E-book: Engineering Is Cleaning Poop from Drinking Water
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A Sea Without Stars
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Medicine from the Ocean Floor
Lessons from the Chicken Coop
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She holds a master’s degree in narrative journalism from the University of Oregon.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/22b92d21a0dd6dd898788654f902ed0f?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["coordinator","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Katie Campbell | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/22b92d21a0dd6dd898788654f902ed0f?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/22b92d21a0dd6dd898788654f902ed0f?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/kcampbell"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_74406":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_74406","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"74406","score":null,"sort":[1441933318000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"e-book-engineering-is-cleaning-poop-from-drinking-water","title":"E-book: Engineering Is Cleaning Poop from Drinking Water","publishDate":1441933318,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://water.woop.ie/\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-74407\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Clean-Water-640x360-cover.png\" alt=\"Clean Water-640x360-cover\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Clean-Water-640x360-cover.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Clean-Water-640x360-cover-400x225.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://water.woop.ie/\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cstrong>View the E-book\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 700 million people around the world do not have access to clean drinking water. For residents of Dhaka, Bangladesh, this is because sewage seeps into the city’s old, cracked pipes that transport their drinking water. The invasion of sewage into the water means that waterborne diseases spread easily, sickening many people. Without overhauling the city’s water transportation infrastructure, how could residents have access to safe water? By cleaning it where it’s collected--at the communal hand pumps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new, media-rich e-book from QUEST, \u003ca href=\"http://water.woop.ie/\" target=\"_blank\">Engineering Is Cleaning Poop from Drinking Water\u003c/a>, tells the story of how a team of scientists and engineers at Stanford University designed an inexpensive water purification device that attaches to the water pumps used by people in Dhaka. The device dispenses chlorine in just the right amount, killing microbes and making the water safe to drink. The book explains the team’s process of researching solutions, designing the device, testing it and making improvements (using a 3D printer!). The book also contains a career spotlight video of Amy Pickering, the lead engineer on the project. And, there’s a look at the various ways water treatment plants in the United States treat water so that it’s safe for us to drink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://water.woop.ie/\" target=\"_blank\">Engineering Is Cleaning Poop from Drinking Water\u003c/a> is the fourth e-book in our \u003cstrong>Engineering Is...\u003c/strong> series and is available to view on your computer, tablet and smartphone, for free. You can find links to all of KQED's e-books at \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\" target=\"_blank\">kqed.org/ebooks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://water.woop.ie/\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-74408\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Lotus-Water-Project-Cover-105x136.png\" alt=\"Lotus Water Project Cover 105x136\" width=\"105\" height=\"136\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn how a 3D-printed device made it possible for people in Dhaka, Bangladesh to have access to clean drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://water.woop.ie/\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-16316\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/E-book-button-for-Web.png\" alt=\"View it on QUEST\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"More than 700 million people around the world do not have access to clean drinking water. In this e-book from KQED, discover how engineers from Stanford University designed an inexpensive water purification device made with a 3D printer, for people in Dhaka, Bangladesh.\r\n","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1450483033,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":290},"headData":{"title":"E-book: Engineering Is Cleaning Poop from Drinking Water | KQED","description":"More than 700 million people around the world do not have access to clean drinking water. 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For residents of Dhaka, Bangladesh, this is because sewage seeps into the city’s old, cracked pipes that transport their drinking water. The invasion of sewage into the water means that waterborne diseases spread easily, sickening many people. Without overhauling the city’s water transportation infrastructure, how could residents have access to safe water? By cleaning it where it’s collected--at the communal hand pumps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new, media-rich e-book from QUEST, \u003ca href=\"http://water.woop.ie/\" target=\"_blank\">Engineering Is Cleaning Poop from Drinking Water\u003c/a>, tells the story of how a team of scientists and engineers at Stanford University designed an inexpensive water purification device that attaches to the water pumps used by people in Dhaka. The device dispenses chlorine in just the right amount, killing microbes and making the water safe to drink. The book explains the team’s process of researching solutions, designing the device, testing it and making improvements (using a 3D printer!). The book also contains a career spotlight video of Amy Pickering, the lead engineer on the project. And, there’s a look at the various ways water treatment plants in the United States treat water so that it’s safe for us to drink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://water.woop.ie/\" target=\"_blank\">Engineering Is Cleaning Poop from Drinking Water\u003c/a> is the fourth e-book in our \u003cstrong>Engineering Is...\u003c/strong> series and is available to view on your computer, tablet and smartphone, for free. You can find links to all of KQED's e-books at \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\" target=\"_blank\">kqed.org/ebooks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://water.woop.ie/\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-74408\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Lotus-Water-Project-Cover-105x136.png\" alt=\"Lotus Water Project Cover 105x136\" width=\"105\" height=\"136\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn how a 3D-printed device made it possible for people in Dhaka, Bangladesh to have access to clean drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://water.woop.ie/\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-16316\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/E-book-button-for-Web.png\" alt=\"View it on QUEST\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/74406/e-book-engineering-is-cleaning-poop-from-drinking-water","authors":["6170"],"categories":["quest_8","quest_12","quest_16","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_12185","quest_838","quest_12946","quest_13197","quest_13152","quest_2349","quest_3318"],"collections":["quest_13362"],"featImg":"quest_74407","label":"source_quest_74406"},"quest_74121":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_74121","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"74121","score":null,"sort":[1432918950000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"e-book-engineering-is-diagnosing-diseases-with-origami-microscopes","title":"E-book: Engineering Is Diagnosing Diseases with Origami Microscopes","publishDate":1432918950,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://foldscope.woop.ie/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/05/Origami-Miscroscope_fin-02.png\" alt=\"Origami Miscroscope_fin-02\" width=\"641\" height=\"361\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-74122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/05/Origami-Miscroscope_fin-02.png 641w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/05/Origami-Miscroscope_fin-02-400x225.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 641px) 100vw, 641px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://foldscope.woop.ie/\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cstrong>View the E-book\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ability to diagnose malaria, schistosomiasis and African sleeping sickness can be the difference between life and death for people afflicted with those diseases. And while diagnosis is easily done with microscopes, in many parts of the world, lack of access to these tools means these diseases are often misdiagnosed and patients go untreated. What is the solution? A $1 origami microscope, of course, called a \u003ca href=\"http://www.foldscope.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Foldscope\u003c/a>, that can be shipped and used anywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new, media-rich e-book from QUEST, \u003ca href=\"http://foldscope.woop.ie/\" target=\"_blank\">Engineering Is Diagnosing Diseases with Origami Microscopes\u003c/a>, tells the story of how Stanford University bioengineer \u003ca href=\"http://stanford.edu/~manup/\" target=\"_blank\">Manu Prakash\u003c/a> and his colleagues designed a lightweight, inexpensive, robust, paper microscope in order to help people in developing countries and remote areas diagnose diseases. The book explores optics and how microscopes work--including the Foldscope--through video and animation, and shows how Foldscopes are inspiring students around the world to ask questions and make discoveries. It also contains a career spotlight video of a graduate student who uses microscopes in his research on heart cells. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://foldscope.woop.ie/\" target=\"_blank\">Engineering Is Diagnosing Diseases with Origami Microscopes\u003c/a> is the third e-book in our \u003cstrong>Engineering Is...