QUEST TV - Inventing the Future: Bikes, Bugs and Fashionistas
Farm Waste Fashionistas
Searching for Memories on an Altered Landscape
Bioplastic Boom
Producer's Notes - Biofuels: Beyond Ethanol
Seed banking: saving both agri- and -culture
Sponsored
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His national productions include: NOVA: Ancient Refuge in the Holy Land, NOVA: Buried In Ash, NOVA: Edgerton and His Incredible Seeing Machines, Behind Lab Doors, Jungle Under Glass, Profit the Earth, Sexuality and Aging, and Seeking the Real Jesse James.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/2211943d85f3e4fed61c451f70e04239?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["coordinator","edit_dashboard","edit_posts","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Gary Hochman | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/2211943d85f3e4fed61c451f70e04239?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/2211943d85f3e4fed61c451f70e04239?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/garyhochman"},"jaugustine":{"type":"authors","id":"10447","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10447","found":true},"name":"Jon Augustine","firstName":"Jon","lastName":"Augustine","slug":"jaugustine","email":"jaugustine@netad.unl.edu","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Associate Producer for QUEST, NET Nebraska.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/a159fa0e9fcb7b7f49fd7b98792e3bdb?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["leadcoordinator","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Jon Augustine | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/a159fa0e9fcb7b7f49fd7b98792e3bdb?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/a159fa0e9fcb7b7f49fd7b98792e3bdb?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/jaugustine"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_69075":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_69075","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"69075","score":null,"sort":[1396447245000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"quest-tv-inventing-the-future-bikes-bugs-and-fashionistas","title":"QUEST TV - Inventing the Future: Bikes, Bugs and Fashionistas","publishDate":1396447245,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003ch2>Episode Description\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Go behind the scenes with a North Carolina inventor bridging the gap between bicycles and cars with his sun-powered velomobile; meet an Ohio engineer transforming flies into fishmeal; and visit a Nebraska textile engineer converting corn husks into fashion. Also, discover a vast network of ocean observatories offering unprecedented views of the Pacific seafloor.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Segment Details\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Watch the full 1/2 hour television episode above or watch individual segments and read accompanying articles, as they become available:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"Bike To The Future\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/bike-to-the-future/\">Bike To The Future\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"Let Them Eat Flies\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/let-them-eat-flies/\">Let Them Eat Flies\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"Farm Waste Fashionistas\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/farm-waste-fashionistas/\">Farm Waste Fasionistas\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Meet innovators building sun-powered velomobiles, transforming flies into fishmeal, and converting husks into fashion. Also, discover a vast network of ocean observatories.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457556079,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":4,"wordCount":93},"headData":{"title":"QUEST TV - Inventing the Future: Bikes, Bugs and Fashionistas | KQED","description":"Meet innovators building sun-powered velomobiles, transforming flies into fishmeal, and converting husks into fashion. 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Also, discover a vast network of ocean observatories offering unprecedented views of the Pacific seafloor.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Segment Details\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Watch the full 1/2 hour television episode above or watch individual segments and read accompanying articles, as they become available:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"Bike To The Future\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/bike-to-the-future/\">Bike To The Future\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"Let Them Eat Flies\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/let-them-eat-flies/\">Let Them Eat Flies\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"Farm Waste Fashionistas\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/farm-waste-fashionistas/\">Farm Waste Fasionistas\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/69075/quest-tv-inventing-the-future-bikes-bugs-and-fashionistas","authors":["10216"],"categories":["quest_11765","quest_8","quest_3229","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_12781","quest_326","quest_702","quest_984","quest_13197","quest_1075","quest_12604","quest_1122","quest_12228","quest_12562","quest_1472","quest_2046","quest_2349","quest_2693","quest_13364","quest_2893","quest_12719","quest_2983","quest_3071"],"featImg":"quest_69089","label":"source_quest_69075"},"quest_67857":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_67857","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"67857","score":null,"sort":[1395756003000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"farm-waste-fashionistas","title":"Farm Waste Fashionistas","publishDate":1395756003,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>In the near future, when you reach for your favorite shirt or sweater – textile scientist Yiqi Yang wants you to thank CORN – not cotton – for that soft, comfortable feel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Corn? Yup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yang thinks part of the world’s most abundant grain may one day rival cotton as the future of textiles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yang develops sustainable bio-based textile fibers as a biochemical engineer at the University of Nebraska’s Department of Textiles, Merchandising and Fashion Design. “All clothing is created from fibers,” says Yang. Some are natural, from plants and animals, like cotton, linen, and wool. Others are manufactured from oil-based synthetics, including polyester, spandex, and nylon. The clothing we wear is determined by the supply and demand of natural and synthetic fibers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A radical change in global fibers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68428\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 930px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-68428 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/QuestTextileGraph11.jpg\" alt=\"QuestTextileGraph1\" width=\"930\" height=\"406\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/QuestTextileGraph11.jpg 1897w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/QuestTextileGraph11-400x175.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/QuestTextileGraph11-800x350.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/QuestTextileGraph11-1440x629.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/QuestTextileGraph11-1180x516.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/QuestTextileGraph11-960x420.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 930px) 100vw, 930px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The source of textile fibers - natural vs. synthetics - has shifted dramatically in the past 50 years. Graphic design: Scott Beachler/NET Television\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For more than 50 years, a radical shift has been taking place in the worldwide source of fibers. In the 1960s, 80% of fibers were natural, while 20% were oil-based synthetics. Today, synthetics dominate the market because petro-based fibers have been cheap and durable, while natural fibers require higher investments in land and water to grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68390\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 303px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-68390 \" style=\"border: 0.5px solid black\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/QuestTextileGraph3.jpg\" alt=\"QuestTextileGraph3\" width=\"303\" height=\"256\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Worldwide consumption of textile fibers has doubled in the past 15 years. It will double again in the next 10-15 years. Graphic design: Scott Beachler/NET Television\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But our changing world is impacting the textile supply. An oil shortage is causing petroleum prices to rise, increasing the cost of synthetics. And soaring global populations are competing for space traditionally used to grow crops and cotton – creating a critical need to both feed and clothe the spiraling masses with less available land. Yang fears a crisis is brewing that could create an uncertain future – one that pits growing food vs. clothing fibers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, the world’s annual demand for textile fibers is 85 million tons. Just 15 years ago, it was about \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">half\u003c/span> that figure. Yang cautions, “The consumption will double \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">again\u003c/span> in the next 10-15 years. So everyone in the fiber industry worries how we can get that much fiber for the unlimited demands of humankind?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Corn tops Yang’s list of new fiber options. “If you look at history, textiles are agriculture. And Nebraska is the place we have lots of corn,” says Yang. Corn is also grown worldwide. Most of that crop is used to feed people and animals – with some serving as a fuel additive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s not the corn kernels that interest Yang. It’s their husks he’s after – part of the farm waste left behind in the harvesting process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can farm waste become fiber?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68482\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 231px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/SuperdomeHighway1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-68482\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/SuperdomeHighway1-231x253.jpg\" alt=\"SuperdomeHighway\" width=\"231\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photos: Superdome interior - Scott Walker.\u003cbr>Superdome exterior - Photos.com.\u003cbr>Graphic design: Scott Beachler/NET Television\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Worldwide, the annual farm waste from corn is enormous, a whopping 400 million tons. That’s enough to fill 1,000 Superdomes each year! The stalks, leaves and husks are normally diced up during harvesting and left on the fields to decompose as fertilizer to enrich the soil for the next growing season. But where farmers see fodder for soil, Yang sees a new source of renewable natural fibers that could reduce our dependence on oil-based synthetics – and help meet the world’s textile needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, how can Yang’s corn husks become textiles? Corn husks, like cotton, contains cellulose, the building blocks of plant’s cell walls. Cotton is almost pure cellulose that is plucked from the plant’s flower. But corn husks, stalks, cobs, and leaves are made of \u003cstrong>lignocellulose\u003c/strong> – complex and woody biopolymers (lignen, cellulose, and hemicellulose) that are distributed throughout the plant. Many of the fibers in the stalks and leaves are too coarse for textiles. But finer fibers are embedded in the husks to protect the kernels throughout a long growing season. To make husks useful for textiles, Yang and his researchers separate the lignocellulose fibers from the husks in a patented biochemical process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Converting husks to fibers in the lab\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68464\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 228px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Yangs-LAB_893_8069_01.new_.