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Her science radio stories appear on KQED and NPR.\r\n\r\nEmail her at astanden@kqed.org","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3d021b72de685a788b0487b059d0a6a1?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"news","roles":["subscriber"]},{"site":"futureofyou","roles":["subscriber"]},{"site":"stateofhealth","roles":["subscriber"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Amy Standen | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3d021b72de685a788b0487b059d0a6a1?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3d021b72de685a788b0487b059d0a6a1?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/amystanden"},"sheraz-sadiq":{"type":"authors","id":"6176","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6176","found":true},"name":"Sheraz Sadiq","firstName":"Sheraz","lastName":"Sadiq","slug":"sheraz-sadiq","email":"ssadiq@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Sheraz Sadiq is an Emmy Award-winning producer at San Francisco PBS affiliate KQED. 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In addition to producing television content for KQED Science, he has also created online features and written news articles on scientific subjects ranging from astronomy to synthetic biology.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9731b29e144af1965b0b7eaa56555561?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"arts","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["leadcoordinator","editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Sheraz Sadiq | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9731b29e144af1965b0b7eaa56555561?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9731b29e144af1965b0b7eaa56555561?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/sheraz-sadiq"},"dr-barry-starr":{"type":"authors","id":"6177","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6177","found":true},"name":"Dr. Barry Starr","firstName":"Dr. Barry","lastName":"Starr","slug":"dr-barry-starr","email":"bstarr@thetech.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Dr. Barry Starr (\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/geneticsboy\">@geneticsboy\u003c/a>) is a Geneticist-in-Residence at The Tech Museum of Innovation in San Jose, CA and runs their Stanford at The Tech program. The program is part of an ongoing collaboration between the \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.stanford.edu/\">Stanford Department of Genetics\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/\">The Tech Museum of Innovation\u003c/a>. Together these two partners created the \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/exhibits/permanent/index.php?sGalKey=gtwt&galKey=lt\">Genetics: Technology with a Twist\u003c/a> exhibition.\r\n\r\nYou can also see \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/author/dr-barry-starr/\">additional posts by Barry at KQED Science\u003c/a>, and read his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/dr-barry-starr/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4a5680e4c642ea0f0f3041af16018969?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"geneticsboy","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Dr. Barry Starr | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4a5680e4c642ea0f0f3041af16018969?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4a5680e4c642ea0f0f3041af16018969?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/dr-barry-starr"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_4834":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_4834","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"4834","score":null,"sort":[1263830401000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-wild-wild-web","title":"The Wild, Wild Web","publishDate":1263830401,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/01/blog_800px-The_Cow_Boy_1888.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>It can be hard to tell which science is good, bad, or ugly on the web.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have often thought that the percentage of good scientific information on the web must be pretty low. So I decided to test the idea out on a question I was recently working on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Someone asked me if \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=342\">humans started out with O blood type\u003c/a> and then only later developed A and B. A quick look at \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PubMed\">PubMed\u003c/a> showed that this was not the case. Most of the recent genetics studies point to A coming first, followed by B about 3.5 million years ago and then, finally, about 1 million years ago, O.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This makes some intuitive sense if we think about what A, B, and O are. O is a form of A that doesn’t work any more because of a mutation*. This makes the idea that a broken gene came before a working one pretty unlikely. Not impossible, just not all that likely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now I researched this answer the way I usually do—I headed straight for PubMed to get the hard scientific data. I can do that because I work for Stanford and so have access to lots of journal articles and I have the scientific background to decipher the geneticsese these reports are written in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What I also did this time was to try to find the answer without PubMed. I started out on Yahoo searching for \u003cem>human blood type evolution\u003c/em>. Yikes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Links 1, 2, and 7 talk about primate A and B blood types. Gorillas have B and chimpanzees have A and a bit of O. From this the authors try to conclude that we are somehow a mix of these two…perhaps gorillas and Neanderthals are closely related to each other and so are chimps and Cro Magnon. In this scenario, humans come from a mix of Cro Magnon and Neanderthals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is certainly not the case. Gorillas do have a blood type similar to B but it isn’t the same as ours at the gene level. And if current evolutionary history is to be believed, we split from gorillas way before our B blood type was born. So we did not get our B from gorillas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, chimpanzee O is not the same as our O…it developed well after we split as well. We even know that Neanderthals have our O blood type and not a chimp’s (and certainly not a gorilla’s!).