\u003c/strong> series and is available to view on your computer, tablet and smartphone, for free. You can find links to all of KQED's e-books at \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\" target=\"_blank\">kqed.org/ebooks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://foldscope.woop.ie/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/05/Origami-Miscroscope_fin-03_tiny.jpg\" alt=\"Origami Miscroscope_fin-03_tiny\" width=\"105\" height=\"136\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-74125\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Discover how engineers developed a $1 paper microscope to help diagnose diseases in remote areas.\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://foldscope.woop.ie/\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-16316\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/E-book-button-for-Web.png\" alt=\"View it on QUEST\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Access to healthcare and diagnostic tools aren't always easy to come by in many parts of the world. 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The book explores optics and how microscopes work--including the Foldscope--through video and animation, and shows how Foldscopes are inspiring students around the world to ask questions and make discoveries. It also contains a career spotlight video of a graduate student who uses microscopes in his research on heart cells. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://foldscope.woop.ie/\" target=\"_blank\">Engineering Is Diagnosing Diseases with Origami Microscopes\u003c/a> is the third e-book in our \u003cstrong>Engineering Is...\u003c/strong> series and is available to view on your computer, tablet and smartphone, for free. You can find links to all of KQED's e-books at \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\" target=\"_blank\">kqed.org/ebooks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://foldscope.woop.ie/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/05/Origami-Miscroscope_fin-03_tiny.jpg\" alt=\"Origami Miscroscope_fin-03_tiny\" width=\"105\" height=\"136\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-74125\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Discover how engineers developed a $1 paper microscope to help diagnose diseases in remote areas.\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://foldscope.woop.ie/\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-16316\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/E-book-button-for-Web.png\" alt=\"View it on QUEST\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/74121/e-book-engineering-is-diagnosing-diseases-with-origami-microscopes","authors":["6170"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_8","quest_12","quest_16"],"tags":["quest_838","quest_12946","quest_13174","quest_12269","quest_1646","quest_13169","quest_13166","quest_1816","quest_2083","quest_13168"],"collections":["quest_13175"],"featImg":"quest_74122","label":"source_quest_74121"},"quest_74045":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_74045","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"74045","score":null,"sort":[1430437639000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"diagnosing-diseases-with-origami-microscopes-engineering-is","title":"Diagnosing Diseases With Origami Microscopes","publishDate":1430437639,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>Trouble viewing the video? Stream or download it on \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/727416dd-b83b-4cfb-abbc-27ec2651629b/diagnosing-diseases-with-origami-microscopes/\"> PBS LearningMedia\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Article by Lauren Farrar\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What if you could drop microscopes literally around the world from an airplane?” Manu Prakash, a professor of bioengineering at Stanford University would often joke with his team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This musing actually heavily influenced the design of their new microscope, a paper origami microscope. They call it a Foldscope. The microscope is printed on waterproof paper. The user punches out the pieces and folds them together to create a fully functional microscope. It works with standard microscope slides and requires no batteries or electricity to operate. You simply hold the Foldscope up to a light source (like the sun) and look through the salt grain-sized lens to view the sample on the slide. The high curvature of the tiny lenses used in the Foldscope allows small objects to be highly magnified. This little invention costs less than a dollar to produce and could have major implications for global health and for science education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_74155\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/04/Foldscope_CU_small_white.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/04/Foldscope_CU_small_white-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"the Foldscope\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-74155\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A close up of the Foldscope.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Prakash grew up in small towns in India where access to healthcare and diagnostic tools, like microscopes, weren’t always easy to come by. He has traveled extensively throughout developing countries and has seen firsthand how diseases like malaria, African sleeping sickness and schistosomiasis can go untreated or are mistreated because patients are not properly diagnosed. Diagnosis of diseases like these usually require a microscope to identify the presence of a particular parasite so that the proper treatment can be administered. But remote or resource poor areas don’t always have access to these heavy, expensive microscopes used in other parts of the world. Standard microscopes are also difficult to transport when doctors travel from village to village to diagnose and treat patients. And even when remote places do have microscopes, there is little support to maintain them or parts available to fix them if they break.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Humidity and tropics are terrible for optics… Most of the time when we’re in the field there is fungus growing on the lenses… There were times when we were imaging there, we saw an insect colony come out of the microscope,” Prakash describes some of the challenges of doing field microscopy in remote tropical areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prakash was determined to build a cheap, robust, easy-to-use and easy-to-fix microscope that required no power and worked with traditional microscope slides. After prototyping with simple supplies like paper, tape and scissors, he and his team came up with a design that worked. The base level requires no external power source and relies on the sun as the primary light source. The team has since developed multiple versions that allow users to do different kinds of microscopy. For example, there are versions with external light modules, versions of various magnifications, versions that allow for fluorescence microscopy, versions that allow for bright field microscopy, versions that allow for dark field microscopy, and versions that allow the user to project the image on a wall. You can even attach a smartphone to the microscope in order to record images.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Foldscopes are currently undergoing validation studies and clinical trials to be approved as diagnostic tools for diseases including malaria, African sleeping sickness and schistosomiasis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to their potential value for global health, Foldscopes have a strong educational appeal. Prakash wanted to get these microscopes in the hands of children everywhere, so he started the \u003ca href=\"http://www.foldscope.com/\"> Ten Thousand Microscope project\u003c/a>. He wanted to create a network of learners asking questions, so he put a call out for people to submit an idea for an experiment that they would like to do with the Foldscope and then report back on their findings. This idea was so well received that he has shipped approximately 50,000 microscopes to people all around the world. Some of them are already reporting their findings on his \u003ca href=\"http://microcosmos.foldscope.com/\"> website\u003c/a>. He hopes that this project will inspire curiosity and scientific thinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Scientific tools need to become common day-to-day objects if we want people to think scientifically,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Foldscopes used for diagnostic testing come pre-folded to ensure high quality control, the ones sent out for educational purposes through the Ten Thousand Microscope Project are folded and built by the users. He hopes that school children, hackers, and tinkerers all over the world will build on and add to the microscopes. While Prakash isn’t quite dropping these Foldscopes from airplanes, he’s certainly getting them into the hands of children all around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This video is part of our \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://foldscope.woop.ie/\" target=\"_blank\">Engineering Is: Diagnosing Diseases with Origami Microscopes\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> e-book. The e-book explores the science and engineering principles behind Manu Prakash’s Foldscopes project, and includes videos, interactives and media making opportunities. You can find our other e-books at \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\"> kqed.org/ebooks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Manu Prakash has designed the Foldscope, an origami paper microscope that costs less than a dollar.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1450483326,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":823},"headData":{"title":"Diagnosing Diseases With Origami Microscopes | KQED","description":"Manu Prakash has designed the Foldscope, an origami paper microscope that costs less than a dollar.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Diagnosing Diseases With Origami Microscopes","datePublished":"2015-04-30T23:47:19.000Z","dateModified":"2015-12-19T00:02:06.