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-68464\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Yangs-LAB_893_8069_01.new_-228x169.jpg\" alt=\"Yang's LAB_893_8069_01.new\" width=\"228\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Yang's graduate students operate a test lab to extract fibers from corn husks. Photo: Gary Hochman/NET Television\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Yang’s team designed a custom-built test lab for the process. “We use common, non-toxic chemicals in a mechanical and biochemical process to extract the fibers,” he says. Yang’s graduate students empty a trash can of husks into a stainless steel tumbling reactor and add a solution of simple chemicals (acetic acid, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide, surfactants, and softeners). Piping in hot water, the reactor rotates continuously for half an hour as the solution breaks down the rigid husk material, leaving behind clumps of coarse fibers. The fibers are then washed with water, and dried. Finally, another biochemical treatment reduces the diameter of the coarse fibers to make finer strands. Once the fine fibers are bleached, they can be spun into yarns and colored with common cotton dyes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68469\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 193px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/ECU-Husk-Fibers-2_893_8069_01.new_.01.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-68469\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/ECU-Husk-Fibers-2_893_8069_01.new_.01-193x169.jpg\" alt=\"ECU Husk Fibers 2_893_8069_01.new.01\" width=\"193\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lignocellulose fibers from corn husks. Photo: Gary Hochman/NET Television\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Although the husk fibers look similar to common textile fibers, Yang says they have different properties than cotton or linen. “Fibers from corn husks have much better stretchability compared to any other natural cellulose fibers. That makes it compatible to be spun together with synthetic fibers, like polyester, that are usually mixed with cotton in making textiles,” he explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lab has proved that husk fibers can be made on a small scale. So far, Yang’s team has made one prototype, a red sweater from a yarn mixed from corn husks and polyester fibers. By touch, it’s softer than linen, but similar to cotton. But making one sweater requires a single trash can of husks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can corn husks find a market?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get the process to work on an industrial scale will require massive volumes of husks. That’s no easy task. “Right now, it’s a challenge because there’s not a market for husks,” laments Yang. For the most part, the farming industry is set up to harvest corn for its kernels. Conventional harvesters shell the corn grain, but aren’t designed to separate the rest of the corn plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68486\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/AK-4_MVI_0010.MP4.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-68486\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/AK-4_MVI_0010.MP4-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"A&K 4_MVI_0010.MP4\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">High speed corn husking equipment designed by A&K Development Company separates husks from whole corn cobs at a sweet corn manufacturing plant. Courtesy: Sergio Holm/A&K Development Co.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Consulting industry experts, Yang found two exceptions – seed corn and sweet corn manufacturers. Both harvest full cobs, complete with husks. A&K Development Company in Eugene, Oregon manufactures high-speed automated corn husking assemblies that shred the husks off in the blink of an eye before shelling the kernels for seed or sweet corn. Most of these husks are sold to livestock breeders as feed for cattle. In time, these growers and manufacturers might become a source for husks. But it would take complex distribution to make it work – and transportation costs might make it unaffordable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68496\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 258px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Dux-students-4_Cropped.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-68496\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Dux-students-4_Cropped-258x169.jpg\" alt=\"Dux students 4_Cropped\" width=\"258\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mead High School teacher Thomas Dux and his student 4-H members harvest corn husks by hand\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For a while, it looked like the Yang might have to rely upon a century old solution – picking husks by hand. To help, the University of Nebraska-Lincoln enlisted the help of 4-H, the nation’s youth agricultural organization. Thomas Dux, Mead High School science teacher and 4-H leader, organized a class project to help Yang by having his students collect husks in trash bags. “Someday, we hope corn husks will be a commodity,” says Dux, as he bags a fistful of husks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But collecting husks by hand is impractical. A single barrel weighs under 10 pounds. Yang’s team needs 1,000 pounds to run a larger scale test to convince farmers, implement manufacturers and textile mill operators that husks are worth harvesting on an industrial scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dux hopes his class project inspires students to think about sustainable agriculture and new uses for crops. “Maybe one of our students will be the person who creates a part of a combine that actually separates the husk and stores them in a bin,” he adds hopefully.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68517\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 366px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Jay-and-Ty-2_Cropped.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-68517\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Jay-and-Ty-2_Cropped-366x253.jpg\" alt=\"Jay and Ty 2_Cropped\" width=\"366\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">FarMax agricultural engineers Jay and Ty Stukenholz are designing innovations in harvesting equipment that may create a commodity for corn husks.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Unbeknownst to the class, 40 miles away, two enterprising twins, Ty and Jay Stukenholtz, are closing in on a solution. The Stukenholz brothers are agricultural engineers who farm near Nebraska City. During the past 10 years, they’ve designed and custom-built three combines and formed a company, FarmMax, to create sustainable harvesting equipment. They began with a prototype harvester that separates cobs as a source for biochemicals and biofuels. “Over the years, we figured ways to clean the waste stream from a combine,” says Ty Stukenholtz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68794\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/FarmMax-Farm-Waste-Recovery-Device.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-68794\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/FarmMax-Farm-Waste-Recovery-Device-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"The FarmMax Farm Waste Recovery Device attaches onto existing corn harvesting combines.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The FarmMax Farm Waste Recovery Device attaches onto existing corn harvesting combines.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When the Stukenholtz brothers learned of Yang’s plan to harvest husks for textile fibers, they re-designed their harvester to separate kernels and cobs, grind the stalks as mulch for the field, and eject the husks out the back of the combine to collect in a bobcat. “There is literally no combine in the world that can do what this machine is doing right now,” adds Ty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, they’ve re-engineered a farm waste recovery device that attaches onto existing commercial combines. Jay adds, “We’ve designed it to fit any combine.” Soon, their invention will allow farmers to collect kernels, cobs, and husks in one pass, while unloading them “on-the-go,” rather than pulling a cart or making multiple passes to pick up discarded farm waste. Their single-pass system is a sustainable means of saving time and fuel, while enabling farmers to create additional revenue from corn byproducts. “I think it’s got great potential,” adds Ty. “If harvesting husks brings in a similar price to cotton, farmers would really think about the value of those husks.”\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Yiqi-Yang_Corn-WS.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-68542\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Yiqi-Yang_Corn-WS-255x169.jpg\" alt=\"Yiqi Yang_Corn WS\" width=\"255\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Stukenholtz farm waste recovery system may be a game changer for creating a commodity of husks. And although the market doesn’t yet exist, Yiqi Yang remains optimistic. “We have a strong agricultural industry. We’re using Ag wastes. It’s a perfect fit here in Nebraska, and there’s no reason we cannot develop a fiber industry right here at home,” said Yang.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In this video, discover how a biochemical engineer in Nebraska is transforming corn husks into fibers for clothing. Could husk fibers rival cotton as a mainstay for textiles in the future?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457555937,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":29,"wordCount":1864},"headData":{"title":"Farm Waste Fashionistas | KQED","description":"In this video, discover how a biochemical engineer in Nebraska is transforming corn husks into fibers for clothing. Could husk fibers rival cotton as a mainstay for textiles in the future?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Farm Waste Fashionistas","datePublished":"2014-03-25T14:00:03.000Z","dateModified":"2016-03-09T20:38:57.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"67857 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=67857","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/03/25/farm-waste-fashionistas/","disqusTitle":"Farm Waste Fashionistas","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FcaMyWY6gU0","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/67857/farm-waste-fashionistas","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In the near future, when you reach for your favorite shirt or sweater – textile scientist Yiqi Yang wants you to thank CORN – not cotton – for that soft, comfortable feel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Corn? Yup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yang thinks part of the world’s most abundant grain may one day rival cotton as the future of textiles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yang develops sustainable bio-based textile fibers as a biochemical engineer at the University of Nebraska’s Department of Textiles, Merchandising and Fashion Design. “All clothing is created from fibers,” says Yang. Some are natural, from plants and animals, like cotton, linen, and wool. Others are manufactured from oil-based synthetics, including polyester, spandex, and nylon. The clothing we wear is determined by the supply and demand of natural and synthetic fibers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A radical change in global fibers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68428\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 930px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-68428 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/QuestTextileGraph11.jpg\" alt=\"QuestTextileGraph1\" width=\"930\" height=\"406\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/QuestTextileGraph11.jpg 1897w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/QuestTextileGraph11-400x175.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/QuestTextileGraph11-800x350.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/QuestTextileGraph11-1440x629.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/QuestTextileGraph11-1180x516.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/QuestTextileGraph11-960x420.