Groundhogs and Ground Squirrels: Winter Prognosticators
California's Deadlocked Delta: Can We Bring Back What We've Lost?
California's Deadlocked Delta: Can it Be Fixed?
Salmon Runs, Grizzly Bear Dreams
Cinematic Science from The Farm to France
Science on the SPOT: Monarch Meetup
Reproduction Unleashed
Algae…Soylent Green…and the Future of Biofuel
Your Photos on QUEST: Mike Forsberg
Sponsored
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Josh studied science and natural history filmmaking at San Francisco State University and Montana State University.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f2582a0801a35af53b734d56bcac2bbe?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["author","edit_others_posts"]}],"headData":{"title":"Josh Cassidy | KQED","description":"Digital Video Producer","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f2582a0801a35af53b734d56bcac2bbe?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f2582a0801a35af53b734d56bcac2bbe?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/joshua-cassidy"},"lizagross":{"type":"authors","id":"6322","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6322","found":true},"name":"Liza Gross","firstName":"Liza","lastName":"Gross","slug":"lizagross","email":"lizagross@gmail.com","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Liza Gross, an award-winning independent journalist and senior editor at the biomedical journal PLOS Biology, writes mostly about conservation and public and environmental health. She was a 2013 recipient of the NYU Reporting Award, a 2013 Dennis Hunt Health Journalism fellow and a 2015 USC Data Journalism fellow.\r\n\r\nRead her \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/lizagross/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1f7d36efc78088d63466cef5f10c4c7a?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"stateofhealth","roles":["author"]},{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Liza Gross | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1f7d36efc78088d63466cef5f10c4c7a?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1f7d36efc78088d63466cef5f10c4c7a?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/lizagross"},"dannastaaf":{"type":"authors","id":"6324","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6324","found":true},"name":"Danna Staaf","firstName":"Danna","lastName":"Staaf","slug":"dannastaaf","email":"dannajoy@gmail.com","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Danna Staaf is a marine biologist, science writer, novelist, artist, and educator. She holds a PhD in Squid Babies from Stanford and a BA in Biology from the College of Creative Studies at the University of California, Santa Barbara. She helped found the outreach program \u003ca href=\"http://gilly.stanford.edu/outreach.html\">Squids4Kids\u003c/a>, illustrated \u003ca href=\"https://www.thegamecrafter.com/games/the-game-of-science\">The Game of Science\u003c/a>, and blogs at \u003ca href=\"http://www.science20.com/squid_day\">Science 2.0\u003c/a>. She lives in San Jose with her husband, daughter, and cats.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/62085c2562a0b91949bfd6ff7548082e?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Danna Staaf | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/62085c2562a0b91949bfd6ff7548082e?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/62085c2562a0b91949bfd6ff7548082e?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/dannastaaf"},"sharolembry":{"type":"authors","id":"6328","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6328","found":true},"name":"Sharol Nelson-Embry","firstName":"Sharol","lastName":"Nelson-Embry","slug":"sharolembry","email":"bobsharol@gmail.com","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Sharol Nelson-Embry is the Supervising Naturalist at the Crab Cove Visitor Center & Aquarium on San Francisco Bay in Alameda. Crab Cove is part of the East Bay Regional Park District, one of the largest and oldest regional park agencies in the nation. She graduated from Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo with a degree in Natural Resources Management and an epiphany that connecting kids with nature was her destiny. She's been rooted in the Bay Area since 1991 after working at nature centers and outdoor science schools around our fair state. She loves the great variety of habitats stretching from the Bay shoreline to the redwoods, lakes, and hills. Sharol enjoys connecting people to nature with articles in local newspapers and online forums.\r\n\r\nRead her \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/sharolembry/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e1d65f00eccde30de75fac778ead552d?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Sharol Nelson-Embry | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e1d65f00eccde30de75fac778ead552d?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e1d65f00eccde30de75fac778ead552d?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/sharolembry"},"garyhochman":{"type":"authors","id":"10297","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10297","found":true},"name":"Gary Hochman","firstName":"Gary","lastName":"Hochman","slug":"garyhochman","email":"GHochman@netad.unl.edu","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Gary is a senior producer at NET Television. He’s produced documentaries worldwide, bringing science to audiences through TV, the web, museums, and schools. Gary has twice received the American Association for the Advancement of Science Journalism Award. His recent documentary, NOVA: Secrets Beneath The Ice, examines how researchers explore, drill and prospect to detect how Antarctica’s climate history can forecast Earth’s global climate future. His national productions include: NOVA: Ancient Refuge in the Holy Land, NOVA: Buried In Ash, NOVA: Edgerton and His Incredible Seeing Machines, Behind Lab Doors, Jungle Under Glass, Profit the Earth, Sexuality and Aging, and Seeking the Real Jesse James.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/2211943d85f3e4fed61c451f70e04239?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["coordinator","edit_dashboard","edit_posts","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Gary Hochman | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/2211943d85f3e4fed61c451f70e04239?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/2211943d85f3e4fed61c451f70e04239?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/garyhochman"},"michaelfarrell":{"type":"authors","id":"10298","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10298","found":true},"name":"Michael Farrell","firstName":"Michael","lastName":"Farrell","slug":"michaelfarrell","email":"mfarrell@netnebraska.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Currently the Special Projects Manager for Nebraska Educational Telecommunications, Michael Farrell served for many years as the executive in charge of television production for University of Nebraska Television Department/Nebraska Educational Telecommunications. He was responsible for development, production and management of the network’s broadcast and non-broadcast television programming and projects. His areas of specialization include history and humanities documentaries as well as programs about diverse topics such as rural and environmental issues, the fine arts, opera, ballet, jazz and blues. His award-winning production In Search of the Oregon Trail has been aired three times on prime-time national public television and was one of the top ten most-watched PBS programs in its premiere year of 1996. Farrell received an A.B. from Indiana University and an M.S. from the Institute of Design (Chicago).","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8e69be51227b457222b9c375f05315c9?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Michael Farrell | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8e69be51227b457222b9c375f05315c9?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8e69be51227b457222b9c375f05315c9?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/michaelfarrell"},"abramlueders":{"type":"authors","id":"10301","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10301","found":true},"name":"Abram Lueders","firstName":"Abram","lastName":"Lueders","slug":"abramlueders","email":"alueders@unlnotes.unl.edu","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Abram Lueders is a web interactive project assistant at NET. Despite his current status as a Nebraskan, Abram was born in Baltimore, and grew up in Hawaii. Before working at NET, he interned at WUSA in Washington DC, and KCTS in Seattle. He also spent five years doing digital media work for the Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative, a job he started shortly after turning 16. Abram recently graduated from the University of Nebraska - Lincoln with a degree in broadcasting. When he's not wired into his cubicle, Abram enjoys baking, writing, and doodling adorable animals in the margins of his notebooks.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6157a35931afd24f5de485cc859f1162?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Abram Lueders | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6157a35931afd24f5de485cc859f1162?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6157a35931afd24f5de485cc859f1162?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/abramlueders"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_49207":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_49207","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"49207","score":null,"sort":[1359732023000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"groundhogs-and-ground-squirrels-winter-prognosticators","title":"Groundhogs and Ground Squirrels: Winter Prognosticators","publishDate":1359732023,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49208\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 541px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/01/groundhogs-and-ground-squirrels-winter-prognosticators/800px-groundhog-standing2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49208\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-49208\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/800px-Groundhog-Standing2-541x360.jpg\" alt=\"This groundhog, alert to danger, is related to ground squirrels and marmots.