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"74045 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=74045","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/04/30/diagnosing-diseases-with-origami-microscopes-engineering-is/","disqusTitle":"Diagnosing Diseases With Origami Microscopes","videoEmbed":"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k56MVoz9QIc","source":"Engineering","path":"/quest/74045/diagnosing-diseases-with-origami-microscopes-engineering-is","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Trouble viewing the video? Stream or download it on \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/727416dd-b83b-4cfb-abbc-27ec2651629b/diagnosing-diseases-with-origami-microscopes/\"> PBS LearningMedia\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Article by Lauren Farrar\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What if you could drop microscopes literally around the world from an airplane?” Manu Prakash, a professor of bioengineering at Stanford University would often joke with his team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This musing actually heavily influenced the design of their new microscope, a paper origami microscope. They call it a Foldscope. The microscope is printed on waterproof paper. The user punches out the pieces and folds them together to create a fully functional microscope. It works with standard microscope slides and requires no batteries or electricity to operate. You simply hold the Foldscope up to a light source (like the sun) and look through the salt grain-sized lens to view the sample on the slide. The high curvature of the tiny lenses used in the Foldscope allows small objects to be highly magnified. This little invention costs less than a dollar to produce and could have major implications for global health and for science education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_74155\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/04/Foldscope_CU_small_white.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/04/Foldscope_CU_small_white-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"the Foldscope\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-74155\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A close up of the Foldscope.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Prakash grew up in small towns in India where access to healthcare and diagnostic tools, like microscopes, weren’t always easy to come by. He has traveled extensively throughout developing countries and has seen firsthand how diseases like malaria, African sleeping sickness and schistosomiasis can go untreated or are mistreated because patients are not properly diagnosed. Diagnosis of diseases like these usually require a microscope to identify the presence of a particular parasite so that the proper treatment can be administered. But remote or resource poor areas don’t always have access to these heavy, expensive microscopes used in other parts of the world. Standard microscopes are also difficult to transport when doctors travel from village to village to diagnose and treat patients. And even when remote places do have microscopes, there is little support to maintain them or parts available to fix them if they break.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Humidity and tropics are terrible for optics… Most of the time when we’re in the field there is fungus growing on the lenses… There were times when we were imaging there, we saw an insect colony come out of the microscope,” Prakash describes some of the challenges of doing field microscopy in remote tropical areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prakash was determined to build a cheap, robust, easy-to-use and easy-to-fix microscope that required no power and worked with traditional microscope slides. After prototyping with simple supplies like paper, tape and scissors, he and his team came up with a design that worked. The base level requires no external power source and relies on the sun as the primary light source. The team has since developed multiple versions that allow users to do different kinds of microscopy. For example, there are versions with external light modules, versions of various magnifications, versions that allow for fluorescence microscopy, versions that allow for bright field microscopy, versions that allow for dark field microscopy, and versions that allow the user to project the image on a wall. You can even attach a smartphone to the microscope in order to record images.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Foldscopes are currently undergoing validation studies and clinical trials to be approved as diagnostic tools for diseases including malaria, African sleeping sickness and schistosomiasis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to their potential value for global health, Foldscopes have a strong educational appeal. Prakash wanted to get these microscopes in the hands of children everywhere, so he started the \u003ca href=\"http://www.foldscope.com/\"> Ten Thousand Microscope project\u003c/a>. He wanted to create a network of learners asking questions, so he put a call out for people to submit an idea for an experiment that they would like to do with the Foldscope and then report back on their findings. This idea was so well received that he has shipped approximately 50,000 microscopes to people all around the world. Some of them are already reporting their findings on his \u003ca href=\"http://microcosmos.foldscope.com/\"> website\u003c/a>. He hopes that this project will inspire curiosity and scientific thinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Scientific tools need to become common day-to-day objects if we want people to think scientifically,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Foldscopes used for diagnostic testing come pre-folded to ensure high quality control, the ones sent out for educational purposes through the Ten Thousand Microscope Project are folded and built by the users. He hopes that school children, hackers, and tinkerers all over the world will build on and add to the microscopes. While Prakash isn’t quite dropping these Foldscopes from airplanes, he’s certainly getting them into the hands of children all around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This video is part of our \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://foldscope.woop.ie/\" target=\"_blank\">Engineering Is: Diagnosing Diseases with Origami Microscopes\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> e-book. The e-book explores the science and engineering principles behind Manu Prakash’s Foldscopes project, and includes videos, interactives and media making opportunities. You can find our other e-books at \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\"> kqed.org/ebooks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/74045/diagnosing-diseases-with-origami-microscopes-engineering-is","authors":["10423"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_8","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_13165","quest_838","quest_12946","quest_13126","quest_13197","quest_13162","quest_12269","quest_3351","quest_13161","quest_1815","quest_1816","quest_13164","quest_13163","quest_2349","quest_2774","quest_3071"],"collections":["quest_13175"],"featImg":"quest_74047","label":"source_quest_74045"},"quest_72209":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_72209","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"72209","score":null,"sort":[1416322813000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"a-sea-without-stars","title":"A Sea Without Stars","publishDate":1416322813,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>In this QUEST video, we travel to the shores of Washington’s Puget Sound and join a group of scientists and volunteer divers as they shimmy into wetsuits and double check their air tanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They move with the urgency of a group on a mission -- and they are. They’re trying to solve a marine mystery. “We need to collect sick ones as well as individuals that appear healthy,” Ben Miner tells the divers as they head into the water. Miner, a biology professor at Western Washington University, is conducting experiments with hope of figuring out how and why starfish, or sea stars as scientists prefer to call the echinoderms, are wasting away by the millions up and down North America’s Pacific shores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s called \u003ca href=\"http://www.eeb.ucsc.edu/pacificrockyintertidal/data-products/sea-star-wasting/\">\"sea star wasting syndrome.”\u003c/a> When afflicted, the sick stars begin to look deflated and are unable to hold onto rocks. Sometimes lesions form on their skin, and within a day or two of showing symptoms, they melt into piles of mush. Scientists first started noticing sick and dying sea stars in the summer of 2013 at a place called Starfish Point on Washington’s Olympic Peninsula. \u003ca href=\"http://data.piscoweb.org/marine1/seastardisease.html\">Reports have since surfaced of it along the coasts of Oregon and California and as far north as Alaska\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In all, more than 20 species of sea stars are dying from the disease. “This is the largest disease outbreak that we know of ever in the oceans in terms of the numbers of species affected, in terms of the geographic scale, and in terms of the mortality that’s associate with it,\" said Drew Harvell, a marine epidemiologist at Cornell University who has been leading nationwide efforts to understand these outbreaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday Nov. 17, a team of more than a dozen researchers, including Harvell and Miner, published a paper reporting that the cause of the die-off appears to be a previously unknown virus. \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2014/11/17/scientists-suspect-a-virus-is-causing-sea-star-die-off/\">Their research\u003c/a>, which was featured in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, found that the apparent culprit, a type of densovirus distantly related to parvovirus, which can infect dogs and cats, actually was present in museum specimens of starfish dating back to 1942. What caused the virus to explode out of control now, and “go rogue” as one scientist said, will be studied further in the months and years ahead. It could be a natural occurrence, such as overpopulation, or a human-caused trigger, like pollution or warming oceans from climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers also found that the virus spreads through the water, as well as via physical contact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72221\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 341px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/20140612_lj_sick_starfish_web7-e1412967628851.png\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72221 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/20140612_lj_sick_starfish_web7-341x253.png\" alt=\"Scientists are testing whether shellfish, a top food source for starfish, may transfer the pathogen. Credit: Laura James\" width=\"341\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists are testing whether shellfish, a top food\u003cbr> source for starfish, may transfer the pathogen.