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 930px) 100vw, 930px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The source of textile fibers - natural vs. synthetics - has shifted dramatically in the past 50 years. Graphic design: Scott Beachler/NET Television\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For more than 50 years, a radical shift has been taking place in the worldwide source of fibers. In the 1960s, 80% of fibers were natural, while 20% were oil-based synthetics. Today, synthetics dominate the market because petro-based fibers have been cheap and durable, while natural fibers require higher investments in land and water to grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68390\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 303px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-68390 \" style=\"border: 0.5px solid black\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/QuestTextileGraph3.jpg\" alt=\"QuestTextileGraph3\" width=\"303\" height=\"256\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Worldwide consumption of textile fibers has doubled in the past 15 years. It will double again in the next 10-15 years. Graphic design: Scott Beachler/NET Television\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But our changing world is impacting the textile supply. An oil shortage is causing petroleum prices to rise, increasing the cost of synthetics. And soaring global populations are competing for space traditionally used to grow crops and cotton – creating a critical need to both feed and clothe the spiraling masses with less available land. Yang fears a crisis is brewing that could create an uncertain future – one that pits growing food vs. clothing fibers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, the world’s annual demand for textile fibers is 85 million tons. Just 15 years ago, it was about \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">half\u003c/span> that figure. Yang cautions, “The consumption will double \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">again\u003c/span> in the next 10-15 years. So everyone in the fiber industry worries how we can get that much fiber for the unlimited demands of humankind?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Corn tops Yang’s list of new fiber options. “If you look at history, textiles are agriculture. And Nebraska is the place we have lots of corn,” says Yang. Corn is also grown worldwide. Most of that crop is used to feed people and animals – with some serving as a fuel additive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s not the corn kernels that interest Yang. It’s their husks he’s after – part of the farm waste left behind in the harvesting process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can farm waste become fiber?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68482\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 231px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/SuperdomeHighway1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-68482\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/SuperdomeHighway1-231x253.jpg\" alt=\"SuperdomeHighway\" width=\"231\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photos: Superdome interior - Scott Walker.\u003cbr>Superdome exterior - Photos.com.\u003cbr>Graphic design: Scott Beachler/NET Television\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Worldwide, the annual farm waste from corn is enormous, a whopping 400 million tons. That’s enough to fill 1,000 Superdomes each year! The stalks, leaves and husks are normally diced up during harvesting and left on the fields to decompose as fertilizer to enrich the soil for the next growing season. But where farmers see fodder for soil, Yang sees a new source of renewable natural fibers that could reduce our dependence on oil-based synthetics – and help meet the world’s textile needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, how can Yang’s corn husks become textiles? Corn husks, like cotton, contains cellulose, the building blocks of plant’s cell walls. Cotton is almost pure cellulose that is plucked from the plant’s flower. But corn husks, stalks, cobs, and leaves are made of \u003cstrong>lignocellulose\u003c/strong> – complex and woody biopolymers (lignen, cellulose, and hemicellulose) that are distributed throughout the plant. Many of the fibers in the stalks and leaves are too coarse for textiles. But finer fibers are embedded in the husks to protect the kernels throughout a long growing season. To make husks useful for textiles, Yang and his researchers separate the lignocellulose fibers from the husks in a patented biochemical process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Converting husks to fibers in the lab\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68464\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 228px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Yangs-LAB_893_8069_01.new_.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-68464\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Yangs-LAB_893_8069_01.new_-228x169.jpg\" alt=\"Yang's LAB_893_8069_01.new\" width=\"228\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Yang's graduate students operate a test lab to extract fibers from corn husks. Photo: Gary Hochman/NET Television\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Yang’s team designed a custom-built test lab for the process. “We use common, non-toxic chemicals in a mechanical and biochemical process to extract the fibers,” he says. Yang’s graduate students empty a trash can of husks into a stainless steel tumbling reactor and add a solution of simple chemicals (acetic acid, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide, surfactants, and softeners). Piping in hot water, the reactor rotates continuously for half an hour as the solution breaks down the rigid husk material, leaving behind clumps of coarse fibers. The fibers are then washed with water, and dried. Finally, another biochemical treatment reduces the diameter of the coarse fibers to make finer strands. Once the fine fibers are bleached, they can be spun into yarns and colored with common cotton dyes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68469\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 193px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/ECU-Husk-Fibers-2_893_8069_01.new_.01.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-68469\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/ECU-Husk-Fibers-2_893_8069_01.new_.01-193x169.jpg\" alt=\"ECU Husk Fibers 2_893_8069_01.new.01\" width=\"193\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lignocellulose fibers from corn husks. Photo: Gary Hochman/NET Television\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Although the husk fibers look similar to common textile fibers, Yang says they have different properties than cotton or linen. “Fibers from corn husks have much better stretchability compared to any other natural cellulose fibers. That makes it compatible to be spun together with synthetic fibers, like polyester, that are usually mixed with cotton in making textiles,” he explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lab has proved that husk fibers can be made on a small scale. So far, Yang’s team has made one prototype, a red sweater from a yarn mixed from corn husks and polyester fibers. By touch, it’s softer than linen, but similar to cotton. But making one sweater requires a single trash can of husks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can corn husks find a market?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get the process to work on an industrial scale will require massive volumes of husks. That’s no easy task. “Right now, it’s a challenge because there’s not a market for husks,” laments Yang. For the most part, the farming industry is set up to harvest corn for its kernels. Conventional harvesters shell the corn grain, but aren’t designed to separate the rest of the corn plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68486\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/AK-4_MVI_0010.MP4.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-68486\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/AK-4_MVI_0010.MP4-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"A&K 4_MVI_0010.MP4\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">High speed corn husking equipment designed by A&K Development Company separates husks from whole corn cobs at a sweet corn manufacturing plant. Courtesy: Sergio Holm/A&K Development Co.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Consulting industry experts, Yang found two exceptions – seed corn and sweet corn manufacturers. Both harvest full cobs, complete with husks. A&K Development Company in Eugene, Oregon manufactures high-speed automated corn husking assemblies that shred the husks off in the blink of an eye before shelling the kernels for seed or sweet corn. Most of these husks are sold to livestock breeders as feed for cattle. In time, these growers and manufacturers might become a source for husks. But it would take complex distribution to make it work – and transportation costs might make it unaffordable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68496\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 258px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Dux-students-4_Cropped.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-68496\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Dux-students-4_Cropped-258x169.jpg\" alt=\"Dux students 4_Cropped\" width=\"258\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mead High School teacher Thomas Dux and his student 4-H members harvest corn husks by hand\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For a while, it looked like the Yang might have to rely upon a century old solution – picking husks by hand. To help, the University of Nebraska-Lincoln enlisted the help of 4-H, the nation’s youth agricultural organization. Thomas Dux, Mead High School science teacher and 4-H leader, organized a class project to help Yang by having his students collect husks in trash bags. “Someday, we hope corn husks will be a commodity,” says Dux, as he bags a fistful of husks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But collecting husks by hand is impractical. A single barrel weighs under 10 pounds. Yang’s team needs 1,000 pounds to run a larger scale test to convince farmers, implement manufacturers and textile mill operators that husks are worth harvesting on an industrial scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dux hopes his class project inspires students to think about sustainable agriculture and new uses for crops. “Maybe one of our students will be the person who creates a part of a combine that actually separates the husk and stores them in a bin,” he adds hopefully.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68517\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 366px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Jay-and-Ty-2_Cropped.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-68517\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Jay-and-Ty-2_Cropped-366x253.jpg\" alt=\"Jay and Ty 2_Cropped\" width=\"366\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">FarMax agricultural engineers Jay and Ty Stukenholz are designing innovations in harvesting equipment that may create a commodity for corn husks.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Unbeknownst to the class, 40 miles away, two enterprising twins, Ty and Jay Stukenholtz, are closing in on a solution. The Stukenholz brothers are agricultural engineers who farm near Nebraska City. During the past 10 years, they’ve designed and custom-built three combines and formed a company, FarmMax, to create sustainable harvesting equipment. They began with a prototype harvester that separates cobs as a source for biochemicals and biofuels. “Over the years, we figured ways to clean the waste stream from a combine,” says Ty Stukenholtz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68794\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/FarmMax-Farm-Waste-Recovery-Device.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-68794\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/FarmMax-Farm-Waste-Recovery-Device-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"The FarmMax Farm Waste Recovery Device attaches onto existing corn harvesting combines.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The FarmMax Farm Waste Recovery Device attaches onto existing corn harvesting combines.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When the Stukenholtz brothers learned of Yang’s plan to harvest husks for textile fibers, they re-designed their harvester to separate kernels and cobs, grind the stalks as mulch for the field, and eject the husks out the back of the combine to collect in a bobcat. “There is literally no combine in the world that can do what this machine is doing right now,” adds Ty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, they’ve re-engineered a farm waste recovery device that attaches onto existing commercial combines. Jay adds, “We’ve designed it to fit any combine.” Soon, their invention will allow farmers to collect kernels, cobs, and husks in one pass, while unloading them “on-the-go,” rather than pulling a cart or making multiple passes to pick up discarded farm waste. Their single-pass system is a sustainable means of saving time and fuel, while enabling farmers to create additional revenue from corn byproducts. “I think it’s got great potential,” adds Ty. “If harvesting husks brings in a similar price to cotton, farmers would really think about the value of those husks.”\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Yiqi-Yang_Corn-WS.