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But could drought ever make Nebraska’s Sandhills resemble the Sahara? Yes—and it has, several times before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71930\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/Sandhills.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71930 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/Sandhills-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Today Nebraska's Sandhills are lush grasslands that support a robust ranching economy. (Photo by Ariana Brocious)\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Today Nebraska's Sandhills are lush grasslands, but in the last century they've been rolling bare dunes. (Photo by Ariana Brocious)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Sandhills are a lush and complex grassland ecosystem sitting atop the massive Oglalla aquifer, supporting many cattle ranches and species of wildlife. So it’s quite a contrast to visit the research sites of David Wedin, an ecology professor at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. On a warm summer day, Wedin lead the way to one circular plot plot he’s put through what he calls the “death and destruction” treatment, killed once every three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We actually herbicide it with Roundup, glyphosate,” Wedin said. “So we’re simulating a severe disturbance of some kind.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wedin’s \u003ca href=\"http://snr.unl.edu/sandhills-biocomplexity/gdex.htm\">Grassland Destabilization Experiment\u003c/a> has been going on for about a decade on university property in north-central Nebraska. Several test plots hold only patchy vegetation and lots of bare sand. In addition to herbicides, he’s used an agricultural disk to scrape off the grass in some places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71928\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/DSC_0568.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71928 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/DSC_0568-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dave Wedin shows how much sand has been lost on one of his test plots recently.\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dave Wedin shows how much sand has been lost on one of his test plots recently. (Photo by Ariana Brocious)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to understand what happens when the system goes past its point of resilience and loses its stability, and kinda how the Sandhills fall apart,” Wedin said, “What happens ecologically in that process.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the last 10,000 years, data point to four periods of “mega-drought”— one lasting nearly 3,000 years. That drought, possibly exacerbated by strong winds, wiped out vegetation across the Sandhills. Wedin said during the most recent mega-drought 800 years ago, “you would have been standing at this point and looking at the largest set of moving sand dunes in the western hemisphere.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UNL scientists have spent the last 15 years dating the Sandhills through a process called optically stimulated luminescence, which measures the electrical charge of sand grains. UNL Professor Paul Hanson, a geologist with the\u003ca href=\"http://snr.unl.edu/csd/surveyareas/geology.asp\"> Nebraska Geologic Survey\u003c/a>, uses this technique to study how and when the sand dunes last moved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hanson said to think of each sand grain as an individual rechargeable battery. “The sand grains are exposed to sunlight, they lose their electrical charge. And when those sand grains are buried in the ground they’re gaining that electrical charge again. So the length of time they’re buried dictates how full that battery is,” Hanson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hanson and his colleagues drill down 60 to 80 feet to take core samples of the dunes, then return to their lab to study them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the UNL campus, Hanson leads the way through a rotating door of darkness to enter the lab lit by red and amber lights. Inside, Hanson and his students remove the outer edges of the core sample to work with the unexposed sand grains in the middle. After sifting the sand down to the right grain size, they treat it in several different acids to concentrate the quartz. Then they load the individual grains of sand onto disks into a machine that reads the luminescence—like what you see from fireflies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So if your eyes were more sensitive and could actually see smaller quantities of light, you could actually see the sand grains give off the light under the right conditions,” Hanson said. But since our eyes aren’t that sensitive, this machine runs 24/7, dating sand one individual grain at a time. By averaging the useful data from enough grains of sand, “you can use that as a clock to tell how long the grains have been buried,” said Hanson, and thus the last time the dune was bare and moving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The geologic history Paul Hanson constructs provides context for the ecological research Dave Wedin is doing: trying to understand what conditions are necessary to make a healthy grassland destabilize and fall apart, and how long it takes to recover. Wedin said he’s been quite surprised by the plots killed every three years, particularly given the extreme drought in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I never would have thought you could completely kill the vegetation out here and it could go another four years before you started to see erosion. And by saying there wasn’t significant erosion I mean less than an inch,” Wedin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71929\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/DSC_0570.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71929 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/DSC_0570-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Paul Hanson and David Wedin walk through a test plot being revegetated.\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Paul Hanson and David Wedin walk through a test plot being revegetated. (Photo by Ariana Brocious)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Even with surface vegetation killed, the stressed grasslands proved far more resilient than Wedin imagined, retaining their root systems, sand, and organic matter for years. He’s now trying to revegetate the plots, which he said has been even harder:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a situation where the professors come out and learn something that everybody that lives out here already knew, \" said Wedin, \"that it’s easier to destroy the stability out here in the Sandhills than it is to restore it once it’s lost. And that was humbling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, Wedin and Hanson agree droughts capable of making the Sandhills resemble the Sahara are very long, probably on the order of decades or a couple hundred years. They’d have to be far more severe than what we’ve seen in the last two hundred years, but not in the last millennium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we know that in the last 1000 years this landscape produced droughts that destabilized the whole landscape, it seems prudent to think that can do that again. And that discussion is without human-caused climate change. But we don’t even need to invoke human-caused climate change to say, it’s a reasonable prediction [that] sometime in the next couple hundred years we’re going to see droughts out here that the whole thing falls apart,” Wedin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And long before things reach that point, he noted that a few hard years with no grass could be devastating for the Sandhills ranching economy.