\" width=\"541\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This groundhog, alert to danger, is related to ground squirrels and marmots. Photo by \u003ca title=\"Groundhog Standing by Marumari\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Groundhog-Standing2.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">Marumari\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Groundhog Day seems mostly an East Coast event with most of the action centered in Pennsylvania. In a land of biting wind, bitter cold and snow, Punxsutawney Phil emerges every year on Feb. 2 to predict how much longer winter will maintain its icy grip on the country. Lore has it if he sees his shadow, winter has six more weeks of bad weather and Phil returns to hibernation. If it’s cloudy, then he assumes spring is near and remains above ground. There are a couple of fun websites to see his \u003ca title=\"Groundhog Winter Predictions\" href=\"http://www.groundhogs.com/contest_frame.htm\" target=\"_blank\">predictions over the years\u003c/a> and you can even learn the official \u003ca title=\"Groundhog Day song, Marmotburrow website, UCLA\" href=\"http://www.marmotburrow.ucla.edu/murmeltier.html\" target=\"_blank\">Groundhog Day song\u003c/a> (sung to the tune of “Oh Tannenbaum,” which is fitting as this \u003ca title=\"Groundhog Day history\" href=\"http://groundhog.org/groundhog-day/history/\" target=\"_blank\">Groundhog Day tradition \u003c/a>is traced back to ancient German roots).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have our own, less famous, weather prognosticators on our relatively balmy West Coast: the ground squirrels. Groundhogs and squirrels are both in the same family of rodents called “\u003ca title=\"Rodent family Sciuridae information\" href=\"//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciuridae\" target=\"_blank\">Sciuridae\u003c/a>.” All \u003ca title=\"Groundhog id, National Geographic website\" href=\"http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/groundhog/\" target=\"_blank\">groundhogs\u003c/a>, marmots, and \u003ca title=\"California Ground Squirrel id\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_ground_squirrel\" target=\"_blank\">ground squirrels\u003c/a> are capable of hibernation, which enables them to survive winters when food is scarce and temperatures plummet. Hibernation is like suspended animation, the animal’s breathing and heart rate radically slow and their body temperature drops to nearly the same as their underground burrow. Ground squirrels in our area spend more time sleeping in winter, with some adults possibly hibernating. Definitive research about the hibernation of our local squirrels has been hard to come by – anyone need a graduate student project? Today as I walked the Bay Trail at \u003ca title=\"Crown Beach, East Bay Regional Parks\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/crown_beach\" target=\"_blank\">Crown Beach\u003c/a>, even though the sun was out, I only spotted four adult ground squirrels. In the spring, there will be hundreds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49209\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 269px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/01/groundhogs-and-ground-squirrels-winter-prognosticators/638px-california_ground_squirrel_at_point_lobos/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49209\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-49209\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/638px-California_ground_squirrel_at_Point_Lobos-269x253.jpg\" alt=\"California ground squirrels have colonies along our rocky shores and throughout grasslands. Photo by Brocken Inaglory.\" width=\"269\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California ground squirrels have colonies along our rocky shores and throughout grasslands. Photo by Brocken Inaglory.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You may be wondering how ground squirrels, so common in open areas yet seldom seen in cities (don’t confuse them with the non-native tree squirrels) fit in the ecology of our area. There’s a great article in \u003ca title=\"Lord of the Burrows, Bay Nature article\" href=\"http://baynature.org/articles/lord-of-the-burrows/\" target=\"_blank\">Bay Nature online\u003c/a> that explains their vital role in grassland ecosystems and provides a wonderful illustration of their burrow system along with a fascinating account of their co-evolution and adaptation to avoiding rattlesnakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My research also revealed a problem that needs our attention. We need to \u003ca title=\"Environmental Health News\" href=\"http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/ehs/news/rodenticides-kill-wildlife\" target=\"_blank\">avoid using rodenticides\u003c/a> to control ground squirrels - and rats. The problem is the poison is also deadly to raptors, hawks, foxes, and coyotes, which eat the poisoned rodents, and kills them through secondary poisoning. This reduces the predators, which could be helping us by eating our pest species, and causes us to use even more poison to keep the pests in check. Does this sound like a vicious cycle? Next time you’re out hiking in the grasslands or along a rocky shoreline, watch for these entertaining, important animals and, if you’re out on Feb. 2\u003csup>nd\u003c/sup> see if you can predict our own winter weather with their presence or absence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Ground squirrels in our local parks and grasslands are related to groundhogs. Find out more about their role in weather predictions and grassland ecology.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443824078,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":6,"wordCount":526},"headData":{"title":"Groundhogs and Ground Squirrels: Winter Prognosticators | KQED","description":"Ground squirrels in our local parks and grasslands are related to groundhogs. Find out more about their role in weather predictions and grassland ecology.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"49207 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=49207","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/01/groundhogs-and-ground-squirrels-winter-prognosticators/","disqusTitle":"Groundhogs and Ground Squirrels: Winter Prognosticators","path":"/quest/49207/groundhogs-and-ground-squirrels-winter-prognosticators","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49208\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 541px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/01/groundhogs-and-ground-squirrels-winter-prognosticators/800px-groundhog-standing2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49208\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-49208\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/800px-Groundhog-Standing2-541x360.jpg\" alt=\"This groundhog, alert to danger, is related to ground squirrels and marmots.\" width=\"541\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This groundhog, alert to danger, is related to ground squirrels and marmots. Photo by \u003ca title=\"Groundhog Standing by Marumari\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Groundhog-Standing2.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">Marumari\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Groundhog Day seems mostly an East Coast event with most of the action centered in Pennsylvania. In a land of biting wind, bitter cold and snow, Punxsutawney Phil emerges every year on Feb. 2 to predict how much longer winter will maintain its icy grip on the country. Lore has it if he sees his shadow, winter has six more weeks of bad weather and Phil returns to hibernation. If it’s cloudy, then he assumes spring is near and remains above ground. There are a couple of fun websites to see his \u003ca title=\"Groundhog Winter Predictions\" href=\"http://www.groundhogs.com/contest_frame.htm\" target=\"_blank\">predictions over the years\u003c/a> and you can even learn the official \u003ca title=\"Groundhog Day song, Marmotburrow website, UCLA\" href=\"http://www.marmotburrow.ucla.edu/murmeltier.html\" target=\"_blank\">Groundhog Day song\u003c/a> (sung to the tune of “Oh Tannenbaum,” which is fitting as this \u003ca title=\"Groundhog Day history\" href=\"http://groundhog.org/groundhog-day/history/\" target=\"_blank\">Groundhog Day tradition \u003c/a>is traced back to ancient German roots).