\u003cbr> Credit: Laura James\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sea stars have few predators in the intertidal zone where they dwell, but are voracious predators themselves. They gobble up mussels, clams, sea cucumbers, crab and even other starfish. That’s why they’re called a keystone species, meaning they have a disproportionate impact on an ecosystem, shaping the biodiversity of the seascape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are ecologically important species,” Harvell said. “To remove them changes the entire dynamics of the marine ecosystem. When you lose this many sea stars it will certainly change the seascape underneath our waters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harvell’s team used DNA sequencing from samples of sick stars to discover the virus. Now that the virus has been identified, scientists say they will be able to better understand whether West Coast starfish will be able to recover, and if so, how many years it might take.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Standing on the rocky shores of Orcas Island, Harvell picks up a tiny young ochre star and looks carefully for symptoms of the disease. In recent months, young sea stars have been taking hold in record numbers along parts of the California coast such as Big Sur, and scientists say this is an encouraging sign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72216\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/20140612_kc_sick_starfish_web3-e1412967541209.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-72216\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/20140612_kc_sick_starfish_web3-e1412967541209.png\" alt=\"Scientists inspect young starfish for signs of wasting disease. Credit: Katie Campbell\" width=\"640\" height=\"390\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/20140612_kc_sick_starfish_web3-e1412967541209.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/20140612_kc_sick_starfish_web3-e1412967541209-400x244.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists inspect young starfish for signs of wasting disease. Credit: Katie Campbell\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If these juvenile stars can find a way to resist the virus, Harvell explained, local extinction could be avoided. “We would really love the sign of hope that maybe they’ll pull through,” Harvell said. “We’re going to be watching them very closely.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>*With thousands of miles of Pacific shoreline, scientists can’t be everywhere at once to keep an eye out for sick and dying starfish. To find out how to help, \u003ca href=\"http://earthfix.kcts9.org/water/article/calling-all-citizen-scientists-in-search-for-sicks/\">click here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more on the plight of West Coast sea stars and the newly published study, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.earthfix.info/flora-and-fauna/article/scientists-find-out-whats-killing-west-coast-starf/\">EarthFix\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 style=\"color: #586b73\">\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul style=\"color: #666666\">\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yU7tpi0Qooc\">Watch the full episode of QUEST.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"As West Coast starfish die by the millions, scientists search for clues about the origin of their mysterious killer.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442632485,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":786},"headData":{"title":"A Sea Without Stars | KQED","description":"As West Coast starfish die by the millions, scientists search for clues about the origin of their mysterious killer.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"A Sea Without Stars","datePublished":"2014-11-18T15:00:13.000Z","dateModified":"2015-09-19T03:14:45.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"72209 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=72209","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/11/18/a-sea-without-stars/","disqusTitle":"A Sea Without Stars","videoEmbed":"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_GcseyLU1Rs?feature=player_profilepage","source":"Biology","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/biology/","path":"/quest/72209/a-sea-without-stars","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In this QUEST video, we travel to the shores of Washington’s Puget Sound and join a group of scientists and volunteer divers as they shimmy into wetsuits and double check their air tanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They move with the urgency of a group on a mission -- and they are. They’re trying to solve a marine mystery. “We need to collect sick ones as well as individuals that appear healthy,” Ben Miner tells the divers as they head into the water. Miner, a biology professor at Western Washington University, is conducting experiments with hope of figuring out how and why starfish, or sea stars as scientists prefer to call the echinoderms, are wasting away by the millions up and down North America’s Pacific shores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s called \u003ca href=\"http://www.eeb.ucsc.edu/pacificrockyintertidal/data-products/sea-star-wasting/\">\"sea star wasting syndrome.”\u003c/a> When afflicted, the sick stars begin to look deflated and are unable to hold onto rocks. Sometimes lesions form on their skin, and within a day or two of showing symptoms, they melt into piles of mush. Scientists first started noticing sick and dying sea stars in the summer of 2013 at a place called Starfish Point on Washington’s Olympic Peninsula. \u003ca href=\"http://data.piscoweb.org/marine1/seastardisease.html\">Reports have since surfaced of it along the coasts of Oregon and California and as far north as Alaska\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In all, more than 20 species of sea stars are dying from the disease. “This is the largest disease outbreak that we know of ever in the oceans in terms of the numbers of species affected, in terms of the geographic scale, and in terms of the mortality that’s associate with it,\" said Drew Harvell, a marine epidemiologist at Cornell University who has been leading nationwide efforts to understand these outbreaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday Nov. 17, a team of more than a dozen researchers, including Harvell and Miner, published a paper reporting that the cause of the die-off appears to be a previously unknown virus. \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2014/11/17/scientists-suspect-a-virus-is-causing-sea-star-die-off/\">Their research\u003c/a>, which was featured in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, found that the apparent culprit, a type of densovirus distantly related to parvovirus, which can infect dogs and cats, actually was present in museum specimens of starfish dating back to 1942. What caused the virus to explode out of control now, and “go rogue” as one scientist said, will be studied further in the months and years ahead. It could be a natural occurrence, such as overpopulation, or a human-caused trigger, like pollution or warming oceans from climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers also found that the virus spreads through the water, as well as via physical contact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72221\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 341px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/20140612_lj_sick_starfish_web7-e1412967628851.png\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72221 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/20140612_lj_sick_starfish_web7-341x253.png\" alt=\"Scientists are testing whether shellfish, a top food source for starfish, may transfer the pathogen. Credit: Laura James\" width=\"341\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists are testing whether shellfish, a top food\u003cbr> source for starfish, may transfer the pathogen.\u003cbr> Credit: Laura James\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sea stars have few predators in the intertidal zone where they dwell, but are voracious predators themselves. They gobble up mussels, clams, sea cucumbers, crab and even other starfish. That’s why they’re called a keystone species, meaning they have a disproportionate impact on an ecosystem, shaping the biodiversity of the seascape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are ecologically important species,” Harvell said. “To remove them changes the entire dynamics of the marine ecosystem. When you lose this many sea stars it will certainly change the seascape underneath our waters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harvell’s team used DNA sequencing from samples of sick stars to discover the virus. Now that the virus has been identified, scientists say they will be able to better understand whether West Coast starfish will be able to recover, and if so, how many years it might take.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Standing on the rocky shores of Orcas Island, Harvell picks up a tiny young ochre star and looks carefully for symptoms of the disease. In recent months, young sea stars have been taking hold in record numbers along parts of the California coast such as Big Sur, and scientists say this is an encouraging sign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72216\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/20140612_kc_sick_starfish_web3-e1412967541209.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-72216\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/20140612_kc_sick_starfish_web3-e1412967541209.png\" alt=\"Scientists inspect young starfish for signs of wasting disease. Credit: Katie Campbell\" width=\"640\" height=\"390\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/20140612_kc_sick_starfish_web3-e1412967541209.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/20140612_kc_sick_starfish_web3-e1412967541209-400x244.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists inspect young starfish for signs of wasting disease. Credit: Katie Campbell\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If these juvenile stars can find a way to resist the virus, Harvell explained, local extinction could be avoided. “We would really love the sign of hope that maybe they’ll pull through,” Harvell said. “We’re going to be watching them very closely.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>*With thousands of miles of Pacific shoreline, scientists can’t be everywhere at once to keep an eye out for sick and dying starfish. To find out how to help, \u003ca href=\"http://earthfix.kcts9.org/water/article/calling-all-citizen-scientists-in-search-for-sicks/\">click here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more on the plight of West Coast sea stars and the newly published study, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.earthfix.info/flora-and-fauna/article/scientists-find-out-whats-killing-west-coast-starf/\">EarthFix\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 style=\"color: #586b73\">\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul style=\"color: #666666\">\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yU7tpi0Qooc\">Watch the full episode of QUEST.