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Could the Nebraska Sandhills resemble the Sahara? They have before. Join QUEST as we explore dating and recreating drought in dunes.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442640169,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":1072},"headData":{"title":"Dating Drought in the Nebraska Sandhills | KQED","description":"Could the Nebraska Sandhills resemble the Sahara? They have before. Join QUEST as we explore dating and recreating drought in dunes.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Dating Drought in the Nebraska Sandhills","datePublished":"2014-08-28T14:00:56.000Z","dateModified":"2015-09-19T05:22:49.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"71562 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=71562","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/08/28/dating-drought-in-the-nebraska-sandhills/","disqusTitle":"Dating Drought in the Nebraska Sandhills","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/71562/dating-drought-in-the-nebraska-sandhills","audioUrl":"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/SandhillsDrought2014web.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/SandhillsDrought2014web.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Plains have experienced prolonged, and in some places severe, drought during the last several years. But could drought ever make Nebraska’s Sandhills resemble the Sahara? Yes—and it has, several times before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71930\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/Sandhills.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71930 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/Sandhills-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Today Nebraska's Sandhills are lush grasslands that support a robust ranching economy. (Photo by Ariana Brocious)\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Today Nebraska's Sandhills are lush grasslands, but in the last century they've been rolling bare dunes. (Photo by Ariana Brocious)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Sandhills are a lush and complex grassland ecosystem sitting atop the massive Oglalla aquifer, supporting many cattle ranches and species of wildlife. So it’s quite a contrast to visit the research sites of David Wedin, an ecology professor at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. On a warm summer day, Wedin lead the way to one circular plot plot he’s put through what he calls the “death and destruction” treatment, killed once every three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We actually herbicide it with Roundup, glyphosate,” Wedin said. “So we’re simulating a severe disturbance of some kind.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wedin’s \u003ca href=\"http://snr.unl.edu/sandhills-biocomplexity/gdex.htm\">Grassland Destabilization Experiment\u003c/a> has been going on for about a decade on university property in north-central Nebraska. Several test plots hold only patchy vegetation and lots of bare sand. In addition to herbicides, he’s used an agricultural disk to scrape off the grass in some places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71928\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/DSC_0568.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71928 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/DSC_0568-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dave Wedin shows how much sand has been lost on one of his test plots recently.\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dave Wedin shows how much sand has been lost on one of his test plots recently. (Photo by Ariana Brocious)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to understand what happens when the system goes past its point of resilience and loses its stability, and kinda how the Sandhills fall apart,” Wedin said, “What happens ecologically in that process.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the last 10,000 years, data point to four periods of “mega-drought”— one lasting nearly 3,000 years. That drought, possibly exacerbated by strong winds, wiped out vegetation across the Sandhills. Wedin said during the most recent mega-drought 800 years ago, “you would have been standing at this point and looking at the largest set of moving sand dunes in the western hemisphere.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UNL scientists have spent the last 15 years dating the Sandhills through a process called optically stimulated luminescence, which measures the electrical charge of sand grains. UNL Professor Paul Hanson, a geologist with the\u003ca href=\"http://snr.unl.edu/csd/surveyareas/geology.asp\"> Nebraska Geologic Survey\u003c/a>, uses this technique to study how and when the sand dunes last moved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hanson said to think of each sand grain as an individual rechargeable battery. “The sand grains are exposed to sunlight, they lose their electrical charge. And when those sand grains are buried in the ground they’re gaining that electrical charge again. So the length of time they’re buried dictates how full that battery is,” Hanson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hanson and his colleagues drill down 60 to 80 feet to take core samples of the dunes, then return to their lab to study them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the UNL campus, Hanson leads the way through a rotating door of darkness to enter the lab lit by red and amber lights. Inside, Hanson and his students remove the outer edges of the core sample to work with the unexposed sand grains in the middle. After sifting the sand down to the right grain size, they treat it in several different acids to concentrate the quartz. Then they load the individual grains of sand onto disks into a machine that reads the luminescence—like what you see from fireflies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So if your eyes were more sensitive and could actually see smaller quantities of light, you could actually see the sand grains give off the light under the right conditions,” Hanson said. But since our eyes aren’t that sensitive, this machine runs 24/7, dating sand one individual grain at a time. By averaging the useful data from enough grains of sand, “you can use that as a clock to tell how long the grains have been buried,” said Hanson, and thus the last time the dune was bare and moving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The geologic history Paul Hanson constructs provides context for the ecological research Dave Wedin is doing: trying to understand what conditions are necessary to make a healthy grassland destabilize and fall apart, and how long it takes to recover. Wedin said he’s been quite surprised by the plots killed every three years, particularly given the extreme drought in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I never would have thought you could completely kill the vegetation out here and it could go another four years before you started to see erosion. And by saying there wasn’t significant erosion I mean less than an inch,” Wedin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71929\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/DSC_0570.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71929 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/DSC_0570-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Paul Hanson and David Wedin walk through a test plot being revegetated.