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But you can touch a piece of the oldest rock on the whole planet much closer to the Bay Area. Photos by Andrew Alden","credit":null,"description":null,"imgSizes":{"thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/preCgneiss-400x225.jpg","width":400,"height":225,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-32":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/preCgneiss-32x32.jpg","width":32,"height":32,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-64":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/preCgneiss-64x64.jpg","width":64,"height":64,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-96":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/preCgneiss-96x96.jpg","width":96,"height":96,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-128":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/preCgneiss-128x128.jpg","width":128,"height":128,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"detail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/preCgneiss-75x75.jpg","width":75,"height":75,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/preCgneiss.jpg","width":640,"height":360}},"fetchFailed":false,"isLoading":false},"quest_33722":{"type":"attachments","id":"quest_33722","meta":{"index":"attachments_1591205162","site":"quest","id":"33722","found":true},"title":"Precambrian Noonday deposit in Mosaic Canyon, Death Valley","publishDate":1332452300,"status":"inherit","parent":33721,"modified":1332452300,"caption":"Precambrian Noonday deposit in Mosaic Canyon, Death Valley","credit":null,"description":"Precambrian Noonday deposit in Mosaic Canyon, Death Valley","imgSizes":{"thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/mosaiccanyon-400x225.jpg","width":400,"height":225,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-32":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/mosaiccanyon-32x32.jpg","width":32,"height":32,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-64":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/mosaiccanyon-64x64.jpg","width":64,"height":64,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-96":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/mosaiccanyon-96x96.jpg","width":96,"height":96,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-128":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/mosaiccanyon-128x128.jpg","width":128,"height":128,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"detail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/mosaiccanyon-75x75.jpg","width":75,"height":75,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/mosaiccanyon.jpg","width":640,"height":360}},"fetchFailed":false,"isLoading":false}},"audioPlayerReducer":{"postId":"stream_live"},"authorsReducer":{"cmiller":{"type":"authors","id":"221","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"221","found":true},"name":"Craig Miller","firstName":"Craig","lastName":"Miller","slug":"cmiller","email":"craig@voxterra.net","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":["science"],"title":"Editor Emeritus, Science","bio":"Craig is a former KQED Science editor, specializing in weather, climate, water & energy issues, with a little seismology thrown in just to shake things up. 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He has \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/\">written on geology for About.com\u003c/a> since its founding in 1997. In 2007, he started the Oakland Geology blog, which won recognition as \"Best of the East Bay\" from the \u003ci>East Bay Express\u003c/i> in 2010. In writing about geology in the Bay Area and surroundings, he hopes to share some of the useful and pleasurable insights that geologists give us—not just facts about the deep past, but an attitude that might be called the \u003ci>deep present\u003c/i>.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/andrew-alden/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Andrew Alden | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/andrew-alden"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_33947":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_33947","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"33947","score":null,"sort":[1333033205000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"californias-and-the-worlds-oldest-rocks","title":"California's (and the World's) Oldest Rocks","publishDate":1333033205,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33953\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/29/californias-and-the-worlds-oldest-rocks/precgneiss/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33953\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/preCgneiss.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"preCgneiss\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33953\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/preCgneiss.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/preCgneiss-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The nearest place to see California's oldest rock is around Mount Pinos, near Frazier Park west of the Grapevine on I-5. But you can touch a piece of the oldest rock on the whole planet much closer to the Bay Area. Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I'm glad to see that Ben Burress, my colleague at KQED QUEST, was open to the thrill of deep time as \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/23/in-search-of-the-oldest-stuff/\">he laid hands on some of California's oldest rock\u003c/a> in Death Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I went to geology school, back in the ice ages, I brought with me the same normal, healthy fascination with extreme age—geological age. At that time there was still a great deal of mystery about the earliest times. To me, the most mysterious thing you could call a rock was \"Precambrian,\" that is, rock dating from the time before the earliest hard fossils appeared, marking the base of the Cambrian Period. Precambrian time amounts to four billion years, nine-tenths of all Earth history. Unlike familiar, fossil-studded post-Precambrian time (I know that's a weird term: geologists call it the Phanerozoic Eon), the Precambrian was an endless succession of enigmatic, mashed-up rocks. Their story wasn't really a story but a pile of hints and fragments—mountain ranges rising and eroding, continents merging and separating, just one damn thing after (or before?) another in the dimness of deep time. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have a better picture of the Precambrian now, but really, it's still pretty blurry. If you look at the \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geotime_dating/a/Geologic-Time-Scale-All-Periods.htm\">geologic time scale\u003c/a>, you'll see that the Precambrian time divisions are set at arbitrary even numbers of years, not significant geologic events. In California, our oldest rocks all originated around 1700 million years ago in the Paleoproterozoic Era, and they all sit in the corner of the state outlined on this geologic map.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33952\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 459px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/29/californias-and-the-worlds-oldest-rocks/precgeomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33952\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/PreCgeomap-459x360.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"PreCgeomap\" width=\"459\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-33952\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Precambrian rocks are shown as scattered patches of dark brown on this high-level geologic map of California. Click it to see it at 1000 pixels.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The outline marks a segment of the North American continent's ancient foundation—the craton—called Mojavia for the Mojave Desert. It's a pretty young part of the craton, and it's all we've got.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oldest basement rocks of Mojavia are all highly altered—squeezed and stretched rocks classified as gneiss or schist. And they're still on the move today as plate-tectonic interactions are both stretching western North America apart and, in California, yanking it northward along the San Andreas fault system. Just as Sierran granite (shown in red) has been pulled all the way up to the Bay Area, so has a big chunk of Mojavia making up the San Gabriel Mountains. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The westernmost outlier of those Paleoproterozoic rocks crops out in the San Emigdio Range, which forms the rim of the Central Valley southwest of Bakersfield. The quickest way to see them is to turn west off of Interstate 5 toward Frazier Park, then drive up either Frazier Mountain or Mount Pinos (Cerro Noroeste is also possible if you're ambitious). The gneiss shown at the top of this post is on Mount Pinos. It was turned into gneiss around 1450 million years ago, but the rock originated as something else, probably a sandy mudstone, around 1700 million years ago (source, USGS OF-02-406).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elsewhere in California, you can repeat Ben Burress's experience in Death Valley by walking up the canyon at Badwater, but a more interesting canyon hike with the same Paleoproterozoic rocks starts about 2 miles north of Badwater. And blogger Garry Hayes \u003ca href=\"http://geotripper.blogspot.com/2012/01/other-california-oldest-rocks-well.html\">describes more Paleoproterozoic rocks in the San Gabriels\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The really old rocks in America are found in Wyoming and the states around Minnesota. They date from the Paleoarchean Era and are more than 3 billion years old. One example can be easily seen in Washington, D.C., in a prominent spot between the White House and the Washington Monument: the twin \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geology_dc/ig/washdcgeology/wdchauptfount.htm\">Haupt Fountains\u003c/a>, each one made from a 55-ton slab of Montevideo Gneiss from Minnesota. At the time they were made, this was considered the oldest rock in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/29/californias-and-the-worlds-oldest-rocks/hauptftn/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33950\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/hauptftn.