How Do We Prioritize Protecting Species in the Face of Climate Change?
From the Top of the Space Needle: A New View on Carbon Emissions
Revitalizing Grasslands, One Steak at a Time
Triple Threat: Trees At Risk From Drought, Heat, And Fire
Fish Earbones Provide a Rare Glimpse into the Past and Future of Fisheries
Solar plane takes off on historic cross-country trip
Thousands March To Curb Climate Change
Scientists More Outspoken on Exteme Weather-Climate Links
Sponsored
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Whether it's a new study about rising sea levels, or a story exploring the link between \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/series/california-drought-watch/\" target=\"_blank\">California's drought\u003c/a> and global warming, climate change is a popular topic in the news and on social media. Navigating through all of the stories, and the science, can be a challenge. In order to help students understand the science of climate change, KQED, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">University of California Museum of Paleontology\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"https://energy.stanford.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Precourt Institute for Energy\u003c/a> at Stanford University have partnered on a new \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\" target=\"_blank\">iBooks Textbook series and iTunes U course\u003c/a>, called \u003cstrong>Clue into Climate\u003c/strong>. The four-part series explores the causes of climate change, its impacts on freshwater and ecosystems, and strategies for curbing and adapting to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“KQED’s climate e-books couldn’t have been published at a better time for educators and students,” says Robin Mencher, director of education and media learning for KQED. “They offer a real-life, media-rich experience of what climate change looks like on the ground and what can be done to stem its effects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/MH_still_WP.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-73373\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/MH_still_WP-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"MH_still_WP\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each e-book in the series begins with a short video that tells a story about climate change in California, and then delves into the science through additional videos, audio stories, interactives, animations and text. The books also feature \u003ca href=\"http://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/collection/career-spotlight/\" target=\"_blank\">career spotlight videos\u003c/a>, highlighting people working on climate change issues — from climate modeling to researching how trees are being affected by climate change. Middle- and high-school students across the country can engage in discussion about climate change topics via Twitter through a social media activity included in each book, called “\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/2014/10/01/how-do-we-prioritize-protecting-species-in-the-face-of-climate-change/\" target=\"_blank\">Do Now\u003c/a>.” There are also opportunities for students to create and share their own media projects on climate change topics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73485\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 346px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/12/Evidence-of-a-Warming-Earth.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-73485\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/12/Evidence-of-a-Warming-Earth-346x253.png\" alt=\"How do we know the world is warming? This interactive explains some of the major indicators of climate change.\" width=\"346\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">How do we know the world is warming? This interactive explains some of the major indicators of climate change.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Responding to climate change involves many thousands of conversations around the world,” says Michael Mastrandrea, Co-Director of Science for Working Group II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. \"The KQED books put the science in clear, vibrant terms, inviting dialogue on risks in a changing climate and the opportunities for response.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An accompanying \u003cstrong>Clue into Climate\u003c/strong> iTunes U course brings together activities, videos, climate data and chapters from the books to give students an opportunity to examine climate change and look at impacts in their own communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both the book series and course are aligned with the the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nextgenscience.org/next-generation-science-standards\" target=\"_blank\">Next Generation Science Standards\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://cpo.noaa.gov/OutreachandEducation/ClimateLiteracy.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Climate Literacy: The Essential Principles of Climate Science\u003c/a>. The \u003cstrong>Clue into Climate\u003c/strong> iBooks Textbooks are available for iPads and Macs, and can be \u003ca href=\"http://itunes.com/kqed\" target=\"_blank\">downloaded for free\u003c/a> from the iBooks Store. Collections of media, including content from our e-books, can be found on the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/\" target=\"_blank\">QUEST\u003c/a> website.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Explore California’s drought, sea level rise, renewable energy and more at the touch of your finger tip! Clue into Climate is a new e-book series about the science behind climate change with interactive animations, infographics, videos and audio reports from KQED and its partners.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1473183607,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":478},"headData":{"title":"Climate Change: Beyond the Headlines | KQED","description":"Explore California’s drought, sea level rise, renewable energy and more at the touch of your finger tip! Clue into Climate is a new e-book series about the science behind climate change with interactive animations, infographics, videos and audio reports from KQED and its partners.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"73457 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=73457","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/12/03/climate-change-beyond-the-headlines/","disqusTitle":"Climate Change: Beyond the Headlines","path":"/quest/73457/climate-change-beyond-the-headlines","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/12/Clue-into-Climate-image-640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-73468\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/12/Clue-into-Climate-image-640x360-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"CC_book_post2\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stories about climate change are in the news just about every day. Whether it's a new study about rising sea levels, or a story exploring the link between \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/series/california-drought-watch/\" target=\"_blank\">California's drought\u003c/a> and global warming, climate change is a popular topic in the news and on social media. Navigating through all of the stories, and the science, can be a challenge. In order to help students understand the science of climate change, KQED, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">University of California Museum of Paleontology\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"https://energy.stanford.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Precourt Institute for Energy\u003c/a> at Stanford University have partnered on a new \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\" target=\"_blank\">iBooks Textbook series and iTunes U course\u003c/a>, called \u003cstrong>Clue into Climate\u003c/strong>. The four-part series explores the causes of climate change, its impacts on freshwater and ecosystems, and strategies for curbing and adapting to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“KQED’s climate e-books couldn’t have been published at a better time for educators and students,” says Robin Mencher, director of education and media learning for KQED. “They offer a real-life, media-rich experience of what climate change looks like on the ground and what can be done to stem its effects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/MH_still_WP.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-73373\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/MH_still_WP-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"MH_still_WP\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each e-book in the series begins with a short video that tells a story about climate change in California, and then delves into the science through additional videos, audio stories, interactives, animations and text. The books also feature \u003ca href=\"http://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/collection/career-spotlight/\" target=\"_blank\">career spotlight videos\u003c/a>, highlighting people working on climate change issues — from climate modeling to researching how trees are being affected by climate change. Middle- and high-school students across the country can engage in discussion about climate change topics via Twitter through a social media activity included in each book, called “\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/2014/10/01/how-do-we-prioritize-protecting-species-in-the-face-of-climate-change/\" target=\"_blank\">Do Now\u003c/a>.” There are also opportunities for students to create and share their own media projects on climate change topics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73485\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 346px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/12/Evidence-of-a-Warming-Earth.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-73485\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/12/Evidence-of-a-Warming-Earth-346x253.png\" alt=\"How do we know the world is warming? This interactive explains some of the major indicators of climate change.\" width=\"346\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">How do we know the world is warming? This interactive explains some of the major indicators of climate change.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Responding to climate change involves many thousands of conversations around the world,” says Michael Mastrandrea, Co-Director of Science for Working Group II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. \"The KQED books put the science in clear, vibrant terms, inviting dialogue on risks in a changing climate and the opportunities for response.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An accompanying \u003cstrong>Clue into Climate\u003c/strong> iTunes U course brings together activities, videos, climate data and chapters from the books to give students an opportunity to examine climate change and look at impacts in their own communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both the book series and course are aligned with the the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nextgenscience.org/next-generation-science-standards\" target=\"_blank\">Next Generation Science Standards\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://cpo.noaa.gov/OutreachandEducation/ClimateLiteracy.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Climate Literacy: The Essential Principles of Climate Science\u003c/a>. The \u003cstrong>Clue into Climate\u003c/strong> iBooks Textbooks are available for iPads and Macs, and can be \u003ca href=\"http://itunes.com/kqed\" target=\"_blank\">downloaded for free\u003c/a> from the iBooks Store. Collections of media, including content from our e-books, can be found on the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/\" target=\"_blank\">QUEST\u003c/a> website.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/73457/climate-change-beyond-the-headlines","authors":["6170"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_13195","quest_621","quest_12946","quest_13110","quest_12269","quest_11194"],"collections":["quest_13355"],"featImg":"quest_73547","label":"quest_13355"},"quest_72141":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_72141","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"72141","score":null,"sort":[1412188497000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-do-we-prioritize-protecting-species-in-the-face-of-climate-change","title":"How Do We Prioritize Protecting Species in the Face of Climate Change?","publishDate":1412188497,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"education"},"content":"\u003cp>Source: \u003ca title=\"How Do We Prioritize Protecting Species in the Face of Climate Change?\" href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/2014/10/01/how-do-we-prioritize-protecting-species-in-the-face-of-climate-change/\" target=\"_blank\">DoNow Science\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"From KQED Education Do Now: The Earth is warming. Since the early 20th Century, the global average temperature has increased approximately 1.4°F. How do we balance protecting species with human interests in dealing with and adapting to climate change? What do we prioritize?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1412196862,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":3,"wordCount":5},"headData":{"title":"How Do We Prioritize Protecting Species in the Face of Climate Change? | KQED","description":"From KQED Education Do Now: The Earth is warming. Since the early 20th Century, the global average temperature has increased approximately 1.4°F. How do we balance protecting species with human interests in dealing with and adapting to climate change? What do we prioritize?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"72141 http://science.kqed.org/quest?p=72141&preview_id=72141","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/10/01/how-do-we-prioritize-protecting-species-in-the-face-of-climate-change/","disqusTitle":"How Do We Prioritize Protecting Species in the Face of Climate Change?","redirect":{"type":"external","url":"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/2014/10/01/how-do-we-prioritize-protecting-species-in-the-face-of-climate-change/"},"rssmiSourceLink":"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/2014/10/01/how-do-we-prioritize-protecting-species-in-the-face-of-climate-change/","path":"/quest/72141/how-do-we-prioritize-protecting-species-in-the-face-of-climate-change","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Source: \u003ca title=\"How Do We Prioritize Protecting Species in the Face of Climate Change?\" href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/2014/10/01/how-do-we-prioritize-protecting-species-in-the-face-of-climate-change/\" target=\"_blank\">DoNow Science\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/2014/10/01/how-do-we-prioritize-protecting-species-in-the-face-of-climate-change/","authors":["6170"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_13195","quest_621","quest_13198","quest_12269","quest_12289"],"featImg":"quest_72142","label":"quest"},"quest_63112":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_63112","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"63112","score":null,"sort":[1392130851000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"from-the-top-of-the-space-needle-a-new-view-on-carbon-emissions","title":"From the Top of the Space Needle: A New View on Carbon Emissions","publishDate":1392130851,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>New York City made headlines this year with the news that its greenhouse gas emissions dropped by \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/30/us-newyorkcity-climate-idUSBRE9BT0QN20131230\">nearly 20 percent\u003c/a> over the past decade. Other \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/statelocalclimate/local/local-examples/action-plans.html\">cities and communities nationwide are also developing climate action plans\u003c/a> to reduce carbon dioxide (CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>) levels, but how will they measure their success?