\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Paul Hanson and David Wedin walk through a test plot being revegetated. (Photo by Ariana Brocious)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Even with surface vegetation killed, the stressed grasslands proved far more resilient than Wedin imagined, retaining their root systems, sand, and organic matter for years. He’s now trying to revegetate the plots, which he said has been even harder:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a situation where the professors come out and learn something that everybody that lives out here already knew, \" said Wedin, \"that it’s easier to destroy the stability out here in the Sandhills than it is to restore it once it’s lost. And that was humbling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, Wedin and Hanson agree droughts capable of making the Sandhills resemble the Sahara are very long, probably on the order of decades or a couple hundred years. They’d have to be far more severe than what we’ve seen in the last two hundred years, but not in the last millennium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we know that in the last 1000 years this landscape produced droughts that destabilized the whole landscape, it seems prudent to think that can do that again. And that discussion is without human-caused climate change. But we don’t even need to invoke human-caused climate change to say, it’s a reasonable prediction [that] sometime in the next couple hundred years we’re going to see droughts out here that the whole thing falls apart,” Wedin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And long before things reach that point, he noted that a few hard years with no grass could be devastating for the Sandhills ranching economy.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/71562/dating-drought-in-the-nebraska-sandhills","authors":["10465"],"categories":["quest_9","quest_11","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_886","quest_894","quest_924","quest_12269","quest_9907","quest_12970","quest_3289","quest_12354","quest_3728","quest_12969","quest_3108"],"featImg":"quest_71926","label":"source_quest_71562"},"quest_46395":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_46395","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"46395","score":null,"sort":[1351191607000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"more-clues-about-singing-sand","title":"More Clues About Singing Sand","publishDate":1351191607,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46396\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/25/more-clues-about-singing-sand/kelsotop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46396\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/kelsotop-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"kelsotop\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-46396\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Kelso Dunes are one of the rare sites where sand dunes can be made to sing. Science is still puzzling over the physics involved. Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the coolest things I've done in my geological explorations was to make the trip to the Kelso Dunes, deep in the Mojave Desert and make the dunes sing. All I had to do was huff and puff my way to the top of the highest dune and then start the fine sand avalanching down a slip face. After a few seconds a fuzzy, baritone hum began to emanate from the body of the dune that lasted while the sand poured down, then gently died away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Singing sands, also known as booming dunes, were once the stuff of legend. Marco Polo reported them from the steppes of central Asia. Nineteenth-century travelers and scientists, including Charles Darwin, observed them. Twentieth-century researchers recorded them, played with their sand in the lab, and tried mathematical models on them. This week a new paper is coming out in \u003ci>Geophysical Research Letters\u003c/i> that marks a new proposition in the genteel argument among scientists over singing sand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Very few dunes can sing—maybe 30 in the whole world. California has four of them: the Eureka Dunes in Death Valley, Panamint Dunes in Panamint Valley, Dumont Dunes north of Baker, and Kelso Dunes southeast of Zzyzx. The key factors seem to be very clean sand of a consistent size, very dry conditions and a good-sized slope at its angle of repose. A gentle avalanche of sand down the slope, triggered by the wind or by humans, sets off the sound. Researcher Stéphane Douady demonstrates the technique in this YouTube recording.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4yFaMsUawi4?feature=player_embedded]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There has been a flurry of recent research into booming dunes. A team from Caltech led by Nathalie Vriend studied the California dunes and proposed in 2007, in a paper titled \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.agu.org/journals/ABS/2007/2007GL030276.shtml\">Solving the Mystery of Booming Sand Dunes\u003c/a>,\" that vibrations stirred in the falling sand reverberate within the layers inside the dune to produce the moaning tones, much as an alpenhorn produces its low tone from vibrations of the player's lips. Vriend and her thesis advisor, Melany Hunt, were invited to write a broader treatment of the subject in the prestigious \u003ci>Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Science\u003c/i> in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the new paper, \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/pip/2012GL052540.shtml\">Singing-Sand Avalanches Without Dunes\u003c/a>,\" a French team from Paris Diderot University led by Simon Dagois-Bohy, and including Douady, report their study on two booming dunes with different songs, one hoarse and the other sweet. Listen to the two songs here:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EzbGQXUL9vg?feature=player_embedded]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team took sand from both dunes and \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Rj6oSd3B0s\">made it boom in the lab\u003c/a>, using just a shallow tray. Moreover, they showed that the songs of the two dunes differed because their sands, not their shapes and structures, were different. The hoarse dune, at Al-Ashkarah in Oman, had a sand with a wider range of grain sizes than the sweet dune, near Tarfayah in Morocco. But sifting the sand from Oman into a narrower size range purified its tone, as these two sonograms from the lab experiments show.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46397\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 462px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/25/more-clues-about-singing-sand/singingsand/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46397\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/singingsand.gif\" alt=\"\" title=\"singingsand\" width=\"462\" height=\"291\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46397\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">From Dagois-Bohy et al., \u003ci>GRL\u003c/i> 2012, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012GL052540\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The French team's research supports a mechanism in which the sand itself is sufficient to produce the sound, the base tone depending on the rate of shear within the sand as it spills down the dune. The exact value of the tone depends on the grain size, and a mix of sizes produces a mix of tones. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A song without a dune is as if a violin string could be stroked with a bow and produce its note without the violin. But no such instrument exists—not an acoustic one, anyway. It's hard to grasp that singing sand does not require a booming dune; if so, then why is it so rare? I feel that as we learn more, the whole story will come to embrace both the dunes and their sands.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"New research shows that sand can sing by itself, but if so, then why are singing sand dunes so rare?