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/72209/a-sea-without-stars","authors":["10602"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_326","quest_838","quest_12269","quest_12987","quest_12146","quest_12986","quest_3397","quest_12984","quest_2893","quest_3071","quest_12985"],"featImg":"quest_72219","label":"source_quest_72209"},"quest_38751":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_38751","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"38751","score":null,"sort":[1338217230000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"why-your-newfound-uniqueness-a-nightmare-for-your-doctor","title":"Why Your Newfound Uniqueness is a Nightmare for Your Doctor","publishDate":1338217230,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38754\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/28/why-your-newfound-uniqueness-a-nightmare-for-your-doctor/humdivinasia/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38754\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/HumDivInAsia.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"HumDivInAsia\" width=\"640\" height=\"356\" class=\"size-full wp-image-38754\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/HumDivInAsia.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/HumDivInAsia-400x223.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Our surprising genetic diversity will give scientists fits for years.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A couple of new studies confirm what many of us have feared: each of us is surprisingly unique genetically. This is to be feared because of the impact it will have on the future of personalized medicine. Our individual uniqueness will make predicting our risk for disease much trickier than we thought. And it will make finding treatments that much harder too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You’ve probably read that all humans share somewhere between 99.5% and 99.9% of their DNA. Usually this is translated into saying that we have a difference in our DNA every 1000 bases or so. (By bases I mean the A’s, G’s, C’s, and T’s that make up our DNA.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These differences were supposed to be shared by many people. So a lot of people would have a G at a certain position and the rest of us would have a T. The first \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2012/05/16/science.1217876\">study \u003c/a>shows that this is not the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, we all have many rare DNA differences scattered throughout our DNA. When the researchers looked at 202 different genes from 14,002 people, they found a rare variant every 17 bases or so. This is way higher than many people thought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s worse is that these differences aren’t all benign. The other \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2012/05/21/science.1219240\">study published in \u003cem>Science\u003c/em>\u003c/a> showed that a surprisingly high percentage, around 2.3%, is predicted to significantly impact a gene. In other words, we are all burdened with many gene-altering and so potentially harmful DNA differences. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the world of genetics is getting turned on its head yet again. Not so long ago, the idea was that diseases shared a common set of DNA differences. So everyone with sickle cell anemia had a certain DNA difference (or at least a certain few). Same thing with cystic fibrosis and all the other genetic diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38759\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 150px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/28/why-your-newfound-uniqueness-a-nightmare-for-your-doctor/manypaths/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38759\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/ManyPaths.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"ManyPaths\" width=\"150\" height=\"343\" class=\"size-full wp-image-38759\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">There are many paths to the same illness.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now it looks like there are many individual paths to a disease. For example, while most cases of cystic fibrosis do involve glitches in the CFTR gene, there are lots of glitches that can cause the disease. And that makes figuring out your chances for getting or passing cystic fibrosis to your children even harder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many (perhaps even most) of us will have DNA differences in our CFTR genes that haven’t been seen before. We don’t yet know which differences can lead to cystic fibrosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Believe it or not, cystic fibrosis is the easy case; at least it usually involves just one gene. More complex genetic diseases like Type 2 diabetes or \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/alzheimers-is-the-cure-in-the-genes/\">Alzheimer’s \u003c/a>are going to be complicated by the fact that many different genes can be involved and we are all littered with unique differences in these genes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, there will be a huge set of genes involved in Type 2 diabetes. Each of us will have numerous unique DNA differences strewn throughout these genes. Some of these changes will increase your risk for getting Type 2 diabetes and some will lower your risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately the way scientists can tell if a difference is involved in a disease is by comparing two large groups of people with and without the disease. If a certain DNA difference turns up more often in the disease group, then it may be involved in causing the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now everyone has lots of unique DNA differences, many of which can contribute to disease. The people in the disease group won’t share a lot of the same differences that lead to disease. This means it is going to be hard to figure out which differences matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our best bet may be to figure out as much DNA from as many people as possible so we can at least start to get a handle on which genes are involved in a particular disease. Then we can start to explore which DNA differences matter and which ones don’t. One thing is for sure, this is going to take awhile to sort out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencecodex.com/knowing_genetic_makeup_may_not_significantly_improve_disease_risk_prediction-92164\">\u003cem>This\u003c/em> \u003c/a>\u003cem>came out after I wrote the blog. More evidence that knowing our DNA may not help us out as much as we had hoped.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A couple of new studies confirm what many of us have feared: each of us is surprisingly unique genetically. This is to be feared because of the impact it will have on the future of personalized medicine. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1340306592,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":718},"headData":{"title":"Why Your Newfound Uniqueness is a Nightmare for Your Doctor | KQED","description":"A couple of new studies confirm what many of us have feared: each of us is surprisingly unique genetically. This is to be feared because of the impact it will have on the future of personalized medicine. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Why Your Newfound Uniqueness is a Nightmare for Your Doctor","datePublished":"2012-05-28T15:00:30.000Z","dateModified":"2012-06-21T19:23:12.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"38751 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=38751","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/28/why-your-newfound-uniqueness-a-nightmare-for-your-doctor/","disqusTitle":"Why Your Newfound Uniqueness is a Nightmare for Your Doctor","path":"/quest/38751/why-your-newfound-uniqueness-a-nightmare-for-your-doctor","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38754\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/28/why-your-newfound-uniqueness-a-nightmare-for-your-doctor/humdivinasia/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38754\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/HumDivInAsia.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"HumDivInAsia\" width=\"640\" height=\"356\" class=\"size-full wp-image-38754\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/HumDivInAsia.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/HumDivInAsia-400x223.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Our surprising genetic diversity will give scientists fits for years.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A couple of new studies confirm what many of us have feared: each of us is surprisingly unique genetically. This is to be feared because of the impact it will have on the future of personalized medicine. Our individual uniqueness will make predicting our risk for disease much trickier than we thought. And it will make finding treatments that much harder too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You’ve probably read that all humans share somewhere between 99.5% and 99.9% of their DNA. Usually this is translated into saying that we have a difference in our DNA every 1000 bases or so. (By bases I mean the A’s, G’s, C’s, and T’s that make up our DNA.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These differences were supposed to be shared by many people. So a lot of people would have a G at a certain position and the rest of us would have a T. The first \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2012/05/16/science.1217876\">study \u003c/a>shows that this is not the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, we all have many rare DNA differences scattered throughout our DNA. When the researchers looked at 202 different genes from 14,002 people, they found a rare variant every 17 bases or so. This is way higher than many people thought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s worse is that these differences aren’t all benign. The other \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2012/05/21/science.1219240\">study published in \u003cem>Science\u003c/em>\u003c/a> showed that a surprisingly high percentage, around 2.3%, is predicted to significantly impact a gene. In other words, we are all burdened with many gene-altering and so potentially harmful DNA differences. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the world of genetics is getting turned on its head yet again. Not so long ago, the idea was that diseases shared a common set of DNA differences. So everyone with sickle cell anemia had a certain DNA difference (or at least a certain few). Same thing with cystic fibrosis and all the other genetic diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38759\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 150px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/28/why-your-newfound-uniqueness-a-nightmare-for-your-doctor/manypaths/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38759\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/ManyPaths.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"ManyPaths\" width=\"150\" height=\"343\" class=\"size-full wp-image-38759\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">There are many paths to the same illness.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now it looks like there are many individual paths to a disease. For example, while most cases of cystic fibrosis do involve glitches in the CFTR gene, there are lots of glitches that can cause the disease. And that makes figuring out your chances for getting or passing cystic fibrosis to your children even harder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many (perhaps even most) of us will have DNA differences in our CFTR genes that haven’t been seen before. We don’t yet know which differences can lead to cystic fibrosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Believe it or not, cystic fibrosis is the easy case; at least it usually involves just one gene. More complex genetic diseases like Type 2 diabetes or \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/alzheimers-is-the-cure-in-the-genes/\">Alzheimer’s \u003c/a>are going to be complicated by the fact that many different genes can be involved and we are all littered with unique differences in these genes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, there will be a huge set of genes involved in Type 2 diabetes. Each of us will have numerous unique DNA differences strewn throughout these genes. Some of these changes will increase your risk for getting Type 2 diabetes and some will lower your risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately the way scientists can tell if a difference is involved in a disease is by comparing two large groups of people with and without the disease. If a certain DNA difference turns up more often in the disease group, then it may be involved in causing the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now everyone has lots of unique DNA differences, many of which can contribute to disease. The people in the disease group won’t share a lot of the same differences that lead to disease. This means it is going to be hard to figure out which differences matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our best bet may be to figure out as much DNA from as many people as possible so we can at least start to get a handle on which genes are involved in a particular disease. Then we can start to explore which DNA differences matter and which ones don’t. One thing is for sure, this is going to take awhile to sort out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencecodex.com/knowing_genetic_makeup_may_not_significantly_improve_disease_risk_prediction-92164\">\u003cem>This\u003c/em> \u003c/a>\u003cem>came out after I wrote the blog. More evidence that knowing our DNA may not help us out as much as we had hoped.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/38751/why-your-newfound-uniqueness-a-nightmare-for-your-doctor","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_838","quest_3546","quest_1192","quest_11155","quest_1197","quest_3974","quest_13202","quest_3319"],"featImg":"quest_38754","label":"quest"},"quest_38549":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_38549","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"38549","score":null,"sort":[1316829171000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"24353-revision-2","title":"Medicine from the Ocean Floor","publishDate":1316829171,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Medicine from the Ocean Floor | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Ever thought about using medicine from the ocean floor? Well, scientists are using robots to sort through millions of marine chemicals in hopes of finding a cure to all kinds of diseases from cholera to breast cancer. Amy Standen has more. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Ever thought about using medicine from the ocean floor? Well, scientists are using robots to sort through millions of marine chemicals in hopes of finding a cure to all kinds of diseases from cholera to breast cancer. Amy Standen has more. ","status":"publish","parent":24353,"modified":1684973923,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":3,"wordCount":43},"headData":{"title":"Medicine from the Ocean Floor | KQED","description":"Ever thought about using medicine from the ocean floor? Well, scientists are using robots to sort through millions of marine chemicals in hopes of finding a cure to all kinds of diseases from cholera to breast cancer. Amy Standen has more. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Medicine from the Ocean Floor","datePublished":"2011-09-24T01:52:51.000Z","dateModified":"2023-05-25T00:18:43.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"WpOldSlug":"24353-revision","templateType":"standard","featuredImageType":"standard","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/quest/38549/24353-revision-2","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Ever thought about using medicine from the ocean floor? Well, scientists are using robots to sort through millions of marine chemicals in hopes of finding a cure to all kinds of diseases from cholera to breast cancer. Amy Standen has more. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/38549/24353-revision-2","authors":["6219"],"categories":["quest_1"],"tags":["quest_267","quest_838","quest_13201","quest_3351","quest_1783","quest_11132","quest_2034","quest_2349","quest_2576"],"label":"quest"},"quest_7739":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_7739","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"7739","score":null,"sort":[1283195656000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"lessons-from-the-chicken-coop","title":"Lessons from the Chicken Coop","publishDate":1283195656,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/Chickens.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem> Backyard chickens (credit: Meredith Hall)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Yesterday, I along with every other Oakland hipster visited the \u003ca href=\"http://eatrealfest.com/\">Eat Real Festival\u003c/a> in Jack London Square. There were dozens of food carts—tacos, steamed buns, hot dogs, ice cream, the best Cuban sandwich I’ve ever eaten—and chickens. Yep. There was an \u003ca href=\"http://eatrealfest.com/urbanhomesteading\">urban homesteading\u003c/a> exhibit, with animals and experts, and my friend Angela was smitten with the chickens. She wanted to take a few home. Think of all those fresh eggs! However, her husband Malcolm was against the idea—having grown up on a ranch in Mexico, he knew firsthand that chickens are a lot of work. But as I thought about the salmonella-laced \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2010/08/24/why-eggs-became-a-salmonella-hazard?ref=us\">headlines\u003c/a> that have tumbled across my doorstep and my computer screen over the past few weeks, I thought having my own backyard chickens might not be a bad idea.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The recent salmonella outbreak has led to a recall of half a billion eggs, and has sickened thousands of people. (Check this FDA page to see if the eggs in your fridge are safe to eat.) Many of the contaminated eggs have been traced to two giant farms in Iowa. It is not entirely clear what caused the outbreak—and there may have been multiple sources. But at least some of the contaminated eggs were laid by hens that ate contaminated chicken feed. Rodents carrying salmonella had gotten into the feed. In large-scale egg farms, salmonella can spread easily. Backyard chickens can still be subject to salmonella, but at least if you’re in charge of the coop, you can be sure to take precautions to keep your birds healthy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These precautions include keeping the habitat clean, making sure the food isn’t contaminated by rodents or other animals (reptiles carry salmonella too), and maybe even vaccinating your chickens. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/25/business/25vaccine.html?pagewanted=1&ref=business\">Vaccination\u003c/a> is common in the UK and other parts of Europe (though in this country, the FDA has deemed it unnecessary). I have no idea if vaccines are available for backyard birds—but it might be a good idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not being a bird owner myself, I wondered how a first-time chicken raiser could learn about keeping birds healthy. I read Oakland urban farmer Novella Carpenter’s book \u003ca href=\"http://amzn.com/0143117289\">Farm City\u003c/a>, and I couldn’t remember if her mail-order poultry had come with instructions. Then, I found out that the \u003ca href=\"http://www.treehugger.com/files/2010/08/backyard-chicken-keepers-avian-flu.php\">USDA recently started a public education campaign\u003c/a> on backyard bird health. And, urban homesteaders swap chicken husbandry tips thanks to internet sites like \u003ca href=\"http://www.meetup.com/\">Meetup\u003c/a>. There are whole communities out there, dedicated to raising healthy birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, I am not ready build a coop on my back porch and fill it with chickens. But the salmonella outbreak and the poultry experts at the Eat Real Festival reminded me that farmers, with their great knowledge of how animals and diseases and the environment are all entwined, are the world’s original ecologists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To learn more about eggs and the differences between supermarket eggs or farm fresh eggs, watch \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/city-egg-country-egg\">City Egg, Country Egg on QUEST.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.7941971 -122.2760333\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"As I thought about the salmonella-laced headlines that have tumbled across my doorstep and my computer screen over the past few weeks, I thought having my own backyard chickens might not be a bad idea.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443833726,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":9,"wordCount":520},"headData":{"title":"Lessons from the Chicken Coop | KQED","description":"As I thought about the salmonella-laced headlines that have tumbled across my doorstep and my computer screen over the past few weeks, I thought having my own backyard chickens might not be a bad idea.