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66638\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 292px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284.png\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66638 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284.png\" alt=\"Stacy installing monitor\" width=\"292\" height=\"283\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284.png 2414w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284-400x387.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284-800x774.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284-1440x1394.png 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284-1180x1142.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284-960x929.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284-32x32.png 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 292px) 100vw, 292px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stacy Maenner and Chris Sabine helped install the CO2 monitor on top of the Space Needle. Photo courtesy of NOAA.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Off the foggy coast of the Pacific Ocean near Aberdeen, Washington, a small monitor sits on a buoy quietly measuring atmospheric CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>. Its sister, a monitor high atop Seattle's iconic Space Needle, does the same. The two monitors create a picture of the carbon emissions generated by our region's population. These monitors allow scientists -- and the public -- to see daily, monthly, and seasonal highs and lows in carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seven years ago scientists in Seattle installed this innovative system, which lets them analyze real-time data of changing atmospheric CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> levels and share this information with the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Washington, a state that relies primarily on hydroelectricity to fuel industry, carbon emissions come largely from transportation, industry and residential buildings. This contrasts with most parts of the country, where carbon comes mostly from power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66644\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 363px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66644 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-Emissions-Mobile.png.png\" alt=\"WA Emissions Mobile.png\" width=\"363\" height=\"281\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-Emissions-Mobile.png.png 1600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-Emissions-Mobile.png-400x309.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-Emissions-Mobile.png-800x618.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-Emissions-Mobile.png-1440x1112.png 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-Emissions-Mobile.png-1180x912.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-Emissions-Mobile.png-960x742.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 363px) 100vw, 363px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This map shows \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/WA+State+Emissions\">Washington State Emissions\u003c/a> from transportation sources. The dark red lines also correspond with Washington highways. Photo courtesy of Kevin Gurney. Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This makes Washington a perfect place for scientists to study the impacts of policy decisions on transportation, industrial and residential emissions, removing the influence of coal-burning power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Dr. Ellen Lettvin, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pacificsciencecenter.org/\">Pacific Science Center\u003c/a>'s Vice President for Science and Education, \"The Space Needle is tall enough and central enough to gather meaningful urban data about CO2, whereas the instrument on the buoy collects important observations of the remote marine environment.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With Dr. Christopher Sabine, Director of the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL), Lettvin arranged to install the Seattle \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/Methods+for+Space+Needle\">CO₂ monitoring station\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every five minutes, data from the Seattle monitor is collected and then summarized in daily, monthly, and seasonal graphs. The daily picture shows peaks at commute times, while the seasonal graphs show dips in the spring and summer when urban vegetation absorbs a portion of the CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>. But long-term results show a more disturbing trend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66646\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 744px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Seasonal-CO2.gif\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-66646 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Seasonal-CO2.gif\" alt=\"Seasonal CO2\" width=\"744\" height=\"312\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/Space+Needle\">PMEL's Seasonal CO2 graph\u003c/a> shows the CO2 emissions of the coast (green) and of downtown Seattle (blue). Photo courtesy of NOAA.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"The scary thing is that over the last seven years since we have been taking these measurements, the seasonal CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> low points keeps trending slightly higher each year due to human activity, in both the measurements from Seattle and from Aberdeen,\" says Lettvin. \"The CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> levels in our region keep climbing, year after year -- just as they are doing worldwide.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66639\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66639 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk.jpg\" alt=\"PSC kiosk\" width=\"250\" height=\"250\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-400x400.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-800x800.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-1440x1440.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-1180x1180.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-960x960.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-128x128.jpg 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pacific Science Center's shows data from the Space Needle's CO2 monitor. Photo courtesy of Pacific Science Center.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lettvin points out that businesses have much to gain from a better understanding of their CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> footprints, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fuel costs keep going up,” said Lettvin, “so if you’re a business or an individual, your CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> footprint is strongly related to the amount of money you are spending on fuel. Saving money and reducing our individual and collective contributions to climate change are both incentives to reducing energy use.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monitors like the one on top of the Space Needle help scientists understand the flow and flux of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> in major cities. Individuals, companies, and governments can now make more informed decisions about their emissions, and any progress toward climate mitigation will become clearer.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A CO2 monitor atop Seattle’s Space Needle supplies empirical data on the city's carbon emissions ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442703089,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":614},"headData":{"title":"From the Top of the Space Needle: A New View on Carbon Emissions | KQED","description":"A CO2 monitor atop Seattle’s Space Needle supplies empirical data on the city's carbon emissions ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"63112 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=63112","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/02/11/from-the-top-of-the-space-needle-a-new-view-on-carbon-emissions/","disqusTitle":"From the Top of the Space Needle: A New View on Carbon Emissions","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/63112/from-the-top-of-the-space-needle-a-new-view-on-carbon-emissions","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>New York City made headlines this year with the news that its greenhouse gas emissions dropped by \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/30/us-newyorkcity-climate-idUSBRE9BT0QN20131230\">nearly 20 percent\u003c/a> over the past decade. Other \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/statelocalclimate/local/local-examples/action-plans.html\">cities and communities nationwide are also developing climate action plans\u003c/a> to reduce carbon dioxide (CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>) levels, but how will they measure their success?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66638\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 292px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284.png\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66638 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284.png\" alt=\"Stacy installing monitor\" width=\"292\" height=\"283\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284.png 2414w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284-400x387.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284-800x774.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284-1440x1394.png 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284-1180x1142.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284-960x929.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284-32x32.png 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 292px) 100vw, 292px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stacy Maenner and Chris Sabine helped install the CO2 monitor on top of the Space Needle. Photo courtesy of NOAA.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Off the foggy coast of the Pacific Ocean near Aberdeen, Washington, a small monitor sits on a buoy quietly measuring atmospheric CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>. Its sister, a monitor high atop Seattle's iconic Space Needle, does the same. The two monitors create a picture of the carbon emissions generated by our region's population. These monitors allow scientists -- and the public -- to see daily, monthly, and seasonal highs and lows in carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seven years ago scientists in Seattle installed this innovative system, which lets them analyze real-time data of changing atmospheric CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> levels and share this information with the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Washington, a state that relies primarily on hydroelectricity to fuel industry, carbon emissions come largely from transportation, industry and residential buildings. This contrasts with most parts of the country, where carbon comes mostly from power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66644\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 363px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66644 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-Emissions-Mobile.png.png\" alt=\"WA Emissions Mobile.png\" width=\"363\" height=\"281\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-Emissions-Mobile.png.png 1600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-Emissions-Mobile.png-400x309.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-Emissions-Mobile.png-800x618.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-Emissions-Mobile.png-1440x1112.png 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-Emissions-Mobile.png-1180x912.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-Emissions-Mobile.png-960x742.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 363px) 100vw, 363px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This map shows \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/WA+State+Emissions\">Washington State Emissions\u003c/a> from transportation sources. The dark red lines also correspond with Washington highways. Photo courtesy of Kevin Gurney. Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This makes Washington a perfect place for scientists to study the impacts of policy decisions on transportation, industrial and residential emissions, removing the influence of coal-burning power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Dr. Ellen Lettvin, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pacificsciencecenter.org/\">Pacific Science Center\u003c/a>'s Vice President for Science and Education, \"The Space Needle is tall enough and central enough to gather meaningful urban data about CO2, whereas the instrument on the buoy collects important observations of the remote marine environment.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With Dr. Christopher Sabine, Director of the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL), Lettvin arranged to install the Seattle \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/Methods+for+Space+Needle\">CO₂ monitoring station\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every five minutes, data from the Seattle monitor is collected and then summarized in daily, monthly, and seasonal graphs. The daily picture shows peaks at commute times, while the seasonal graphs show dips in the spring and summer when urban vegetation absorbs a portion of the CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>. But long-term results show a more disturbing trend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66646\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 744px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Seasonal-CO2.gif\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-66646 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Seasonal-CO2.gif\" alt=\"Seasonal CO2\" width=\"744\" height=\"312\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/Space+Needle\">PMEL's Seasonal CO2 graph\u003c/a> shows the CO2 emissions of the coast (green) and of downtown Seattle (blue). Photo courtesy of NOAA.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"The scary thing is that over the last seven years since we have been taking these measurements, the seasonal CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> low points keeps trending slightly higher each year due to human activity, in both the measurements from Seattle and from Aberdeen,\" says Lettvin. \"The CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> levels in our region keep climbing, year after year -- just as they are doing worldwide.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66639\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66639 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk.jpg\" alt=\"PSC kiosk\" width=\"250\" height=\"250\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-400x400.