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have our own, less famous, weather prognosticators on our relatively balmy West Coast: the ground squirrels. Groundhogs and squirrels are both in the same family of rodents called “\u003ca title=\"Rodent family Sciuridae information\" href=\"//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciuridae\" target=\"_blank\">Sciuridae\u003c/a>.” All \u003ca title=\"Groundhog id, National Geographic website\" href=\"http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/groundhog/\" target=\"_blank\">groundhogs\u003c/a>, marmots, and \u003ca title=\"California Ground Squirrel id\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_ground_squirrel\" target=\"_blank\">ground squirrels\u003c/a> are capable of hibernation, which enables them to survive winters when food is scarce and temperatures plummet. Hibernation is like suspended animation, the animal’s breathing and heart rate radically slow and their body temperature drops to nearly the same as their underground burrow. Ground squirrels in our area spend more time sleeping in winter, with some adults possibly hibernating. Definitive research about the hibernation of our local squirrels has been hard to come by – anyone need a graduate student project? Today as I walked the Bay Trail at \u003ca title=\"Crown Beach, East Bay Regional Parks\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/crown_beach\" target=\"_blank\">Crown Beach\u003c/a>, even though the sun was out, I only spotted four adult ground squirrels. In the spring, there will be hundreds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49209\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 269px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/01/groundhogs-and-ground-squirrels-winter-prognosticators/638px-california_ground_squirrel_at_point_lobos/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49209\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-49209\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/638px-California_ground_squirrel_at_Point_Lobos-269x253.jpg\" alt=\"California ground squirrels have colonies along our rocky shores and throughout grasslands. Photo by Brocken Inaglory.\" width=\"269\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California ground squirrels have colonies along our rocky shores and throughout grasslands. Photo by Brocken Inaglory.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You may be wondering how ground squirrels, so common in open areas yet seldom seen in cities (don’t confuse them with the non-native tree squirrels) fit in the ecology of our area. There’s a great article in \u003ca title=\"Lord of the Burrows, Bay Nature article\" href=\"http://baynature.org/articles/lord-of-the-burrows/\" target=\"_blank\">Bay Nature online\u003c/a> that explains their vital role in grassland ecosystems and provides a wonderful illustration of their burrow system along with a fascinating account of their co-evolution and adaptation to avoiding rattlesnakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My research also revealed a problem that needs our attention. We need to \u003ca title=\"Environmental Health News\" href=\"http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/ehs/news/rodenticides-kill-wildlife\" target=\"_blank\">avoid using rodenticides\u003c/a> to control ground squirrels - and rats. The problem is the poison is also deadly to raptors, hawks, foxes, and coyotes, which eat the poisoned rodents, and kills them through secondary poisoning. This reduces the predators, which could be helping us by eating our pest species, and causes us to use even more poison to keep the pests in check. Does this sound like a vicious cycle? Next time you’re out hiking in the grasslands or along a rocky shoreline, watch for these entertaining, important animals and, if you’re out on Feb. 2\u003csup>nd\u003c/sup> see if you can predict our own winter weather with their presence or absence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/49207/groundhogs-and-ground-squirrels-winter-prognosticators","authors":["6328"],"categories":["quest_4"],"tags":["quest_20","quest_3310","quest_11707","quest_11708","quest_11706","quest_13"],"featImg":"quest_49208","label":"quest"},"quest_37589":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_37589","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"37589","score":null,"sort":[1336770050000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"californias-deadlocked-delta-can-we-bring-back-what-weve-lost","title":"California's Deadlocked Delta: Can We Bring Back What We've Lost?","publishDate":1336770050,"format":"standard","headTitle":"California’s Deadlocked Delta | QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":11058,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/05/2012-05-14-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This is the second story in our three-part \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/californias-deadlocked-delta/\">series on California's Delta\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37673\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Deltamap.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-37673\" title=\"Deltamap\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Deltamap-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A map of the Delta created by the US Geological Survey in the 1910s.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As detective stories go, this sunny, spring day in the Delta isn't a typical backdrop. In the distance, tractors move slowly through dry fields of row crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Once he got lost, they were wandering all over,\" says Alison Whipple of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfei.org/he\">San Francisco Estuary Institute\u003c/a>, a non-profit research group based in Richmond. Her colleague, Robin Grossinger, agrees. \"They were all over this place.\" The two are trying to piece together the path of William Wright, a man who got hopelessly lost somewhere nearby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I should probably mention: it happened 160 years ago. Whipple and Grossinger are historical ecologists. They use sources like old photos, hand-drawn maps and early land surveys to sleuth out what this landscape looked like before it was dramatically remade by Californians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Delta's landscape has been dramatically remade over the last 200 years. Today, it's a crucial part of the state's water system, supplying 25 million people and irrigating millions of acres of farm land. But with this re-engineering, the Delta's ecosystem has collapsed, harming the fishing industry and putting water supplies at risk. Little is known about what it once looked like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[box size=small align=right color=white]\u003cstrong>Map of Historical Delta\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/delta-map/\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-37955\" title=\"DeltaThumbnail6\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaThumbnail6.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"203\" height=\"110\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/delta-map/\">See an interactive map\u003c/a> of the Delta, past and present, and the historical photos and maps used to create it.\u003cbr>\n[/box]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lost in a Delta Marsh\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Standing on a levee about 20 miles south of Sacramento, Whipple and Grossinger are discussing what they found a tattered, yellowing notebook uncovered in a state archive. It contains stories from William Wright, a duck hunter who spent a long, cold night lost in the Delta in 1850.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"padding-left: 20pt;padding-right: 20pt;line-height: 110%\">\u003cem>\"On all sides stretched a vast wilderness of tules from ten to fifteen feet in height. The driving storm of sleet was bad, but the pitchy darkness was infinitely worse... Our situation was so miserable that no words can do justice to it.\"\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not just the dramatic story they're interested in. It's passages this like one:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"padding-left: 20pt;padding-right: 20pt;line-height: 110%\">\u003cem>\"The lakes proved to be from one hundred to three hundred yards in width, as near as we could judge. The water was very cold and often waist‐deep.\" \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Whipple and Grossinger read his account, they knew they’d found a Holy Grail source document. Its detail reveal a landscape that doesn't exist here today and hasn’t existed for some time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The Delta is probably one of the most intensively transformed parts of California and it was also changed really early on because of such fertile land,\" says Grossinger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As California's Gold Rush boomed, farmers came to the Delta for its rich soil. Land went for a dollar an acre and settlers turned the wetlands into dry, agricultural land. 97% of the historic marshes were lost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have here maybe one of the most important parts of the state's ecosystem and we don’t actually know how it used to work,\" Says Grossinger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37590\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-37590\" title=\"SFEI\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/SFEI.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"320\" height=\"228\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Alison Whipple and Robin Grossinger examine historic maps in the Delta.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He and Whipple have layered together thousands of historical sources that reveal an ecosystem of incredible complexity. “We would be in trees right here with a couple winding channels that were dry in the summer but had flowing water in the wintertime,\" explains Whipple.