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1353012930,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":698},"headData":{"title":"More Clues About Singing Sand | KQED","description":"New research shows that sand can sing by itself, but if so, then why are singing sand dunes so rare?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"More Clues About Singing Sand","datePublished":"2012-10-25T19:00:07.000Z","dateModified":"2012-11-15T20:55:30.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"46395 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=46395","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/25/more-clues-about-singing-sand/","disqusTitle":"More Clues About Singing Sand","path":"/quest/46395/more-clues-about-singing-sand","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46396\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/25/more-clues-about-singing-sand/kelsotop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46396\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/kelsotop-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"kelsotop\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-46396\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Kelso Dunes are one of the rare sites where sand dunes can be made to sing. Science is still puzzling over the physics involved. Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the coolest things I've done in my geological explorations was to make the trip to the Kelso Dunes, deep in the Mojave Desert and make the dunes sing. All I had to do was huff and puff my way to the top of the highest dune and then start the fine sand avalanching down a slip face. After a few seconds a fuzzy, baritone hum began to emanate from the body of the dune that lasted while the sand poured down, then gently died away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Singing sands, also known as booming dunes, were once the stuff of legend. Marco Polo reported them from the steppes of central Asia. Nineteenth-century travelers and scientists, including Charles Darwin, observed them. Twentieth-century researchers recorded them, played with their sand in the lab, and tried mathematical models on them. This week a new paper is coming out in \u003ci>Geophysical Research Letters\u003c/i> that marks a new proposition in the genteel argument among scientists over singing sand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Very few dunes can sing—maybe 30 in the whole world. California has four of them: the Eureka Dunes in Death Valley, Panamint Dunes in Panamint Valley, Dumont Dunes north of Baker, and Kelso Dunes southeast of Zzyzx. The key factors seem to be very clean sand of a consistent size, very dry conditions and a good-sized slope at its angle of repose. A gentle avalanche of sand down the slope, triggered by the wind or by humans, sets off the sound. Researcher Stéphane Douady demonstrates the technique in this YouTube recording.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/4yFaMsUawi4?feature=player_embedded'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/4yFaMsUawi4?feature=player_embedded'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There has been a flurry of recent research into booming dunes. A team from Caltech led by Nathalie Vriend studied the California dunes and proposed in 2007, in a paper titled \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.agu.org/journals/ABS/2007/2007GL030276.shtml\">Solving the Mystery of Booming Sand Dunes\u003c/a>,\" that vibrations stirred in the falling sand reverberate within the layers inside the dune to produce the moaning tones, much as an alpenhorn produces its low tone from vibrations of the player's lips. Vriend and her thesis advisor, Melany Hunt, were invited to write a broader treatment of the subject in the prestigious \u003ci>Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Science\u003c/i> in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the new paper, \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/pip/2012GL052540.shtml\">Singing-Sand Avalanches Without Dunes\u003c/a>,\" a French team from Paris Diderot University led by Simon Dagois-Bohy, and including Douady, report their study on two booming dunes with different songs, one hoarse and the other sweet. Listen to the two songs here:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/EzbGQXUL9vg?feature=player_embedded'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/EzbGQXUL9vg?feature=player_embedded'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team took sand from both dunes and \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Rj6oSd3B0s\">made it boom in the lab\u003c/a>, using just a shallow tray. Moreover, they showed that the songs of the two dunes differed because their sands, not their shapes and structures, were different. The hoarse dune, at Al-Ashkarah in Oman, had a sand with a wider range of grain sizes than the sweet dune, near Tarfayah in Morocco. But sifting the sand from Oman into a narrower size range purified its tone, as these two sonograms from the lab experiments show.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46397\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 462px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/25/more-clues-about-singing-sand/singingsand/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46397\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/singingsand.gif\" alt=\"\" title=\"singingsand\" width=\"462\" height=\"291\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46397\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">From Dagois-Bohy et al., \u003ci>GRL\u003c/i> 2012, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012GL052540\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The French team's research supports a mechanism in which the sand itself is sufficient to produce the sound, the base tone depending on the rate of shear within the sand as it spills down the dune. The exact value of the tone depends on the grain size, and a mix of sizes produces a mix of tones. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A song without a dune is as if a violin string could be stroked with a bow and produce its note without the violin. But no such instrument exists—not an acoustic one, anyway. It's hard to grasp that singing sand does not require a booming dune; if so, then why is it so rare? I feel that as we learn more, the whole story will come to embrace both the dunes and their sands.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/46395/more-clues-about-singing-sand","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11","quest_16"],"tags":["quest_894","quest_11564","quest_10630","quest_13202","quest_2498"],"featImg":"quest_46396","label":"quest"},"quest_5305":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_5305","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"5305","score":null,"sort":[1268421508000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"shifting-sands-of-far-off-lands","title":"Shifting Sands of Far-Off Lands","publishDate":1268421508,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/03/MRO-HIRISE-DUNES.jpg\">\u003cem>Martian dunes, captured by NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\u003c/em>\u003c/span>What started out to be a workaday chore—replacing a broken motor in an exhibit—panned out to be a voyage of discovery to the shifting sands of another world. This is an occupational hazard when working at a place like \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a>….