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Links 3, 5, and 9 use blood type genetics to show that Adam and Eve could have founded the human race. Links 4, 6, and 8 talk about the blood type diet. And link 10 connects blood groups to aliens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google does a bit better. You get eight similar links but you also get an NPR piece that does pretty well and a Dawkins forum comments piece that can get you to the answer eventually. However, you have to wade through a lot of stuff to get there and you only know to home in on the comment with the correct information if you already know the right answer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obviously what is popular isn’t always what is right. (And the prize for stating the obvious goes to Dr. Starr!) I thought I’d try Wikipedia next. Wikipedia can have many factual errors but it often gets the overall story line correct. Unfortunately there isn’t an article on this subject. There is on one the blood type diet though…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what is a non-scientist to do? There don’t seem to be a lot of options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are websites like mine at \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/index.php\">Understanding Genetics \u003c/a>that try to give the real scoop on what current science says about various issues. But they tend to focus on a single topic and don’t often appear at the top of a website search. (Understanding Genetics is an exception in that it gets enough hits to often be on the first or second page if the query is worded in the right way.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I am not sure what the answer is to getting better science via the web. Maybe we need a web based encyclopedia about science written by scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tricky part will be to get them to do it. And to have it make sense to anyone but another scientist in that particular field. And for them to do it impartially.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m curious how other people find their science online. And how they make sure it is reliable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>* This isn’t weird, blue eyes and red hair work the same way.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"I have often thought that the percentage of good scientific information on the web must be pretty low. So I decided to test the idea out on a question I was recently working on.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1263830401,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":21,"wordCount":815},"headData":{"title":"The Wild, Wild Web | KQED","description":"I have often thought that the percentage of good scientific information on the web must be pretty low. So I decided to test the idea out on a question I was recently working on.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"4834 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2010/01/18/the-wild-wild-web/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/01/18/the-wild-wild-web/","disqusTitle":"The Wild, Wild Web","path":"/quest/4834/the-wild-wild-web","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/01/blog_800px-The_Cow_Boy_1888.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>It can be hard to tell which science is good, bad, or ugly on the web.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have often thought that the percentage of good scientific information on the web must be pretty low. So I decided to test the idea out on a question I was recently working on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Someone asked me if \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=342\">humans started out with O blood type\u003c/a> and then only later developed A and B. A quick look at \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PubMed\">PubMed\u003c/a> showed that this was not the case. Most of the recent genetics studies point to A coming first, followed by B about 3.5 million years ago and then, finally, about 1 million years ago, O.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This makes some intuitive sense if we think about what A, B, and O are. O is a form of A that doesn’t work any more because of a mutation*. This makes the idea that a broken gene came before a working one pretty unlikely. Not impossible, just not all that likely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now I researched this answer the way I usually do—I headed straight for PubMed to get the hard scientific data. I can do that because I work for Stanford and so have access to lots of journal articles and I have the scientific background to decipher the geneticsese these reports are written in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What I also did this time was to try to find the answer without PubMed. I started out on Yahoo searching for \u003cem>human blood type evolution\u003c/em>. Yikes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Links 1, 2, and 7 talk about primate A and B blood types. Gorillas have B and chimpanzees have A and a bit of O. From this the authors try to conclude that we are somehow a mix of these two…perhaps gorillas and Neanderthals are closely related to each other and so are chimps and Cro Magnon. In this scenario, humans come from a mix of Cro Magnon and Neanderthals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is certainly not the case. Gorillas do have a blood type similar to B but it isn’t the same as ours at the gene level. And if current evolutionary history is to be believed, we split from gorillas way before our B blood type was born. So we did not get our B from gorillas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, chimpanzee O is not the same as our O…it developed well after we split as well. We even know that Neanderthals have our O blood type and not a chimp’s (and certainly not a gorilla’s!).