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yearly floods from the Sacramento River inundated Delta marshes creating habitat for birds and young salmon. Closer to San Francisco Bay, hundreds of miles of small tidal channels branched out like capillaries in the wetlands. Today, most of those channels have been filled in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Returning the Delta to this pristine state just isn’t possible, says Whipple, and that’s not the goal of the project. But knowing how the ecosystem once worked could improve the habitat restoration efforts that are happening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Restoring Habitat\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Liberty Island is one place in the Delta that looks as it might have 200 years ago. Not long ago, it was a low-lying expanse of farmland, protected by tall levees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The levees broke and it wasn’t financially worth reclaiming,” Says Carl Wilcox of with \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/\">California’s Department of Fish and Game\u003c/a>. The landowners gave up when the island flooded 15 years ago. After that, nature took over. Tules and cattails started sprouting and wildlife followed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37591\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/californias-deadlocked-delta-can-we-bring-back-what-weve-lost/libertyisland/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-37591\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-37591\" title=\"LibertyIsland\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/LibertyIsland.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"320\" height=\"217\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Returning vegetation at Liberty Island in the Delta.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now, “some of the endangered native fishes, Delta smelt, longfin smelt are using this area,” says Wilcox. They're finding endangered Chinook salmon as well. \"These are more productive areas for them, they’re more protected, they’re less prone to predators.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California Considers Ambitious Restoration Plans\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is using the Liberty Island project as a model for a proposal to restore 65,000 acres of Delta habitat. It's part of the Bay Delta Conservation Plan - a major overhaul of the Delta’s water infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leo Winternitz of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.org/\">Nature Conservancy\u003c/a> says bringing back habitat for declining wildlife could make the state’s water supply more reliable. Restrictions under the Endangered Species Act have limited how much water can be pumped from the Delta in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is one big problem with restoration: most of the islands in the Delta are below sea level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Just south of here, some of the islands, they're in the 17 to 25 below sea level range. So if their levees broke, what you’d have is a large open body of water. You can’t create tidal marshes in those areas,\" says Winternitz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That leaves only a few places where restoration is feasible. Winternitz says in those areas it’s crucial the state look to the past to create the same interconnected habitat that once was.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown's administration is set to unveil the sweeping plan to restore the Delta later this year.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"California's Delta is a far cry from what it once was. About 97% of its historic marshes have been lost and scientists aren’t quite sure what the Delta once looked like. Now, a Bay Area group is working to reconstruct it through ecological detective work.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443825289,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":30,"wordCount":1033},"headData":{"title":"California's Deadlocked Delta: Can We Bring Back What We've Lost? | KQED","description":"California's Delta is a far cry from what it once was. About 97% of its historic marshes have been lost and scientists aren’t quite sure what the Delta once looked like. Now, a Bay Area group is working to reconstruct it through ecological detective work.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"37589 http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/californias-deadlocked-delta-can-we-bring-back-what-weve-lost/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/11/californias-deadlocked-delta-can-we-bring-back-what-weve-lost/","disqusTitle":"California's Deadlocked Delta: Can We Bring Back What We've Lost?","path":"/quest/37589/californias-deadlocked-delta-can-we-bring-back-what-weve-lost","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/05/2012-05-14-quest.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/05/2012-05-14-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This is the second story in our three-part \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/californias-deadlocked-delta/\">series on California's Delta\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37673\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Deltamap.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-37673\" title=\"Deltamap\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Deltamap-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A map of the Delta created by the US Geological Survey in the 1910s.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As detective stories go, this sunny, spring day in the Delta isn't a typical backdrop. In the distance, tractors move slowly through dry fields of row crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Once he got lost, they were wandering all over,\" says Alison Whipple of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfei.org/he\">San Francisco Estuary Institute\u003c/a>, a non-profit research group based in Richmond. Her colleague, Robin Grossinger, agrees. \"They were all over this place.\" The two are trying to piece together the path of William Wright, a man who got hopelessly lost somewhere nearby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I should probably mention: it happened 160 years ago. Whipple and Grossinger are historical ecologists. They use sources like old photos, hand-drawn maps and early land surveys to sleuth out what this landscape looked like before it was dramatically remade by Californians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Delta's landscape has been dramatically remade over the last 200 years. Today, it's a crucial part of the state's water system, supplying 25 million people and irrigating millions of acres of farm land. But with this re-engineering, the Delta's ecosystem has collapsed, harming the fishing industry and putting water supplies at risk. Little is known about what it once looked like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[box size=small align=right color=white]\u003cstrong>Map of Historical Delta\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/delta-map/\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-37955\" title=\"DeltaThumbnail6\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaThumbnail6.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"203\" height=\"110\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/delta-map/\">See an interactive map\u003c/a> of the Delta, past and present, and the historical photos and maps used to create it.\u003cbr>\n[/box]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lost in a Delta Marsh\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Standing on a levee about 20 miles south of Sacramento, Whipple and Grossinger are discussing what they found a tattered, yellowing notebook uncovered in a state archive. It contains stories from William Wright, a duck hunter who spent a long, cold night lost in the Delta in 1850.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"padding-left: 20pt;padding-right: 20pt;line-height: 110%\">\u003cem>\"On all sides stretched a vast wilderness of tules from ten to fifteen feet in height. The driving storm of sleet was bad, but the pitchy darkness was infinitely worse... Our situation was so miserable that no words can do justice to it.\"\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not just the dramatic story they're interested in. It's passages this like one:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"padding-left: 20pt;padding-right: 20pt;line-height: 110%\">\u003cem>\"The lakes proved to be from one hundred to three hundred yards in width, as near as we could judge. The water was very cold and often waist‐deep.\" \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Whipple and Grossinger read his account, they knew they’d found a Holy Grail source document. Its detail reveal a landscape that doesn't exist here today and hasn’t existed for some time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The Delta is probably one of the most intensively transformed parts of California and it was also changed really early on because of such fertile land,\" says Grossinger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As California's Gold Rush boomed, farmers came to the Delta for its rich soil. Land went for a dollar an acre and settlers turned the wetlands into dry, agricultural land. 97% of the historic marshes were lost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have here maybe one of the most important parts of the state's ecosystem and we don’t actually know how it used to work,\" Says Grossinger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37590\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-37590\" title=\"SFEI\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/SFEI.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"320\" height=\"228\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Alison Whipple and Robin Grossinger examine historic maps in the Delta.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He and Whipple have layered together thousands of historical sources that reveal an ecosystem of incredible complexity. “We would be in trees right here with a couple winding channels that were dry in the summer but had flowing water in the wintertime,\" explains Whipple.