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The motor in question powers a fan in an \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/exhibits/planetlands/aeolian/default.asp\">exhibit\u003c/a> built to demonstrate the physical processes of duning—the fluid transport and deposition of solid particulates into collections and patterns. The fan blows up a constant micro-gale within the exhibit enclosure, and visitors get to play Mother Nature by turning a handle and redirecting the wind. Meanwhile, a mass of tiny white glass beads is constantly whipped up into a fair recreation of a sand storm on planet Arakis….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the chore of installing the new motor, I rewarded myself by enjoying the exhibit a bit. I piled up all of the sand on one side of the tank to see how the fan would redistribute it; I sent the wind from different directions, watching how the freshly blown grains were scattered across the pristine black undersurface; I placed all of the pyrite rocks, which serve as wind obstacles, in one pile. It was a lot of fun. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing I noticed that I hadn't paid much attention to in the past was how the dune actually moved, or migrated. Maybe I hadn't watched long enough before, or maybe it was easier to witness because I had stacked the deck by mounding the sand all in one corner, but it was fascinating to see the process. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the windward side of the giant dune, the scouring wind picked up the sand and carried it racing to the top—slowly peeling away the front face of the dune. As soon as the sand-laden wind reached the crest and took a sudden turn downward, it was slowed a bit, becoming less able to support the sand grains, which then fell out onto the leeward side of the dune in a sandy-wind version of precipitation. The buildup of sand on the lee side eventually formed small avalanches that slid down the face in little dry floods. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this fashion, the dune moved along, slowly being erased on its windward side and formed on the lee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost coincidentally, a few days later I read a \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2010-076&cid=release_2010-076&msource=mroDunes&tr=y&auid=6018954\">report from NASA\u003c/a> about sand dunes on Mars. In some areas, dunes have been observed to migrate over time, while on others the patterns have remained stock-still—some of them for perhaps thousands of years, or longer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So I had successfully created the right conditions for a migrating sand dune. What about static dunes? Well—I had noticed already that some of the pyrite rock obstacles that I placed in the sand stream formed small dunes in the wind-shadows of their leeward sides. The rocks weren't moving, and so the dunes they were nurturing and protecting remained in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the static dune ripples observed in Meridiani Planum—where the rover Opportunity is exploring—have been explained as possibly being protected by the presence of \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/solarsystem/mars-dunes-080904.html\">blueberries\u003c/a>\": tiny nodules of gray hematite that have eroded out of Martian rocks, but which themselves are erosion-resistant, and too large (1-3 millimeters) to be carried by the wind. The blueberries, as the explanation goes, embed in the sand and form a protective \"armor\" layer for the dune ripples, which remain safe and still in their lee. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where else do we find dunes, other than Earth? Well, you need wind of sufficient strength and sand of sufficiently small size, for starters. We don't know about dunes on Venus; Venus has a thick enough atmosphere, but the winds may be too sluggish to whip up much of a sand storm. The only other object with a thick enough atmosphere and a solid surface is Saturn's moon Titan—and in fact we have \u003ca href=\"http://arstechnica.com/science/news/2008/04/sand-dunes-on-titan-reveal-the-moons-climates.ars\">pictures of Titanian dunes\u003c/a> taken by Cassini. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now I'm feeling that old itch to make another trip to my favorite place in the Solar System, Death Valley, to explore the macroscopic \u003ca href=\"http://pic.templetons.com/brad/photo/death-valley/dunes/\">dunes of Stovepipe Wells \u003c/a>. I'll send a postcard….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"What started out to be a workaday chore—replacing a broken motor in an exhibit—panned out to be a voyage of discovery to the shifting sands of another world.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371077350,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":723},"headData":{"title":"Shifting Sands of Far-Off Lands | KQED","description":"What started out to be a workaday chore—replacing a broken motor in an exhibit—panned out to be a voyage of discovery to the shifting sands of another world.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Shifting Sands of Far-Off Lands","datePublished":"2010-03-12T19:18:28.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T22:49:10.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"5305 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=5305","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/03/12/shifting-sands-of-far-off-lands/","disqusTitle":"Shifting Sands of Far-Off Lands","path":"/quest/5305/shifting-sands-of-far-off-lands","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/03/MRO-HIRISE-DUNES.jpg\">\u003cem>Martian dunes, captured by NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\u003c/em>\u003c/span>What started out to be a workaday chore—replacing a broken motor in an exhibit—panned out to be a voyage of discovery to the shifting sands of another world. This is an occupational hazard when working at a place like \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a>….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The motor in question powers a fan in an \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/exhibits/planetlands/aeolian/default.asp\">exhibit\u003c/a> built to demonstrate the physical processes of duning—the fluid transport and deposition of solid particulates into collections and patterns. The fan blows up a constant micro-gale within the exhibit enclosure, and visitors get to play Mother Nature by turning a handle and redirecting the wind. Meanwhile, a mass of tiny white glass beads is constantly whipped up into a fair recreation of a sand storm on planet Arakis….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the chore of installing the new motor, I rewarded myself by enjoying the exhibit a bit. I piled up all of the sand on one side of the tank to see how the fan would redistribute it; I sent the wind from different directions, watching how the freshly blown grains were scattered across the pristine black undersurface; I placed all of the pyrite rocks, which serve as wind obstacles, in one pile. It was a lot of fun. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing I noticed that I hadn't paid much attention to in the past was how the dune actually moved, or migrated. Maybe I hadn't watched long enough before, or maybe it was easier to witness because I had stacked the deck by mounding the sand all in one corner, but it was fascinating to see the process. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the windward side of the giant dune, the scouring wind picked up the sand and carried it racing to the top—slowly peeling away the front face of the dune. As soon as the sand-laden wind reached the crest and took a sudden turn downward, it was slowed a bit, becoming less able to support the sand grains, which then fell out onto the leeward side of the dune in a sandy-wind version of precipitation. The buildup of sand on the lee side eventually formed small avalanches that slid down the face in little dry floods. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this fashion, the dune moved along, slowly being erased on its windward side and formed on the lee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost coincidentally, a few days later I read a \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2010-076&cid=release_2010-076&msource=mroDunes&tr=y&auid=6018954\">report from NASA\u003c/a> about sand dunes on Mars. In some areas, dunes have been observed to migrate over time, while on others the patterns have remained stock-still—some of them for perhaps thousands of years, or longer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So I had successfully created the right conditions for a migrating sand dune. What about static dunes? Well—I had noticed already that some of the pyrite rock obstacles that I placed in the sand stream formed small dunes in the wind-shadows of their leeward sides. The rocks weren't moving, and so the dunes they were nurturing and protecting remained in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the static dune ripples observed in Meridiani Planum—where the rover Opportunity is exploring—have been explained as possibly being protected by the presence of \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/solarsystem/mars-dunes-080904.html\">blueberries\u003c/a>\": tiny nodules of gray hematite that have eroded out of Martian rocks, but which themselves are erosion-resistant, and too large (1-3 millimeters) to be carried by the wind. The blueberries, as the explanation goes, embed in the sand and form a protective \"armor\" layer for the dune ripples, which remain safe and still in their lee. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where else do we find dunes, other than Earth? Well, you need wind of sufficient strength and sand of sufficiently small size, for starters. We don't know about dunes on Venus; Venus has a thick enough atmosphere, but the winds may be too sluggish to whip up much of a sand storm. The only other object with a thick enough atmosphere and a solid surface is Saturn's moon Titan—and in fact we have \u003ca href=\"http://arstechnica.com/science/news/2008/04/sand-dunes-on-titan-reveal-the-moons-climates.ars\">pictures of Titanian dunes\u003c/a> taken by Cassini. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now I'm feeling that old itch to make another trip to my favorite place in the Solar System, Death Valley, to explore the macroscopic \u003ca href=\"http://pic.templetons.com/brad/photo/death-valley/dunes/\">dunes of Stovepipe Wells \u003c/a>. I'll send a postcard….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/5305/shifting-sands-of-far-off-lands","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_543","quest_782","quest_894","quest_1751","quest_2498","quest_3164"],"label":"quest"},"quest_15157":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_15157","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"15157","score":null,"sort":[1198091474000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"crissy-field-exploration","title":"Exploring Crissy Field","publishDate":1198091474,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.everytrail.com/guide/crissy-field-exploration/map?embed=true\" width=\"980\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"center\">\u003cem>This Exploration created in collaboration with the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/explo_logo_black3.gif\" alt=\"\" border=\"0\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crissy Field is a stunning park site within the Golden Gate National Parks. Crissy Field's 100 acres of wild, windswept shoreline are a favorite place for walkers, joggers, boardsailors, bicyclists, thousands of birds and the occasional seal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Originally a rich salt marsh and gathering ground for native people, Crissy Field was later the landing site of Spanish explorers and Russian, English and Boston traders. In 1915, the Panama Pacific International Exposition was held here, and shortly after, the area became one of the country’s foremost military airfields and part of a U.S. army post. With generous community support, Crissy Field has been transformed into a spectacular national parkland. The 100-acre site is included within the Golden Gate National Recreation Area and the Presidio of San Francisco. Along with the entire Presidio, it was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1962.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of the site restoration effort in 1998-2000, individuals and groups from schools, corporations and civic organizations put in more than 100,000 native plants to help restore natural systems at Crissy Field. Community volunteers continue to play an important role in sustaining long-term stewardship of this national parkland.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Location\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>603 Mason Street, Presidio\u003cbr>\nSan Francisco, CA 94129\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.parksconservancy.org/visit/trip-planner.html?to=Crissy+Field+Center:294776522\">Driving Directions\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.parksconservancy.org/map/#/programs/crissy-field-center/?coords=14:37.8061:-122.4494&date=1450230964731\">[Map]\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Center Hours of Operation\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Monday through Sunday\u003cbr>\n9 AM - 5 PM\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Administrative Phones\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>General Office (415) 561-7690\u003cbr>\nFax (415) 561-7695\u003cbr>\nBookstore (415) 561-7761\u003cbr>\nCafé (415) 561-7756\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Special thanks to Charity Maybury and Kristen Ward at \u003ca href=\"http://www.parksconservancy.org/programs/crissy-field-center/\">The Crissy Field Center\u003c/a> for their participation in this Exploration.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Crissy Field: Changing Landscapes\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"DSC_0049.JPG by kqedquest, on Flickr\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/1895513447/\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright\" src=\"http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2251/1895513447_bfe24bce41_m.jpg\" alt=\"DSC_0049.JPG\" width=\"240\" height=\"160\">\u003c/a> With a view of the Golden Gate bridge, Crissy Field is a fine example of preserving nature in an urban environment. Along the northern edge of the San Francisco peninsula is a 100-acre park with a storied past. Crissy Field is a recently restored section of the Presidio in the Golden Gate National Recreation Area. It stretches from the foot of the Golden Gate bridge to the city’s Marina District, granting public beach access along much of the bay inlet known as the Golden Gate and providing walking trails along which visitors can admire native plants, watch for birds, or just sit and marvel at the view.