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"hauptftn\" width=\"600\" height=\"429\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-33950\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/hauptftn.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/hauptftn-400x286.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reddish, scrambled-looking Morton Gneiss is a popular stone for buildings and gravestones, and at 3524 million years of age it's considered to be the oldest bedrock in the United States. You could travel to Minnesota to see it (\u003ca href=\"http://www.geocaching.com/seek/cache_details.aspx?guid=ccd13c2e-afb5-4922-b058-622efcb413f1\">there's even an EarthCache for it\u003c/a> west of Minneapolis), but don't bother—you probably have samples right in your own town. David B. Williams, author of \u003ci>Stories in Stone\u003c/i>, calls it \u003ca href=\"http://stories-in-stone.blogspot.com/2009/06/most-beautiful-building-stone-in.html\">the country's most beautiful building stone\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/29/californias-and-the-worlds-oldest-rocks/mortongneiss/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33951\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/mortongneiss.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"mortongneiss\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33951\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/mortongneiss.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/mortongneiss-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But you can go older still. There's a Canadian rock from a spot in Labrador called Nuvvuagituq said to be 4.28 billion years old, \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/b/2012/03/25/whats-up-with-nuvvuagittuq.htm\">but the date is still not settled\u003c/a>. Today the Acasta Gneiss, also from northern Canada, is the world's oldest firmly dated rock at 4.03 billion years. You can see that one at Rocklin, just up the road. Go to the campus of Sierra College, on the south side, and locate the excellent Earth History Rock Walk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/29/californias-and-the-worlds-oldest-rocks/rockwalk/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33948\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/rockwalk.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"rockwalk\" width=\"600\" height=\"472\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-33948\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/rockwalk.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/rockwalk-400x315.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There, among the assorted amazing and instructive boulders, is a nice chunk of Acasta Gneiss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/29/californias-and-the-worlds-oldest-rocks/acastagneiss/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33949\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/acastagneiss.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"acastagneiss\" width=\"600\" height=\"420\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-33949\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/acastagneiss.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/acastagneiss-400x280.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But whenever I want to experience the deepest possible deep time, I reach for a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/19/treasure-from-the-sky/\">meteorite\u003c/a> from my collection and lick it. Nearly every common meteorite is older than Earth itself.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"California has some pretty ancient rocks, but to experience \u003ci>really\u003c/i> old rocks you don't need to look far.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1334274677,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":911},"headData":{"title":"California's (and the World's) Oldest Rocks | KQED","description":"California has some pretty ancient rocks, but to experience really old rocks you don't need to look far.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"California's (and the World's) Oldest Rocks","datePublished":"2012-03-29T15:00:05.000Z","dateModified":"2012-04-12T23:51:17.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"33947 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=33947","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/29/californias-and-the-worlds-oldest-rocks/","disqusTitle":"California's (and the World's) Oldest Rocks","path":"/quest/33947/californias-and-the-worlds-oldest-rocks","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33953\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/29/californias-and-the-worlds-oldest-rocks/precgneiss/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33953\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/preCgneiss.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"preCgneiss\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33953\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/preCgneiss.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/preCgneiss-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The nearest place to see California's oldest rock is around Mount Pinos, near Frazier Park west of the Grapevine on I-5. But you can touch a piece of the oldest rock on the whole planet much closer to the Bay Area. Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I'm glad to see that Ben Burress, my colleague at KQED QUEST, was open to the thrill of deep time as \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/23/in-search-of-the-oldest-stuff/\">he laid hands on some of California's oldest rock\u003c/a> in Death Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I went to geology school, back in the ice ages, I brought with me the same normal, healthy fascination with extreme age—geological age. At that time there was still a great deal of mystery about the earliest times. To me, the most mysterious thing you could call a rock was \"Precambrian,\" that is, rock dating from the time before the earliest hard fossils appeared, marking the base of the Cambrian Period. Precambrian time amounts to four billion years, nine-tenths of all Earth history. Unlike familiar, fossil-studded post-Precambrian time (I know that's a weird term: geologists call it the Phanerozoic Eon), the Precambrian was an endless succession of enigmatic, mashed-up rocks. Their story wasn't really a story but a pile of hints and fragments—mountain ranges rising and eroding, continents merging and separating, just one damn thing after (or before?) another in the dimness of deep time. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have a better picture of the Precambrian now, but really, it's still pretty blurry. If you look at the \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geotime_dating/a/Geologic-Time-Scale-All-Periods.htm\">geologic time scale\u003c/a>, you'll see that the Precambrian time divisions are set at arbitrary even numbers of years, not significant geologic events. In California, our oldest rocks all originated around 1700 million years ago in the Paleoproterozoic Era, and they all sit in the corner of the state outlined on this geologic map.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33952\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 459px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/29/californias-and-the-worlds-oldest-rocks/precgeomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33952\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/PreCgeomap-459x360.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"PreCgeomap\" width=\"459\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-33952\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Precambrian rocks are shown as scattered patches of dark brown on this high-level geologic map of California. Click it to see it at 1000 pixels.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The outline marks a segment of the North American continent's ancient foundation—the craton—called Mojavia for the Mojave Desert. It's a pretty young part of the craton, and it's all we've got.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oldest basement rocks of Mojavia are all highly altered—squeezed and stretched rocks classified as gneiss or schist. And they're still on the move today as plate-tectonic interactions are both stretching western North America apart and, in California, yanking it northward along the San Andreas fault system. Just as Sierran granite (shown in red) has been pulled all the way up to the Bay Area, so has a big chunk of Mojavia making up the San Gabriel Mountains. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The westernmost outlier of those Paleoproterozoic rocks crops out in the San Emigdio Range, which forms the rim of the Central Valley southwest of Bakersfield. The quickest way to see them is to turn west off of Interstate 5 toward Frazier Park, then drive up either Frazier Mountain or Mount Pinos (Cerro Noroeste is also possible if you're ambitious). The gneiss shown at the top of this post is on Mount Pinos. It was turned into gneiss around 1450 million years ago, but the rock originated as something else, probably a sandy mudstone, around 1700 million years ago (source, USGS OF-02-406).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elsewhere in California, you can repeat Ben Burress's experience in Death Valley by walking up the canyon at Badwater, but a more interesting canyon hike with the same Paleoproterozoic rocks starts about 2 miles north of Badwater. And blogger Garry Hayes \u003ca href=\"http://geotripper.blogspot.com/2012/01/other-california-oldest-rocks-well.html\">describes more Paleoproterozoic rocks in the San Gabriels\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The really old rocks in America are found in Wyoming and the states around Minnesota. They date from the Paleoarchean Era and are more than 3 billion years old. One example can be easily seen in Washington, D.C., in a prominent spot between the White House and the Washington Monument: the twin \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geology_dc/ig/washdcgeology/wdchauptfount.htm\">Haupt Fountains\u003c/a>, each one made from a 55-ton slab of Montevideo Gneiss from Minnesota. At the time they were made, this was considered the oldest rock in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/29/californias-and-the-worlds-oldest-rocks/hauptftn/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33950\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/hauptftn.