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yearly floods from the Sacramento River inundated Delta marshes creating habitat for birds and young salmon. Closer to San Francisco Bay, hundreds of miles of small tidal channels branched out like capillaries in the wetlands. Today, most of those channels have been filled in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Returning the Delta to this pristine state just isn’t possible, says Whipple, and that’s not the goal of the project. But knowing how the ecosystem once worked could improve the habitat restoration efforts that are happening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Restoring Habitat\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Liberty Island is one place in the Delta that looks as it might have 200 years ago. Not long ago, it was a low-lying expanse of farmland, protected by tall levees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The levees broke and it wasn’t financially worth reclaiming,” Says Carl Wilcox of with \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/\">California’s Department of Fish and Game\u003c/a>. The landowners gave up when the island flooded 15 years ago. After that, nature took over. Tules and cattails started sprouting and wildlife followed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37591\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/californias-deadlocked-delta-can-we-bring-back-what-weve-lost/libertyisland/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-37591\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-37591\" title=\"LibertyIsland\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/LibertyIsland.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"320\" height=\"217\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Returning vegetation at Liberty Island in the Delta.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now, “some of the endangered native fishes, Delta smelt, longfin smelt are using this area,” says Wilcox. They're finding endangered Chinook salmon as well. \"These are more productive areas for them, they’re more protected, they’re less prone to predators.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California Considers Ambitious Restoration Plans\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is using the Liberty Island project as a model for a proposal to restore 65,000 acres of Delta habitat. It's part of the Bay Delta Conservation Plan - a major overhaul of the Delta’s water infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leo Winternitz of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.org/\">Nature Conservancy\u003c/a> says bringing back habitat for declining wildlife could make the state’s water supply more reliable. Restrictions under the Endangered Species Act have limited how much water can be pumped from the Delta in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is one big problem with restoration: most of the islands in the Delta are below sea level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Just south of here, some of the islands, they're in the 17 to 25 below sea level range. So if their levees broke, what you’d have is a large open body of water. You can’t create tidal marshes in those areas,\" says Winternitz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That leaves only a few places where restoration is feasible. Winternitz says in those areas it’s crucial the state look to the past to create the same interconnected habitat that once was.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown's administration is set to unveil the sweeping plan to restore the Delta later this year.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/37589/californias-deadlocked-delta-can-we-bring-back-what-weve-lost","authors":["239"],"series":["quest_11058"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_3229","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_85","quest_252","quest_326","quest_20","quest_621","quest_684","quest_797","quest_799","quest_1073","quest_13203","quest_13","quest_2472","quest_13364","quest_3108","quest_3340"],"featImg":"quest_37673","label":"quest_11058"},"quest_36944":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_36944","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"36944","score":null,"sort":[1336176145000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"californias-deadlocked-delta-can-it-be-fixed","title":"California's Deadlocked Delta: Can it Be Fixed?","publishDate":1336176145,"format":"audio","headTitle":"California’s Deadlocked Delta | QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":11058,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/05/2012-05-07-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This is the first story in our three-part \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/californias-deadlocked-delta/\">series on California's Delta\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36945\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaOverview.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-36945\" title=\"DeltaOverview\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaOverview-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A canal in the Delta, heading to the Central Valley Project.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you're not familiar with where the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta is or why it's so important to the state, you're not alone. Polls show most Californians have never heard of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This relatively small part of California plays a crucial role in the state's water supply. And, as might be expected, it's become ground zero for a decades-long water war involving cities, farmers and fish. This year, the state is taking on an ambitious planning effort to break that deadlock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Re-plumbing California\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason the Delta has this starring role is thanks to a basic geography problem. Almost all of the state's water is found in the top third of the state. Most of the population lives in the bottom two-thirds of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This issue was painfully obvious to state planners a century ago. The Central Valley promised rich soil for farmers, but had little rainfall. They knew for California to grow, they had to move water to drier parts of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Delta is where California's two largest rivers come together, carrying runoff from the Sierra Nevada Mountains. To water planners, it looked like the perfect place to tap into. California began building water infrastructure at a massive scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water is exported out of the Delta primarily through two large pumping plants near Tracy, about 60 miles east of San Francisco. Each moves millions of gallons of water a minute. From there, the water rushes into concrete canals that reach Los Angeles, Silicon Valley and millions of acres of farmland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This 700-mile system has made California the state it is today. But it's come with a cost…\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>[youtube=http://accounts.icharts.net/icharts/embed/M3vTyChC]\n\u003cdiv id=\"chartdetails111327\" class=\"chartdetails\">\u003cspan>Chart: How We Use Delta Water\u003c/span>\u003cspan>Description: Water that flows through Delta is pumped hundreds of miles across California. The Central Valley Project sends water to farms, while the State Water Project reaches Los Angeles and Silicon Valley, as well as Central Valley farmland. The Bay Area also receives water from the North Bay Aqueduct and the Contra Costa Canal. In some years, as much as 50 percent of the water that flows through the Delta is exported.\u003c/span>\u003cspan>Tags: water, delta, diversions, san francisco bay delta, fishing, salmon, smelt, exports, CCWD, kqed, quest, Delta-Mendota Canal. BDCP, farming\u003c/span>\u003cspan>Author: \u003c/span>\u003cspan>\u003ca href=\"http://www.icharts.net\">charts powered by iCharts\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>An Ecosystem in Decline\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a boat in the western Delta, environmental scientist Julio Adib-Samii and team from California's Department of Fish and Game pull in a long fishing net.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36947\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 234px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Deltasmelt.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-36947\" title=\"Deltasmelt\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Deltasmelt-234x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"234\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Delta smelt.