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Links 3, 5, and 9 use blood type genetics to show that Adam and Eve could have founded the human race. Links 4, 6, and 8 talk about the blood type diet. And link 10 connects blood groups to aliens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google does a bit better. You get eight similar links but you also get an NPR piece that does pretty well and a Dawkins forum comments piece that can get you to the answer eventually. However, you have to wade through a lot of stuff to get there and you only know to home in on the comment with the correct information if you already know the right answer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obviously what is popular isn’t always what is right. (And the prize for stating the obvious goes to Dr. Starr!) I thought I’d try Wikipedia next. Wikipedia can have many factual errors but it often gets the overall story line correct. Unfortunately there isn’t an article on this subject. There is on one the blood type diet though…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what is a non-scientist to do? There don’t seem to be a lot of options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are websites like mine at \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/index.php\">Understanding Genetics \u003c/a>that try to give the real scoop on what current science says about various issues. But they tend to focus on a single topic and don’t often appear at the top of a website search. (Understanding Genetics is an exception in that it gets enough hits to often be on the first or second page if the query is worded in the right way.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I am not sure what the answer is to getting better science via the web. Maybe we need a web based encyclopedia about science written by scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tricky part will be to get them to do it. And to have it make sense to anyone but another scientist in that particular field. And for them to do it impartially.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m curious how other people find their science online. And how they make sure it is reliable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>* This isn’t weird, blue eyes and red hair work the same way.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/4834/the-wild-wild-web","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_12"],"tags":["quest_518","quest_809","quest_848","quest_1188","quest_1455","quest_1509"],"label":"quest"},"quest_4737":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_4737","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"4737","score":null,"sort":[1262631625000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"careful-what-you-choose","title":"Careful What You Choose","publishDate":1262631625,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/01/blog_sf-morula.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>When choosing an embryo, a little bit of knowledge is a dangerous thing.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People often think about certain versions of a gene as either good or bad. One that leads to depression is bad while one that protects you from HIV infection is good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For most genes this is almost certainly too simplistic a view. Many versions of genes can be good or bad depending on your situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, the delta 32 version of the CCR5 gene can make you more resistant to HIV infection. But it also makes you more susceptible to infection by the West Nile Virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which version is best for you depends on where and how you live. If you’re an IV drug user who lives somewhere up north, then you would probably benefit most from the delta 32 version. But if you are a faithfully monogamous man in Africa or Central America, then you might do better with the more common version of the CCR5 gene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I talk about in a recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.councilforresponsiblegenetics.org/GeneWatch/GeneWatchPage.aspx?pageId=226\">GeneWatch article\u003c/a>, the same is true for the SERT gene and depression. This gene comes in two versions, long and short.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies have shown that people who only have the short version are at a higher risk for depression. A deeper look at the data shows that this is only the case if these people had a traumatic childhood. People with two short versions who had a happy childhood are actually more resistant to depression than people with the longer gene versions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This all matters because we are at the point where you can choose some of your child’s gene versions. And too simplistic a view of genes could cause you to make the wrong choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People who undergo in vitro fertilization (IVF) can go through an additional procedure called preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). Basically PGD allows you to look at an embryo’s DNA before it is placed in the womb. This means that when multiple embryos are created, you can choose which one to implant based on its genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately we \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=140\">can’t really change the