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"hauptftn\" width=\"600\" height=\"429\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-33950\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/hauptftn.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/hauptftn-400x286.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reddish, scrambled-looking Morton Gneiss is a popular stone for buildings and gravestones, and at 3524 million years of age it's considered to be the oldest bedrock in the United States. You could travel to Minnesota to see it (\u003ca href=\"http://www.geocaching.com/seek/cache_details.aspx?guid=ccd13c2e-afb5-4922-b058-622efcb413f1\">there's even an EarthCache for it\u003c/a> west of Minneapolis), but don't bother—you probably have samples right in your own town. David B. Williams, author of \u003ci>Stories in Stone\u003c/i>, calls it \u003ca href=\"http://stories-in-stone.blogspot.com/2009/06/most-beautiful-building-stone-in.html\">the country's most beautiful building stone\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/29/californias-and-the-worlds-oldest-rocks/mortongneiss/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33951\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/mortongneiss.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"mortongneiss\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33951\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/mortongneiss.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/mortongneiss-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But you can go older still. There's a Canadian rock from a spot in Labrador called Nuvvuagituq said to be 4.28 billion years old, \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/b/2012/03/25/whats-up-with-nuvvuagittuq.htm\">but the date is still not settled\u003c/a>. Today the Acasta Gneiss, also from northern Canada, is the world's oldest firmly dated rock at 4.03 billion years. You can see that one at Rocklin, just up the road. Go to the campus of Sierra College, on the south side, and locate the excellent Earth History Rock Walk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/29/californias-and-the-worlds-oldest-rocks/rockwalk/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33948\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/rockwalk.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"rockwalk\" width=\"600\" height=\"472\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-33948\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/rockwalk.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/rockwalk-400x315.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There, among the assorted amazing and instructive boulders, is a nice chunk of Acasta Gneiss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/29/californias-and-the-worlds-oldest-rocks/acastagneiss/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33949\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/acastagneiss.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"acastagneiss\" width=\"600\" height=\"420\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-33949\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/acastagneiss.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/acastagneiss-400x280.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But whenever I want to experience the deepest possible deep time, I reach for a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/19/treasure-from-the-sky/\">meteorite\u003c/a> from my collection and lick it. Nearly every common meteorite is older than Earth itself.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/33947/californias-and-the-worlds-oldest-rocks","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_782","quest_10910","quest_3653","quest_1800","quest_10909","quest_13202","quest_10907","quest_10908"],"featImg":"quest_33953","label":"quest"},"quest_33721":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_33721","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"33721","score":null,"sort":[1332519929000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"in-search-of-the-oldest-stuff","title":"In Search of the Oldest Stuff: Rocks of Ages","publishDate":1332519929,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33722\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/23/in-search-of-the-oldest-stuff/mosaiccanyon/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33722\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/mosaiccanyon.jpg\" alt=\"Precambrian Noonday deposit in Mosaic Canyon, Death Valley\" title=\"Precambrian Noonday deposit in Mosaic Canyon, Death Valley\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33722\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/mosaiccanyon.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/mosaiccanyon-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Precambrian Noonday deposit in Mosaic Canyon, Death Valley\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What's the oldest stuff you’ve ever seen, or better still, touched? Have you ever felt awe from contact with something of great antiquity? How old can stuff be? These are questions that have ravaged my mind since childhood. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I've always loved things of antiquity—antique objects, artifacts, fossils, and rocks. \"Like.\" But what's that got to do with astronomy and space? Well, that's where all the oldest stuff originally comes from...but I'll get to that in a moment. First, an anecdote about old stuff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In search of the oldest stuff, there I was at Badwater, in Death Valley, the lowest point in the continental US (the place where you crane your neck and strain your eyes to make out the words \"Sea Level\" on the sign \u003ca href=\"http://images.californiathroughmylens.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/badwater-below-sea-level.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">waaaay up the cliff\u003c/a>). Not far off, to the south, an alluvial fan slouched off into the salt pan, issuing from an unseen but obviously existent canyon in the mountains that make up the east wall of the valley. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I had learned at the visitor center that those mountains (the Black Mountains) are made of some \u003ca href=\"http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/parks/deva/ftbad1.html\" target=\"_blank\">very old rock\u003c/a>: Precambrian rock that was originally laid down about 1.7 billion years ago!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, up the alluvial fan I scramble, turn left, and up the deep, narrow canyon that the alluvium betrayed…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>…to the base of a dry waterfall…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>…to a wall of raw, exposed rock, the very bones of the Black Mountains…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>…and reach out a hand, pressing palm and fingers firmly to the stuff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ahh….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1.7 billion years old; that rock I touched had been rock (albeit slowly transforming) for over a third of Earth's existence, and over a tenth the age of the universe itself. I don't know about you, but I find that awesome! And I had my hand right on it! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we talk about the age of a rock, it is measured from the time the rock solidified (\"aggregated\"), either with the cooling of molten lava or magma, or the solidification of sediment. Finding really old rocks on Earth is complicated by weather and geologic processes, which continually transform, bury, and \"disaggregate\" them. Even so, very old rock can be found in certain places, like Greenland, Canada, Australia, and Africa. We're talking about ages between 2.5 and 3.8 billion years, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/09/080925144624.htm\" target=\"_blank\">maybe more\u003c/a>. I'd like to get my hand on some of that!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Get away from Earth and its rock-disaggregating processes and you can find some much older stuff. On the Moon, pretty much all of the material you find lying about is \u003ca href=\"http://www.moonzoo.org/Lunar_Geology\" target=\"_blank\">at least twice as old\u003c/a> as that stuff I put my hand on at the base of the Black Mountains. On the Moon, significant surface activity (volcanism, bombardment by asteroids) ended some 3 billion years ago, and since then the crust has remained more or less unchanged, other than alterations caused by the occasional meteorite impact. The youngest rocks on the Moon are about the same age as most of the Earth's oldest stuff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We even have a piece of that old stuff at Chabot: a chunk of 3.3 billion year old basalt brought back by Apollo 15 astronauts--and the only things that separate my hand from its speckly gray surface are two panes of glass and some nitrogen gas. Alas!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Get out to an asteroid or a comet and you may very well be setting foot on stuff that's over 4.5 billion years old, unchanged since the formation of our solar system! Within our solar system, that's about as old as stuff gets, but venture beyond it, perhaps to a planetary system that is older than ours, and you'll undoubtedly find older stuff! (This blog post is beginning to ring of George Carlin material.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what's the oldest stuff? I can't give you a rock of age beyond a certain point in time, because it took the early universe some time to develop the elements needed to build rocks-as-we-know-them, through nucleosynthesis in the cores of stars. Before that time, the only \"stuff\" around (at least that we would recognize as stuff; we won't go into dark stuff right now) was hydrogen and helium, which cannot by themselves a rock make. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that primordial hydrogen and helium, the original building blocks of all material substances, has been around almost from the beginning of time, 13.7 billion years ago, soon after the Big Bang burst forth on the scene (whatever scene that may have been). Hydrogen, found in every water molecule in every glass of water you drink, in vast abundance within the oceans and waterways of the Earth, and through and through your own body, head to toe, is stuff we live and breathe, and is as old as the universe itself! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don't know about you, but I find that spine-tingling.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"What's the oldest stuff you've ever seen, or better still, touched? Have you felt awe from contact with something of great antiquity? How old can stuff be? ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1370999073,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":847},"headData":{"title":"In Search of the Oldest Stuff: Rocks of Ages | KQED","description":"What's the oldest stuff you've ever seen, or better still, touched? Have you felt awe from contact with something of great antiquity? How old can stuff be? ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"In Search of the Oldest Stuff: Rocks of Ages","datePublished":"2012-03-23T16:25:29.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T01:04:33.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"33721 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=33721","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/23/in-search-of-the-oldest-stuff/","disqusTitle":"In Search of the Oldest Stuff: Rocks of Ages","path":"/quest/33721/in-search-of-the-oldest-stuff","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33722\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/23/in-search-of-the-oldest-stuff/mosaiccanyon/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33722\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/mosaiccanyon.jpg\" alt=\"Precambrian Noonday deposit in Mosaic Canyon, Death Valley\" title=\"Precambrian Noonday deposit in Mosaic Canyon, Death Valley\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33722\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/mosaiccanyon.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/mosaiccanyon-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Precambrian Noonday deposit in Mosaic Canyon, Death Valley\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What's the oldest stuff you’ve ever seen, or better still, touched? Have you ever felt awe from contact with something of great antiquity? How old can stuff be? These are questions that have ravaged my mind since childhood. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I've always loved things of antiquity—antique objects, artifacts, fossils, and rocks. \"Like.\" But what's that got to do with astronomy and space? Well, that's where all the oldest stuff originally comes from...but I'll get to that in a moment. First, an anecdote about old stuff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In search of the oldest stuff, there I was at Badwater, in Death Valley, the lowest point in the continental US (the place where you crane your neck and strain your eyes to make out the words \"Sea Level\" on the sign \u003ca href=\"http://images.californiathroughmylens.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/badwater-below-sea-level.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">waaaay up the cliff\u003c/a>). Not far off, to the south, an alluvial fan slouched off into the salt pan, issuing from an unseen but obviously existent canyon in the mountains that make up the east wall of the valley. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I had learned at the visitor center that those mountains (the Black Mountains) are made of some \u003ca href=\"http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/parks/deva/ftbad1.html\" target=\"_blank\">very old rock\u003c/a>: Precambrian rock that was originally laid down about 1.7 billion years ago!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, up the alluvial fan I scramble, turn left, and up the deep, narrow canyon that the alluvium betrayed…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>…to the base of a dry waterfall…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>…to a wall of raw, exposed rock, the very bones of the Black Mountains…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>…and reach out a hand, pressing palm and fingers firmly to the stuff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ahh….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1.7 billion years old; that rock I touched had been rock (albeit slowly transforming) for over a third of Earth's existence, and over a tenth the age of the universe itself. I don't know about you, but I find that awesome! And I had my hand right on it! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we talk about the age of a rock, it is measured from the time the rock solidified (\"aggregated\"), either with the cooling of molten lava or magma, or the solidification of sediment. Finding really old rocks on Earth is complicated by weather and geologic processes, which continually transform, bury, and \"disaggregate\" them. Even so, very old rock can be found in certain places, like Greenland, Canada, Australia, and Africa. We're talking about ages between 2.5 and 3.8 billion years, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/09/080925144624.htm\" target=\"_blank\">maybe more\u003c/a>. I'd like to get my hand on some of that!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Get away from Earth and its rock-disaggregating processes and you can find some much older stuff. On the Moon, pretty much all of the material you find lying about is \u003ca href=\"http://www.moonzoo.org/Lunar_Geology\" target=\"_blank\">at least twice as old\u003c/a> as that stuff I put my hand on at the base of the Black Mountains. On the Moon, significant surface activity (volcanism, bombardment by asteroids) ended some 3 billion years ago, and since then the crust has remained more or less unchanged, other than alterations caused by the occasional meteorite impact. The youngest rocks on the Moon are about the same age as most of the Earth's oldest stuff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We even have a piece of that old stuff at Chabot: a chunk of 3.3 billion year old basalt brought back by Apollo 15 astronauts--and the only things that separate my hand from its speckly gray surface are two panes of glass and some nitrogen gas. Alas!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Get out to an asteroid or a comet and you may very well be setting foot on stuff that's over 4.5 billion years old, unchanged since the formation of our solar system! Within our solar system, that's about as old as stuff gets, but venture beyond it, perhaps to a planetary system that is older than ours, and you'll undoubtedly find older stuff! (This blog post is beginning to ring of George Carlin material.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what's the oldest stuff? I can't give you a rock of age beyond a certain point in time, because it took the early universe some time to develop the elements needed to build rocks-as-we-know-them, through nucleosynthesis in the cores of stars. Before that time, the only \"stuff\" around (at least that we would recognize as stuff; we won't go into dark stuff right now) was hydrogen and helium, which cannot by themselves a rock make. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that primordial hydrogen and helium, the original building blocks of all material substances, has been around almost from the beginning of time, 13.7 billion years ago, soon after the Big Bang burst forth on the scene (whatever scene that may have been). Hydrogen, found in every water molecule in every glass of water you drink, in vast abundance within the oceans and waterways of the Earth, and through and through your own body, head to toe, is stuff we live and breathe, and is as old as the universe itself! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don't know about you, but I find that spine-tingling.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/33721/in-search-of-the-oldest-stuff","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_233","quest_316","quest_10895","quest_544","quest_658","quest_782","quest_1425","quest_10894","quest_13202","quest_2447","quest_3034"],"featImg":"quest_33722","label":"quest"},"quest_5305":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_5305","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"5305","score":null,"sort":[1268421508000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"shifting-sands-of-far-off-lands","title":"Shifting Sands of Far-Off Lands","publishDate":1268421508,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/03/MRO-HIRISE-DUNES.jpg\">\u003cem>Martian dunes, captured by NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\u003c/em>\u003c/span>What started out to be a workaday chore—replacing a broken motor in an exhibit—panned out to be a voyage of discovery to the shifting sands of another world. This is an occupational hazard when working at a place like \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a>….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The motor in question powers a fan in an \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/exhibits/planetlands/aeolian/default.asp\">exhibit\u003c/a> built to demonstrate the physical processes of duning—the fluid transport and deposition of solid particulates into collections and patterns. The fan blows up a constant micro-gale within the exhibit enclosure, and visitors get to play Mother Nature by turning a handle and redirecting the wind. Meanwhile, a mass of tiny white glass beads is constantly whipped up into a fair recreation of a sand storm on planet Arakis….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the chore of installing the new motor, I rewarded myself by enjoying the exhibit a bit. I piled up all of the sand on one side of the tank to see how the fan would redistribute it; I sent the wind from different directions, watching how the freshly blown grains were scattered across the pristine black undersurface; I placed all of the pyrite rocks, which serve as wind obstacles, in one pile. It was a lot of fun. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing I noticed that I hadn't paid much attention to in the past was how the dune actually moved, or migrated. Maybe I hadn't watched long enough before, or maybe it was easier to witness because I had stacked the deck by mounding the sand all in one corner, but it was fascinating to see the process. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the windward side of the giant dune, the scouring wind picked up the sand and carried it racing to the top—slowly peeling away the front face of the dune. As soon as the sand-laden wind reached the crest and took a sudden turn downward, it was slowed a bit, becoming less able to support the sand grains, which then fell out onto the leeward side of the dune in a sandy-wind version of precipitation. The buildup of sand on the lee side eventually formed small avalanches that slid down the face in little dry floods. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this fashion, the dune moved along, slowly being erased on its windward side and formed on the lee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost coincidentally, a few days later I read a \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2010-076&cid=release_2010-076&msource=mroDunes&tr=y&auid=6018954\">report from NASA\u003c/a> about sand dunes on Mars. In some areas, dunes have been observed to migrate over time, while on others the patterns have remained stock-still—some of them for perhaps thousands of years, or longer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So I had successfully created the right conditions for a migrating sand dune. What about static dunes? Well—I had noticed already that some of the pyrite rock obstacles that I placed in the sand stream formed small dunes in the wind-shadows of their leeward sides. The rocks weren't moving, and so the dunes they were nurturing and protecting remained in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the static dune ripples observed in Meridiani Planum—where the rover Opportunity is exploring—have been explained as possibly being protected by the presence of \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/solarsystem/mars-dunes-080904.html\">blueberries\u003c/a>\": tiny nodules of gray hematite that have eroded out of Martian rocks, but which themselves are erosion-resistant, and too large (1-3 millimeters) to be carried by the wind. The blueberries, as the explanation goes, embed in the sand and form a protective \"armor\" layer for the dune ripples, which remain safe and still in their lee. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where else do we find dunes, other than Earth? Well, you need wind of sufficient strength and sand of sufficiently small size, for starters. We don't know about dunes on Venus; Venus has a thick enough atmosphere, but the winds may be too sluggish to whip up much of a sand storm. The only other object with a thick enough atmosphere and a solid surface is Saturn's moon Titan—and in fact we have \u003ca href=\"http://arstechnica.com/science/news/2008/04/sand-dunes-on-titan-reveal-the-moons-climates.ars\">pictures of Titanian dunes\u003c/a> taken by Cassini. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now I'm feeling that old itch to make another trip to my favorite place in the Solar System, Death Valley, to explore the macroscopic \u003ca href=\"http://pic.templetons.com/brad/photo/death-valley/dunes/\">dunes of Stovepipe Wells \u003c/a>. I'll send a postcard….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"What started out to be a workaday chore—replacing a broken motor in an exhibit—panned out to be a voyage of discovery to the shifting sands of another world.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371077350,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":723},"headData":{"title":"Shifting Sands of Far-Off Lands | KQED","description":"What started out to be a workaday chore—replacing a broken motor in an exhibit—panned out to be a voyage of discovery to the shifting sands of another world.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Shifting Sands of Far-Off Lands","datePublished":"2010-03-12T19:18:28.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T22:49:10.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"5305 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=5305","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/03/12/shifting-sands-of-far-off-lands/","disqusTitle":"Shifting Sands of Far-Off Lands","path":"/quest/5305/shifting-sands-of-far-off-lands","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/03/MRO-HIRISE-DUNES.jpg\">\u003cem>Martian dunes, captured by NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\u003c/em>\u003c/span>What started out to be a workaday chore—replacing a broken motor in an exhibit—panned out to be a voyage of discovery to the shifting sands of another world. This is an occupational hazard when working at a place like \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a>….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The motor in question powers a fan in an \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/exhibits/planetlands/aeolian/default.asp\">exhibit\u003c/a> built to demonstrate the physical processes of duning—the fluid transport and deposition of solid particulates into collections and patterns. The fan blows up a constant micro-gale within the exhibit enclosure, and visitors get to play Mother Nature by turning a handle and redirecting the wind. Meanwhile, a mass of tiny white glass beads is constantly whipped up into a fair recreation of a sand storm on planet Arakis….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the chore of installing the new motor, I rewarded myself by enjoying the exhibit a bit. I piled up all of the sand on one side of the tank to see how the fan would redistribute it; I sent the wind from different directions, watching how the freshly blown grains were scattered across the pristine black undersurface; I placed all of the pyrite rocks, which serve as wind obstacles, in one pile. It was a lot of fun. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing I noticed that I hadn't paid much attention to in the past was how the dune actually moved, or migrated. Maybe I hadn't watched long enough before, or maybe it was easier to witness because I had stacked the deck by mounding the sand all in one corner, but it was fascinating to see the process. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the windward side of the giant dune, the scouring wind picked up the sand and carried it racing to the top—slowly peeling away the front face of the dune. As soon as the sand-laden wind reached the crest and took a sudden turn downward, it was slowed a bit, becoming less able to support the sand grains, which then fell out onto the leeward side of the dune in a sandy-wind version of precipitation. The buildup of sand on the lee side eventually formed small avalanches that slid down the face in little dry floods. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this fashion, the dune moved along, slowly being erased on its windward side and formed on the lee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost coincidentally, a few days later I read a \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2010-076&cid=release_2010-076&msource=mroDunes&tr=y&auid=6018954\">report from NASA\u003c/a> about sand dunes on Mars. In some areas, dunes have been observed to migrate over time, while on others the patterns have remained stock-still—some of them for perhaps thousands of years, or longer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So I had successfully created the right conditions for a migrating sand dune. What about static dunes? Well—I had noticed already that some of the pyrite rock obstacles that I placed in the sand stream formed small dunes in the wind-shadows of their leeward sides. The rocks weren't moving, and so the dunes they were nurturing and protecting remained in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the static dune ripples observed in Meridiani Planum—where the rover Opportunity is exploring—have been explained as possibly being protected by the presence of \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/solarsystem/mars-dunes-080904.html\">blueberries\u003c/a>\": tiny nodules of gray hematite that have eroded out of Martian rocks, but which themselves are erosion-resistant, and too large (1-3 millimeters) to be carried by the wind. The blueberries, as the explanation goes, embed in the sand and form a protective \"armor\" layer for the dune ripples, which remain safe and still in their lee. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where else do we find dunes, other than Earth? Well, you need wind of sufficient strength and sand of sufficiently small size, for starters. We don't know about dunes on Venus; Venus has a thick enough atmosphere, but the winds may be too sluggish to whip up much of a sand storm. The only other object with a thick enough atmosphere and a solid surface is Saturn's moon Titan—and in fact we have \u003ca href=\"http://arstechnica.com/science/news/2008/04/sand-dunes-on-titan-reveal-the-moons-climates.ars\">pictures of Titanian dunes\u003c/a> taken by Cassini. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now I'm feeling that old itch to make another trip to my favorite place in the Solar System, Death Valley, to explore the macroscopic \u003ca href=\"http://pic.templetons.com/brad/photo/death-valley/dunes/\">dunes of Stovepipe Wells \u003c/a>. I'll send a postcard….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/5305/shifting-sands-of-far-off-lands","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_543","quest_782","quest_894","quest_1751","quest_2498","quest_3164"],"label":"quest"},"quest_3721":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_3721","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"3721","score":null,"sort":[1253927147000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-quietest-place-ive-been-reporters-notes-for-soundscapes-of-national-parks","title":"The Quietest Place I've Been: Reporter's Notes for Soundscapes of National Parks","publishDate":1253927147,"format":"audio","headTitle":"The Quietest Place I’ve Been: Reporter’s Notes for Soundscapes of National Parks | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/soundscapes-of-national-parks\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/09/3-50NatParksSounds_extra300.jpg\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Sand dunes near Stovepipe Wells, in Death Valley. Photo: Craig Miller.