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-68542\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Yiqi-Yang_Corn-WS-255x169.jpg\" alt=\"Yiqi Yang_Corn WS\" width=\"255\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Stukenholtz farm waste recovery system may be a game changer for creating a commodity of husks. And although the market doesn’t yet exist, Yiqi Yang remains optimistic. “We have a strong agricultural industry. We’re using Ag wastes. It’s a perfect fit here in Nebraska, and there’s no reason we cannot develop a fiber industry right here at home,” said Yang.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/67857/farm-waste-fashionistas","authors":["10297"],"categories":["quest_8","quest_9","quest_3229","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_12734","quest_12721","quest_702","quest_12730","quest_12727","quest_12720","quest_12728","quest_12726","quest_12731","quest_12269","quest_12729","quest_12718","quest_12724","quest_12722","quest_12732","quest_12354","quest_13364","quest_12733","quest_2893","quest_12735","quest_12719","quest_12725","quest_10511","quest_3071","quest_12723"],"featImg":"quest_68371","label":"source_quest_67857"},"quest_60576":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_60576","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"60576","score":null,"sort":[1391698822000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"searching-for-a-new-perspective-of-an-altered-landscape","title":"Searching for Memories on an Altered Landscape","publishDate":1391698822,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>If you’re old enough to have childhood memories, chances are you’re old enough to have witnessed a land use change. Maybe the woods behind your parents’ home has morphed into rows of new houses. Maybe the creek where you caught your first fish now boasts a parking lot for a big box store. Maybe a particularly picturesque farmstead is now a collection of crumbling structures engulfed by overgrown weeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These landscape changes come big and small, and often so gradually that they go unnoticed. That said, many long-time residents of the Great Plains can and will tell you this much: where they once saw diverse prairie habitats, they now see cropland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies examining recent rates of grassland, wetland, and shrubland loss in the country’s midsection have revealed head-turning statistics. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3593829/#!po=31.2500\">research report\u003c/a> published by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/site/aboutpnas/index.xhtml\">\u003cstrong>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\u003c/strong> (PNAS)\u003c/a> in March 2013 concluded that grassland-to-cropland conversion rates across “significant portions of the US Western Corn Belt” from 2001 to 2011 were similar to rates of rainforest conversion in Brazil, Malaysia, and Indonesia during the 1980s and 1990s (1.0 to 5.4 percent annually).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report also suggested that, especially in Nebraska, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Click%20on%20image%20to%20zoom&p=PMC3&id=3593829_pnas.1215404110fig04.jpg\">noticeable fraction of the conversion occurs on marginal lands\u003c/a> that are poorly suited for crop production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Culprits, victims, and beneficiaries of this habitat loss are somewhat debatable, but what is uncontestable is the reality that the Great Plains’ landscapes have been drastically altered over the last century and a half. What was once a grassy wilderness is now a vast agro-industrial zone -- a place where the landscape struggles to support both biodiversity and the crop-based commodities that our times demand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not news to \u003ca href=\"http://snr.unl.edu/powell/\">Larkin Powell\u003c/a>, a professor of conservation biology and wildlife ecology at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Since his childhood days on a family farm in rural Iowa, Powell has been taking notice of the landscape changes around him -- and how easy it is to forget how things used to be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66781\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 336px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Kearney_fromnorthhill1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66781 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Kearney_fromnorthhill1-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Views of Kearney, Nebraska from the north hill. I’m always looking for evidence of landscape change. The amount of change to our urban areas is significant—especially in the amount of trees in our towns and cities. This series of images followed by a photo I took in 2013 is an effective reminder that Nebraska’s urban areas have grown and changed their landscapes at the same time the rural landscape has changed. (Caption by Larkin Powell. Top two photos: Buffalo County Historical Society Collection. Bottom photo: Larkin Powell.) \" width=\"336\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click the photo for more information. (\u003cem>Buffalo County Historical Society Collection\u003c/em>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We drive around on our landscapes today and we’re only familiar with what we see today,” said Powell, who added, “We can kind of remember what was there last week. There’s this ‘landscape perception’ field of study that suggests that people don’t do well -- in our brains -- of keeping track of little changes that happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Powell these often forgettable landscape changes have resulted in big impacts on everything from local biodiversity to human diets to cultural and societal features like architecture, hobbies, and rural populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of Powell’s professional research is focused on the behaviors and what he calls the “life history” of prairie wildlife in changing landscapes. And while the data he gathers are useful from a scientific perspective, they don’t always help the public visualize -- or care about -- the tangible impacts of human activities on natural landscapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, more recently, Powell has set off on an effort to gather something else: the collective memories of prairie life. Specifically, he scours county historical societies and the Nebraska State Historical Museum archives for photographs and articles from relatively recent but nonetheless forgotten times. The end result will be a book that “makes people reflect a little bit, at least,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66776\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 327px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/10200v_SButcher_LofC_CliffTableNE_sodhouse_largeelkantlers1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66776 \" style=\"margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/10200v_SButcher_LofC_CliffTableNE_sodhouse_largeelkantlers1-467x360.jpg\" alt=\"Solomon Butcher photographed many pioneer families in Custer County prior to 1901. I like to look at the objects this family chose to present for the photographer. Were they sending a message to their relatives back East? Did the presence of elk antlers (no longer found in Custer County) tell their family and friends “we’ve got enough to eat”? (Caption by Larkin Powell. Photo by Solomon Butcher; Library of Congress Collection.)\" width=\"327\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A family portrait from Custer County, Nebraska from sometime before 1901. Click the photo for more information. (\u003cem>Photo by Solomon Butcher; Library of Congress Collection\u003c/em>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A portrait of homesteaders showing off a stack of elk antlers where elk no longer exist; a photo of a butcher selling pronghorn for Christmas dinners; an image of a farmer installing an irrigation system with his sons; aerial photographs of farmsteads morphing into fields of row crops over time -- together these images become a biography of the landscape over the last 150 years, a recorded history of human pursuits and the way in which they have affected other species on the prairie. The goal is to fill in the gaps of memory loss, to “make cross-connections,” said Powell, between our behaviors and some of their unnoticed repercussions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve slowly been converting grasslands to cropland or modifying the way we farm, slowly over time,” he said. “So the question right now is, if that speed of conversion has gone up like statistics suggest, are we close to a tipping point with some of these species?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent flight to the Sandhills of western Nebraska, Powell said he looked out the window of the plane and wondered, “If I were a pheasant or a meadowlark…where would I go?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Powell’s project is coming together under the working title “The Best of Intentions,” which he said he chose because it’s important to acknowledge that people don’t alter the landscape because they have ill intentions for wildlife. It happens, he said, “out of the necessity to meet demands, and out of the desire to support a family.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I really think that sometimes -- as people who are interested in conservation -- we have a tendency to kind of point fingers and say, ‘Why don’t they get it?’” Powell said. “The point of it is, it just happens. It’s not a pointing-fingers book. This is what we’ve done as a society, and there are things that will happen, and this is how our landscape changes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Powell believes that the photographs and stories he has found could help landowners to recall the slow progression of changes that have impacted their land. “You can sit down with somebody and look at what the land looked like on their place and they’ll be like, ‘Yeah, I guess it really has changed more than I thought it did.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Will it alter the course of the future? I’m not sure,” said Powell. “But I think it makes us think, at least a little bit, about the impact we can have on the landscape. Learning from the past, learning from our history, looking at our landscape in a new way helps us see a future we might not have thought of.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Click a thumbnail below to open a slideshow of photographs and captions from Powell's collection.\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[gallery columns=\"2\" link=\"file\" ids=\"66788,66789,66791,66779,66780,66787,66784,66786\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See also:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/21/us/setting-the-table-for-a-fluttering-comeback-with-milkweed.html?_r=0\">A New York Times article with information about monarch butterfly conservation efforts as their food supply diminishes on the prairie.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://harvestpublicmedia.org/article/farmers-plowing-more-and-more-prairie\">This article from Harvest Public Media describing the loss of prairie to agricultural pursuits, and one family's effort to avoid the ethanol boom and save their grassland.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://journalstar.com/sports/local/outdoors/grasslands-under-siege-in-the-plains/article_7bcf969e-0fea-59ee-ba77-8ca1c1eb3023.html\">This editorial from Peter Berthelsen of Pheasants Forever published by the Lincoln Journal Star on December 29, 2013.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"While prairie is converted to cropland at a breakneck pace, one conservation biologist in Nebraska is finding an alternative way to jog the collective memory of the Great Plains landscape. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442704072,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":true,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":1185},"headData":{"title":"Searching for Memories on an Altered Landscape | KQED","description":"While prairie is converted to cropland at a breakneck pace, one conservation biologist in Nebraska is finding an alternative way to jog the collective memory of the Great Plains landscape. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Searching for Memories on an Altered Landscape","datePublished":"2014-02-06T15:00:22.000Z","dateModified":"2015-09-19T23:07:52.