embryo’s DNA\u003c/a> for the foreseeable future so you’re stuck with whatever genes you and your partner can contribute. But as we are able to look at more and more genes with less and less DNA, we are getting very close to a Gattaca-like future where we can choose many of our children’s genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as the two previous examples showed, this won’t be a simple choice! There are undoubtedly hundreds of genes just like these where what effect they have on someone depends on how and where that person lives, how they were raised, etc. It might be best to restrict this sort of thing except for cases where the child might end up with a devastating illness like cystic fibrosis or sickle cell anemia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some ways, this sort of thing is already being restricted. For example, when a fertility doctor in L.A. suggested that he might offer parents a chance to choose what eye, hair, and skin color their children might have, the public uproar \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/03/30/designer-babies/\">shut down the service\u003c/a> before it even began.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m not sure that less politically sensitive gene selection would cause such a furor. It may be that we need some sort of government regulation to protect people from what they don’t know. Or maybe parents need to take a course before selecting which embryo they want…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"People often think about certain versions of a gene as either good or bad. One that leads to depression is bad while one that protects you from HIV infection is good. For most genes this is almost certainly too simplistic a view. Many versions of genes can be good or bad depending on your situation.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1316922017,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":596},"headData":{"title":"Careful What You Choose | KQED","description":"People often think about certain versions of a gene as either good or bad. One that leads to depression is bad while one that protects you from HIV infection is good. For most genes this is almost certainly too simplistic a view. Many versions of genes can be good or bad depending on your situation.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"4737 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=4737","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/01/04/careful-what-you-choose/","disqusTitle":"Careful What You Choose","path":"/quest/4737/careful-what-you-choose","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/01/blog_sf-morula.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>When choosing an embryo, a little bit of knowledge is a dangerous thing.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People often think about certain versions of a gene as either good or bad. One that leads to depression is bad while one that protects you from HIV infection is good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For most genes this is almost certainly too simplistic a view. Many versions of genes can be good or bad depending on your situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, the delta 32 version of the CCR5 gene can make you more resistant to HIV infection. But it also makes you more susceptible to infection by the West Nile Virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which version is best for you depends on where and how you live. If you’re an IV drug user who lives somewhere up north, then you would probably benefit most from the delta 32 version. But if you are a faithfully monogamous man in Africa or Central America, then you might do better with the more common version of the CCR5 gene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I talk about in a recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.councilforresponsiblegenetics.org/GeneWatch/GeneWatchPage.aspx?pageId=226\">GeneWatch article\u003c/a>, the same is true for the SERT gene and depression. This gene comes in two versions, long and short.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies have shown that people who only have the short version are at a higher risk for depression. A deeper look at the data shows that this is only the case if these people had a traumatic childhood. People with two short versions who had a happy childhood are actually more resistant to depression than people with the longer gene versions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This all matters because we are at the point where you can choose some of your child’s gene versions. And too simplistic a view of genes could cause you to make the wrong choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People who undergo in vitro fertilization (IVF) can go through an additional procedure called preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). Basically PGD allows you to look at an embryo’s DNA before it is placed in the womb. This means that when multiple embryos are created, you can choose which one to implant based on its genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately we \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=140\">can’t really change the embryo’s DNA\u003c/a> for the foreseeable future so you’re stuck with whatever genes you and your partner can contribute. But as we are able to look at more and more genes with less and less DNA, we are getting very close to a Gattaca-like future where we can choose many of our children’s genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as the two previous examples showed, this won’t be a simple choice! There are undoubtedly hundreds of genes just like these where what effect they have on someone depends on how and where that person lives, how they were raised, etc. It might be best to restrict this sort of thing except for cases where the child might end up with a devastating illness like cystic fibrosis or sickle cell anemia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some ways, this sort of thing is already being restricted. For example, when a fertility doctor in L.A. suggested that he might offer parents a chance to choose what eye, hair, and skin color their children might have, the public uproar \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/03/30/designer-babies/\">shut down the service\u003c/a> before it even began.