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-800x800.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-1440x1440.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-1180x1180.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-960x960.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-128x128.jpg 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pacific Science Center's shows data from the Space Needle's CO2 monitor. Photo courtesy of Pacific Science Center.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lettvin points out that businesses have much to gain from a better understanding of their CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> footprints, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fuel costs keep going up,” said Lettvin, “so if you’re a business or an individual, your CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> footprint is strongly related to the amount of money you are spending on fuel. Saving money and reducing our individual and collective contributions to climate change are both incentives to reducing energy use.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monitors like the one on top of the Space Needle help scientists understand the flow and flux of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> in major cities. Individuals, companies, and governments can now make more informed decisions about their emissions, and any progress toward climate mitigation will become clearer.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/63112/from-the-top-of-the-space-needle-a-new-view-on-carbon-emissions","authors":["10471"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_5","quest_6","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_485","quest_13195","quest_621","quest_12558","quest_971","quest_13197","quest_12269","quest_1271","quest_12516","quest_12583","quest_2001","quest_12584","quest_12585","quest_12146"],"featImg":"quest_66740","label":"source_quest_63112"},"quest_55243":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_55243","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"55243","score":null,"sort":[1378389624000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"revitalizing-grasslands-one-steak-at-a-time","title":"Revitalizing Grasslands, One Steak at a Time","publishDate":1378389624,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59714\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Savory6_GlobalWaterPartnership.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-59714\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Savory6_GlobalWaterPartnership.jpg\" alt=\"Savory6_GlobalWaterPartnership\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Savory6_GlobalWaterPartnership.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Savory6_GlobalWaterPartnership-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo courtesy of Global Water Partnership\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Two-thirds of the world’s land is turning to desert, thanks largely to the steak on your plate. That’s the conventional wisdom, anyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades people have pointed to overgrazing by cattle as the main cause of desertification. When animals overgraze, they strip the land of native grasses, leading to erosion of the topsoil from wind and storms. These parched landscapes become incapable of supporting the livestock or wild animals that once lived there -- a situation that has led to famine and conflict in developing nations around the globe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what if livestock could be used in a way that actually revitalizes landscapes and mitigates the impacts of climate change? It’s a counterintuitive and controversial idea that has the environmental community buzzing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59719\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 282px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Savory8_GlobalWaterPartnership.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-59719 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Savory8_GlobalWaterPartnership-451x360.jpg\" alt=\"desertification, Savory Institute, Allan Savory\" width=\"282\" height=\"225\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo courtesy of Global Water Partnership\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The idea’s unlikely champion is Allan Savory, a 77-year-old biologist, farmer, and former politician. In the 1950s, he was responsible for the slaughter of tens of thousands of wild African elephants. Like many ecologists of the time, Savory believed elephants were destroying the African savanna, and by thinning the herds the grasslands would rebound. So Savory persuaded the government of Rhodesia (today Zimbabwe) to cull more than 40,000 elephants, but the grasslands continued to wither.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through this tragic experiment Savory unlocked what he believes is the key to saving grasslands and reversing desertification. Savory’s method, known as holistic planned grazing, calls for managing livestock in ways that mimic the prehistoric herds that once roamed the earth, fortifying grasslands with the pounding of their hooves and nutrient-rich manure. The cattle’s natural movement patterns and activities, Savory claims, spur the regrowth of carbon-sequestering grasslands. And if done on a large enough scale, these grasses could not only absorb enough carbon to offset the methane produced by livestock but also help combat climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is no alternative to address the massive environmental malfunctioning over so much of the world that is desertifying,” Savory said. “Only livestock properly managed can do what is required.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59725\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 384px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Savory9_TimLindenbaum1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-59725 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Savory9_TimLindenbaum1.jpg\" alt=\"Savory9_TimLindenbaum\" width=\"384\" height=\"288\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Savory9_TimLindenbaum1.jpg 480w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Savory9_TimLindenbaum1-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 384px) 100vw, 384px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo courtesy of Tim Lindenbaum\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Savory, winner of the 2003 Banksia International Award and the 2010 Buckminster Fuller Challenge, runs the \u003ca href=\"http://www.savoryinstitute.com/\">Savory Institute\u003c/a>, a nonprofit dedicated to spreading the practice. But it wasn’t until \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vpTHi7O66pI\">Savory’s TED talk\u003c/a> in February 2013 that this method attracted mainstream attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planned grazing has its share of critics, with some claiming the practice doesn’t scale well and others questioning the research supporting it. Savory has faced this criticism for decades but remains unfazed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To rectify the damaging ways of agriculture we have all the knowledge we need,” he said. “And as more and more people adopt planned grazing practices, the tide is finally beginning to turn.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vpTHi7O66pI]\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A prehistoric approach to livestock management could help revive dying grasslands and combat climate change.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1387220651,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":487},"headData":{"title":"Revitalizing Grasslands, One Steak at a Time | KQED","description":"A prehistoric approach to livestock management could help revive dying grasslands and combat climate change.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"55243 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=55243","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/09/05/revitalizing-grasslands-one-steak-at-a-time/","disqusTitle":"Revitalizing Grasslands, One Steak at a Time","path":"/quest/55243/revitalizing-grasslands-one-steak-at-a-time","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59714\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Savory6_GlobalWaterPartnership.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-59714\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Savory6_GlobalWaterPartnership.jpg\" alt=\"Savory6_GlobalWaterPartnership\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Savory6_GlobalWaterPartnership.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Savory6_GlobalWaterPartnership-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo courtesy of Global Water Partnership\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Two-thirds of the world’s land is turning to desert, thanks largely to the steak on your plate. That’s the conventional wisdom, anyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades people have pointed to overgrazing by cattle as the main cause of desertification. When animals overgraze, they strip the land of native grasses, leading to erosion of the topsoil from wind and storms. These parched landscapes become incapable of supporting the livestock or wild animals that once lived there -- a situation that has led to famine and conflict in developing nations around the globe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what if livestock could be used in a way that actually revitalizes landscapes and mitigates the impacts of climate change? It’s a counterintuitive and controversial idea that has the environmental community buzzing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59719\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 282px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Savory8_GlobalWaterPartnership.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-59719 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Savory8_GlobalWaterPartnership-451x360.jpg\" alt=\"desertification, Savory Institute, Allan Savory\" width=\"282\" height=\"225\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo courtesy of Global Water Partnership\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The idea’s unlikely champion is Allan Savory, a 77-year-old biologist, farmer, and former politician. In the 1950s, he was responsible for the slaughter of tens of thousands of wild African elephants. Like many ecologists of the time, Savory believed elephants were destroying the African savanna, and by thinning the herds the grasslands would rebound. So Savory persuaded the government of Rhodesia (today Zimbabwe) to cull more than 40,000 elephants, but the grasslands continued to wither.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through this tragic experiment Savory unlocked what he believes is the key to saving grasslands and reversing desertification. Savory’s method, known as holistic planned grazing, calls for managing livestock in ways that mimic the prehistoric herds that once roamed the earth, fortifying grasslands with the pounding of their hooves and nutrient-rich manure. The cattle’s natural movement patterns and activities, Savory claims, spur the regrowth of carbon-sequestering grasslands. And if done on a large enough scale, these grasses could not only absorb enough carbon to offset the methane produced by livestock but also help combat climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is no alternative to address the massive environmental malfunctioning over so much of the world that is desertifying,” Savory said. “Only livestock properly managed can do what is required.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59725\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 384px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Savory9_TimLindenbaum1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-59725 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Savory9_TimLindenbaum1.jpg\" alt=\"Savory9_TimLindenbaum\" width=\"384\" height=\"288\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Savory9_TimLindenbaum1.jpg 480w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Savory9_TimLindenbaum1-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 384px) 100vw, 384px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo courtesy of Tim Lindenbaum\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Savory, winner of the 2003 Banksia International Award and the 2010 Buckminster Fuller Challenge, runs the \u003ca href=\"http://www.savoryinstitute.com/\">Savory Institute\u003c/a>, a nonprofit dedicated to spreading the practice. But it wasn’t until \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vpTHi7O66pI\">Savory’s TED talk\u003c/a> in February 2013 that this method attracted mainstream attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planned grazing has its share of critics, with some claiming the practice doesn’t scale well and others questioning the research supporting it. Savory has faced this criticism for decades but remains unfazed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To rectify the damaging ways of agriculture we have all the knowledge we need,” he said. “And as more and more people adopt planned grazing practices, the tide is finally beginning to turn.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/vpTHi7O66pI'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/vpTHi7O66pI'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/55243/revitalizing-grasslands-one-steak-at-a-time","authors":["10446"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_9","quest_3229"],"tags":["quest_12222","quest_12508","quest_12509","quest_3502","quest_10795","quest_13195","quest_621","quest_716","quest_11940","quest_12269","quest_12223","quest_12511","quest_12510","quest_3288","quest_13364","quest_12224"],"featImg":"quest_59714","label":"quest"},"quest_55618":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_55618","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"55618","score":null,"sort":[1376575206000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"triple-threat-trees-at-risk-by-drought-heat-and-fire","title":"Triple Threat: Trees At Risk From Drought, Heat, And Fire ","publishDate":1376575206,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/droughtheatfire8_12_1301.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Record-setting heat and dryness plagued many of the lower 48 states in 2012. While 2013 hasn’t been as extreme, half of the country continues to suffer from dry to exceptional drought, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/\">U.S. drought monitor\u003c/a>. It’s a trend that’s likely to continue as the global climate changes, and it could have big impacts on trees across the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58916\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/TreeDrought-007-edit-1500px.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58916\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/TreeDrought-007-edit-1500px-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"An Austrian pine tree suffering from diplodia blight, exacerbated by drought. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An Austrian pine tree suffering from diplodia blight, exacerbated by drought. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Near his office in Lincoln\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> Nebraska, Mark Harrell examines a brown-looking Eastern White Pine. He’s the Forest Health Program Leader for the Nebraska Forest Service. He points to dried resin on the bark. “That’s kind of a typical symptom of fungus disease affecting the branches,” he says. “And those are very common on trees stressed from drought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harrell says that because of disease—likely brought on by drought—the tree may not survive the summer. And it isn’t the only one. Foresters across the state say they’re losing trees not only to drought-induced disease and dehydration but also to heat that exacerbates the situation and increases the severity of wildfires. Drier, warmer weather has also given insects like bark beetles more time to populate and spread into climate-stressed trees where they destroy nutrient-bearing tissues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Fatal Thirst\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trees nourish themselves by pulling water up from the ground to the leaves. There it reacts with sunlight and carbon dioxide, converting that energy into food in the form of carbohydrates. But drought hampers that critical process, according to U.S. Geological Survey research ecologist Craig Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When there starts to be limited water available in the soil, it gets more difficult. It takes more tension to pull water out of the soil and get it into the tree and get it all the way up to where the leaves are in the canopy,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\"> But if the drought lasts for weeks, months, or even years, the trees can actually starve to death.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In fact, that tension can get so strong that the tissues in the tree—think of them as little straws—get air bubbles, or embolisms, which prevent water from moving up the trunk. Trees have many ways of dealing with periods of drought and other stress, which is one reason they can live so long, says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By avoiding dehydrating to death, they can end up starving, essentially,” says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Allen, who is based near Santa Fe, New Mexico, says the Southwest has been in a prolonged drought since about 2000. And warmer temperatures in the last 20 years have exacerbated the situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58982\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 404px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Slide2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58982\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Slide2-404x253.jpg\" alt=\"In summer 2002, pinyon pine trees in the Jemez Mountains near Santa Fe, N.M. began dying en masse from drought stress and associated bark beetle outbreak. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\" width=\"404\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In summer 2002, pinyon pine trees in the Jemez Mountains near Santa Fe, N.M. began dying en masse from drought stress and associated bark beetle outbreak. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The world is getting warmer, has been getting warmer in recent decades. And it appears there’s a signal that this is amplifying the drought stress on trees in many parts of the world. We’re starting to see more tree mortality in these areas,” says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Higher temperatures—partly the result of more carbon dioxide in the air—means the atmosphere needs more water. Think of the warmer atmosphere as a sponge, increasing evaporation and pulling \u003cstrong>more\u003c/strong> water from leaves and the soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Allen, adding hotter temperatures to ongoing drought is often a fatal combination for trees. Many species around the world already toe the line of high temperatures they can withstand to maximize their ability to survive. And in many places, trees have already used up deeper reserves of subsoil moisture stored from previous wet periods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Svoboda, a climatologist with the National Drought Mitigation Center, says those places now need serious moisture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you get into the second or third year of drought, the cumulative impacts begin to ramp up, like we’re seeing particularly in Oklahoma, Texas, Colorado, Kansas. New Mexico has been very, very hard hit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You need well above sustained rains, not just a good month or a good week,” says Svoboda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More Intense Wildfires\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drier winters have also led to longer, more intense wildfires sweeping through western forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cumulatively, we’re seeing this much longer fire season in just a few decades, and the severity of fire seems to be related to\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58967\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Pacheco-Plume3_18june.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58967\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Pacheco-Plume3_18june-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"The Pacheco Fire, in June 2011, viewed from Santa Fe, N.M. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Pacheco Fire, in June 2011, viewed from Santa Fe, N.M. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>temperature as well, so we’re seeing more high-severity fire,” says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These intensely hot fires can sometimes kill huge swaths of mature trees, rather than the spotty burn patterns of more normal wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, Allen and other forest researchers now worry about losing that native seed stock, and the trees’ ability to repopulate the landscape by distributing their seeds as they have after previous die-offs. The sudden absence of these trees would likely impact the ecosystem, including plant and animal biodiversity, as shrubs and grasses take over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along with efforts like thinning forests to reduce competition for water, researchers are searching for new species that can withstand the changing conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Search for Tougher Trees\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Justin Evertson, Green Infrastructure Coordinator for the Nebraska Forest Service, says they think they need to look south for trees that can withstand warmer temperatures and drier conditions, though he admits it’s hard to know just how things will change in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58968\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/arborteum_1-e1376411596757.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-58968\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/arborteum_1-e1376411596757-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"Inside one of the greenhouse at the Nebraska Statewide Arboretum in Lincoln, Neb. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Inside one of the greenhouses at the Nebraska Statewide Arboretum in Lincoln, Neb. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Evertson works with Bob Henrickson at the \u003ca href=\"http://arboretum.unl.edu/\">Nebraska Statewide Arboretum\u003c/a> in Lincoln. Along with nearly 100 affiliate sites around the state, Henrickson routinely gathers seeds from a wide range of trees—particularly native varieties—and cultivates and distributes them to determine what trees do best in the region’s variable and changing climate. With more drought and heat projected for the future, moving away from cooler-weather species might be an option for maintaining a healthy tree population in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the arboretum’s test garden, Evertson walks over to a dwarf chinkapin oak grown from acorns collected nearly a decade ago. He says this oak occurs on tough, gravelly soils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a tree that has proven itself to be tough and adaptable across the region,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Evertson says orders for chinkapin oak and other hardy trees routinely come in from\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58970\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/arborteum_3-e1376411762467.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-58970\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/arborteum_3-e1376411762467-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"Dwarf Chinkapin Oak tree starts, at the Nebraska Statewide Arboretum greenhouse. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dwarf Chinkapin Oak tree starts, at the Nebraska Statewide Arboretum greenhouse. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>numerous nearby states. The Nebraska Forest Service and Kansas Forest Service are starting a cooperative effort to collect and evaluate other tough trees that can handle changing climate conditions. Bob Henrickson says that’s exactly what he envisions for the arboretum’s future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of native trees and shrubs in Nebraska are native to other states but meet their natural range limit in our state,” he says. “So we feel we’re set up with some of the best seed sources in the country to distribute these plants throughout (the region) that can take these tough conditions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Distributing seeds to other states might be necessary if we lose a lot of the current forests in the Southwest as a result of the combined threat of drought, heat, and fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“It’s hard to imagine they’re going to survive beyond the middle of this century in the parts of the landscape where they are today,” says research ecologist Allen. \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>After reviewing thousands of years of historic tree-ring data in the Southwest, Allen and other researchers found there have been two other periods of extended, “mega-drought” that caused trees to die out on a large scale and likely forced native people to leave the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The current drought we’re seeing is approaching the severity of those two most severe mega-droughts in the last 1,000 years, and it’s because it’s warmer,” says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Svoboda agrees but says it’s still too early to know if we’re at the beginning of another mega-drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s just no way to tell until you look back on it. But it’s certainly been shown that it’s very, very possible,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, Allen says we should expect change. “We’re in a period where the new normal is just a transition period -- we can’t see to what yet. But it looks like, for this century at least, there will be this climate changing and so the systems are changing as they must.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could mean cold-weather trees slowly repopulating in higher elevations, while lower areas shift to more scrub- and grass-based ecosystems. Only time—and the climate—will tell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58793\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/CochitiCanyon2-18aug-e1376414687120.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-58793\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/CochitiCanyon2-18aug-e1376414677138-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"The effects of the Las Conchas Fire in the Jemez Mountains in New Mexico in 2011. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The effects of the Las Conchas Fire in the Jemez Mountains in New Mexico in 2011. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In the western U.S., trees are facing a triple threat of heat, drought and wildfire. Despite efforts to find more resilient tree species, some forests may not survive past mid-century.\r\n\r\n","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1398456875,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":39,"wordCount":1573},"headData":{"title":"Triple Threat: Trees At Risk From Drought, Heat, And Fire | KQED","description":"In the western U.S., trees are facing a triple threat of heat, drought and wildfire. Despite efforts to find more resilient tree species, some forests may not survive past mid-century.\r\n\r\n","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"55618 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=55618","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/08/15/triple-threat-trees-at-risk-by-drought-heat-and-fire/","disqusTitle":"Triple Threat: Trees At Risk From Drought, Heat, And Fire ","path":"/quest/55618/triple-threat-trees-at-risk-by-drought-heat-and-fire","audioUrl":"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/droughtheatfire8_12_1301.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/droughtheatfire8_12_1301.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Record-setting heat and dryness plagued many of the lower 48 states in 2012. While 2013 hasn’t been as extreme, half of the country continues to suffer from dry to exceptional drought, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/\">U.S. drought monitor\u003c/a>. It’s a trend that’s likely to continue as the global climate changes, and it could have big impacts on trees across the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58916\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/TreeDrought-007-edit-1500px.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58916\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/TreeDrought-007-edit-1500px-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"An Austrian pine tree suffering from diplodia blight, exacerbated by drought. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An Austrian pine tree suffering from diplodia blight, exacerbated by drought. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Near his office in Lincoln\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> Nebraska, Mark Harrell examines a brown-looking Eastern White Pine. He’s the Forest Health Program Leader for the Nebraska Forest Service. He points to dried resin on the bark. “That’s kind of a typical symptom of fungus disease affecting the branches,” he says. “And those are very common on trees stressed from drought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harrell says that because of disease—likely brought on by drought—the tree may not survive the summer. And it isn’t the only one. Foresters across the state say they’re losing trees not only to drought-induced disease and dehydration but also to heat that exacerbates the situation and increases the severity of wildfires. Drier, warmer weather has also given insects like bark beetles more time to populate and spread into climate-stressed trees where they destroy nutrient-bearing tissues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Fatal Thirst\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trees nourish themselves by pulling water up from the ground to the leaves. There it reacts with sunlight and carbon dioxide, converting that energy into food in the form of carbohydrates. But drought hampers that critical process, according to U.S. Geological Survey research ecologist Craig Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When there starts to be limited water available in the soil, it gets more difficult. It takes more tension to pull water out of the soil and get it into the tree and get it all the way up to where the leaves are in the canopy,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\"> But if the drought lasts for weeks, months, or even years, the trees can actually starve to death.