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Well, we have an adult Delta smelt,\" he says, holding a small, silver endangered fish that smells distinctly like a cucumber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fish and Game scientists have done these \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/delta/data/\">monthly fish surveys\u003c/a> for decades. But starting in 2002, they noticed something strange. Where they once caught a lot of Delta smelt, now, they weren't catching any. The population had crashed, as well as populations of striped bass, threadfin shad, longfin smelt and Chinook salmon. In 2008, the commercial salmon fishery shut down completely for two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Their decline is an indication of a changing environment and place they didn't evolve to be in,\" says Adib-Samii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Delta was once a massive tidal marsh, full of winding channels that spread out like capillaries. After the Gold Rush, settlers put up levees to create low-lying islands for farming. Ninety-seven percent of the historic wetlands were lost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Multiple Stressors, One Big Question\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We've converted almost every scrap of habitat in the Delta to farmland and we need to return some of that to habitat,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/bnelson/\">Barry Nelson\u003c/a>, senior policy analyst with the Natural Resources Defense Council. The ecosystem has also been hit by pollution, invasive species – and by the pumping plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[box size=small align=right color=white]\u003cstrong>More in our Series\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Timeline of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/slideshow/whiskey%E2%80%99s-for-drinking-water%E2%80%99s-for-fighting-about/\">Delta history\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Q&A's with \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/04/q-a-with-barry-nelson-nrdc/\">Barry Nelson\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/04/q-a-with-jason-peltier-of-wwd/\">Jason Peltier\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/what-is-california%E2%80%99s-delta/\">Video explainer\u003c/a> on \"What is the Delta?\"\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[/box]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The pumps in the south Delta are so powerful that they literally reverse the direction of flow. It's very easy for those fish to follow that water and get sucked right into the pumps,\" says Nelson. A few years ago, federal wildlife agencies issued decisions requiring the pumping to slow down during certain times of year to protect fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This brings us to the central debate in the Delta: how much water should be pumped out and how much should be left for fish?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's a limit to the amount of water you can pump from the Delta ecosystem and in the last decade it's become incredibly clear that we've exceeded that, and we've exceeded it by a lot,\" says Nelson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not everyone agrees. \"There is, you know, always going to be shortages. But there's also a lot of years when we have absolutely plenty of water in the system to meet the reasonable needs that are out there,\" says Jason Peltier with \u003ca href=\"http://www.westlandswater.org\">Westlands Water District\u003c/a>, an agricultural area in the San Joaquin Valley that depends on Delta water. He says limits on pumping have hurt the district's farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You can't get a loan to farm unless you can show the banker what water you have. And they don't have a lot of confidence in going to their bankers,\" says Peltier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The battle over the environmental rules went to the courts. \"There was lawsuit after lawsuit,\" says John Laird, California's Secretary for Natural Resources. \"It got to the point that it made much more sense to look at the entire Delta as a whole.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A New Attempt at Progress\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Laird's agency is trying to reach a compromise with the \u003ca href=\"http://baydeltaconservationplan.com/Home.aspx\">Bay Delta Conservation Plan\u003c/a>. The 10,000-page plan calls for a new way to pump water out of the Delta, through what's commonly known as the peripheral canal. Huge tunnels would take water from further upstream, bypassing the Delta, which supporters say would make the water supply more reliable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This isn't a new idea. In 1982, California voters defeated a similar plan. \"The real debate is not the tunnel itself. It's how much water and when can it flow through the tunnel,\" says Laird.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The massive project could harm the Delta's endangered species, but Laird says they'll restore thousands of acres of wetlands to compensate. California voters would be on the hook for that cost, while the $12 billion tunnel would be paid for by water users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a tough sell but, according to Laird, a necessary one since climate change will make the state's water supply more unpredictable. The agency will release a full draft of the plan in July.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta has been the subject of a decades-long water war, but most Californians have never heard of it. Why is it so important? And can the state ever break the water deadlock? ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1366749735,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":32,"wordCount":1168},"headData":{"title":"California's Deadlocked Delta: Can it Be Fixed? | KQED","description":"The Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta has been the subject of a decades-long water war, but most Californians have never heard of it. Why is it so important? And can the state ever break the water deadlock? ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"36944 http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/californias-deadlocked-delta-can-it-be-fixed/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/04/californias-deadlocked-delta-can-it-be-fixed/","disqusTitle":"California's Deadlocked Delta: Can it Be Fixed?","path":"/quest/36944/californias-deadlocked-delta-can-it-be-fixed","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/05/2012-05-07-quest.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/05/2012-05-07-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This is the first story in our three-part \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/californias-deadlocked-delta/\">series on California's Delta\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36945\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaOverview.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-36945\" title=\"DeltaOverview\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaOverview-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A canal in the Delta, heading to the Central Valley Project.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you're not familiar with where the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta is or why it's so important to the state, you're not alone. Polls show most Californians have never heard of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This relatively small part of California plays a crucial role in the state's water supply. And, as might be expected, it's become ground zero for a decades-long water war involving cities, farmers and fish. This year, the state is taking on an ambitious planning effort to break that deadlock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Re-plumbing California\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason the Delta has this starring role is thanks to a basic geography problem. Almost all of the state's water is found in the top third of the state. Most of the population lives in the bottom two-thirds of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This issue was painfully obvious to state planners a century ago. The Central Valley promised rich soil for farmers, but had little rainfall. They knew for California to grow, they had to move water to drier parts of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Delta is where California's two largest rivers come together, carrying runoff from the Sierra Nevada Mountains. To water planners, it looked like the perfect place to tap into. California began building water infrastructure at a massive scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water is exported out of the Delta primarily through two large pumping plants near Tracy, about 60 miles east of San Francisco. Each moves millions of gallons of water a minute. From there, the water rushes into concrete canals that reach Los Angeles, Silicon Valley and millions of acres of farmland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This 700-mile system has made California the state it is today. But it's come with a cost…\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/p>\u003cp>null\u003c/p>\u003cp>\n\u003cdiv id=\"chartdetails111327\" class=\"chartdetails\">\u003cspan>Chart: How We Use Delta Water\u003c/span>\u003cspan>Description: Water that flows through Delta is pumped hundreds of miles across California. The Central Valley Project sends water to farms, while the State Water Project reaches Los Angeles and Silicon Valley, as well as Central Valley farmland. The Bay Area also receives water from the North Bay Aqueduct and the Contra Costa Canal. In some years, as much as 50 percent of the water that flows through the Delta is exported.\u003c/span>\u003cspan>Tags: water, delta, diversions, san francisco bay delta, fishing, salmon, smelt, exports, CCWD, kqed, quest, Delta-Mendota Canal. BDCP, farming\u003c/span>\u003cspan>Author: \u003c/span>\u003cspan>\u003ca href=\"http://www.icharts.net\">charts powered by iCharts\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>An Ecosystem in Decline\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a boat in the western Delta, environmental scientist Julio Adib-Samii and team from California's Department of Fish and Game pull in a long fishing net.