pacific Heights neighborhood right after the 1906 earthquake and what the area looks like today.\u003cbr>Credit: Shawn Clover\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mention sleeping in \u003ca href=\"http://sfrecpark.org/destination/golden-gate-park/\">Golden Gate Park\u003c/a>, and most people think of homelessness. But the idea that San Francisco’s most famous park could be used as an emergency shelter for thousands of victims after a major earthquake – as it was after the 1906 earthquake – is again resurfacing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.publicarchitecture.org/\">Public Architecture\u003c/a>, a San Francisco non-profit organization, recently asked three architecture and design firms to devise resiliency plans for the city that could be put in place as soon as next year and explore creative ways San Francisco could respond to natural disasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With everything from urine recycling to art installations that indicate areas at risk for earthquake liquefaction, tsunamis and floods, the firms drew up a variety of innovative strategies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the plans, from San Francisco-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.cmgsite.com/\">CMG Landscape Architecture\u003c/a>, looks to the \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/nca/1906/18april/index.php\">1906 San Francisco earthquake\u003c/a>. That catastrophe killed at least 3,000 people, destroyed more than 28,000 buildings and left 225,000 people homeless.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“We’re in earthquake country and it can be the elephant in the room—we know it could happen but we want to ignore it”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>After the 7.6 magnitude earthquake hit, many victims flocked to the Presidio—then a military outpost—and to Golden Gate Park for refuge. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first, tents were constructed, but as winter approached, soldiers from the Army built small houses that provided shelter for more than 16,000 survivors. CMG believes the Park can once again support many thousands of people, if necessary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re in earthquake country and it can be the elephant in the room—we know it could happen but we want to ignore it,” said CMG design leader \u003ca href=\"http://www.cmgsite.com/firm/people/scott-cataffa/\">Scott Cataffa\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CMG proposes new waste treatment facilities, emergency-response infrastructure and energy supplies by lining the Park’s polo fields with dry-composting restrooms and first aid stations. The restrooms would divert treated wastewater onto nearby turf for use as a natural fertilizer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An on-site, sand-filter water treatment system also would serve as a 100-foot tall water tower and viewing deck. The observation deck, covered with solar panels and a modern-day windmill, would allow people to survey the surrounding area. Dutch and Murphy Windmills that already exist at the Park would serve as a back-up power source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By integrating large-scale sanitation-systems, water treatment infrastructure and a water tower, the park could support up to 12,000 people, Cataffa estimated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is already a precedent for Golden Gate Park supporting a large influx of people in the 21st century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Annual events, like the Outside Lands music festival, draw hundreds of thousands of fans into the park during the summer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, CMG officials believe that public events are ideal opportunities to teach disaster preparedness and encourage a sense of community among attendees. “During Super Storm Sandy, some communities had fewer economic resources but knew each other better and they looked out for each other,” Caffata said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We wanted to tap into the sharing economy of Burning Man and back-country camping,” he said, “and see if we could come together and get to know our neighbors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next April 18, on the 108th anniversary of the 1906 earthquake, CMG proposes a “Camp the Park” event. Interested San Franciscans would spend the night in Golden Gate Park to test the city’s ability to mobilize and prepare for disaster response while meeting neighbors and learning about survival techniques.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Corporate sponsors would provide the funding while the San Francisco Recreation and Park Department would need to approve the event and any structural upgrades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, not everyone thinks it’s a good idea to herd thousands of people into Golden Gate Park after the next major earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our first choice is to keep people in their homes, not in a city that gets built in Golden Gate Park,\" said Lt. Erica Arteseros, program coordinator for the San Francisco Fire Department’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.sf-fire.org/index.aspx?page=875\">Neighborhood Emergency Response Team\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arteseros' program, formed after the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake, allows roughly 2,000 people a year to receive 18 hours of disaster preparedness training from San Francisco firefighters and emergency responders. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There’s not enough space and housing to accommodate everyone leaving their home,” she said. “If your home is safe enough to stay in, that’s the best.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.spur.org/\">San Francisco Planning and Urban Research Association\u003c/a>, a non-profit planning group, has published a \u003ca href=\"http://www.spur.org/publications/library/article/san-francisco-safe-enough-stay\">“Safe Enough to Stay”\u003c/a> report that details what it would take to make people's homes suitable as shelters after an earthquake. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If residents can stay in their homes, the process of rebuilding the city can begin much sooner, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, after a magnitude 7.0 earthquake or greater, many people would be left homeless.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In that scenario, the San Francisco \u003ca href=\"http://sfdem.org/\">Department of Emergency Management\u003c/a> would work with the Red Cross to set up temporary shelters and use large spaces like the Bill Graham Civic Auditorium to provide longer term housing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For all San Francisco's current planning, CMG and Public Architecture say they are not evaluating optimal conditions. They anticipate a future that is hard to imagine and even harder to predict.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not planning for a best-case scenario,” said Public Architecture CEO John Peterson. “Unfortunately the best case is not realistic.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The next “big one” is never out of mind for San Francisco residents who may have a new place to gather if one landscape architecture firm has its way. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1384975415,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":28,"wordCount":937},"headData":{"title":"Transforming San Francisco Into a Model of Disaster Preparedness | KQED","description":"The next “big one” is never out of mind for San Francisco residents who may have a new place to gather if one landscape architecture firm has its way. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"62076 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=62076","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/11/20/transforming-san-francisco-into-a-model-of-disaster-preparedness/","disqusTitle":"Transforming San Francisco Into a Model of Disaster Preparedness","path":"/quest/62076/transforming-san-francisco-into-a-model-of-disaster-preparedness","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63816\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/11/20/transforming-san-francisco-into-a-model-of-disaster-preparedness/shawn-clover_edited-1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-63816\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-63816\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Shawn-Clover_edited-1.jpg\" alt=\"A mashup of San Francisco's Pacific Heights neighborhood right after the 1906 earthquake and what the area looks like today. Credit: Shawn Clover\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Shawn-Clover_edited-1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Shawn-Clover_edited-1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A mashup of San Francisco's Pacific Heights neighborhood right after the 1906 earthquake and what the area looks like today.\u003cbr>Credit: Shawn Clover\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mention sleeping in \u003ca href=\"http://sfrecpark.org/destination/golden-gate-park/\">Golden Gate Park\u003c/a>, and most people think of homelessness. But the idea that San Francisco’s most famous park could be used as an emergency shelter for thousands of victims after a major earthquake – as it was after the 1906 earthquake – is again resurfacing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.publicarchitecture.org/\">Public Architecture\u003c/a>, a San Francisco non-profit organization, recently asked three architecture and design firms to devise resiliency plans for the city that could be put in place as soon as next year and explore creative ways San Francisco could respond to natural disasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With everything from urine recycling to art installations that indicate areas at risk for earthquake liquefaction, tsunamis and floods, the firms drew up a variety of innovative strategies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the plans, from San Francisco-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.cmgsite.com/\">CMG Landscape Architecture\u003c/a>, looks to the \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/nca/1906/18april/index.php\">1906 San Francisco earthquake\u003c/a>. That catastrophe killed at least 3,000 people, destroyed more than 28,000 buildings and left 225,000 people homeless.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“We’re in earthquake country and it can be the elephant in the room—we know it could happen but we want to ignore it”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>After the 7.6 magnitude earthquake hit, many victims flocked to the Presidio—then a military outpost—and to Golden Gate Park for refuge. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first, tents were constructed, but as winter approached, soldiers from the Army built small houses that provided shelter for more than 16,000 survivors. CMG believes the Park can once again support many thousands of people, if necessary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re in earthquake country and it can be the elephant in the room—we know it could happen but we want to ignore it,” said CMG design leader \u003ca href=\"http://www.cmgsite.com/firm/people/scott-cataffa/\">Scott Cataffa\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CMG proposes new waste treatment facilities, emergency-response infrastructure and energy supplies by lining the Park’s polo fields with dry-composting restrooms and first aid stations. The restrooms would divert treated wastewater onto nearby turf for use as a natural fertilizer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An on-site, sand-filter water treatment system also would serve as a 100-foot tall water tower and viewing deck. The observation deck, covered with solar panels and a modern-day windmill, would allow people to survey the surrounding area. Dutch and Murphy Windmills that already exist at the Park would serve as a back-up power source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By integrating large-scale sanitation-systems, water treatment infrastructure and a water tower, the park could support up to 12,000 people, Cataffa estimated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is already a precedent for Golden Gate Park supporting a large influx of people in the 21st century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Annual events, like the Outside Lands music festival, draw hundreds of thousands of fans into the park during the summer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, CMG officials believe that public events are ideal opportunities to teach disaster preparedness and encourage a sense of community among attendees. “During Super Storm Sandy, some communities had fewer economic resources but knew each other better and they looked out for each other,” Caffata said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We wanted to tap into the sharing economy of Burning Man and back-country camping,” he said, “and see if we could come together and get to know our neighbors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next April 18, on the 108th anniversary of the 1906 earthquake, CMG proposes a “Camp the Park” event. Interested San Franciscans would spend the night in Golden Gate Park to test the city’s ability to mobilize and prepare for disaster response while meeting neighbors and learning about survival techniques.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Corporate sponsors would provide the funding while the San Francisco Recreation and Park Department would need to approve the event and any structural upgrades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, not everyone thinks it’s a good idea to herd thousands of people into Golden Gate Park after the next major earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our first choice is to keep people in their homes, not in a city that gets built in Golden Gate Park,\" said Lt. Erica Arteseros, program coordinator for the San Francisco Fire Department’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.sf-fire.org/index.aspx?page=875\">Neighborhood Emergency Response Team\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arteseros' program, formed after the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake, allows roughly 2,000 people a year to receive 18 hours of disaster preparedness training from San Francisco firefighters and emergency responders. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There’s not enough space and housing to accommodate everyone leaving their home,” she said. “If your home is safe enough to stay in, that’s the best.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.spur.org/\">San Francisco Planning and Urban Research Association\u003c/a>, a non-profit planning group, has published a \u003ca href=\"http://www.spur.org/publications/library/article/san-francisco-safe-enough-stay\">“Safe Enough to Stay”\u003c/a> report that details what it would take to make people's homes suitable as shelters after an earthquake. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If residents can stay in their homes, the process of rebuilding the city can begin much sooner, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, after a magnitude 7.0 earthquake or greater, many people would be left homeless.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In that scenario, the San Francisco \u003ca href=\"http://sfdem.org/\">Department of Emergency Management\u003c/a> would work with the Red Cross to set up temporary shelters and use large spaces like the Bill Graham Civic Auditorium to provide longer term housing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For all San Francisco's current planning, CMG and Public Architecture say they are not evaluating optimal conditions. They anticipate a future that is hard to imagine and even harder to predict.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not planning for a best-case scenario,” said Public Architecture CEO John Peterson. “Unfortunately the best case is not realistic.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/62076/transforming-san-francisco-into-a-model-of-disaster-preparedness","authors":["5432"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_12431","quest_12427","quest_12031","quest_12428","quest_909","quest_12269","quest_11099","quest_3351","quest_1585","quest_2141","quest_12429","quest_2349","quest_13202","quest_12430","quest_2559","quest_12432"],"featImg":"quest_63816","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. 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Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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