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m not sure that less politically sensitive gene selection would cause such a furor. It may be that we need some sort of government regulation to protect people from what they don’t know. Or maybe parents need to take a course before selecting which embryo they want…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/4737/careful-what-you-choose","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_12"],"tags":["quest_518","quest_809","quest_848","quest_1188","quest_1455","quest_1509"],"label":"quest"},"quest_3301":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_3301","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"3301","score":null,"sort":[1253644668000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"producers-notes-illumniating-depression","title":"Producer's Notes: Illuminating Depression","publishDate":1253644668,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Depression is hardly new. The Roman physician \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galen\">Galen\u003c/a>, in the second century A.D., expounded on the prevailing medical view that four bodily fluids, or humors, existed within all people but that the unique variation of these humors within people resulted in individual differences among people in their behavior and temperament. An excess of black bile, for example, indicated a melancholic personality. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, a lot of scientific progress has been made since then in understanding depression to be an organic, brain-based medical condition that afflicts millions. In fact, an individual has a ten to fifteen percent lifetime risk of developing a major depressive episode. But as Dr. Karl Deisseroth, a Stanford neuroscientist and psychiatrist, told me during our interview for “\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/illuminating-depression\">Illuminating Depression\u003c/a>”, “Diagnosis is a big challenge because in psychiatry, we don’t have a lab test. There’s not a blood draw that you can do as you might to check how your liver is doing or how your thyroid function is doing.” So given that the diagnosis of depression is based on clinical observation (most often done by a primary care physician), one can’t help feel that hard, empirical understanding of depression is somewhat lacking, especially when compared to diseases of other organs like the heart and lungs where tests do exist to gauge the presence of pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was the most interesting observation for me when working on this story. Imagine a medical disease that afflicts eighteen million people in the U.S. (26 million if you include Bipolar Disorder), for which more than 160 million prescriptions were filled in 2008, that is one of the leading causes of disability in the U.S., but a disease for which no definitive medical model of pathology exists. Increasingly, doctors are prescribing antidepressants to treat not just depression but a host of other medical conditions, including chronic pain and insomnia, some of which can co-occur with depression. Sure, we’ve made strides since the time of Galen’s bodily humors and the Freudian view of misplaced hostility and mourning to explain depression, but in some respects, we’re still in the dark about why some people get depression while others don’t, why some people respond to one treatment and not another, or why one person will suffer from a form of depression that is less or more severe than another person. This lack of clear, empirical understanding comes at an awful price to victims of depression, as they encounter remarks from people that tell them to “snap out of it”, implying that they somehow can control the emotional crumbling and dark ideations that accompany the disease. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The consequence of all this is that it’s incredibly tough to create effective, lasting treatments for the disease if we can’t exactly track how the disease affects not only specific regions of the brain but the activity among individual brain cells in regions that may not have even been known to play an integral role in the disease. My layperson’s view is that treating depression currently is a bit like bringing in a car to the mechanic and telling him to fix it but there’s a catch – the mechanic can’t get under the hood to observe directly what’s wrong with the car. We suspect that the problem is with the engine but good luck with opening it up and peering into its pistons. So the mechanic attempts to work on the engine but indirectly, and whatever repairs are attempted may affect the engine but they may also have unwanted effects on the car’s transmission, muffler, timing belt, etc. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, advances in imaging techniques like \u003ca href=\"http://www.fz-juelich.de/isb/isb-1/Two-Photon_Microscopy/\">two-photon microscopy\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.fmri.org/fmri.htm\">fMRI\u003c/a> are elucidating the activity of the depressed brain, allowing the previously impenetrable forest of billions of neurons to be explored, to see their pathways altered, their branches pruned by the disease. And scientists like Philippe Goldin and Kelly Werner are compiling biomarkers like DNA and brain blood flow activity to see if those biomarkers can help predict if people suffering from anxiety and/or depression will respond more favorably to cognitive behavioral therapy than to mindfulness meditation, for example. Dr. Deisseroth is using genetically engineered, photosensitive proteins implanted into rodents’ brains to control brain activity at the level of individual neurons. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. M. Bret Schneider told me during our interview, “A real cure for depression is gonna involve being able to selectively affect those portions of the brain which don’t function properly in depression… But fathoming the huge number of possibilities in each brain with every brain being a little bit different than every other one, is gonna require individualized solutions and will be a scientific feat.” I suppose that with a disease as complex as depression, where one’s individual genetic makeup can influence the kinds of side effects one may experience with an antidepressant, it’s apropos that the future of treating and eventually curing it will entail personalized medicine. Until then, let’s hope that more people bring psychiatry into the research lab to study illnesses like depression, for it’s only through the methodical rigor of science that we have the best hope for curing depression. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Imagine a medical disease that afflicts eighteen million people in the U.S., for which more than 160 million prescriptions were filled in 2008, that is one of the leading causes of disability in the U.S., but a disease for which no definitive medical model of pathology exists.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457742765,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":9,"wordCount":903},"headData":{"title":"Producer's Notes: Illuminating Depression | KQED","description":"Imagine a medical disease that afflicts eighteen million people in the U.S., for which more than 160 million prescriptions were filled in 2008, that is one of the leading causes of disability in the U.S., but a disease for which no definitive medical model of pathology exists.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"3301 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=3301","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/09/22/producers-notes-illumniating-depression/","disqusTitle":"Producer's Notes: Illuminating Depression","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JdffIw_xTt0","path":"/quest/3301/producers-notes-illumniating-depression","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Depression is hardly new. The Roman physician \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galen\">Galen\u003c/a>, in the second century A.D., expounded on the prevailing medical view that four bodily fluids, or humors, existed within all people but that the unique variation of these humors within people resulted in individual differences among people in their behavior and temperament. An excess of black bile, for example, indicated a melancholic personality. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, a lot of scientific progress has been made since then in understanding depression to be an organic, brain-based medical condition that afflicts millions. In fact, an individual has a ten to fifteen percent lifetime risk of developing a major depressive episode. But as Dr. Karl Deisseroth, a Stanford neuroscientist and psychiatrist, told me during our interview for “\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/illuminating-depression\">Illuminating Depression\u003c/a>”, “Diagnosis is a big challenge because in psychiatry, we don’t have a lab test. There’s not a blood draw that you can do as you might to check how your liver is doing or how your thyroid function is doing.” So given that the diagnosis of depression is based on clinical observation (most often done by a primary care physician), one can’t help feel that hard, empirical understanding of depression is somewhat lacking, especially when compared to diseases of other organs like the heart and lungs where tests do exist to gauge the presence of pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was the most interesting observation for me when working on this story. Imagine a medical disease that afflicts eighteen million people in the U.S. (26 million if you include Bipolar Disorder), for which more than 160 million prescriptions were filled in 2008, that is one of the leading causes of disability in the U.S., but a disease for which no definitive medical model of pathology exists. Increasingly, doctors are prescribing antidepressants to treat not just depression but a host of other medical conditions, including chronic pain and insomnia, some of which can co-occur with depression. Sure, we’ve made strides since the time of Galen’s bodily humors and the Freudian view of misplaced hostility and mourning to explain depression, but in some respects, we’re still in the dark about why some people get depression while others don’t, why some people respond to one treatment and not another, or why one person will suffer from a form of depression that is less or more severe than another person. This lack of clear, empirical understanding comes at an awful price to victims of depression, as they encounter remarks from people that tell them to “snap out of it”, implying that they somehow can control the emotional crumbling and dark ideations that accompany the disease. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The consequence of all this is that it’s incredibly tough to create effective, lasting treatments for the disease if we can’t exactly track how the disease affects not only specific regions of the brain but the activity among individual brain cells in regions that may not have even been known to play an integral role in the disease. My layperson’s view is that treating depression currently is a bit like bringing in a car to the mechanic and telling him to fix it but there’s a catch – the mechanic can’t get under the hood to observe directly what’s wrong with the car. We suspect that the problem is with the engine but good luck with opening it up and peering into its pistons. So the mechanic attempts to work on the engine but indirectly, and whatever repairs are attempted may affect the engine but they may also have unwanted effects on the car’s transmission, muffler, timing belt, etc. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, advances in imaging techniques like \u003ca href=\"http://www.fz-juelich.de/isb/isb-1/Two-Photon_Microscopy/\">two-photon microscopy\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.fmri.org/fmri.htm\">fMRI\u003c/a> are elucidating the activity of the depressed brain, allowing the previously impenetrable forest of billions of neurons to be explored, to see their pathways altered, their branches pruned by the disease. And scientists like Philippe Goldin and Kelly Werner are compiling biomarkers like DNA and brain blood flow activity to see if those biomarkers can help predict if people suffering from anxiety and/or depression will respond more favorably to cognitive behavioral therapy than to mindfulness meditation, for example. Dr. Deisseroth is using genetically engineered, photosensitive proteins implanted into rodents’ brains to control brain activity at the level of individual neurons. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. M. Bret Schneider told me during our interview, “A real cure for depression is gonna involve being able to selectively affect those portions of the brain which don’t function properly in depression… But fathoming the huge number of possibilities in each brain with every brain being a little bit different than every other one, is gonna require individualized solutions and will be a scientific feat.” I suppose that with a disease as complex as depression, where one’s individual genetic makeup can influence the kinds of side effects one may experience with an antidepressant, it’s apropos that the future of treating and eventually curing it will entail personalized medicine. Until then, let’s hope that more people bring psychiatry into the research lab to study illnesses like depression, for it’s only through the methodical rigor of science that we have the best hope for curing depression. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/3301/producers-notes-illumniating-depression","authors":["6176"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_5","quest_12","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_377","quest_809","quest_888","quest_928","quest_3351","quest_2084","quest_2349","quest_2771","quest_2893","quest_2949"],"label":"quest"},"quest_3090":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_3090","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"3090","score":null,"sort":[1247874029000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"reporters-notes-depression-advancements","title":"Reporter's Notes: Depression Advancements","publishDate":1247874029,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/depression-advancements\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/07/radio3-39_depression300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This radio story tries to cram a lot into five minutes, so if you don't find what you need here, put a comment on the blog, below and I'll see if I can't provide a lead to more information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/transcranial-magnetic-stimulation/MY00185\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Transcranial magnetic stimulation\u003c/a> interested me, in part, because of how non-invasive it is. Dr. Bret Schneider, who offers TMS from his private practice in Portola Valley, was one of several experts to suggest that TMS machines might one day be available for home use. Of course, that's a long way off. TMS is expensive: about $5,000 for an initial round of treatment. It's still much easier and cheaper to simply pop a pill each morning. And researchers are still working out how effective it can be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies show that TMS brings a remission in depression to about a third of patients to try it. Another third experience some improvement, and a final third are unaffected. Dr. Schneider says he sees much better success rates on patients who combine TMS with antidepressant drugs (TMS without drugs, he says, is like \"trying to drive a car with no gas.\") Finally, the FDA approval covers only one TMS machine on the market, \u003ca href=\"http://www.neurostartms.com/Home.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Neurostar\u003c/a>, although some physicians use other techniques, off-label.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can find links to the abstracts of clinical studies performed on TMS and depression through a search at pubmed.com. \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18447962\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">This meta-analysis\u003c/a> compares 30 double-blind studies, covering a total of 1164 patients (606 received TMS, 558 received sham treatments).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But TMS is just one in a class of \"brain stimulation\" depression treatments -- an important fact that didn't make it into the story. Others include \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/vagus-nerve-stimulation/MY00183\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">vagus nerve stimulation\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/deep-brain-stimulation/my00184\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">deep brain stimulation\u003c/a> and, of course, electroshock convulsive therapy -- which is offered here in the Bay Area at the \u003ca href=\"http://psych.ucsf.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UCSF Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute\u003c/a> to severely depressed patients (as well as, less commonly, people suffering from manic depression and schizophrenia).