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>The quietest place I’ve ever been was in a national park and I don’t think I’ll ever forget what it was like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, okay, “quiet” is a somewhat subjective thing. When I lived on the upper (way upper) west side of Manhattan in the 1980s, any interval without hearing a car alarm seemed like blessed relief. \u003ca title=\"Decibel chart\" href=\"http://www.makeitlouder.com/Decibel%20Level%20Chart.txt\">Quiet can be measured\u003c/a>, of course, with sound pressure meters. Anything below about 40 decibels is pretty darn quiet for most people’s purposes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Park Service (NPS) says the quietest place it has yet measured is a spot in \u003ca title=\"NPS - Great Sand Dunes\" href=\"http://www.nps.gov/GRSA/index.htm\">Great Sand Dunes National Park\u003c/a>, where Vicki McCusker, who helps oversee the \u003ca title=\"NPS - Natural Sounds\" href=\"http://www.nature.nps.gov/naturalsounds/\">natural sounds program\u003c/a> for the Park Service, says it was “bottoming out” their meters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’ve never been there but it’s hard to imagine greater quietude than an afternoon I spent in \u003ca title=\"NPS - DEVA\" href=\"http://www.nps.gov/deva/index.htm\">Death Valley\u003c/a>. Coincidentally this was also on a sand dune, near \u003ca title=\"Stovepipe Wells\" href=\"http://www.stovepipewells.com/\">Stovepipe Wells\u003c/a>. It was also Christmas Day, which kept the tourist traffic to a minimum. It was at a point in my life when I was in desperate need of some deep introspection, so I parked my car along Highway 190 and trekked into the dunes, found an accommodating slope and sat down. Occasionally a fly (or something) would buzz by. Other than that, the loudest thing was the buzzing in my own head, which I can only hope would’ve been inaudible to anyone with me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s interesting how, when things get really quiet, our bodies try to make up for it with ringing ears and internal chaos. The noted bioacoustician \u003ca title=\"WS - About\" href=\"http://www.wildsanctuary.com/aboutwsi.html\">Bernie Krause\u003c/a> talks about the time he and his wife, Kat were hosting guests from New York, who literally had to leave the Krause’s semi-secluded Glen Ellen “sanctuary” because the night-time quiet was creeping them out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked Krause what he could draw from that. “Well, it tells me that we’re more insane than I ever thought in the first place,” he mused. “I mean, we’re definitely verging on pathological. Because it’s exactly those kinds of sounds–the urban acoustic envelope in which we enfold ourselves–that kind of urban noise that’s driving up the numbers of prescriptions for Prozac.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Surveys of national park visitors would seem to bear that out. In the early 1990s, NPS surveyed 15,000 visitors in 39 parks, about noise issues (NPS manages 391 “units” nationwide, 58 of which are designated as “parks”). More than nine out of ten visitors surveyed cited “enjoyment of natural quiet” as a reason for visiting. This survey provided some juice for the ongoing natural sounds program in the parks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An open question is: where does it go from here? Much of the current effort in the parks appears to be geared toward developing “air tour management plans,” a response to concerns that first arose over the increasingly crowded skies above the Grand Canyon. McCusker told me that while aircraft overflights are the most pervasive noise issue across the parks, the most common complaint is probably over loud motorcycles (note to “straight-pipe” Harley owners).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Krause, who conducted a year-long project documenting soundscapes in \u003ca title=\"NPS - SEKI\" href=\"http://www.nps.gov/seki/index.htm\">Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Park\u003c/a>, hopes the research will also be used to develop new rules governing on-the-ground noise pollution. “If the parks can set aside places where people can go and hear the natural world as it is, at any season of the year, then that will be a really big benefit for visitors coming to the parks,” he says. “Otherwise, you’re seeing the parks with the wrong soundtrack. It’s like watching Star Wars without a soundtrack.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So check out this four and a half minute “journey” I produced with Bernie Krause, founder of Wild Sanctuary. It takes you from the familiar cacophony of the urban soundscape to a serene spot in Sequoia Park. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the radio report, “\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/soundscapes-of-national-parks\">Soundscapes of National Parks\u003c/a>” online.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.762611 -122.409719\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Plopped down on a sand dune in Death Valley, one gains a certain appreciation for both the national parks and natural \"quiet.\"","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1684975587,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":724},"headData":{"title":"The Quietest Place I've Been: Reporter's Notes for Soundscapes of National Parks | KQED","description":"Plopped down on a sand dune in Death Valley, one gains a certain appreciation for both the national parks and natural "quiet."","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Quietest Place I've Been: Reporter's Notes for Soundscapes of National Parks","datePublished":"2009-09-26T01:05:47.000Z","dateModified":"2023-05-25T00:46:27.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"templateType":"standard","featuredImageType":"standard","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/quest/3721/the-quietest-place-ive-been-reporters-notes-for-soundscapes-of-national-parks","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/soundscapes-of-national-parks\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/09/3-50NatParksSounds_extra300.jpg\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Sand dunes near Stovepipe Wells, in Death Valley. Photo: Craig Miller.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>The quietest place I’ve ever been was in a national park and I don’t think I’ll ever forget what it was like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, okay, “quiet” is a somewhat subjective thing. When I lived on the upper (way upper) west side of Manhattan in the 1980s, any interval without hearing a car alarm seemed like blessed relief. \u003ca title=\"Decibel chart\" href=\"http://www.makeitlouder.com/Decibel%20Level%20Chart.txt\">Quiet can be measured\u003c/a>, of course, with sound pressure meters. Anything below about 40 decibels is pretty darn quiet for most people’s purposes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Park Service (NPS) says the quietest place it has yet measured is a spot in \u003ca title=\"NPS - Great Sand Dunes\" href=\"http://www.nps.gov/GRSA/index.htm\">Great Sand Dunes National Park\u003c/a>, where Vicki McCusker, who helps oversee the \u003ca title=\"NPS - Natural Sounds\" href=\"http://www.nature.nps.gov/naturalsounds/\">natural sounds program\u003c/a> for the Park Service, says it was “bottoming out” their meters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’ve never been there but it’s hard to imagine greater quietude than an afternoon I spent in \u003ca title=\"NPS - DEVA\" href=\"http://www.nps.gov/deva/index.htm\">Death Valley\u003c/a>. Coincidentally this was also on a sand dune, near \u003ca title=\"Stovepipe Wells\" href=\"http://www.stovepipewells.com/\">Stovepipe Wells\u003c/a>. It was also Christmas Day, which kept the tourist traffic to a minimum. It was at a point in my life when I was in desperate need of some deep introspection, so I parked my car along Highway 190 and trekked into the dunes, found an accommodating slope and sat down. Occasionally a fly (or something) would buzz by. Other than that, the loudest thing was the buzzing in my own head, which I can only hope would’ve been inaudible to anyone with me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s interesting how, when things get really quiet, our bodies try to make up for it with ringing ears and internal chaos. The noted bioacoustician \u003ca title=\"WS - About\" href=\"http://www.wildsanctuary.com/aboutwsi.html\">Bernie Krause\u003c/a> talks about the time he and his wife, Kat were hosting guests from New York, who literally had to leave the Krause’s semi-secluded Glen Ellen “sanctuary” because the night-time quiet was creeping them out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked Krause what he could draw from that. “Well, it tells me that we’re more insane than I ever thought in the first place,” he mused. “I mean, we’re definitely verging on pathological. Because it’s exactly those kinds of sounds–the urban acoustic envelope in which we enfold ourselves–that kind of urban noise that’s driving up the numbers of prescriptions for Prozac.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Surveys of national park visitors would seem to bear that out. In the early 1990s, NPS surveyed 15,000 visitors in 39 parks, about noise issues (NPS manages 391 “units” nationwide, 58 of which are designated as “parks”). More than nine out of ten visitors surveyed cited “enjoyment of natural quiet” as a reason for visiting. This survey provided some juice for the ongoing natural sounds program in the parks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An open question is: where does it go from here? Much of the current effort in the parks appears to be geared toward developing “air tour management plans,” a response to concerns that first arose over the increasingly crowded skies above the Grand Canyon. McCusker told me that while aircraft overflights are the most pervasive noise issue across the parks, the most common complaint is probably over loud motorcycles (note to “straight-pipe” Harley owners).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Krause, who conducted a year-long project documenting soundscapes in \u003ca title=\"NPS - SEKI\" href=\"http://www.nps.gov/seki/index.htm\">Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Park\u003c/a>, hopes the research will also be used to develop new rules governing on-the-ground noise pollution. “If the parks can set aside places where people can go and hear the natural world as it is, at any season of the year, then that will be a really big benefit for visitors coming to the parks,” he says. “Otherwise, you’re seeing the parks with the wrong soundtrack. It’s like watching Star Wars without a soundtrack.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So check out this four and a half minute “journey” I produced with Bernie Krause, founder of Wild Sanctuary. It takes you from the familiar cacophony of the urban soundscape to a serene spot in Sequoia Park. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the radio report, “\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/soundscapes-of-national-parks\">Soundscapes of National Parks\u003c/a>” online.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.762611 -122.409719\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/3721/the-quietest-place-ive-been-reporters-notes-for-soundscapes-of-national-parks","authors":["221"],"categories":["quest_9"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_310","quest_623","quest_782","quest_1259","quest_1930","quest_2012","quest_2349","quest_2355","quest_2731","quest_2733"],"label":"quest"},"quest_583":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_583","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"583","score":null,"sort":[1210356072000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"probing-the-martian-pole","title":"Probing the Martian Pole","publishDate":1210356072,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/phoenix-rcom-dv.jpg\">\u003cem>Mockup of Phoenix (top) and 'Robinson Crusoe on Mars'\u003cbr>\n(bottom)—both set in Death Valley National Park…\u003cbr>\nCredit: NASA (top), Paramount Pictures (bottom)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>It's that time of the Martian year again: when a flying saucer from Earth appears in the skies of Mars. Imagine if there actually were Martians up there: what's science fiction here on Earth would pass for reality on the Red Planet—and a routine occurrence at that!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time the flavor of the day is the \u003ca href=\"http://phoenix.lpl.arizona.edu/\">Phoenix Lander\u003c/a>, courtesy of NASA, scheduled to land on May 25th at about 4:38 PM PDT. We'll be watching live NASA coverage of the landing at Chabot Space & Science Center that afternoon, if you'd care to join us…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following somewhat in the footsteps of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/viking/\">Viking landers\u003c/a> of the 1970s, Phoenix's primary mission is to look for evidence of life, or at least the chemical conditions that might be suitable for life to exist. The two Viking landers carried small chemical laboratories that analyzed soil samples scooped up from the surface, as does Phoenix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While its mission parallels that of Viking, one big difference from Phoenix is its destination: the \u003ca href=\"http://www.spacetoday.org/SolSys/Mars/MarsThePlanet/MarsIce.html\">Northern Polar Ice Cap of Mars\u003c/a>. The Vikings landed much farther south in the mid latitudes. Phoenix is targeting the ices of Mars' arctic region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing up, one of my favorite sci-fi films was \u003ca href=\"http://www.brightlightsfilm.com/42/robcrusoe.htm\">Robinson Crusoe on Mars\u003c/a>. Made in 1964, the same year that Mariner 4, the first space probe to Mars, was launched, RCOM made a descent stab at imagining what it was like. So what if the main character walked around in apparent t-shirt weather and with sufficient atmospheric pressure to keep his blood from boilin--he still wore a respirator that doled out oxygen from an ever-dwindling supply tank, a nod to Mars' thin atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A couple of other things our astronaut Robinson Crusoe found on that fictional Mars that we are now looking for on the real one: liquid water and life…Our hero found small caches of water (with the help of a monkey) in grottos between the rocks, and, lo and behold, living in that water was a vine-like life form with edible fruit or tubers. He even took a foot-trek, along with his guy Friday, to the polar ice cap…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(I also loved the film because some of its \"Martian terrain\" scenes were shot in my favorite spot on Earth, Death Valley…)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though evidence of past liquid water action seems to be all about the planet, Phoenix certainly won't find any brooks or pools or grottos of spring water, owing at least in part to the frigid arctic region it will set feet on--an arctic zone on a world where the warmest temperatures in the tropics might reach levels of the coldest climates on Earth. What's important about landing on Mars' ice cap is that Phoenix is almost certain to dig up some water--albeit frozen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it is the chemical compounds either locked up in that ice or preserved by its proximity that Phoenix is interested in. (Similarly, climatologists on Earth study ice cores from Antarctica to analyze the trapped and preserved gases of Earth's atmosphere of past millennia.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We wish Phoenix a happy landing, and look forward to the first images and discoveries from the Martian North Pole. And I'm fairly confident the epic polar adventure ahead won't resemble in the least another \"great\" film of 1964: Santa Claus Conquers the Martians….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_benb.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> is a staff astronomer at The \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> in Oakland, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7631 -122.409\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371080618,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":620},"headData":{"title":"Probing the Martian Pole | KQED","description":"Mockup of Phoenix (top) and 'Robinson Crusoe on Mars' (bottom)—both set in Death Valley National Park… Credit: NASA (top), Paramount Pictures (bottom)It's that time of the Martian year again: when a flying saucer from Earth appears in the skies of Mars. Imagine if there actually were Martians up there: what's science fiction here on Earth","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Probing the Martian Pole","datePublished":"2008-05-09T18:01:12.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T23:43:38.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"583 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2008/05/09/probing-the-martian-pole/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/05/09/probing-the-martian-pole/","disqusTitle":"Probing the Martian Pole","path":"/quest/583/probing-the-martian-pole","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/phoenix-rcom-dv.jpg\">\u003cem>Mockup of Phoenix (top) and 'Robinson Crusoe on Mars'\u003cbr>\n(bottom)—both set in Death Valley National Park…\u003cbr>\nCredit: NASA (top), Paramount Pictures (bottom)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>It's that time of the Martian year again: when a flying saucer from Earth appears in the skies of Mars. Imagine if there actually were Martians up there: what's science fiction here on Earth would pass for reality on the Red Planet—and a routine occurrence at that!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time the flavor of the day is the \u003ca href=\"http://phoenix.lpl.arizona.edu/\">Phoenix Lander\u003c/a>, courtesy of NASA, scheduled to land on May 25th at about 4:38 PM PDT. We'll be watching live NASA coverage of the landing at Chabot Space & Science Center that afternoon, if you'd care to join us…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following somewhat in the footsteps of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/viking/\">Viking landers\u003c/a> of the 1970s, Phoenix's primary mission is to look for evidence of life, or at least the chemical conditions that might be suitable for life to exist. The two Viking landers carried small chemical laboratories that analyzed soil samples scooped up from the surface, as does Phoenix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While its mission parallels that of Viking, one big difference from Phoenix is its destination: the \u003ca href=\"http://www.spacetoday.org/SolSys/Mars/MarsThePlanet/MarsIce.html\">Northern Polar Ice Cap of Mars\u003c/a>. The Vikings landed much farther south in the mid latitudes. Phoenix is targeting the ices of Mars' arctic region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing up, one of my favorite sci-fi films was \u003ca href=\"http://www.brightlightsfilm.com/42/robcrusoe.htm\">Robinson Crusoe on Mars\u003c/a>. Made in 1964, the same year that Mariner 4, the first space probe to Mars, was launched, RCOM made a descent stab at imagining what it was like. So what if the main character walked around in apparent t-shirt weather and with sufficient atmospheric pressure to keep his blood from boilin--he still wore a respirator that doled out oxygen from an ever-dwindling supply tank, a nod to Mars' thin atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A couple of other things our astronaut Robinson Crusoe found on that fictional Mars that we are now looking for on the real one: liquid water and life…Our hero found small caches of water (with the help of a monkey) in grottos between the rocks, and, lo and behold, living in that water was a vine-like life form with edible fruit or tubers. He even took a foot-trek, along with his guy Friday, to the polar ice cap…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(I also loved the film because some of its \"Martian terrain\" scenes were shot in my favorite spot on Earth, Death Valley…)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though evidence of past liquid water action seems to be all about the planet, Phoenix certainly won't find any brooks or pools or grottos of spring water, owing at least in part to the frigid arctic region it will set feet on--an arctic zone on a world where the warmest temperatures in the tropics might reach levels of the coldest climates on Earth. What's important about landing on Mars' ice cap is that Phoenix is almost certain to dig up some water--albeit frozen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it is the chemical compounds either locked up in that ice or preserved by its proximity that Phoenix is interested in. (Similarly, climatologists on Earth study ice cores from Antarctica to analyze the trapped and preserved gases of Earth's atmosphere of past millennia.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We wish Phoenix a happy landing, and look forward to the first images and discoveries from the Martian North Pole. And I'm fairly confident the epic polar adventure ahead won't resemble in the least another \"great\" film of 1964: Santa Claus Conquers the Martians….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_benb.