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Lessons from the Chicken Coop","datePublished":"2010-08-30T19:14:16.000Z","dateModified":"2015-10-03T00:55:26.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"7739 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=7739","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/08/30/lessons-from-the-chicken-coop/","disqusTitle":"Lessons from the Chicken Coop","path":"/quest/7739/lessons-from-the-chicken-coop","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/Chickens.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem> Backyard chickens (credit: Meredith Hall)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Yesterday, I along with every other Oakland hipster visited the \u003ca href=\"http://eatrealfest.com/\">Eat Real Festival\u003c/a> in Jack London Square. There were dozens of food carts—tacos, steamed buns, hot dogs, ice cream, the best Cuban sandwich I’ve ever eaten—and chickens. Yep. There was an \u003ca href=\"http://eatrealfest.com/urbanhomesteading\">urban homesteading\u003c/a> exhibit, with animals and experts, and my friend Angela was smitten with the chickens. She wanted to take a few home. Think of all those fresh eggs! However, her husband Malcolm was against the idea—having grown up on a ranch in Mexico, he knew firsthand that chickens are a lot of work. But as I thought about the salmonella-laced \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2010/08/24/why-eggs-became-a-salmonella-hazard?ref=us\">headlines\u003c/a> that have tumbled across my doorstep and my computer screen over the past few weeks, I thought having my own backyard chickens might not be a bad idea.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The recent salmonella outbreak has led to a recall of half a billion eggs, and has sickened thousands of people. (Check this FDA page to see if the eggs in your fridge are safe to eat.) Many of the contaminated eggs have been traced to two giant farms in Iowa. It is not entirely clear what caused the outbreak—and there may have been multiple sources. But at least some of the contaminated eggs were laid by hens that ate contaminated chicken feed. Rodents carrying salmonella had gotten into the feed. In large-scale egg farms, salmonella can spread easily. Backyard chickens can still be subject to salmonella, but at least if you’re in charge of the coop, you can be sure to take precautions to keep your birds healthy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These precautions include keeping the habitat clean, making sure the food isn’t contaminated by rodents or other animals (reptiles carry salmonella too), and maybe even vaccinating your chickens. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/25/business/25vaccine.html?pagewanted=1&ref=business\">Vaccination\u003c/a> is common in the UK and other parts of Europe (though in this country, the FDA has deemed it unnecessary). I have no idea if vaccines are available for backyard birds—but it might be a good idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not being a bird owner myself, I wondered how a first-time chicken raiser could learn about keeping birds healthy. I read Oakland urban farmer Novella Carpenter’s book \u003ca href=\"http://amzn.com/0143117289\">Farm City\u003c/a>, and I couldn’t remember if her mail-order poultry had come with instructions. Then, I found out that the \u003ca href=\"http://www.treehugger.com/files/2010/08/backyard-chicken-keepers-avian-flu.php\">USDA recently started a public education campaign\u003c/a> on backyard bird health. And, urban homesteaders swap chicken husbandry tips thanks to internet sites like \u003ca href=\"http://www.meetup.com/\">Meetup\u003c/a>. There are whole communities out there, dedicated to raising healthy birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, I am not ready build a coop on my back porch and fill it with chickens. But the salmonella outbreak and the poultry experts at the Eat Real Festival reminded me that farmers, with their great knowledge of how animals and diseases and the environment are all entwined, are the world’s original ecologists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To learn more about eggs and the differences between supermarket eggs or farm fresh eggs, watch \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/city-egg-country-egg\">City Egg, Country Egg on QUEST.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.7941971 -122.2760333\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/7739/lessons-from-the-chicken-coop","authors":["10200"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_3229","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_86","quest_326","quest_573","quest_574","quest_838","quest_921","quest_1073","quest_2480","quest_13364","quest_13365","quest_3041"],"label":"quest"},"quest_3106":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_3106","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"3106","score":null,"sort":[1248114474000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"taking-the-plunge-diving-into-my-dna","title":"Taking the Plunge: Diving Into my DNA","publishDate":1248114474,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/07/array1-2.jpg\">\u003cem>Hopefully this DNA analysis data will be better at telling my future than tea leaves or goat entrails.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Well, I have finally decided to do it. I have ponied up the money and signed up for \u003ca href=\"https://www.23andme.com/\">23andMe\u003c/a>'s DNA test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a test that will look at over 500,000 different spots on my DNA. From the results I'll be able to learn about my future health and my past ancestry. Well, as much as I can learn given the current state of genetic knowledge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there's the rub. I have held off on doing this for quite awhile because I am just not sure how useful it will be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the DNA studies on the big diseases like schizophrenia, autism, diabetes, heart disease, etc. have not been that conclusive. \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=74\">They tend to find bits of DNA that have a very small effect on risk\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Undoubtedly as more studies are done, we'll find lots of bits of DNA like this and we'll be able to figure out our risk more accurately by adding them all up. But we're not there yet. In fact we're probably years away from being able to do this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have also been a bit squeamish about sending my DNA to a company. Yes, I know they'll be careful but still...it's my DNA. You can't get any more personal than that! I would hate for someone to get that information and use it against me (think insurance agent).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So why did I finally decide to go through with it? One reason is that I get a lot of questions from people at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/index.php\">Ask a Geneticist site\u003c/a> about how useful or good the test is. Right now I have to tell them I don't know. I'd like to be more helpful than that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I also think that it will be fascinating to see all of my bits of DNA. This is the stuff that is a big part of making me who I am. It will be so cool to look into that crystal ball even if the future I see is a bit murky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course as a big old science geek I'll be interested in that stuff...it's my bread and butter! What I also want to do is try to imagine what the test is like for someone who doesn't go all gaga for genetics. How is it for people who aren't necessarily mesmerized by the beauty of DNA and instead are mostly interested in diseases, traits, and ancestry?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I guess I'll find out soon. I sent my spit in last week. I'll keep you updated in future posts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.33161018170129 -121.89019918441772\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Well, I have finally decided to do it. I have ponied up the money and signed up for 23andMe's DNA test.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1248114474,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":481},"headData":{"title":"Taking the Plunge: Diving Into my DNA | KQED","description":"Well, I have finally decided to do it. I have ponied up the money and signed up for 23andMe's DNA test.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Taking the Plunge: Diving Into my DNA","datePublished":"2009-07-20T18:27:54.000Z","dateModified":"2009-07-20T18:27:54.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"3106 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=3106","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/07/20/taking-the-plunge-diving-into-my-dna/","disqusTitle":"Taking the Plunge: Diving Into my DNA","path":"/quest/3106/taking-the-plunge-diving-into-my-dna","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/07/array1-2.jpg\">\u003cem>Hopefully this DNA analysis data will be better at telling my future than tea leaves or goat entrails.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Well, I have finally decided to do it. I have ponied up the money and signed up for \u003ca href=\"https://www.23andme.com/\">23andMe\u003c/a>'s DNA test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a test that will look at over 500,000 different spots on my DNA. From the results I'll be able to learn about my future health and my past ancestry. Well, as much as I can learn given the current state of genetic knowledge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there's the rub. I have held off on doing this for quite awhile because I am just not sure how useful it will be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the DNA studies on the big diseases like schizophrenia, autism, diabetes, heart disease, etc. have not been that conclusive. \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=74\">They tend to find bits of DNA that have a very small effect on risk\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Undoubtedly as more studies are done, we'll find lots of bits of DNA like this and we'll be able to figure out our risk more accurately by adding them all up. But we're not there yet. In fact we're probably years away from being able to do this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have also been a bit squeamish about sending my DNA to a company. Yes, I know they'll be careful but still...it's my DNA. You can't get any more personal than that! I would hate for someone to get that information and use it against me (think insurance agent).