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36947\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 234px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Deltasmelt.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-36947\" title=\"Deltasmelt\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Deltasmelt-234x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"234\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Delta smelt.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Well, we have an adult Delta smelt,\" he says, holding a small, silver endangered fish that smells distinctly like a cucumber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fish and Game scientists have done these \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/delta/data/\">monthly fish surveys\u003c/a> for decades. But starting in 2002, they noticed something strange. Where they once caught a lot of Delta smelt, now, they weren't catching any. The population had crashed, as well as populations of striped bass, threadfin shad, longfin smelt and Chinook salmon. In 2008, the commercial salmon fishery shut down completely for two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Their decline is an indication of a changing environment and place they didn't evolve to be in,\" says Adib-Samii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Delta was once a massive tidal marsh, full of winding channels that spread out like capillaries. After the Gold Rush, settlers put up levees to create low-lying islands for farming. Ninety-seven percent of the historic wetlands were lost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Multiple Stressors, One Big Question\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We've converted almost every scrap of habitat in the Delta to farmland and we need to return some of that to habitat,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/bnelson/\">Barry Nelson\u003c/a>, senior policy analyst with the Natural Resources Defense Council. The ecosystem has also been hit by pollution, invasive species – and by the pumping plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[box size=small align=right color=white]\u003cstrong>More in our Series\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Timeline of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/slideshow/whiskey%E2%80%99s-for-drinking-water%E2%80%99s-for-fighting-about/\">Delta history\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Q&A's with \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/04/q-a-with-barry-nelson-nrdc/\">Barry Nelson\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/04/q-a-with-jason-peltier-of-wwd/\">Jason Peltier\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/what-is-california%E2%80%99s-delta/\">Video explainer\u003c/a> on \"What is the Delta?\"\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[/box]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The pumps in the south Delta are so powerful that they literally reverse the direction of flow. It's very easy for those fish to follow that water and get sucked right into the pumps,\" says Nelson. A few years ago, federal wildlife agencies issued decisions requiring the pumping to slow down during certain times of year to protect fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This brings us to the central debate in the Delta: how much water should be pumped out and how much should be left for fish?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's a limit to the amount of water you can pump from the Delta ecosystem and in the last decade it's become incredibly clear that we've exceeded that, and we've exceeded it by a lot,\" says Nelson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not everyone agrees. \"There is, you know, always going to be shortages. But there's also a lot of years when we have absolutely plenty of water in the system to meet the reasonable needs that are out there,\" says Jason Peltier with \u003ca href=\"http://www.westlandswater.org\">Westlands Water District\u003c/a>, an agricultural area in the San Joaquin Valley that depends on Delta water. He says limits on pumping have hurt the district's farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You can't get a loan to farm unless you can show the banker what water you have. And they don't have a lot of confidence in going to their bankers,\" says Peltier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The battle over the environmental rules went to the courts. \"There was lawsuit after lawsuit,\" says John Laird, California's Secretary for Natural Resources. \"It got to the point that it made much more sense to look at the entire Delta as a whole.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A New Attempt at Progress\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Laird's agency is trying to reach a compromise with the \u003ca href=\"http://baydeltaconservationplan.com/Home.aspx\">Bay Delta Conservation Plan\u003c/a>. The 10,000-page plan calls for a new way to pump water out of the Delta, through what's commonly known as the peripheral canal. Huge tunnels would take water from further upstream, bypassing the Delta, which supporters say would make the water supply more reliable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This isn't a new idea. In 1982, California voters defeated a similar plan. \"The real debate is not the tunnel itself. It's how much water and when can it flow through the tunnel,\" says Laird.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The massive project could harm the Delta's endangered species, but Laird says they'll restore thousands of acres of wetlands to compensate. California voters would be on the hook for that cost, while the $12 billion tunnel would be paid for by water users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a tough sell but, according to Laird, a necessary one since climate change will make the state's water supply more unpredictable. The agency will release a full draft of the plan in July.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/36944/californias-deadlocked-delta-can-it-be-fixed","authors":["239"],"series":["quest_11058"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_85","quest_252","quest_20","quest_621","quest_684","quest_797","quest_799","quest_1073","quest_13203","quest_13202","quest_2472","quest_3108","quest_3340"],"featImg":"quest_36945","label":"quest_11058"},"quest_35561":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_35561","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"35561","score":null,"sort":[1334786837000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"salmon-runs-grizzly-dreams","title":"Salmon Runs, Grizzly Bear Dreams ","publishDate":1334786837,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":3358,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35562\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/18/salmon-runs-grizzly-dreams/grizzly_bear640/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35562\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Grizzly_bear640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Grizzly_bear \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-35562\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A grizzly bear in British Columbia. Its California cousin, Ursus horribilis californicus, is long extinct. (Photo: Charlesjsharp)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Earlier this month, California’s beleaguered salmon fishing industry finally got a break. After the catastrophic collapse of Central Valley’s fall Chinook run in 2008-2009, hundreds of thousands of fish may be on their way back to Sacramento riverbeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With a forecast of 820,000 Chinook now at sea, commercial salmon boats, rendered irrelevant for two straight seasons and set loose for just eight days in 2010, can return to business as usual this summer. And though the apparent rebound is good news for salmon, the fall Chinook’s future is far from secure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The disheartening run of 2008 followed a lean spawning year (which biologists call “escapement,” after the number of fish that elude fishermen to reproduce), with just under 88,000 survivors returning to streams or hatcheries in 2007. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has four seasonal salmon runs, each with distinct behavioral and genetic traits. Conservation biologists like to compare genetic diversity to a diversified stock portfolio. More diversity means a better chance of weathering tough times. (See, for example, \"Irish potato famine.\") And while the National Marine Fisheries Service cited poor ocean conditions as the “proximate cause” for the dismal runs (because freshwater habitat, though degraded, was no worse than usual), the agency also noted several other factors, including heavy reliance on hatchery fish, which homogenized the fall Chinook’s historically diverse genetic portfolio. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fall Chinook once thrived in every major river in the Central Valley. Biologists suspect the runs rivaled the storied San Joaquin spring runs. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sjrdotmdl.org/concept_model/phys-chem_model/documents/300001740.pdf\">Documents from 1870 unearthed by historian Paul Vandor\u003c/a> described salmon returning in “such shoals” that “restful sleep was disturbed because myriads of them can be heard nightly splashing over the sand bars in the river opposite town.