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In fact, that tension can get so strong that the tissues in the tree—think of them as little straws—get air bubbles, or embolisms, which prevent water from moving up the trunk. Trees have many ways of dealing with periods of drought and other stress, which is one reason they can live so long, says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By avoiding dehydrating to death, they can end up starving, essentially,” says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Allen, who is based near Santa Fe, New Mexico, says the Southwest has been in a prolonged drought since about 2000. And warmer temperatures in the last 20 years have exacerbated the situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58982\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 404px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Slide2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58982\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Slide2-404x253.jpg\" alt=\"In summer 2002, pinyon pine trees in the Jemez Mountains near Santa Fe, N.M. began dying en masse from drought stress and associated bark beetle outbreak. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\" width=\"404\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In summer 2002, pinyon pine trees in the Jemez Mountains near Santa Fe, N.M. began dying en masse from drought stress and associated bark beetle outbreak. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The world is getting warmer, has been getting warmer in recent decades. And it appears there’s a signal that this is amplifying the drought stress on trees in many parts of the world. We’re starting to see more tree mortality in these areas,” says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Higher temperatures—partly the result of more carbon dioxide in the air—means the atmosphere needs more water. Think of the warmer atmosphere as a sponge, increasing evaporation and pulling \u003cstrong>more\u003c/strong> water from leaves and the soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Allen, adding hotter temperatures to ongoing drought is often a fatal combination for trees. Many species around the world already toe the line of high temperatures they can withstand to maximize their ability to survive. And in many places, trees have already used up deeper reserves of subsoil moisture stored from previous wet periods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Svoboda, a climatologist with the National Drought Mitigation Center, says those places now need serious moisture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you get into the second or third year of drought, the cumulative impacts begin to ramp up, like we’re seeing particularly in Oklahoma, Texas, Colorado, Kansas. New Mexico has been very, very hard hit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You need well above sustained rains, not just a good month or a good week,” says Svoboda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More Intense Wildfires\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drier winters have also led to longer, more intense wildfires sweeping through western forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cumulatively, we’re seeing this much longer fire season in just a few decades, and the severity of fire seems to be related to\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58967\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Pacheco-Plume3_18june.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58967\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Pacheco-Plume3_18june-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"The Pacheco Fire, in June 2011, viewed from Santa Fe, N.M. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Pacheco Fire, in June 2011, viewed from Santa Fe, N.M. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>temperature as well, so we’re seeing more high-severity fire,” says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These intensely hot fires can sometimes kill huge swaths of mature trees, rather than the spotty burn patterns of more normal wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, Allen and other forest researchers now worry about losing that native seed stock, and the trees’ ability to repopulate the landscape by distributing their seeds as they have after previous die-offs. The sudden absence of these trees would likely impact the ecosystem, including plant and animal biodiversity, as shrubs and grasses take over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along with efforts like thinning forests to reduce competition for water, researchers are searching for new species that can withstand the changing conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Search for Tougher Trees\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Justin Evertson, Green Infrastructure Coordinator for the Nebraska Forest Service, says they think they need to look south for trees that can withstand warmer temperatures and drier conditions, though he admits it’s hard to know just how things will change in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58968\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/arborteum_1-e1376411596757.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-58968\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/arborteum_1-e1376411596757-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"Inside one of the greenhouse at the Nebraska Statewide Arboretum in Lincoln, Neb. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Inside one of the greenhouses at the Nebraska Statewide Arboretum in Lincoln, Neb. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Evertson works with Bob Henrickson at the \u003ca href=\"http://arboretum.unl.edu/\">Nebraska Statewide Arboretum\u003c/a> in Lincoln. Along with nearly 100 affiliate sites around the state, Henrickson routinely gathers seeds from a wide range of trees—particularly native varieties—and cultivates and distributes them to determine what trees do best in the region’s variable and changing climate. With more drought and heat projected for the future, moving away from cooler-weather species might be an option for maintaining a healthy tree population in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the arboretum’s test garden, Evertson walks over to a dwarf chinkapin oak grown from acorns collected nearly a decade ago. He says this oak occurs on tough, gravelly soils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a tree that has proven itself to be tough and adaptable across the region,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Evertson says orders for chinkapin oak and other hardy trees routinely come in from\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58970\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/arborteum_3-e1376411762467.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-58970\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/arborteum_3-e1376411762467-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"Dwarf Chinkapin Oak tree starts, at the Nebraska Statewide Arboretum greenhouse. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dwarf Chinkapin Oak tree starts, at the Nebraska Statewide Arboretum greenhouse. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>numerous nearby states. The Nebraska Forest Service and Kansas Forest Service are starting a cooperative effort to collect and evaluate other tough trees that can handle changing climate conditions. Bob Henrickson says that’s exactly what he envisions for the arboretum’s future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of native trees and shrubs in Nebraska are native to other states but meet their natural range limit in our state,” he says. “So we feel we’re set up with some of the best seed sources in the country to distribute these plants throughout (the region) that can take these tough conditions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Distributing seeds to other states might be necessary if we lose a lot of the current forests in the Southwest as a result of the combined threat of drought, heat, and fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“It’s hard to imagine they’re going to survive beyond the middle of this century in the parts of the landscape where they are today,” says research ecologist Allen. \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>After reviewing thousands of years of historic tree-ring data in the Southwest, Allen and other researchers found there have been two other periods of extended, “mega-drought” that caused trees to die out on a large scale and likely forced native people to leave the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The current drought we’re seeing is approaching the severity of those two most severe mega-droughts in the last 1,000 years, and it’s because it’s warmer,” says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Svoboda agrees but says it’s still too early to know if we’re at the beginning of another mega-drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s just no way to tell until you look back on it. But it’s certainly been shown that it’s very, very possible,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, Allen says we should expect change. “We’re in a period where the new normal is just a transition period -- we can’t see to what yet. But it looks like, for this century at least, there will be this climate changing and so the systems are changing as they must.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could mean cold-weather trees slowly repopulating in higher elevations, while lower areas shift to more scrub- and grass-based ecosystems. Only time—and the climate—will tell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58793\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/CochitiCanyon2-18aug-e1376414687120.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-58793\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/CochitiCanyon2-18aug-e1376414677138-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"The effects of the Las Conchas Fire in the Jemez Mountains in New Mexico in 2011. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The effects of the Las Conchas Fire in the Jemez Mountains in New Mexico in 2011. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/55618/triple-threat-trees-at-risk-by-drought-heat-and-fire","authors":["10465"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_13195","quest_886","quest_1095","quest_1334","quest_12209","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_3289","quest_2993"],"featImg":"quest_58793","label":"quest"},"quest_51445":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_51445","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"51445","score":null,"sort":[1369321251000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"fish-flight-recorders-aid-in-sustainability-efforts","title":"Fish Earbones Provide a Rare Glimpse into the Past and Future of Fisheries","publishDate":1369321251,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_55023\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 628px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/22/fish-flight-recorders-aid-in-sustainability-efforts/3067134212_b217e2bd81_z-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-55023\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-55023\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/3067134212_b217e2bd81_z-e1369175284273.jpg\" alt=\"The rings on an otolith Photo courtesy of Flickr user Eustatic Creative Commons license\" width=\"628\" height=\"358\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/3067134212_b217e2bd81_z-e1369175284273.jpg 628w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/3067134212_b217e2bd81_z-e1369175284273-400x228.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 628px) 100vw, 628px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The rings on an otolith: photo courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/eustatic/3067134212/\">Eustatic\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ccode>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/code>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">Field Notes\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">\u003cstrong>:\u003c/strong> \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">Cathy Britt, The Burke Museum\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From salmon steaks and sushi, to fish nuggets and crab cakes, the world’s fisheries provide three billion people with nearly 15 percent of their average animal protein intake. The numerous fish, crab, shrimp, and shellfish that live in these cold, productive waters make Alaska and the Pacific Northwest essentially the biggest seafood market in the world. Pollock from the Bering Sea is a staple, found in fish sticks and fillets for fast-food sandwiches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To ensure that future generations will continue to enjoy the benefits of these fisheries, they must be sustainably managed. This is where science and management come into play.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As graduate researcher Jeremy Harris puts it, “We know what can happen to fish with too much fishing, but I want to learn if we can spot this when it’s first starting to happen and set limits and regulations that prevent it.” Harris, a University of Washington graduate researcher, is turning to a collection of pollock otoliths (A.K.A ear bones) at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.burkemuseum.org/\">Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture\u003c/a> for insights into how much fishing is too much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Finding Answers in Unexpected Places\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/22/fish-flight-recorders-aid-in-sustainability-efforts/jeremyholdingotolith/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54276\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-54276 alignleft\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/JeremyHoldingOtolith-e1368141930563-292x253.jpg\" alt=\"JeremyHoldingOtolith\" width=\"182\" height=\"157\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many people wonder why natural history museums hold onto \"all that old stuff\" in their research collections. Well sometimes, all that old stuff can hold information critical to understanding our world. It's just a question of waiting until science matures enough to decode the information they hold. The Burke Museum’s collection of pollock otoliths is a great example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Otoliths Archive Ocean Data\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Video Player Inline II\" mediaid=\"65346\"]\u003cbr>\nSimilar to the rings in a tree, otolith layers form rings that can be counted and measured to determine the fish’s age and growth over the years of its life. Most fish have three otoliths, commonly referred to as ear bones, at the rear of their skull to aid in balance, orientation and hearing. Otoliths are actually stone-like composites that develop layers of proteins and calcium carbonate from the fish’s birth until its death – offering a record of age, growth rate and reproductive age, as well as information about water conditions and climate change the fish experienced. Some fish, like rockfish, can live more than 100 years, giving researchers a rare glimpse into environments from more than a century ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/22/fish-flight-recorders-aid-in-sustainability-efforts/oldestotolith/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54481\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-54481\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/OldestOtolith-e1368141494119-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Oldest Otolith\" width=\"304\" height=\"202\">\u003c/a>Thomas Helser, program director at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.afsc.noaa.gov/default.htm\">NOAA’s Alaska Fisheries Science Center\u003c/a> (AFSC) \u003ca href=\"http://www.afsc.noaa.gov/REFM/Age/\">Age and Growth Program\u003c/a>, leads a team of experts in accessing the data within these fish “flight recorders,” as he describes them. Helser and his staff are collaborating with numerous governmental and academic colleagues in the fields of ecology, geology, evolutionary biology and archeology to explore cutting edge technologies that shed light on critical issues like climate change and overfishing. The team processes some otolith samples intensively for geochemical data. Others they cut in half, polish and lightly burn to enhance the rings, then count the rings to estimate age. Annual growth widths are measured to examine changes in growth over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Man-made evolution\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Video Player Inline II\" mediaid=\"65350\"]\u003cbr>\nFor his research into sustainable fishing levels, Jeremy plans to sample more than 500 Alaska pollock otoliths collected as far back as the 1960s to look for changes in age, growth rate and reproductive age of the fish over time. Overfishing can cause fish to mature faster and reproduce at a younger age as a means to compensate for loss of reproductive capacity. This may eventually cause an evolutionary change through removing genetic traits associated with older, larger, more valuable fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeremy will pair what he learns from the otolith collection with population and environmental data collected by a range of people and organizations, to gain a deeper understanding of the relationship between the size and age of mature fish, and the volume of fishing happening at the time. “I hope to put this issue on the radar so people start thinking about longer-term evolutionary impacts of fishing,” says Jeremy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thanks to a grant from the National Science Foundation, Jeremy is also helping to transfer more than two million otoliths collected by NOAA over the past 50 years to their new, permanent home as part of the Burke Museum’s fish collection. There they will be held safely, until the day that science finds a new way to unlock their precious data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/22/fish-flight-recorders-aid-in-sustainability-efforts/jeremyincollection/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54277\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-54277\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/JeremyInCollection-e1369175893578.jpg\" alt=\"Jeremy In Collection\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/JeremyInCollection-e1369175893578.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/JeremyInCollection-e1369175893578-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Archiving artifacts from the sea, a natural history museum preserves precious data for scientists.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1387578489,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":764},"headData":{"title":"Fish Earbones Provide a Rare Glimpse into the Past and Future of Fisheries | KQED","description":"Archiving artifacts from the sea, a natural history museum preserves precious data for scientists.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"51445 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=51445","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/23/fish-flight-recorders-aid-in-sustainability-efforts/","disqusTitle":"Fish Earbones Provide a Rare Glimpse into the Past and Future of Fisheries","path":"/quest/51445/fish-flight-recorders-aid-in-sustainability-efforts","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_55023\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 628px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/22/fish-flight-recorders-aid-in-sustainability-efforts/3067134212_b217e2bd81_z-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-55023\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-55023\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/3067134212_b217e2bd81_z-e1369175284273.jpg\" alt=\"The rings on an otolith Photo courtesy of Flickr user Eustatic Creative Commons license\" width=\"628\" height=\"358\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/3067134212_b217e2bd81_z-e1369175284273.jpg 628w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/3067134212_b217e2bd81_z-e1369175284273-400x228.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 628px) 100vw, 628px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The rings on an otolith: photo courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/eustatic/3067134212/\">Eustatic\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ccode>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/code>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">Field Notes\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">\u003cstrong>:\u003c/strong> \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">Cathy Britt, The Burke Museum\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From salmon steaks and sushi, to fish nuggets and crab cakes, the world’s fisheries provide three billion people with nearly 15 percent of their average animal protein intake. The numerous fish, crab, shrimp, and shellfish that live in these cold, productive waters make Alaska and the Pacific Northwest essentially the biggest seafood market in the world. Pollock from the Bering Sea is a staple, found in fish sticks and fillets for fast-food sandwiches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To ensure that future generations will continue to enjoy the benefits of these fisheries, they must be sustainably managed. This is where science and management come into play.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As graduate researcher Jeremy Harris puts it, “We know what can happen to fish with too much fishing, but I want to learn if we can spot this when it’s first starting to happen and set limits and regulations that prevent it.” Harris, a University of Washington graduate researcher, is turning to a collection of pollock otoliths (A.K.A ear bones) at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.burkemuseum.org/\">Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture\u003c/a> for insights into how much fishing is too much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Finding Answers in Unexpected Places\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/22/fish-flight-recorders-aid-in-sustainability-efforts/jeremyholdingotolith/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54276\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-54276 alignleft\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/JeremyHoldingOtolith-e1368141930563-292x253.jpg\" alt=\"JeremyHoldingOtolith\" width=\"182\" height=\"157\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many people wonder why natural history museums hold onto \"all that old stuff\" in their research collections. Well sometimes, all that old stuff can hold information critical to understanding our world. It's just a question of waiting until science matures enough to decode the information they hold. The Burke Museum’s collection of pollock otoliths is a great example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Otoliths Archive Ocean Data\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Video Player Inline II\" mediaid=\"65346\"]\u003cbr>\nSimilar to the rings in a tree, otolith layers form rings that can be counted and measured to determine the fish’s age and growth over the years of its life. Most fish have three otoliths, commonly referred to as ear bones, at the rear of their skull to aid in balance, orientation and hearing. Otoliths are actually stone-like composites that develop layers of proteins and calcium carbonate from the fish’s birth until its death – offering a record of age, growth rate and reproductive age, as well as information about water conditions and climate change the fish experienced. Some fish, like rockfish, can live more than 100 years, giving researchers a rare glimpse into environments from more than a century ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/22/fish-flight-recorders-aid-in-sustainability-efforts/oldestotolith/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54481\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-54481\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/OldestOtolith-e1368141494119-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Oldest Otolith\" width=\"304\" height=\"202\">\u003c/a>Thomas Helser, program director at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.afsc.noaa.gov/default.htm\">NOAA’s Alaska Fisheries Science Center\u003c/a> (AFSC) \u003ca href=\"http://www.afsc.noaa.gov/REFM/Age/\">Age and Growth Program\u003c/a>, leads a team of experts in accessing the data within these fish “flight recorders,” as he describes them. Helser and his staff are collaborating with numerous governmental and academic colleagues in the fields of ecology, geology, evolutionary biology and archeology to explore cutting edge technologies that shed light on critical issues like climate change and overfishing. The team processes some otolith samples intensively for geochemical data. Others they cut in half, polish and lightly burn to enhance the rings, then count the rings to estimate age. Annual growth widths are measured to examine changes in growth over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Man-made evolution\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Video Player Inline II\" mediaid=\"65350\"]\u003cbr>\nFor his research into sustainable fishing levels, Jeremy plans to sample more than 500 Alaska pollock otoliths collected as far back as the 1960s to look for changes in age, growth rate and reproductive age of the fish over time. Overfishing can cause fish to mature faster and reproduce at a younger age as a means to compensate for loss of reproductive capacity. This may eventually cause an evolutionary change through removing genetic traits associated with older, larger, more valuable fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeremy will pair what he learns from the otolith collection with population and environmental data collected by a range of people and organizations, to gain a deeper understanding of the relationship between the size and age of mature fish, and the volume of fishing happening at the time. “I hope to put this issue on the radar so people start thinking about longer-term evolutionary impacts of fishing,” says Jeremy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thanks to a grant from the National Science Foundation, Jeremy is also helping to transfer more than two million otoliths collected by NOAA over the past 50 years to their new, permanent home as part of the Burke Museum’s fish collection. There they will be held safely, until the day that science finds a new way to unlock their precious data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/22/fish-flight-recorders-aid-in-sustainability-efforts/jeremyincollection/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54277\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-54277\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/JeremyInCollection-e1369175893578.jpg\" alt=\"Jeremy In Collection\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/JeremyInCollection-e1369175893578.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/JeremyInCollection-e1369175893578-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/51445/fish-flight-recorders-aid-in-sustainability-efforts","authors":["10240"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_6","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_12010","quest_326","quest_13193","quest_12007","quest_13317","quest_13195","quest_12012","quest_12008","quest_12013","quest_2001","quest_12009","quest_12005","quest_3324","quest_12014","quest_12011","quest_3288","quest_2846"],"featImg":"quest_55024","label":"quest"},"quest_52343":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_52343","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"52343","score":null,"sort":[1367602413000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"solar-plane-takes-off-on-historic-cross-country-trip","title":"Solar plane takes off on historic cross-country trip","publishDate":1367602413,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-53840\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/impulse_takeoff640.jpg\" alt=\"impulse_takeoff640\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/impulse_takeoff640.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/impulse_takeoff640-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lighter than an SUV and covered with more than 12,000 solar cells, \u003ca href=\"http://www.solarimpulse.com/\">Solar Impulse\u003c/a>, the world's first solar plane that can fly day and night without recharging, launched from Moffett Field this morning in a cross country voyage. The $150million project initiated by co-pilots Bertrand Piccard and André Borschberg will test the limits of solar aviation and be a proving ground for a planned trip across the world in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At 5:15am, a crowd of 25 journalists gathered around Piccard as he answered questions about what it's like to fly the plane and whether he was exhausted. \"I'll be in the air for 20 hours but I've been dreaming of this flight for 10 years so there is no time to be tired,\" he said. Researchers from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/home/index.html\">NASA Ames Research Center\u003c/a> also stood 50 feet from the tarmac to catch a glimpse of the plane taking off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The single-seater plane was financed by several large corporations including Omega, Solvay and Deutsche Bank. The companies developed new technologies in order to create the aircraft. The monocrystalline solar cells needed to be flexible enough to curve atop the wings and the resulting cells are the thickness of a human hair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar cells power four electric engines and excess energy is stored in four lithium batteries located below the wings. Since the batteries account for 25 percent of the plane's total weigh other elements had to be eliminated. There is no heating or cooling system and many metal parts were replaced with plastic; Solvay designed ultra-light polymers that could replace metal in the instrument panels and control box.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For all of the plane's high-tech innovation it's far from ready for commercialization. Flying at 43 miles per hour, it could easily be outpaced by a pigeon. But Piccard has said the goal is not speed but duration and Borschberg believes the technology developed for this plane could be used by everyone. \"All the technology we have used in the airplane can be used on the ground, it wasn't developed by aviation companies,\" Borschberg said. \"One day it could be used in refrigerators in your home or in electric batteries in your car.