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"60576 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=60576","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/02/06/searching-for-a-new-perspective-of-an-altered-landscape/","disqusTitle":"Searching for Memories on an Altered Landscape","path":"/quest/60576/searching-for-a-new-perspective-of-an-altered-landscape","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you’re old enough to have childhood memories, chances are you’re old enough to have witnessed a land use change. Maybe the woods behind your parents’ home has morphed into rows of new houses. Maybe the creek where you caught your first fish now boasts a parking lot for a big box store. Maybe a particularly picturesque farmstead is now a collection of crumbling structures engulfed by overgrown weeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These landscape changes come big and small, and often so gradually that they go unnoticed. That said, many long-time residents of the Great Plains can and will tell you this much: where they once saw diverse prairie habitats, they now see cropland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies examining recent rates of grassland, wetland, and shrubland loss in the country’s midsection have revealed head-turning statistics. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3593829/#!po=31.2500\">research report\u003c/a> published by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/site/aboutpnas/index.xhtml\">\u003cstrong>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\u003c/strong> (PNAS)\u003c/a> in March 2013 concluded that grassland-to-cropland conversion rates across “significant portions of the US Western Corn Belt” from 2001 to 2011 were similar to rates of rainforest conversion in Brazil, Malaysia, and Indonesia during the 1980s and 1990s (1.0 to 5.4 percent annually).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report also suggested that, especially in Nebraska, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Click%20on%20image%20to%20zoom&p=PMC3&id=3593829_pnas.1215404110fig04.jpg\">noticeable fraction of the conversion occurs on marginal lands\u003c/a> that are poorly suited for crop production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Culprits, victims, and beneficiaries of this habitat loss are somewhat debatable, but what is uncontestable is the reality that the Great Plains’ landscapes have been drastically altered over the last century and a half. What was once a grassy wilderness is now a vast agro-industrial zone -- a place where the landscape struggles to support both biodiversity and the crop-based commodities that our times demand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not news to \u003ca href=\"http://snr.unl.edu/powell/\">Larkin Powell\u003c/a>, a professor of conservation biology and wildlife ecology at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Since his childhood days on a family farm in rural Iowa, Powell has been taking notice of the landscape changes around him -- and how easy it is to forget how things used to be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66781\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 336px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Kearney_fromnorthhill1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66781 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Kearney_fromnorthhill1-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Views of Kearney, Nebraska from the north hill. I’m always looking for evidence of landscape change. The amount of change to our urban areas is significant—especially in the amount of trees in our towns and cities. This series of images followed by a photo I took in 2013 is an effective reminder that Nebraska’s urban areas have grown and changed their landscapes at the same time the rural landscape has changed. (Caption by Larkin Powell. Top two photos: Buffalo County Historical Society Collection. Bottom photo: Larkin Powell.) \" width=\"336\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click the photo for more information. (\u003cem>Buffalo County Historical Society Collection\u003c/em>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We drive around on our landscapes today and we’re only familiar with what we see today,” said Powell, who added, “We can kind of remember what was there last week. There’s this ‘landscape perception’ field of study that suggests that people don’t do well -- in our brains -- of keeping track of little changes that happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Powell these often forgettable landscape changes have resulted in big impacts on everything from local biodiversity to human diets to cultural and societal features like architecture, hobbies, and rural populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of Powell’s professional research is focused on the behaviors and what he calls the “life history” of prairie wildlife in changing landscapes. And while the data he gathers are useful from a scientific perspective, they don’t always help the public visualize -- or care about -- the tangible impacts of human activities on natural landscapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, more recently, Powell has set off on an effort to gather something else: the collective memories of prairie life. Specifically, he scours county historical societies and the Nebraska State Historical Museum archives for photographs and articles from relatively recent but nonetheless forgotten times. The end result will be a book that “makes people reflect a little bit, at least,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66776\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 327px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/10200v_SButcher_LofC_CliffTableNE_sodhouse_largeelkantlers1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66776 \" style=\"margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/10200v_SButcher_LofC_CliffTableNE_sodhouse_largeelkantlers1-467x360.jpg\" alt=\"Solomon Butcher photographed many pioneer families in Custer County prior to 1901. I like to look at the objects this family chose to present for the photographer. Were they sending a message to their relatives back East? Did the presence of elk antlers (no longer found in Custer County) tell their family and friends “we’ve got enough to eat”? (Caption by Larkin Powell. Photo by Solomon Butcher; Library of Congress Collection.)\" width=\"327\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A family portrait from Custer County, Nebraska from sometime before 1901. Click the photo for more information. (\u003cem>Photo by Solomon Butcher; Library of Congress Collection\u003c/em>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A portrait of homesteaders showing off a stack of elk antlers where elk no longer exist; a photo of a butcher selling pronghorn for Christmas dinners; an image of a farmer installing an irrigation system with his sons; aerial photographs of farmsteads morphing into fields of row crops over time -- together these images become a biography of the landscape over the last 150 years, a recorded history of human pursuits and the way in which they have affected other species on the prairie. The goal is to fill in the gaps of memory loss, to “make cross-connections,” said Powell, between our behaviors and some of their unnoticed repercussions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve slowly been converting grasslands to cropland or modifying the way we farm, slowly over time,” he said. “So the question right now is, if that speed of conversion has gone up like statistics suggest, are we close to a tipping point with some of these species?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent flight to the Sandhills of western Nebraska, Powell said he looked out the window of the plane and wondered, “If I were a pheasant or a meadowlark…where would I go?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Powell’s project is coming together under the working title “The Best of Intentions,” which he said he chose because it’s important to acknowledge that people don’t alter the landscape because they have ill intentions for wildlife. It happens, he said, “out of the necessity to meet demands, and out of the desire to support a family.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I really think that sometimes -- as people who are interested in conservation -- we have a tendency to kind of point fingers and say, ‘Why don’t they get it?’” Powell said. “The point of it is, it just happens. It’s not a pointing-fingers book. This is what we’ve done as a society, and there are things that will happen, and this is how our landscape changes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Powell believes that the photographs and stories he has found could help landowners to recall the slow progression of changes that have impacted their land. “You can sit down with somebody and look at what the land looked like on their place and they’ll be like, ‘Yeah, I guess it really has changed more than I thought it did.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Will it alter the course of the future? I’m not sure,” said Powell. “But I think it makes us think, at least a little bit, about the impact we can have on the landscape. Learning from the past, learning from our history, looking at our landscape in a new way helps us see a future we might not have thought of.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Click a thumbnail below to open a slideshow of photographs and captions from Powell's collection.\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"gallery","attributes":{"named":{"columns":"2","link":"file","ids":"66788,66789,66791,66779,66780,66787,66784,66786","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See also:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/21/us/setting-the-table-for-a-fluttering-comeback-with-milkweed.html?_r=0\">A New York Times article with information about monarch butterfly conservation efforts as their food supply diminishes on the prairie.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://harvestpublicmedia.org/article/farmers-plowing-more-and-more-prairie\">This article from Harvest Public Media describing the loss of prairie to agricultural pursuits, and one family's effort to avoid the ethanol boom and save their grassland.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://journalstar.com/sports/local/outdoors/grasslands-under-siege-in-the-plains/article_7bcf969e-0fea-59ee-ba77-8ca1c1eb3023.html\">This editorial from Peter Berthelsen of Pheasants Forever published by the Lincoln Journal Star on December 29, 2013.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/60576/searching-for-a-new-perspective-of-an-altered-landscape","authors":["10447"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_6","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_85","quest_326","quest_702","quest_733","quest_1023","quest_1073","quest_12269","quest_10353","quest_1374","quest_12594","quest_12591","quest_12590","quest_12586","quest_12588","quest_12596","quest_12593","quest_12511","quest_3929","quest_10388","quest_12595","quest_12589","quest_2187","quest_12587","quest_2349","quest_12354","quest_12592","quest_2844","quest_12598","quest_12597","quest_10511","quest_3155"],"featImg":"quest_66823","label":"quest"},"quest_20063":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_20063","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"20063","score":null,"sort":[1310595626000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"bioplastic-boom","title":"Bioplastic Boom","publishDate":1310595626,"format":"audio","headTitle":"Recycling in America | QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":9815,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/07/2011-7-15-quest-nebraska-bioplastic.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\n\u003cstrong>Companies like Coca-Cola, Pepsi, and Heinz ketchup have determined that plastic made from plants -- not oil -- makes sense both for the environment and for business. The growing demand has meant a boom in the bioplastic industry. Could this mean the end of the plastic bottle as we know it?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Corn_Field640.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Corn_Field640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Corn_Field640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-20086\">\u003c/a>In a cornfield west of Lincoln, Nebraska dark green stalks rise chest-high from the soil and wind around the hill in perfect rows. Sunlight flashes on the leaves as they brush against each other in a gust of wind. The field will produce thousands of bushels of corn to be used in products ranging from cattle feed and corn syrup to ethanol and even plastic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 75 miles away, at a facility near Blair, Nebraska a constant rushing sound comes from long tubes that lead to gleaming steel silos. It sounds like kernels of corn, but it is actually millions of small plastic pellets. The pellets are plastic resin – the raw material for everything from food containers to carpet. For the last 10 years, a company called \u003ca href=\"http://www.natureworksllc.com/\">Nature Works\u003c/a> has used corn, instead of oil or natural gas, to make “bioplastic” near Blair. Nature Works is partially owned by the giant ag corporation, Cargill, and makes more bioplastic than any company in the world. Steve Bray is Director of Manufacturing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The capacity of the plant is 300 million pounds of polymer per year,” Bray said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bioplastic plant has not yet reached that capacity, but it is getting close.