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crissy Field hasn't always looked like this. Change is a constant here. Along the beach, waves continually deposit sand and wash away footprints. Return a week after your last visit and the tides will have shifted the sandbar’s shape and carved new curves into the dunes. Even larger changes take place over longer periods of time, making this recently re-created urban shoreline an illustration of how dynamic living systems can be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca title=\"Picture 145.jpg by kqedquest, on Flickr\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/1895374818/\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright\" src=\"http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2288/1895374818_eba39ac3d8_m.jpg\" alt=\"Picture 145.jpg\" width=\"240\" height=\"160\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span> The abundance of plant life and waterfowl belie Crissy Field's previous life as a military post and airfield. Humans and nature both contribute to the shifts in Crissy Field's landscape and environment. An oil spill in November 2007 may be one of the most recent human-caused events to affect the area, but it certainly isn’t the largest or most damaging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crissy Field has had many previous incarnations. Before it became a Spanish military post in 1776, the native Ohlone people took advantage of the area’s abundance of plant and animal life. In 1848, the site became a U.S. military post, and an airfield was added in 1921. During the Vietnam war, this airfield was a landing spot for wounded soldiers being transported from Travis Air Force Base northeast of San Francisco to Letterman Hospital. The airfield closed to fixed-wing aircraft in 1974, but continued as a U.S. Army post until the National Park Service assumed management in 1994. Three years later, planners began to recreate Crissy Field back to its pre-military state. By the time the new park was completed in 2000, over 3000 volunteers had planted 100,000 native plants in the dunes, where they’ve flourished. Nowadays a visitor would be hard pressed to imagine the area under blacktop, surrounded by airline hangars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the park claims 130 documented species of birds and 105 species of plants. The original salt marsh, which drew Native Americans here before the area was developed, has been restored, along with a small plot of freshwater habitat called dune swale. With its tall grasses and occasional cattails, dune swale was once a very common environment in the area now occupied by San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca title=\"Fence Line by kqedquest, on Flickr\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/1894281361/\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright\" src=\"http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2068/1894281361_3769455ea2_m.jpg\" alt=\"Fence Line\" width=\"240\" height=\"160\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span> Fences around Crissy Field's beach dunes often need to be rebuilt as wind, waves, and human interactions reshape the sands. Observing Crissy Field as a protected area now, its Park Ranger caretakers can point out how nature exerts its own dramatic changes here. Some animal populations come and go as the seasons change. Wind and waves are forever rearranging the shoreline, shifting the sands and shaping the plant communities. Occasionally, the surf deposits enough sand on the shore to close off the inlet to the park’s salt marsh, which rangers then have to dredge to reopen. Near the beach, wind and water (and the occasional canine friend of humans) combine to reshape the dunes, leaving them in need of ever-new fences to protect them from these elements. At Crissy Field, park planners and rangers must strike a delicate balance between preservation and recreation. Human efforts have both assaulted this shoreline and helped it recover. Nature has its hand in healing as well, the terrain’s capacity for change lending it resilience. Now paths and beaches provide opportunity for visitors to appreciate how the two forces can work together to revive a landscape that once seemed lost.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Get Involved\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>There are many kinds of volunteering opportunities at Crissy Field and in other parts of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area. Volunteers help with habitat restoration, wildlife protection and monitoring, maintaining native plant nurseries, seed collecting and invasive plant control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the ground, this can mean planting, cutting, counting, observing and collecting. Call (415)561-3034 x3429 / TTY (415)561-3020 to talk to someone about what volunteering activity would best suit your interests and schedule. For volunteering in other parts of the GGNRA, call the volunteer hotline number at (415) 561-4755.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Latest Visitor Photos\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Join the \u003ca href=\"http://flickr.com/groups/606294@N21\">Crissy Field photo group on Flickr\u003c/a> to share your photos of this amazing place.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.parksconservancy.org/programs/crissy-field-center/\">Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy -- Crissy Field Center\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Crissy Field is a stunning park site within the Golden Gate National Parks. Crissy Field's 100 acres of wild, windswept shoreline are a favorite place for walkers, joggers, board sailors, bicyclists, thousands of birds and even the occasional seal.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1450469713,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["http://www.everytrail.com/guide/crissy-field-exploration/map"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":1078},"headData":{"title":"Exploring Crissy Field | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Exploring Crissy Field","datePublished":"2007-12-19T19:11:14.000Z","dateModified":"2015-12-18T20:15:13.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"15157 http://science.kqed.org/quest/science-hike/crissy-field-exploration/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/12/19/crissy-field-exploration/","disqusTitle":"Exploring Crissy Field","source":"Science Hike","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/tag/science-hike/","path":"/quest/15157/crissy-field-exploration","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.everytrail.com/guide/crissy-field-exploration/map?embed=true\" width=\"980\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"center\">\u003cem>This Exploration created in collaboration with the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/explo_logo_black3.gif\" alt=\"\" border=\"0\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crissy Field is a stunning park site within the Golden Gate National Parks. Crissy Field's 100 acres of wild, windswept shoreline are a favorite place for walkers, joggers, boardsailors, bicyclists, thousands of birds and the occasional seal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Originally a rich salt marsh and gathering ground for native people, Crissy Field was later the landing site of Spanish explorers and Russian, English and Boston traders. In 1915, the Panama Pacific International Exposition was held here, and shortly after, the area became one of the country’s foremost military airfields and part of a U.S. army post. With generous community support, Crissy Field has been transformed into a spectacular national parkland. The 100-acre site is included within the Golden Gate National Recreation Area and the Presidio of San Francisco. Along with the entire Presidio, it was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1962.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of the site restoration effort in 1998-2000, individuals and groups from schools, corporations and civic organizations put in more than 100,000 native plants to help restore natural systems at Crissy Field. Community volunteers continue to play an important role in sustaining long-term stewardship of this national parkland.