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plane will fly at 28,000 feet, stopping in Phoenix, Dallas and Washington D.C. before touching down in New York. The pilots will take turns flying, switching out at each city where they will talk to the public about the plane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To watch live coverage of the flight and watch Piccard as he talks about what he sees from above visit the \u003ca href=\"http://live.solarimpulse.com/\">live stream\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-53825\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/IMG_1116-e1367605528209.jpg\" alt=\"SolarImpulsePilots\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/IMG_1116-e1367605528209.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/IMG_1116-e1367605528209-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-53871\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/sign-e1367606668261.jpg\" alt=\"sign\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/sign-e1367606668261.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/sign-e1367606668261-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-53869\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/piccardthumbsup-e1367606141260.jpg\" alt=\"piccardthumbsup\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/piccardthumbsup-e1367606141260.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/piccardthumbsup-e1367606141260-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cscript src=\"//storify.com/QuestScience/solar-plane-marks-first-transcontinental-solar-voy.js\" type=\"text/javascript\" language=\"javascript\">\u003c/script>\u003c/p>\u003cnoscript>[\u003ca href=\"//storify.com/QuestScience/solar-plane-marks-first-transcontinental-solar-voy\" target=\"_blank\">View the story \"Solar Plane marks first transcontinental voyage\" on Storify\u003c/a>]\u003c/noscript>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"https://vine.co/v/bQHiY35A5Oi/embed/simple\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"600\" height=\"600\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Lighter than an SUV and covered with more than 12,000 solar cells, Solar Impulse, the world's first solar plane that can fly day and night without recharging, launched from Moffet Field this morning in a cross country voyage. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1367616414,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["https://vine.co/v/bQHiY35A5Oi/embed/simple"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":456},"headData":{"title":"Solar plane takes off on historic cross-country trip | KQED","description":"Lighter than an SUV and covered with more than 12,000 solar cells, Solar Impulse, the world's first solar plane that can fly day and night without recharging, launched from Moffet Field this morning in a cross country voyage. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"52343 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=52343","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/03/solar-plane-takes-off-on-historic-cross-country-trip/","disqusTitle":"Solar plane takes off on historic cross-country trip","path":"/quest/52343/solar-plane-takes-off-on-historic-cross-country-trip","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-53840\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/impulse_takeoff640.jpg\" alt=\"impulse_takeoff640\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/impulse_takeoff640.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/impulse_takeoff640-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lighter than an SUV and covered with more than 12,000 solar cells, \u003ca href=\"http://www.solarimpulse.com/\">Solar Impulse\u003c/a>, the world's first solar plane that can fly day and night without recharging, launched from Moffett Field this morning in a cross country voyage. The $150million project initiated by co-pilots Bertrand Piccard and André Borschberg will test the limits of solar aviation and be a proving ground for a planned trip across the world in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At 5:15am, a crowd of 25 journalists gathered around Piccard as he answered questions about what it's like to fly the plane and whether he was exhausted. \"I'll be in the air for 20 hours but I've been dreaming of this flight for 10 years so there is no time to be tired,\" he said. Researchers from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/home/index.html\">NASA Ames Research Center\u003c/a> also stood 50 feet from the tarmac to catch a glimpse of the plane taking off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The single-seater plane was financed by several large corporations including Omega, Solvay and Deutsche Bank. The companies developed new technologies in order to create the aircraft. The monocrystalline solar cells needed to be flexible enough to curve atop the wings and the resulting cells are the thickness of a human hair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar cells power four electric engines and excess energy is stored in four lithium batteries located below the wings. Since the batteries account for 25 percent of the plane's total weigh other elements had to be eliminated. There is no heating or cooling system and many metal parts were replaced with plastic; Solvay designed ultra-light polymers that could replace metal in the instrument panels and control box.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For all of the plane's high-tech innovation it's far from ready for commercialization. Flying at 43 miles per hour, it could easily be outpaced by a pigeon. But Piccard has said the goal is not speed but duration and Borschberg believes the technology developed for this plane could be used by everyone. \"All the technology we have used in the airplane can be used on the ground, it wasn't developed by aviation companies,\" Borschberg said. \"One day it could be used in refrigerators in your home or in electric batteries in your car.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plane will fly at 28,000 feet, stopping in Phoenix, Dallas and Washington D.C. before touching down in New York. The pilots will take turns flying, switching out at each city where they will talk to the public about the plane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To watch live coverage of the flight and watch Piccard as he talks about what he sees from above visit the \u003ca href=\"http://live.solarimpulse.com/\">live stream\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-53825\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/IMG_1116-e1367605528209.jpg\" alt=\"SolarImpulsePilots\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/IMG_1116-e1367605528209.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/IMG_1116-e1367605528209-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-53871\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/sign-e1367606668261.jpg\" alt=\"sign\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/sign-e1367606668261.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/sign-e1367606668261-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-53869\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/piccardthumbsup-e1367606141260.jpg\" alt=\"piccardthumbsup\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/piccardthumbsup-e1367606141260.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/piccardthumbsup-e1367606141260-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cscript src=\"//storify.com/QuestScience/solar-plane-marks-first-transcontinental-solar-voy.js\" type=\"text/javascript\" language=\"javascript\">\u003c/script>\u003c/p>\u003cnoscript>[\u003ca href=\"//storify.com/QuestScience/solar-plane-marks-first-transcontinental-solar-voy\" target=\"_blank\">View the story \"Solar Plane marks first transcontinental voyage\" on Storify\u003c/a>]\u003c/noscript>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"https://vine.co/v/bQHiY35A5Oi/embed/simple\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"600\" height=\"600\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/52343/solar-plane-takes-off-on-historic-cross-country-trip","authors":["5432"],"categories":["quest_11765","quest_8","quest_16"],"tags":["quest_11957","quest_13195","quest_984","quest_13197","quest_13198","quest_13202","quest_11954"],"featImg":"quest_53840","label":"quest"},"quest_49733":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_49733","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"49733","score":null,"sort":[1361155357000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"thousands-march-to-curb-climate-change","title":"Thousands March To Curb Climate Change","publishDate":1361155357,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49742\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/marquee2.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/marquee2.jpg\" alt=\"S.F. Climate Rally\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49742\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/marquee2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/marquee2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">S.F. Climate Rally. Photo: Sean Greene\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Thousands rallied in San Francisco on Sunday urging President Obama to take action on climate change. They demanded the president reject a controversial oil pipeline that would carry tar sands oil from Canada to Texas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holding signs that read, \"Stop the Pipeline\" and \"Forward on Climate,\" protesters gathered in front of the State Department Building. Becky Bond of Bay Area Based Credo Action was among those at the rally. \"If we don't defeat Keystone XL we know that means game over for the climate. And the only reason Keystone XL hasn't been built yet is because of activism like the people who are here today. If the president really cares about stopping climate change, he will reject the Keystone XL Pipeline. This is a watershed moment for the climate movement,\" Bond declared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco Police estimated the crowd to be more than 3,000 and said there were no arrests. The San Francisco rally was held at the same time more than 40,000 people marched on the National Mall in Washington DC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Tens of thousands of people join rallies in Washington DC and San Francisco to urge action on climate change. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1362707166,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":5,"wordCount":184},"headData":{"title":"Thousands March To Curb Climate Change | KQED","description":"Tens of thousands of people join rallies in Washington DC and San Francisco to urge action on climate change. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"49733 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=49733","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/17/thousands-march-to-curb-climate-change/","disqusTitle":"Thousands March To Curb Climate Change","path":"/quest/49733/thousands-march-to-curb-climate-change","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49742\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/marquee2.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/marquee2.jpg\" alt=\"S.F. Climate Rally\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49742\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/marquee2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/marquee2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">S.F. Climate Rally. Photo: Sean Greene\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Thousands rallied in San Francisco on Sunday urging President Obama to take action on climate change. They demanded the president reject a controversial oil pipeline that would carry tar sands oil from Canada to Texas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holding signs that read, \"Stop the Pipeline\" and \"Forward on Climate,\" protesters gathered in front of the State Department Building. Becky Bond of Bay Area Based Credo Action was among those at the rally. \"If we don't defeat Keystone XL we know that means game over for the climate. And the only reason Keystone XL hasn't been built yet is because of activism like the people who are here today. If the president really cares about stopping climate change, he will reject the Keystone XL Pipeline. This is a watershed moment for the climate movement,\" Bond declared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco Police estimated the crowd to be more than 3,000 and said there were no arrests. The San Francisco rally was held at the same time more than 40,000 people marched on the National Mall in Washington DC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/49733/thousands-march-to-curb-climate-change","authors":["212"],"categories":["quest_6"],"tags":["quest_13195","quest_621","quest_11732","quest_11518"],"featImg":"quest_49747","label":"quest"},"quest_48152":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_48152","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"48152","score":null,"sort":[1356128054000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"scientists-more-outspoken-on-exteme-weather-climate-links","title":"Scientists More Outspoken on Exteme Weather-Climate Links","publishDate":1356128054,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/12/20121224science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48186\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/weather.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/weather.jpg\" alt=\"extreme weather\" title=\"extreme weather\" width=\"640\" height=\"386\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48186\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/weather.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/weather-400x241.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Heavy rains put several Northern California towns on flood watch at the end of November. (Photo: Craig Miller)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Recent extreme weather events, from the Midwestern drought to Hurricane Sandy, have \u003ca title=\"Guardian - story\" href=\"http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2012/dec/14/extreme-weather-climate-change-scientists\">people paying attention to climate change\u003c/a>. Post-Sandy polls have shown a spike in concern about the climate among Americans. Some \u003ca title=\"NPR - story\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/2012/12/13/167075395/new-york-planners-prep-for-a-new-normal-of-powerful-storms\">scientists have been emboldened\u003c/a> to connect these events directly to human-caused global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of them, \u003ca title=\"NASA - Hansen\" href=\"http://www.giss.nasa.gov/staff/jhansen.html\">NASA's James Hansen\u003c/a>, who heads NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies in New York and is a climate science pioneer. He was in San Francisco this month to receive the \u003ca title=\"NewsFix - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2012/12/05/nasas-hansen-californias-cap-trade-doomed-to-fail/\">Stephen Schneider award\u003c/a> for climate communications. As it happened, he had just written an \u003ca title=\"Guardian - op ed\" href=\"http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2012/nov/29/climate-change-carbon-price?INTCMP=SRCH\">opinion column\u003c/a> for The Guardian newspaper, which drew some pretty straight lines from global warming to Sandy:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"The chances of getting a late October hurricane in New York without the help of global warming are extremely small. In that sense, you can blame Sandy on global warming.