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So why did I finally decide to go through with it? One reason is that I get a lot of questions from people at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/index.php\">Ask a Geneticist site\u003c/a> about how useful or good the test is. Right now I have to tell them I don't know. I'd like to be more helpful than that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I also think that it will be fascinating to see all of my bits of DNA. This is the stuff that is a big part of making me who I am. It will be so cool to look into that crystal ball even if the future I see is a bit murky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course as a big old science geek I'll be interested in that stuff...it's my bread and butter! What I also want to do is try to imagine what the test is like for someone who doesn't go all gaga for genetics. How is it for people who aren't necessarily mesmerized by the beauty of DNA and instead are mostly interested in diseases, traits, and ancestry?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I guess I'll find out soon. I sent my spit in last week. I'll keep you updated in future posts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.33161018170129 -121.89019918441772\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/3106/taking-the-plunge-diving-into-my-dna","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_43","quest_838","quest_848","quest_1195","quest_1197"],"label":"quest"},"quest_2988":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_2988","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"2988","score":null,"sort":[1246896051000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"risky-business-genes-just-part-of-the-story","title":"Risky Business: Genes Just Part of the Story","publishDate":1246896051,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/07/dnascope.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>When talking about genetic pre-disposition to a condition, make sure you understand both the increased risk factor and the general risk.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>As the geneticist at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/\">Ask a Geneticist\u003c/a> blog, I get a lot of questions about diseases that run in the family. They usually run along the lines of, \"My mother had diabetes, what is my risk for getting it?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What I try to do in answering these questions is give them a feel for what the disease is, how genes are involved and then give them some links to some reliable websites on the topic. I always try to emphasize that for a lot of diseases, genes are just one part of the story and that speaking with a genetic counselor in person might be a good idea. I also warn them to look very carefully at the risk numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Very often risks are given in how much more likely someone is to get a disease compared to the general public. So, for example, if you have a brother or sister with schizophrenia, then you can be up to 9 times more likely to end up with the disease too. Sounds like a scary number! But it may not be...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the general risk is 1 in a million, then 9 times is pretty insignificant. It means that your risk is 1 in 110,000 or so. This is worse than the chances of dating a supermodel (1 in 87,000) or of winning the lottery if you buy 50 tickets (1 in 77,000). So if this were the case, a 9 fold increase means you still probably aren't getting the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For schizophrenia, the general risk is 1 in 100. This means that if you have a parent or sibling with the disease, your chances go up to about 1 in 11. Unfortunately 9 times more likely looks pretty significant here...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes, though, a smaller risk can be even more significant. For example, women who have a sister, mother, or daughter with breast cancer are twice as likely to develop breast cancer themselves. Since about 12% of women will develop breast cancer in their lifetime, this means the risk is actually 24% or about 1 in 4.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So when investigating these sorts of risks, get both numbers. You want to know what your increased risk is because a relative has the condition AND what the general risk is. These two numbers together will give you a better feel for your chances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An important note here is that these risks are averages. Your actual chances will depend on the genes you have, how you live your life, etc.. For example, some of the women is the breast cancer example carry certain versions of the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene. These women are 5 times more likely to develop breast cancer pushes their risk to around 60%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is one of the many reasons why a sitdown with a genetic counselor is so useful. Your risk depends on your specific situation and not an average risk you find on the internet. A genetic counselor can take the time to carefully go over your family history and let you know what tests are available so you can better calculate your odds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.33161018170129 -121.89019918441772\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1246896051,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":569},"headData":{"title":"Risky Business: Genes Just Part of the Story | KQED","description":"When talking about genetic pre-disposition to a condition, make sure you understand both the increased risk factor and the general risk.As the geneticist at the Ask a Geneticist blog, I get a lot of questions about diseases that run in the family. They usually run along the lines of, "My mother had diabetes, what is","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Risky Business: Genes Just Part of the Story","datePublished":"2009-07-06T16:00:51.000Z","dateModified":"2009-07-06T16:00:51.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"2988 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=2988","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/07/06/risky-business-genes-just-part-of-the-story/","disqusTitle":"Risky Business: Genes Just Part of the Story","path":"/quest/2988/risky-business-genes-just-part-of-the-story","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/07/dnascope.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>When talking about genetic pre-disposition to a condition, make sure you understand both the increased risk factor and the general risk.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>As the geneticist at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/\">Ask a Geneticist\u003c/a> blog, I get a lot of questions about diseases that run in the family. They usually run along the lines of, \"My mother had diabetes, what is my risk for getting it?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What I try to do in answering these questions is give them a feel for what the disease is, how genes are involved and then give them some links to some reliable websites on the topic. I always try to emphasize that for a lot of diseases, genes are just one part of the story and that speaking with a genetic counselor in person might be a good idea. I also warn them to look very carefully at the risk numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Very often risks are given in how much more likely someone is to get a disease compared to the general public. So, for example, if you have a brother or sister with schizophrenia, then you can be up to 9 times more likely to end up with the disease too. Sounds like a scary number! But it may not be...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the general risk is 1 in a million, then 9 times is pretty insignificant. It means that your risk is 1 in 110,000 or so. This is worse than the chances of dating a supermodel (1 in 87,000) or of winning the lottery if you buy 50 tickets (1 in 77,000). So if this were the case, a 9 fold increase means you still probably aren't getting the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For schizophrenia, the general risk is 1 in 100. This means that if you have a parent or sibling with the disease, your chances go up to about 1 in 11. Unfortunately 9 times more likely looks pretty significant here...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes, though, a smaller risk can be even more significant. For example, women who have a sister, mother, or daughter with breast cancer are twice as likely to develop breast cancer themselves. Since about 12% of women will develop breast cancer in their lifetime, this means the risk is actually 24% or about 1 in 4.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So when investigating these sorts of risks, get both numbers. You want to know what your increased risk is because a relative has the condition AND what the general risk is. These two numbers together will give you a better feel for your chances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An important note here is that these risks are averages. Your actual chances will depend on the genes you have, how you live your life, etc.. For example, some of the women is the breast cancer example carry certain versions of the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene. These women are 5 times more likely to develop breast cancer pushes their risk to around 60%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is one of the many reasons why a sitdown with a genetic counselor is so useful. Your risk depends on your specific situation and not an average risk you find on the internet. A genetic counselor can take the time to carefully go over your family history and let you know what tests are available so you can better calculate your odds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.33161018170129 -121.89019918441772\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/2988/risky-business-genes-just-part-of-the-story","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_383","quest_838","quest_1066","quest_1192","quest_1197","quest_2436","quest_2437"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"On Our Watch from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/onourwatch","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"1"},"link":"/podcasts/onourwatch","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/onourwatch","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0OLWoyizopu6tY1XiuX70x","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/On-Our-Watch-p1436229/","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"}},"on-the-media":{"id":"on-the-media","title":"On The Media","info":"Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. 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