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quest TV will cover TMS and other depression treatments in greater depth later this season, so stay tuned. For a sneak peak at some of what you'll find on the show, check out \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C8bPbHuOZXg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stanford scientist Karl Deisseroth's groundbreaking work\u003c/a> using light-sensitive proteins to stimulate neural circuits -- work that could someday help treat not just depression, but other brain diseases as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/depression-advancements\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/depression-advancements\">Listen to the Depression Advancements\u003c/a> radio report online or \u003cstrong>check out the slideshow below\u003c/strong> of Dr. Bret Schneider, a consulting assistant professor at Stanford University and a practicing psychiatrist in Portola Valley, discussing depression and the brain.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"This radio story tries to cram a lot into five minutes, so if you don't find what you need here, put a comment on the blog, below and I'll see if I can't provide a lead to more information.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1680588429,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":428},"headData":{"title":"Reporter's Notes: Depression Advancements | KQED","description":"This radio story tries to cram a lot into five minutes, so if you don't find what you need here, put a comment on the blog, below and I'll see if I can't provide a lead to more information.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"templateType":"standard","featuredImageType":"standard","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/quest/3090/reporters-notes-depression-advancements","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/depression-advancements\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/07/radio3-39_depression300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This radio story tries to cram a lot into five minutes, so if you don't find what you need here, put a comment on the blog, below and I'll see if I can't provide a lead to more information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/transcranial-magnetic-stimulation/MY00185\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Transcranial magnetic stimulation\u003c/a> interested me, in part, because of how non-invasive it is. Dr. Bret Schneider, who offers TMS from his private practice in Portola Valley, was one of several experts to suggest that TMS machines might one day be available for home use. Of course, that's a long way off. TMS is expensive: about $5,000 for an initial round of treatment. It's still much easier and cheaper to simply pop a pill each morning. And researchers are still working out how effective it can be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies show that TMS brings a remission in depression to about a third of patients to try it. Another third experience some improvement, and a final third are unaffected. Dr. Schneider says he sees much better success rates on patients who combine TMS with antidepressant drugs (TMS without drugs, he says, is like \"trying to drive a car with no gas.\") Finally, the FDA approval covers only one TMS machine on the market, \u003ca href=\"http://www.neurostartms.com/Home.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Neurostar\u003c/a>, although some physicians use other techniques, off-label.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can find links to the abstracts of clinical studies performed on TMS and depression through a search at pubmed.com. \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18447962\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">This meta-analysis\u003c/a> compares 30 double-blind studies, covering a total of 1164 patients (606 received TMS, 558 received sham treatments).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But TMS is just one in a class of \"brain stimulation\" depression treatments -- an important fact that didn't make it into the story. Others include \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/vagus-nerve-stimulation/MY00183\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">vagus nerve stimulation\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/deep-brain-stimulation/my00184\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">deep brain stimulation\u003c/a> and, of course, electroshock convulsive therapy -- which is offered here in the Bay Area at the \u003ca href=\"http://psych.ucsf.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UCSF Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute\u003c/a> to severely depressed patients (as well as, less commonly, people suffering from manic depression and schizophrenia).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quest TV will cover TMS and other depression treatments in greater depth later this season, so stay tuned. For a sneak peak at some of what you'll find on the show, check out \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C8bPbHuOZXg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stanford scientist Karl Deisseroth's groundbreaking work\u003c/a> using light-sensitive proteins to stimulate neural circuits -- work that could someday help treat not just depression, but other brain diseases as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/depression-advancements\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/depression-advancements\">Listen to the Depression Advancements\u003c/a> radio report online or \u003cstrong>check out the slideshow below\u003c/strong> of Dr. Bret Schneider, a consulting assistant professor at Stanford University and a practicing psychiatrist in Portola Valley, discussing depression and the brain.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/3090/reporters-notes-depression-advancements","authors":["210"],"categories":["quest_12"],"tags":["quest_182","quest_252","quest_377","quest_809","quest_13201","quest_1586","quest_1886","quest_1978","quest_13206"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/CodeSwitchLifeKit_StationGraphics_300x300EmailGraphic.png","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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