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the first three years of operation we saw triple-digit growth,” he said. “Almost every year it’s been double-digit growth. When the worldwide economy fell in 2008-2009 that slowed us down, but even then we had growth. Now that the economy is coming back we’re seeing very strong growth again.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nature Works production grew in the range of 20-30% in the last year. That kind of growth is happening across the bioplastic industry. Kent Furst is an analyst with the market research firm, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.freedoniagroup.com/\">Freedonia Group\u003c/a>, based in Cleveland. He says even traditional plastic makers are investing bioplastic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Whether you look at it in pounds or dollars, it’s really growing very fast,” Furst said. “We expect the industry to double in size in the next 3 or 4 years.”\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/NatureWorks_Ingeo_Pellets640.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/NatureWorks_Ingeo_Pellets640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"NatureWorks_Ingeo_Pellets640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-20084\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nThat kind of growth is impressive, but bioplastics are actually less than 1 percent of the overall plastics market. Still, Furst says bioplastics are beating even the most optimistic forecasts. So why are companies using more bioplastic now? Furst says consumer interest is part of it. More people are shopping for sustainability. But it is the price of oil that is making it affordable for manufacturers to make the switch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With the price of oil and natural gas in the early part of the last decade being so low, you didn’t see as much actual market interest in bioplastics,” Furst said. “But as the price of oil and natural gas rose in the later part of the decade I think that’s when you saw how fast bioplastics could be competitive with conventional plastics on price.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Searching the shelves of a supermarket in Lincoln, Nebraska it is still difficult to find bioplastic, but a couple examples show how some major corporations are beginning to buy in. A bag of Sun Chips is made by Frito-Lay, which is owned by \u003ca href=\"http://www.plasticsnews.com/headlines2.html?id=21416&q=coca+cola+heinz\">Pepsi Co\u003c/a>. The bag is made from Nature Works bioplastic, so both the container and the food inside are made of corn. Pepsi also announced that it is developing a 100% plant-based soda bottle. An Odwalla juice bottle made by Pepsi’s rival, \u003ca href=\"http://www.plasticsnews.com/headlines2.html?id=21787&q=COCA+COLA\">Coca-Cola\u003c/a>, is made with bioplastic from the Brazilian company, Braskem. They make plastic from sugar cane. Coke also announced it is coming out with a soda bottle that is 30% bioplastic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not all biplastics are made equal and that could start to cause some problems as they become more common. Paul Fowler, Executive Director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.uwsp.edu/WIST/index.aspx\">Wisconsin Institute for Sustainable Technology\u003c/a>, describes a growing bioplastics divide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Bioplastic could mean that the material is biodegradable, or it could mean that it’s bio-based, or it could mean that it’s both,” Fowler said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The differences in chemistry among bioplastics mean that some plant-based containers are biodegradable but hard to recycle. Others are easy to recycle but do not biodegrade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take, for instance, the Sun Chips bag made from Nature Works bioplastic, called PLA for polylactic acid. What sets PLA apart is that it is completely biodegradable, in the right conditions. But not many recyclers handle PLA because it can contaminate the traditional recycling stream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Bioplastic_packaging640.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-20053\" title=\"Bioplastic_packaging640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Bioplastic_packaging640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Odwalla bottle on the other hand is made from Braskem bioplastic. It is made from sugar, but after it has been used it is no different from a bottle made from oil. It can be recycled almost anywhere in the country, but it does not biodegrade. So to compost or recycle? Fowler says there is room for both.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you consider the landscape for all the various products that are made from plastics, then there is a space for everyone within that landscape,” Fowler said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Fowler says it does leave consumers with a lot to learn. As more bioplastic shows up on grocery store shelves, sustainable minded consumers will need to be prepared to choose from new shades of green.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links: \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.plasticsnews.com/headlines2.html?id=21732&q=ingeo\">Nature Works picks Asia for second bioplastic\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.europeanplasticsnews.com/subscriber/newscat2.html?cat=1&channel=620&id=1298281829\">Nestle looks at bioplastic\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.biopolymersummit.com/biopolymers-symposium-agenda.aspx\">2011 Biopolymers Symposium\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Companies like Coca-Cola, Pepsi, and Heinz ketchup have determined that plastic made from plants -- not oil -- makes sense both for the environment and for business. The growing demand has meant a boom in the bioplastic industry. Could this mean the end of the plastic bottle as we know it?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1321646195,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":965},"headData":{"title":"Bioplastic Boom | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Bioplastic Boom","datePublished":"2011-07-13T22:20:26.000Z","dateModified":"2011-11-18T19:56:35.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"20063 http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/bioplastic-boom/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/13/bioplastic-boom/","disqusTitle":"Bioplastic Boom","path":"/quest/20063/bioplastic-boom","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/07/2011-7-15-quest-nebraska-bioplastic.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/07/2011-7-15-quest-nebraska-bioplastic.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\n\u003cstrong>Companies like Coca-Cola, Pepsi, and Heinz ketchup have determined that plastic made from plants -- not oil -- makes sense both for the environment and for business. The growing demand has meant a boom in the bioplastic industry. Could this mean the end of the plastic bottle as we know it?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Corn_Field640.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Corn_Field640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Corn_Field640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-20086\">\u003c/a>In a cornfield west of Lincoln, Nebraska dark green stalks rise chest-high from the soil and wind around the hill in perfect rows. Sunlight flashes on the leaves as they brush against each other in a gust of wind. The field will produce thousands of bushels of corn to be used in products ranging from cattle feed and corn syrup to ethanol and even plastic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 75 miles away, at a facility near Blair, Nebraska a constant rushing sound comes from long tubes that lead to gleaming steel silos. It sounds like kernels of corn, but it is actually millions of small plastic pellets. The pellets are plastic resin – the raw material for everything from food containers to carpet. For the last 10 years, a company called \u003ca href=\"http://www.natureworksllc.com/\">Nature Works\u003c/a> has used corn, instead of oil or natural gas, to make “bioplastic” near Blair. Nature Works is partially owned by the giant ag corporation, Cargill, and makes more bioplastic than any company in the world. Steve Bray is Director of Manufacturing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The capacity of the plant is 300 million pounds of polymer per year,” Bray said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bioplastic plant has not yet reached that capacity, but it is getting close.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the first three years of operation we saw triple-digit growth,” he said. “Almost every year it’s been double-digit growth. When the worldwide economy fell in 2008-2009 that slowed us down, but even then we had growth. Now that the economy is coming back we’re seeing very strong growth again.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nature Works production grew in the range of 20-30% in the last year. That kind of growth is happening across the bioplastic industry. Kent Furst is an analyst with the market research firm, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.freedoniagroup.com/\">Freedonia Group\u003c/a>, based in Cleveland. He says even traditional plastic makers are investing bioplastic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Whether you look at it in pounds or dollars, it’s really growing very fast,” Furst said. “We expect the industry to double in size in the next 3 or 4 years.”\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/NatureWorks_Ingeo_Pellets640.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/NatureWorks_Ingeo_Pellets640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"NatureWorks_Ingeo_Pellets640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-20084\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nThat kind of growth is impressive, but bioplastics are actually less than 1 percent of the overall plastics market. Still, Furst says bioplastics are beating even the most optimistic forecasts. So why are companies using more bioplastic now? Furst says consumer interest is part of it. More people are shopping for sustainability. But it is the price of oil that is making it affordable for manufacturers to make the switch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With the price of oil and natural gas in the early part of the last decade being so low, you didn’t see as much actual market interest in bioplastics,” Furst said. “But as the price of oil and natural gas rose in the later part of the decade I think that’s when you saw how fast bioplastics could be competitive with conventional plastics on price.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Searching the shelves of a supermarket in Lincoln, Nebraska it is still difficult to find bioplastic, but a couple examples show how some major corporations are beginning to buy in. A bag of Sun Chips is made by Frito-Lay, which is owned by \u003ca href=\"http://www.plasticsnews.com/headlines2.html?id=21416&q=coca+cola+heinz\">Pepsi Co\u003c/a>. The bag is made from Nature Works bioplastic, so both the container and the food inside are made of corn. Pepsi also announced that it is developing a 100% plant-based soda bottle. An Odwalla juice bottle made by Pepsi’s rival, \u003ca href=\"http://www.plasticsnews.com/headlines2.html?id=21787&q=COCA+COLA\">Coca-Cola\u003c/a>, is made with bioplastic from the Brazilian company, Braskem. They make plastic from sugar cane. Coke also announced it is coming out with a soda bottle that is 30% bioplastic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not all biplastics are made equal and that could start to cause some problems as they become more common. Paul Fowler, Executive Director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.uwsp.edu/WIST/index.aspx\">Wisconsin Institute for Sustainable Technology\u003c/a>, describes a growing bioplastics divide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Bioplastic could mean that the material is biodegradable, or it could mean that it’s bio-based, or it could mean that it’s both,” Fowler said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The differences in chemistry among bioplastics mean that some plant-based containers are biodegradable but hard to recycle. Others are easy to recycle but do not biodegrade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take, for instance, the Sun Chips bag made from Nature Works bioplastic, called PLA for polylactic acid. What sets PLA apart is that it is completely biodegradable, in the right conditions. But not many recyclers handle PLA because it can contaminate the traditional recycling stream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Bioplastic_packaging640.