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Previously few scientists were willing to link any specific weather events to climate change. In a recent studio interview for KQED Science, I asked Hansen if that's changing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hansen:\u003c/strong> Well, yes, it's changing in the sense that the climate dice are now noticeably loaded. But in the case of Sandy, the waters in the Atlantic Ocean were a few degrees warmer than normal, so it kept that storm amped up. And, of course, the warmer atmosphere also holds more water vapor, so you get more rainfall and therefore you've got heavier floods. But, in addition, sea level has gone up a measurable amount over the last several decades, and that contributes too. The climate dice are now loaded, and they're becoming more loaded. And it's reaching a level that the public should notice -- that the frequency of extreme events is greater than it used to be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CM:\u003c/strong> The public, I think is noticing. We've certainly noticed here in California. Just recently, we had one of these multi-day, multi-wave storms referred to as a \"Pineapple Express.\" Are there climate change fingerprints on that type of event, too?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>JH:\u003c/strong> Well, there is a fingerprint on extreme rainfall. So if you look at the record rainfalls -- the extreme events -- those are affected by global warming, because the atmosphere holds more water when it's warmer. And the relationship is quite a strong one. So storms -- thunderstorms, hurricanes, tornadoes -- those storms that are driven by a latent heat of water vapor are going to be stronger. The extreme ones are going to be stronger and that's simple physics. But, you can't blame any single event [on warming], so the analogy that was recently drawn of a baseball player on steroids -- that's a good example. He'll hit more home runs, but you can't say that particular home run was because he was on steroids. But you can clearly see there's an impact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hansen has also not minced words about California's newly-established \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - cap & trade\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/capandtrade/\">cap-and-trade program\u003c/a>. At the Commonwealth Club, he drew surprised laughs from the audience when he paused briefly, apparently searching for words, and then blurted out, \"Because it's not -- it's half-assed.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in our studios, he explained why he thinks so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48160\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 275px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48160\" title=\"JHansen_NASA\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/JHansen_NASA.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"275\" height=\"183\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA's Jim Hansen: Cap-and-trade won't get the job done. (Photo: NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>JH:\u003c/strong> California is very useful in providing an example of how you can have a good economy, compared to the rest of the country, and still have low emissions and hopefully go still lower. But, frankly, Cap-and-Trade is not the way to do it. What you need is an honest, flat carbon fee across the board that covers coal, oil, and gas, is collected from the fossil fuel companies, and the money that's collected should be distributed to the public, so that the person who does better than average will actually get more in their dividend than they pay in increased prices. That way, the public would allow this price to go high enough to phase out fossil fuels. And that's what we have to do. But a cap-and-trade system--you have to go big. We tried that with the Kyoto protocol. Most countries just laughed. China and India just laughed at us when we asked them. They're not gonna put a cap-and-trade system on. But if we have this carbon fee, it can be made global.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CM:\u003c/strong> The oil and gas industry and others are still pushing back hard against even the market-based cap-and-trade system here in California. Of course a carbon fee--or tax--would be politically even more difficult to achieve. What do you think the chances of that would be?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>JH:\u003c/strong> Well, I don't think it is politically more difficult if it's explained to the public. It should be salable--but of course there's no salesman for it. Politicians have not yet been willing to recognize that we can't burn all the fossil fuels. They're allowing, and even encouraging, fossil fuel companies to go after every fossil fuel they can find. Tar sands, tar shale, fracking, mountaintop removal. It's crazy because our children are going to have to figure out a way to suck that CO2 back out of the atmosphere, or they're going to get problems that will be monumental.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Hansen and I were talking, negotiators from 194 countries were wrapping up UN climate talks in Quatar. They made scant progress toward an agreement to cut carbon emissions that, if finalized, wouldn't be in place until 2020. Meanwhile, 2012 will likely go down as \u003ca title=\"Climate Central - post\" href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/book-it-2012-the-hottest-year-on-record-15350\">America's warmest year\u003c/a> on record, with worldwide \u003ca title=\"Telegraph - story\" href=\"http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/environment/climatechange/9717280/Doha-Latest-figures-show-global-CO2-emissions-are-rising.html\">carbon emissions reaching a record high\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Happy New Year.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"One of the giants of climate science talks about extreme weather...and trashes California's plan to cut emissions.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443824325,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":986},"headData":{"title":"Scientists More Outspoken on Exteme Weather-Climate Links | KQED","description":"One of the giants of climate science talks about extreme weather...and trashes California's plan to cut emissions.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"48152 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=audio_reports&p=48152","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/21/scientists-more-outspoken-on-exteme-weather-climate-links/","disqusTitle":"Scientists More Outspoken on Exteme Weather-Climate Links","path":"/quest/48152/scientists-more-outspoken-on-exteme-weather-climate-links","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/12/20121224science.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"audioLink","attributes":{"named":{"src":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/12/20121224science.mp3"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48186\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/weather.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/weather.jpg\" alt=\"extreme weather\" title=\"extreme weather\" width=\"640\" height=\"386\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48186\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/weather.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/weather-400x241.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Heavy rains put several Northern California towns on flood watch at the end of November. (Photo: Craig Miller)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Recent extreme weather events, from the Midwestern drought to Hurricane Sandy, have \u003ca title=\"Guardian - story\" href=\"http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2012/dec/14/extreme-weather-climate-change-scientists\">people paying attention to climate change\u003c/a>. Post-Sandy polls have shown a spike in concern about the climate among Americans. Some \u003ca title=\"NPR - story\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/2012/12/13/167075395/new-york-planners-prep-for-a-new-normal-of-powerful-storms\">scientists have been emboldened\u003c/a> to connect these events directly to human-caused global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of them, \u003ca title=\"NASA - Hansen\" href=\"http://www.giss.nasa.gov/staff/jhansen.html\">NASA's James Hansen\u003c/a>, who heads NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies in New York and is a climate science pioneer. He was in San Francisco this month to receive the \u003ca title=\"NewsFix - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2012/12/05/nasas-hansen-californias-cap-trade-doomed-to-fail/\">Stephen Schneider award\u003c/a> for climate communications. As it happened, he had just written an \u003ca title=\"Guardian - op ed\" href=\"http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2012/nov/29/climate-change-carbon-price?INTCMP=SRCH\">opinion column\u003c/a> for The Guardian newspaper, which drew some pretty straight lines from global warming to Sandy:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"The chances of getting a late October hurricane in New York without the help of global warming are extremely small. In that sense, you can blame Sandy on global warming.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Previously few scientists were willing to link any specific weather events to climate change. In a recent studio interview for KQED Science, I asked Hansen if that's changing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hansen:\u003c/strong> Well, yes, it's changing in the sense that the climate dice are now noticeably loaded. But in the case of Sandy, the waters in the Atlantic Ocean were a few degrees warmer than normal, so it kept that storm amped up. And, of course, the warmer atmosphere also holds more water vapor, so you get more rainfall and therefore you've got heavier floods. But, in addition, sea level has gone up a measurable amount over the last several decades, and that contributes too. The climate dice are now loaded, and they're becoming more loaded. And it's reaching a level that the public should notice -- that the frequency of extreme events is greater than it used to be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CM:\u003c/strong> The public, I think is noticing. We've certainly noticed here in California. Just recently, we had one of these multi-day, multi-wave storms referred to as a \"Pineapple Express.\" Are there climate change fingerprints on that type of event, too?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>JH:\u003c/strong> Well, there is a fingerprint on extreme rainfall. So if you look at the record rainfalls -- the extreme events -- those are affected by global warming, because the atmosphere holds more water when it's warmer. And the relationship is quite a strong one. So storms -- thunderstorms, hurricanes, tornadoes -- those storms that are driven by a latent heat of water vapor are going to be stronger. The extreme ones are going to be stronger and that's simple physics. But, you can't blame any single event [on warming], so the analogy that was recently drawn of a baseball player on steroids -- that's a good example. He'll hit more home runs, but you can't say that particular home run was because he was on steroids. But you can clearly see there's an impact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hansen has also not minced words about California's newly-established \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - cap & trade\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/capandtrade/\">cap-and-trade program\u003c/a>. At the Commonwealth Club, he drew surprised laughs from the audience when he paused briefly, apparently searching for words, and then blurted out, \"Because it's not -- it's half-assed.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in our studios, he explained why he thinks so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48160\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 275px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48160\" title=\"JHansen_NASA\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/JHansen_NASA.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"275\" height=\"183\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA's Jim Hansen: Cap-and-trade won't get the job done. (Photo: NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>JH:\u003c/strong> California is very useful in providing an example of how you can have a good economy, compared to the rest of the country, and still have low emissions and hopefully go still lower. But, frankly, Cap-and-Trade is not the way to do it. What you need is an honest, flat carbon fee across the board that covers coal, oil, and gas, is collected from the fossil fuel companies, and the money that's collected should be distributed to the public, so that the person who does better than average will actually get more in their dividend than they pay in increased prices. That way, the public would allow this price to go high enough to phase out fossil fuels. And that's what we have to do. But a cap-and-trade system--you have to go big. We tried that with the Kyoto protocol. Most countries just laughed. China and India just laughed at us when we asked them. They're not gonna put a cap-and-trade system on. But if we have this carbon fee, it can be made global.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CM:\u003c/strong> The oil and gas industry and others are still pushing back hard against even the market-based cap-and-trade system here in California. Of course a carbon fee--or tax--would be politically even more difficult to achieve. What do you think the chances of that would be?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>JH:\u003c/strong> Well, I don't think it is politically more difficult if it's explained to the public. It should be salable--but of course there's no salesman for it. Politicians have not yet been willing to recognize that we can't burn all the fossil fuels. They're allowing, and even encouraging, fossil fuel companies to go after every fossil fuel they can find. Tar sands, tar shale, fracking, mountaintop removal. It's crazy because our children are going to have to figure out a way to suck that CO2 back out of the atmosphere, or they're going to get problems that will be monumental.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Hansen and I were talking, negotiators from 194 countries were wrapping up UN climate talks in Quatar. They made scant progress toward an agreement to cut carbon emissions that, if finalized, wouldn't be in place until 2020. Meanwhile, 2012 will likely go down as \u003ca title=\"Climate Central - post\" href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/book-it-2012-the-hottest-year-on-record-15350\">America's warmest year\u003c/a> on record, with worldwide \u003ca title=\"Telegraph - story\" href=\"http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/environment/climatechange/9717280/Doha-Latest-figures-show-global-CO2-emissions-are-rising.html\">carbon emissions reaching a record high\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Happy New Year.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/48152/scientists-more-outspoken-on-exteme-weather-climate-links","authors":["221"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_13195","quest_11581","quest_11662","quest_11661","quest_11194"],"featImg":"quest_48187","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3am-9am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/morning-edition"},"onourwatch":{"id":"onourwatch","title":"On Our Watch","tagline":"Police secrets, unsealed","info":"For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. 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