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Location\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>603 Mason Street, Presidio\u003cbr>\nSan Francisco, CA 94129\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.parksconservancy.org/visit/trip-planner.html?to=Crissy+Field+Center:294776522\">Driving Directions\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.parksconservancy.org/map/#/programs/crissy-field-center/?coords=14:37.8061:-122.4494&date=1450230964731\">[Map]\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Center Hours of Operation\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Monday through Sunday\u003cbr>\n9 AM - 5 PM\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Administrative Phones\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>General Office (415) 561-7690\u003cbr>\nFax (415) 561-7695\u003cbr>\nBookstore (415) 561-7761\u003cbr>\nCafé (415) 561-7756\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Special thanks to Charity Maybury and Kristen Ward at \u003ca href=\"http://www.parksconservancy.org/programs/crissy-field-center/\">The Crissy Field Center\u003c/a> for their participation in this Exploration.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Crissy Field: Changing Landscapes\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"DSC_0049.JPG by kqedquest, on Flickr\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/1895513447/\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright\" src=\"http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2251/1895513447_bfe24bce41_m.jpg\" alt=\"DSC_0049.JPG\" width=\"240\" height=\"160\">\u003c/a> With a view of the Golden Gate bridge, Crissy Field is a fine example of preserving nature in an urban environment. Along the northern edge of the San Francisco peninsula is a 100-acre park with a storied past. Crissy Field is a recently restored section of the Presidio in the Golden Gate National Recreation Area. It stretches from the foot of the Golden Gate bridge to the city’s Marina District, granting public beach access along much of the bay inlet known as the Golden Gate and providing walking trails along which visitors can admire native plants, watch for birds, or just sit and marvel at the view.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crissy Field hasn't always looked like this. Change is a constant here. Along the beach, waves continually deposit sand and wash away footprints. Return a week after your last visit and the tides will have shifted the sandbar’s shape and carved new curves into the dunes. Even larger changes take place over longer periods of time, making this recently re-created urban shoreline an illustration of how dynamic living systems can be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca title=\"Picture 145.jpg by kqedquest, on Flickr\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/1895374818/\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright\" src=\"http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2288/1895374818_eba39ac3d8_m.jpg\" alt=\"Picture 145.jpg\" width=\"240\" height=\"160\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span> The abundance of plant life and waterfowl belie Crissy Field's previous life as a military post and airfield. Humans and nature both contribute to the shifts in Crissy Field's landscape and environment. An oil spill in November 2007 may be one of the most recent human-caused events to affect the area, but it certainly isn’t the largest or most damaging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crissy Field has had many previous incarnations. Before it became a Spanish military post in 1776, the native Ohlone people took advantage of the area’s abundance of plant and animal life. In 1848, the site became a U.S. military post, and an airfield was added in 1921. During the Vietnam war, this airfield was a landing spot for wounded soldiers being transported from Travis Air Force Base northeast of San Francisco to Letterman Hospital. The airfield closed to fixed-wing aircraft in 1974, but continued as a U.S. Army post until the National Park Service assumed management in 1994. Three years later, planners began to recreate Crissy Field back to its pre-military state. By the time the new park was completed in 2000, over 3000 volunteers had planted 100,000 native plants in the dunes, where they’ve flourished. Nowadays a visitor would be hard pressed to imagine the area under blacktop, surrounded by airline hangars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the park claims 130 documented species of birds and 105 species of plants. The original salt marsh, which drew Native Americans here before the area was developed, has been restored, along with a small plot of freshwater habitat called dune swale. With its tall grasses and occasional cattails, dune swale was once a very common environment in the area now occupied by San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca title=\"Fence Line by kqedquest, on Flickr\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/1894281361/\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright\" src=\"http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2068/1894281361_3769455ea2_m.jpg\" alt=\"Fence Line\" width=\"240\" height=\"160\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span> Fences around Crissy Field's beach dunes often need to be rebuilt as wind, waves, and human interactions reshape the sands. Observing Crissy Field as a protected area now, its Park Ranger caretakers can point out how nature exerts its own dramatic changes here. Some animal populations come and go as the seasons change. Wind and waves are forever rearranging the shoreline, shifting the sands and shaping the plant communities. Occasionally, the surf deposits enough sand on the shore to close off the inlet to the park’s salt marsh, which rangers then have to dredge to reopen. Near the beach, wind and water (and the occasional canine friend of humans) combine to reshape the dunes, leaving them in need of ever-new fences to protect them from these elements. At Crissy Field, park planners and rangers must strike a delicate balance between preservation and recreation. Human efforts have both assaulted this shoreline and helped it recover. Nature has its hand in healing as well, the terrain’s capacity for change lending it resilience. Now paths and beaches provide opportunity for visitors to appreciate how the two forces can work together to revive a landscape that once seemed lost.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Get Involved\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>There are many kinds of volunteering opportunities at Crissy Field and in other parts of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area. Volunteers help with habitat restoration, wildlife protection and monitoring, maintaining native plant nurseries, seed collecting and invasive plant control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the ground, this can mean planting, cutting, counting, observing and collecting. Call (415)561-3034 x3429 / TTY (415)561-3020 to talk to someone about what volunteering activity would best suit your interests and schedule. For volunteering in other parts of the GGNRA, call the volunteer hotline number at (415) 561-4755.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Latest Visitor Photos\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Join the \u003ca href=\"http://flickr.com/groups/606294@N21\">Crissy Field photo group on Flickr\u003c/a> to share your photos of this amazing place.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.parksconservancy.org/programs/crissy-field-center/\">Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy -- Crissy Field Center\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/15157/crissy-field-exploration","authors":["6166","10191"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_294","quest_340","quest_894","quest_3313","quest_1370","quest_3351","quest_3415","quest_2093","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_13","quest_2486","quest_2530","quest_13434","quest_3311","quest_3140"],"collections":["quest_3359"],"featImg":"quest_15164","label":"source_quest_15157"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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