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-20053\" title=\"Bioplastic_packaging640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Bioplastic_packaging640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Odwalla bottle on the other hand is made from Braskem bioplastic. It is made from sugar, but after it has been used it is no different from a bottle made from oil. It can be recycled almost anywhere in the country, but it does not biodegrade. So to compost or recycle? Fowler says there is room for both.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you consider the landscape for all the various products that are made from plastics, then there is a space for everyone within that landscape,” Fowler said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Fowler says it does leave consumers with a lot to learn. As more bioplastic shows up on grocery store shelves, sustainable minded consumers will need to be prepared to choose from new shades of green.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links: \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.plasticsnews.com/headlines2.html?id=21732&q=ingeo\">Nature Works picks Asia for second bioplastic\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.europeanplasticsnews.com/subscriber/newscat2.html?cat=1&channel=620&id=1298281829\">Nestle looks at bioplastic\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.biopolymersummit.com/biopolymers-symposium-agenda.aspx\">2011 Biopolymers Symposium\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/20063/bioplastic-boom","authors":["10231"],"series":["quest_9815"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_9788","quest_9789","quest_9790","quest_9791","quest_9792","quest_9793","quest_9794","quest_702","quest_9795","quest_9796","quest_9797","quest_3930","quest_9798","quest_9799","quest_9800","quest_3289","quest_9801","quest_9802"],"featImg":"quest_20053","label":"quest_9815"},"quest_516":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_516","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"516","score":null,"sort":[1207683999000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"producers-notes-biofuels-beyond-ethanol","title":"Producer's Notes - Biofuels: Beyond Ethanol","publishDate":1207683999,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>It doesn't need to be said that there's a heated debate about how to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions with actions that lessen our society's carbon footprint. Biofuels like ethanol or biodiesel are one option. They're touted as being carbon neutral because the CO2 they emit comes from crops which had previously sequestered them in the atmosphere. In contrast, petroleum produces CO2 emissions that had previously been buried deep in the earth's crust, adding to the other green house gases in the environment. For example, the U.S. Department of Energy - citing research by the Argonne National Laboratory – states that \u003ca href=\"http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/fuels/ethanol_benefits.html\" target=\"_blank\">ethanol derived from corn emits 25% less\u003c/a> greenhouse gas emissions than petroleum and that the savings with cellulosic ethanol, made from a feedstock like switchgrass, are much higher, in effect producing no additional greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So when QUEST decided to move forward on producing a story about biofuels, I welcomed the opportunity to assist Series Producer Josh Rosen in its crafting. Being QUEST, we weren't content to merely renumerate the different kinds of biofuels and how cellulosic ethanol is more efficient than corn-based ethanol. Instead, our story focuses on the pioneering work being done by researchers affiliated with the \u003ca href=\"http://jbei.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Joint BioEnergy Initiative\u003c/a> (JBEI), a multi-billion dollar research initiative based in Emeryville, as they look beyond ethanol to the next generation of biofuels. So not only is JBEI looking at various feedstocks like switchgrass, rice, poplar and innovative ways to “deconstruct” the cellulosic material, it also attempts to synthesize fuels that work more efficiently in America's automotive fleet, still overwhelmingly reliant on gasoline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even top researchers at JBEI like Jay Keasling and Blake Simmons caution that this next generation of biofuels won't be coming online for years. Moreover, new research suggests that the net production cycle of biofuels, from the clear-cutting of trees to grow the crops to their transport to markets far away, may yield as many or more emissions as the use of petroleum-based fuel. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/02/13/EDGEV10VF.DTL\" target=\"_blank\">A recent Op-Ed piece \u003c/a>in the San Francisco Chronicle by UC Berkeley Alex Farrell cites the reason for this as primarily one of production-- the way we clear land for growing biofuels, as well as our emphasis on the use of food-based crops like corn and soybean, which aren't terribly efficient sources of ethanol to begin with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tad Patzek, also at UC Berkeley, has been an ardent critic of the carbon-neutral reputation of biofuels, garnering controversy for conducting studies that some other researchers have criticized for their calculations of emissions arising from biofuel production. (See Patzek's co-authored article on page 19 of the March 2007 edition of Energy Tribune). Earlier this year, \u003ca href=\"http://www.stri.org/english/about_stri/headline_news/news/article.php?id=740\" target=\"_blank\">a study by researchers at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute\u003c/a> suggests that biofuels are not created equal, as those made from U.S. corn, Malaysian palm oil and Brazilian soy yield more emissions than their petroleum-based counterparts, given the environmental damage they reap when grown for fuel. The study cites recycled cooking oil and biofuel made from grassy and woody cellulosic material as being more intelligent choices for cutting down on emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And so the debate continues, struggling to keep pace with the technological progress made by scientists toiling away in their quest to find the holy grail of an efficient, cheap and environmentally-friendly biofuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Biofuels like ethanol or biodiesel are one option for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457969188,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":7,"wordCount":568},"headData":{"title":"Producer's Notes - Biofuels: Beyond Ethanol | KQED","description":"Biofuels like ethanol or biodiesel are one option for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Producer's Notes - Biofuels: Beyond Ethanol","datePublished":"2008-04-08T19:46:39.000Z","dateModified":"2016-03-14T15:26:28.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"516 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2008/04/08/producers-notes-biofuels-beyond-ethanol/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/04/08/producers-notes-biofuels-beyond-ethanol/","disqusTitle":"Producer's Notes - Biofuels: Beyond Ethanol","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RoUJaeFbVhM","path":"/quest/516/producers-notes-biofuels-beyond-ethanol","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It doesn't need to be said that there's a heated debate about how to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions with actions that lessen our society's carbon footprint. Biofuels like ethanol or biodiesel are one option. They're touted as being carbon neutral because the CO2 they emit comes from crops which had previously sequestered them in the atmosphere. In contrast, petroleum produces CO2 emissions that had previously been buried deep in the earth's crust, adding to the other green house gases in the environment. For example, the U.S. Department of Energy - citing research by the Argonne National Laboratory – states that \u003ca href=\"http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/fuels/ethanol_benefits.html\" target=\"_blank\">ethanol derived from corn emits 25% less\u003c/a> greenhouse gas emissions than petroleum and that the savings with cellulosic ethanol, made from a feedstock like switchgrass, are much higher, in effect producing no additional greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So when QUEST decided to move forward on producing a story about biofuels, I welcomed the opportunity to assist Series Producer Josh Rosen in its crafting. Being QUEST, we weren't content to merely renumerate the different kinds of biofuels and how cellulosic ethanol is more efficient than corn-based ethanol. Instead, our story focuses on the pioneering work being done by researchers affiliated with the \u003ca href=\"http://jbei.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Joint BioEnergy Initiative\u003c/a> (JBEI), a multi-billion dollar research initiative based in Emeryville, as they look beyond ethanol to the next generation of biofuels. So not only is JBEI looking at various feedstocks like switchgrass, rice, poplar and innovative ways to “deconstruct” the cellulosic material, it also attempts to synthesize fuels that work more efficiently in America's automotive fleet, still overwhelmingly reliant on gasoline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even top researchers at JBEI like Jay Keasling and Blake Simmons caution that this next generation of biofuels won't be coming online for years. Moreover, new research suggests that the net production cycle of biofuels, from the clear-cutting of trees to grow the crops to their transport to markets far away, may yield as many or more emissions as the use of petroleum-based fuel. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/02/13/EDGEV10VF.DTL\" target=\"_blank\">A recent Op-Ed piece \u003c/a>in the San Francisco Chronicle by UC Berkeley Alex Farrell cites the reason for this as primarily one of production-- the way we clear land for growing biofuels, as well as our emphasis on the use of food-based crops like corn and soybean, which aren't terribly efficient sources of ethanol to begin with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tad Patzek, also at UC Berkeley, has been an ardent critic of the carbon-neutral reputation of biofuels, garnering controversy for conducting studies that some other researchers have criticized for their calculations of emissions arising from biofuel production. (See Patzek's co-authored article on page 19 of the March 2007 edition of Energy Tribune). Earlier this year, \u003ca href=\"http://www.stri.org/english/about_stri/headline_news/news/article.php?id=740\" target=\"_blank\">a study by researchers at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute\u003c/a> suggests that biofuels are not created equal, as those made from U.S. corn, Malaysian palm oil and Brazilian soy yield more emissions than their petroleum-based counterparts, given the environmental damage they reap when grown for fuel. The study cites recycled cooking oil and biofuel made from grassy and woody cellulosic material as being more intelligent choices for cutting down on emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And so the debate continues, struggling to keep pace with the technological progress made by scientists toiling away in their quest to find the holy grail of an efficient, cheap and environmentally-friendly biofuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/516/producers-notes-biofuels-beyond-ethanol","authors":["6176"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_5","quest_11765","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_54","quest_328","quest_438","quest_529","quest_637","quest_702","quest_984","quest_1023","quest_1224","quest_1272","quest_3351","quest_1586","quest_1630","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_2856","quest_2893"],"featImg":"quest_517","label":"quest"},"quest_469":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_469","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"469","score":null,"sort":[1205450719000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"seed-banking-saving-both-agri-and-culture","title":"Seed banking: saving both agri- and -culture","publishDate":1205450719,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It's more than the genes that feed us.