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> is a staff astronomer at The \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> in Oakland, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7631 -122.409\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/583/probing-the-martian-pole","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_782","quest_3351","quest_1747","quest_1751","quest_1753","quest_2181","quest_2440","quest_2530","quest_3074"],"label":"quest"},"quest_340":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_340","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"340","score":null,"sort":[1199493588000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"death-valley-nights","title":"Death Valley Nights","publishDate":1199493588,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cstrong>There's nothing like a trip away from the city lights to remind you just how bad light pollution can be here in the Bay Area. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/01/blog_death_valley_night.jpg\">\u003cem>The Milky Way in the skies of Death Valley's\u003cbr>\nDevil's Racetrack. Credit: Dan Duriscoe, U.S. National\u003cbr>\nPark Service\u003c/em>\u003c/span>I just got back from my semi-yearly pilgrimage to my favorite spot on Earth: Death Valley National Park. My main reasons for returning to this place again and again have mostly to do with hiking in the stunning natural beauty of the place, reconnecting with good times in my childhood, and reflecting spiritually on life, the Universe, and everything.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, I can't go to a place like that and not feel more connected with outer space. Not only is the night sky a celestial spectacle--but it's darned cold there too, this time of year! Cold, like space. Each turn of the Earth through its own shadow is like a quick dip in the icy pool of space….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After twilight had faded, after the campfire had burned to embers--and as the frigid cold of the desert winter night started seeping through my layers of clothing--I lay down on the picnic bench and raised my binoculars to my eyes...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>...and that's all I had to do. Arcing overhead was the section of the Milky Way around the constellations Cassiopeia, Perseus, Andromeda, Pegasus--a section of the sky rich in a variety of \"deep sky\" objects (objects typically only visible through binoculars or telescopes).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was the \u003ca href=\"http://www.darkskyimages.com/doublec.htm\">Double Cluster in Perseus\u003c/a>--a pair of \"open\" clusters of stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://seds.org/messier/open.html\">Open clusters\u003c/a> are stars bound together gravitationally, still clinging to each other after their \"group infancy\" in the gaseous cloud that gave birth to them. Stars in these clusters are young--and because of their youth, open clusters often contain a number of large, bright, blue stars that shine brilliantly--but which have short life spans as stars go, being more prolific hydrogen-burners (gas guzzlers). (In a word, you can't find an old blue giant star.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can't avoid seeing open clusters in this region; the place is positively littered with them….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is also where the famous \u003ca href=\"http://www.seds.org/Messier/M/m031.html\">Andromeda Galaxy\u003c/a> can be found, in the constellation Andromeda (where else?). What's special about the Andromeda Galaxy? For one, it's the closest large galaxy to our own, as well as the most distant object in the Universe that can be seen with the unaided human eye (without telescopic help). Looking at the Andromeda is like looking through a peephole into the realm beyond our Milky Way…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I could go on and on yakking about what I got to see in the clear, dark Death Valley skies last week, so I'll have to stop myself now. Suffice to say that with a dark sky, a pair of binoculars, and a segment of the Milky Way in view, encountering the celestial wonders of the Universe in a very personal way is like shooting ducks in a barrel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But don't let the light polluted skies of the Bay Area stop you from trying it from your own backyard; there's a lot to behold despite the city lights…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_benb.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> is a staff astronomer at The \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> in Oakland, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371080930,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":560},"headData":{"title":"Death Valley Nights | KQED","description":"There's nothing like a trip away from the city lights to remind you just how bad light pollution can be here in the Bay Area. The Milky Way in the skies of Death Valley's Devil's Racetrack. Credit: Dan Duriscoe, U.S. National Park ServiceI just got back from my semi-yearly pilgrimage to my favorite spot on","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Death Valley Nights","datePublished":"2008-01-05T00:39:48.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T23:48:50.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"340 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2008/01/04/death-valley-nights/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/01/04/death-valley-nights/","disqusTitle":"Death Valley Nights","path":"/quest/340/death-valley-nights","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>There's nothing like a trip away from the city lights to remind you just how bad light pollution can be here in the Bay Area. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/01/blog_death_valley_night.jpg\">\u003cem>The Milky Way in the skies of Death Valley's\u003cbr>\nDevil's Racetrack. Credit: Dan Duriscoe, U.S. National\u003cbr>\nPark Service\u003c/em>\u003c/span>I just got back from my semi-yearly pilgrimage to my favorite spot on Earth: Death Valley National Park. My main reasons for returning to this place again and again have mostly to do with hiking in the stunning natural beauty of the place, reconnecting with good times in my childhood, and reflecting spiritually on life, the Universe, and everything.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, I can't go to a place like that and not feel more connected with outer space. Not only is the night sky a celestial spectacle--but it's darned cold there too, this time of year! Cold, like space. Each turn of the Earth through its own shadow is like a quick dip in the icy pool of space….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After twilight had faded, after the campfire had burned to embers--and as the frigid cold of the desert winter night started seeping through my layers of clothing--I lay down on the picnic bench and raised my binoculars to my eyes...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>...and that's all I had to do. Arcing overhead was the section of the Milky Way around the constellations Cassiopeia, Perseus, Andromeda, Pegasus--a section of the sky rich in a variety of \"deep sky\" objects (objects typically only visible through binoculars or telescopes).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was the \u003ca href=\"http://www.darkskyimages.com/doublec.htm\">Double Cluster in Perseus\u003c/a>--a pair of \"open\" clusters of stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://seds.org/messier/open.html\">Open clusters\u003c/a> are stars bound together gravitationally, still clinging to each other after their \"group infancy\" in the gaseous cloud that gave birth to them. Stars in these clusters are young--and because of their youth, open clusters often contain a number of large, bright, blue stars that shine brilliantly--but which have short life spans as stars go, being more prolific hydrogen-burners (gas guzzlers). (In a word, you can't find an old blue giant star.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can't avoid seeing open clusters in this region; the place is positively littered with them….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is also where the famous \u003ca href=\"http://www.seds.org/Messier/M/m031.html\">Andromeda Galaxy\u003c/a> can be found, in the constellation Andromeda (where else?). What's special about the Andromeda Galaxy? For one, it's the closest large galaxy to our own, as well as the most distant object in the Universe that can be seen with the unaided human eye (without telescopic help). Looking at the Andromeda is like looking through a peephole into the realm beyond our Milky Way…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I could go on and on yakking about what I got to see in the clear, dark Death Valley skies last week, so I'll have to stop myself now. Suffice to say that with a dark sky, a pair of binoculars, and a segment of the Milky Way in view, encountering the celestial wonders of the Universe in a very personal way is like shooting ducks in a barrel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But don't let the light polluted skies of the Bay Area stop you from trying it from your own backyard; there's a lot to behold despite the city lights…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_benb.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> is a staff astronomer at The \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> in Oakland, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/340/death-valley-nights","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_543","quest_782","quest_3351","quest_1586","quest_1661","quest_2024","quest_2349","quest_2530"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. 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You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. 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Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Consider-This-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. 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Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3am-9am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/morning-edition"},"onourwatch":{"id":"onourwatch","title":"On Our Watch","tagline":"Police secrets, unsealed","info":"For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. 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