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/03/blog_corn.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>Some have dubbed it the \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/discussion/2008/02/26/DI2008022601020.html\">doomsday vault\u003c/a>\"; others, taking a more positive tone, call it a repository of biodiversity. However you look at it, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.croptrust.org/main/arctic.php?itemid=211\">Global Seed Vault\u003c/a> is a fortress. Buried under almost 500 feet of Arctic permafrost, secured against bomb blasts, earthquakes, and potential thieves, this massive seed bank, which will ultimately include samples of a large portion of the world's plant varieties, is our high-tech hope for preserving the genetic diversity that underlies the world's food supply. But despite its scope, the seed vault isn't enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why a seed bank in the first place? Because industrial farming approaches have made what was once a plethora of diverse crops into something more like a set of monocultures, carefully bred to meet our standards for long distance travel, high yields, and resistance to bug and weed killers. Many scientists fear that climate change will threaten these crops, which provide us with a huge proportion of our food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To keep growing enough food, we'll have to breed new plant varieties that fare better in higher temperatures, or in depleted soil, or under whatever challenging conditions a particular crop faces. For that, plant breeders will need to tap the genetic diversity that exists among the many varieties of any given plant. A gene that makes one kind of rice grow well in sandy soil, for example, can be transferred to another kind of rice. This is why preserving each and every variety of plant food is essential to securing our food supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a seed bank, vital as it is, falls short. Why? Because how and what we eat is as much about who we are as it is about the seeds we put in the ground. We're missing something if we believe we're saving ourselves simply by saving seeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don't get me wrong: Genetic diversity in edible plants is the toolbox nature gives us to feed ourselves with, and preserving it by saving seeds is central to our ability to grow and develop new crops. But, as \u003ca href=\"http://www.michaelpollan.com/\">Michael Pollan\u003c/a> articulates in his latest book \u003cem>In Defense of Food\u003c/em>, the way we eat is attached to our cultures, beliefs, languages, and rituals. We learn about growing and eating food from people who came before us, and that knowledge is as important as the food itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The (necessary) sterility of a seed bank doesn't capture the messy, many-threaded ways in which food and agriculture are incorporated into a society. A seed bank doesn't preserve the knowledge of how to grow its precious population, or how farming crops cooperatively might produce different results than farming them individually, or even how to make the plants into edible dishes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If we want to ensure our food supply, we need to do more than freeze seeds. We need to also take careful notes about culture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I began thinking about this several years ago, when I had the privilege of visiting a seed bank operated by a group called \u003ca href=\"http://www.nativeseeds.org/v2/default.php\">Native Seeds/SEARCH\u003c/a>in Tucson, Arizona, when I was working on a piece about \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/gardening/control/seeds/index.html\">seed saving\u003c/a> for our Science of Gardening Web site. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nativeseeds.org/v2/default.php\">Native Seeds/SEARCH\u003c/a> Native Seeds/SEARCH (NS/S) was founded in 1983, when Native Americans in the region wanted to grow traditional crops and couldn't locate seeds. Since then, the organization has grown to include 4500 farmers and thousands of seed varieties developed by Native Americans in the Southwest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NS/S doesn't just save seeds: they save the knowledge that goes with them. NS/S farmers continually plant and grow handfuls of the seed bank's reserve, refreshing the seed stock and passing along knowledge of how to best grow a particular plant. NS/S employees also collect stories from and share knowledge with Native people in the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, I'm no farmer, but it seems to me that safeguarding both the \"agri-\" and \"-culture\" of plant varieties will help us get the most out of the seeds we've saved. Otherwise, we end up seeing the security of our food as little more than a sterile set of seeds stored in a deep freeze, ready to be accessed for answers when our old farming technologies get us in trouble. But feeding ourselves is hardly a sterile affair: we grow, prepare, and consume food in a complex context of environment and humanity. I, for one, think our tendency to dismiss that larger picture is what's gotten us into this biodiversity problem in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_robinm.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Robin Marks\u003c/strong> is a journalist and science writer who current serves as a Multimedia Projects Developer for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu\">Exploratorium\u003c/a> in San Francisco, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1366754306,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":788},"headData":{"title":"Seed banking: saving both agri- and -culture | KQED","description":"It's more than the genes that feed us. Some have dubbed it the "doomsday vault"; others, taking a more positive tone, call it a repository of biodiversity. However you look at it, the Global Seed Vault is a fortress. Buried under almost 500 feet of Arctic permafrost, secured against bomb blasts, earthquakes, and potential thieves,","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Seed banking: saving both agri- and -culture","datePublished":"2008-03-13T23:25:19.000Z","dateModified":"2013-04-23T21:58:26.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"469 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2008/03/13/seed-banking-saving-both-agri-and-culture/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/03/13/seed-banking-saving-both-agri-and-culture/","disqusTitle":"Seed banking: saving both agri- and -culture","path":"/quest/469/seed-banking-saving-both-agri-and-culture","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It's more than the genes that feed us.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/03/blog_corn.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>Some have dubbed it the \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/discussion/2008/02/26/DI2008022601020.html\">doomsday vault\u003c/a>\"; others, taking a more positive tone, call it a repository of biodiversity. However you look at it, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.croptrust.org/main/arctic.php?itemid=211\">Global Seed Vault\u003c/a> is a fortress. Buried under almost 500 feet of Arctic permafrost, secured against bomb blasts, earthquakes, and potential thieves, this massive seed bank, which will ultimately include samples of a large portion of the world's plant varieties, is our high-tech hope for preserving the genetic diversity that underlies the world's food supply. But despite its scope, the seed vault isn't enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why a seed bank in the first place? Because industrial farming approaches have made what was once a plethora of diverse crops into something more like a set of monocultures, carefully bred to meet our standards for long distance travel, high yields, and resistance to bug and weed killers. Many scientists fear that climate change will threaten these crops, which provide us with a huge proportion of our food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To keep growing enough food, we'll have to breed new plant varieties that fare better in higher temperatures, or in depleted soil, or under whatever challenging conditions a particular crop faces. For that, plant breeders will need to tap the genetic diversity that exists among the many varieties of any given plant. A gene that makes one kind of rice grow well in sandy soil, for example, can be transferred to another kind of rice. This is why preserving each and every variety of plant food is essential to securing our food supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a seed bank, vital as it is, falls short. Why? Because how and what we eat is as much about who we are as it is about the seeds we put in the ground. We're missing something if we believe we're saving ourselves simply by saving seeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don't get me wrong: Genetic diversity in edible plants is the toolbox nature gives us to feed ourselves with, and preserving it by saving seeds is central to our ability to grow and develop new crops. But, as \u003ca href=\"http://www.michaelpollan.com/\">Michael Pollan\u003c/a> articulates in his latest book \u003cem>In Defense of Food\u003c/em>, the way we eat is attached to our cultures, beliefs, languages, and rituals. We learn about growing and eating food from people who came before us, and that knowledge is as important as the food itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The (necessary) sterility of a seed bank doesn't capture the messy, many-threaded ways in which food and agriculture are incorporated into a society. A seed bank doesn't preserve the knowledge of how to grow its precious population, or how farming crops cooperatively might produce different results than farming them individually, or even how to make the plants into edible dishes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If we want to ensure our food supply, we need to do more than freeze seeds. We need to also take careful notes about culture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I began thinking about this several years ago, when I had the privilege of visiting a seed bank operated by a group called \u003ca href=\"http://www.nativeseeds.org/v2/default.php\">Native Seeds/SEARCH\u003c/a>in Tucson, Arizona, when I was working on a piece about \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/gardening/control/seeds/index.html\">seed saving\u003c/a> for our Science of Gardening Web site. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nativeseeds.org/v2/default.php\">Native Seeds/SEARCH\u003c/a> Native Seeds/SEARCH (NS/S) was founded in 1983, when Native Americans in the region wanted to grow traditional crops and couldn't locate seeds. Since then, the organization has grown to include 4500 farmers and thousands of seed varieties developed by Native Americans in the Southwest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NS/S doesn't just save seeds: they save the knowledge that goes with them. NS/S farmers continually plant and grow handfuls of the seed bank's reserve, refreshing the seed stock and passing along knowledge of how to best grow a particular plant. NS/S employees also collect stories from and share knowledge with Native people in the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, I'm no farmer, but it seems to me that safeguarding both the \"agri-\" and \"-culture\" of plant varieties will help us get the most out of the seeds we've saved. Otherwise, we end up seeing the security of our food as little more than a sterile set of seeds stored in a deep freeze, ready to be accessed for answers when our old farming technologies get us in trouble. But feeding ourselves is hardly a sterile affair: we grow, prepare, and consume food in a complex context of environment and humanity. I, for one, think our tendency to dismiss that larger picture is what's gotten us into this biodiversity problem in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_robinm.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Robin Marks\u003c/strong> is a journalist and science writer who current serves as a Multimedia Projects Developer for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu\">Exploratorium\u003c/a> in San Francisco, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/469/seed-banking-saving-both-agri-and-culture","authors":["10191"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_3229"],"tags":["quest_326","quest_13193","quest_702","quest_863","quest_13198","quest_1041","quest_1223","quest_3351","quest_1809","quest_1862","quest_2141","quest_2486","quest_2530","quest_2578","quest_2579","quest_13364"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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