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35567\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/18/salmon-runs-grizzly-dreams/chinook/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35567\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/chinook-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"chinook\" title=\"chinook\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-35567\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chinook Salmon on the Lower Stanislaus River. (Photo: USFWS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Spring run Chinook are long gone from the San Joaquin watershed. Just 3,802 fish made the Sacramento run in 2009.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pacific fisheries managers monitor Chinook take to allow 122,000-180,000 fish to escape capture and swim upriver. In 2008, just 66,000 fish made it back. Fewer than 40,000 returned in 2009 (close to 54,000 counting hatchery fish), the worst run on record. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(The runs in 2010 barely made it above the minimum target, with close to 40,000 returning to hatcheries and about 86,000 returning to wild streams.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This season’s good news notwithstanding, the grim returns of the past few years didn’t affect just fishermen and salmon consumers. Biologists have long known that ecosystems suffer when managers value economics over ecosystems and allow overfishing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But cutting back on harvests to let more salmon spawn in rivers and creeks will not only help safeguard their ecological role, argues a \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/HIs8gx\">study published last week in PLoS Biology\u003c/a>, but will help commercial fishers and consumers by ensuring a future for salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When salmon thrive, so does everything else, says Taal Levi, a PhD candidate in environmental studies at UC Santa Cruz, who led the study. “Abundance matters in ecosystems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study supports a growing literature linking abundant salmon to positive ecological effects, Levi says. “It suggests we should be letting more salmon into rivers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35572\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/18/salmon-runs-grizzly-dreams/griz-with-salmon/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35572\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/griz-with-salmon-250x253.png\" alt=\"grizzly with salmon\" title=\"grizzly with salmon\" width=\"250\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-35572\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Letting more salmon return to coastal streams to spawn will benefit bears, ecosystems, and eventually the offshore salmon catch. (Photo: Jennifer Allen)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Salmon are the ultimate mobile nutrient-delivery system. They spread the wealth wherever they go, from streams to sea and back again. Healthy salmon runs boost primary productivity in coastal lakes (by providing nutrients for algae), fuel vegetative growth along streams, creating better habitat for salmon hatchlings and leading to higher densities of \u003ca href=\"http://www.springerlink.com/content/u4183m54576wq127/fulltext.html\">diverse insects\u003c/a> and songbirds. They also feed all manner of predators and scavengers, from orcas to raptors and—in the places they still exist—grizzly bears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hundreds of thousands of salmon once injected massive seasonal pulses of nutrients from the sea to Pacific coastal and riparian ecosystems. Commercial harvests deprive ecosystems of this historic recharge. But restricting harvests cuts into fishery profits. Levi and his colleagues \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/HAGkMV\">developed a model\u003c/a> to help fishery managers weigh the costs and benefits to commercial fishers and ecosystems of allowing more spawning, using grizzly bears as a proxy for salmon’s ecosystem benefits. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies show that \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/IkmX7A\">spawning and dead salmon are the single most important fall resource\u003c/a> to grizzlies preparing for hibernation and cub-rearing on Alaska’s Kenai Peninsula. In this study, the authors show that grizzlies are good indicators of salmon’s ecosystem services because bear densities are so closely tied to salmon abundance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors used fishing records to model increased escapement across various management options for six sockeye salmon stocks in Alaska and British Columbia to determine how bear numbers and income from fishing change with the number of fish harvested. For each stock, more spawning meant more bears. And for sockeye stocks that breed in streams alongside other salmon species, both long-term fishing yields and bears benefited from higher escapement. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conservation and economic interests conflicted only where grizzlies are threatened and eat primarily sockeye, because reducing harvests would cut into profits. But the tradeoffs would be clear, and managers could estimate the costs of protecting salmon runs and endangered bears. It’s conceivable that managers could even find ways to help fisheries recoup their losses in the name of conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fishing industry in California doesn’t dominate the state economy as it does in Alaska. But Levi argues that having more salmon in streams would also have economic benefits from better wildlife viewing opportunities. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Increased salmon abundance would surely help California’s bald eagles. “We don’t have abundant bald eagle populations anymore but we have a nesting pair at Pinto Lake in Watsonville,” Levi says. (There’s another pair in \u003ca href=\"http://www.sequoia-audubon.org/\">San Mateo\u003c/a> now.) More salmon would be a boon to the state’s recovering eagle population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More salmon would also increase black bear populations, he says, which is good for both hunters and wildlife observers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Black bears often move in when grizzlies go extinct, serving a similar ecological role. In fact, biologists say, black bears eat more salmon than grizzlies because they’re more widely distributed. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s no reason that restoring California’s salmon runs couldn’t go hand in hand with restoring the state’s grizzly population, Levi says: California and Oregon have millions of acres of contiguous protected land, more than enough to support grizzlies. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1970s, grizzlies survived on only 4 million acres in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, he points out. Protected areas in six national forests from Klamath to Mendocino provide nearly 9 million acres of contiguous habitat, not counting available habitat along the coast range from Humboldt down to Point Reyes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35652\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/18/salmon-runs-grizzly-dreams/salmon_grizz-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35652\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/salmon_grizz1-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Grizzly bear\" title=\"Grizzly bear\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-35652\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grizzly bear (Photo: Eric Sambol/www.raincoast.org)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Grizzlies once inhabited nearly every part of the state. In the 1800s, there were so many in the Santa Cruz Mountains where Levi lives that a Spanish missionary said they prowled about “in herds like hogs on a farm.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even as late as the 1850s, grizzlies roamed San Mateo and Santa Cruz counties. By the 1870s, they were gone because, as legendary naturalist Joseph Grinnell wrote, “Great numbers of people…have been alert to seize any and every opportunity to \u003cem>kill\u003c/em> bears.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levi admits the prospect for reintroducing grizzlies could be “politically insurmountable,” but adds wistfully, “this would be ambitious wildlife conservation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is not at all crazy to think that grizzlies could have a viable population in California,\" he says. \"The question is just whether we want them back.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Using grizzly bears in the Pacific Northwest as a proxy for the benefits salmon deliver to ecological communities, a new study argues that letting more salmon migrate into coastal streams will lead to downstream improvements for the ecosystem and eventually the offshore salmon catch. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1335901292,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":29,"wordCount":1318},"headData":{"title":"Salmon Runs, Grizzly Bear Dreams | KQED","description":"Using grizzly bears in the Pacific Northwest as a proxy for the benefits salmon deliver to ecological communities, a new study argues that letting more salmon migrate into coastal streams will lead to downstream improvements for the ecosystem and eventually the offshore salmon catch. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"35561 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=35561","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/18/salmon-runs-grizzly-dreams/","disqusTitle":"Salmon Runs, Grizzly Bear Dreams ","path":"/quest/35561/salmon-runs-grizzly-dreams","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35562\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/18/salmon-runs-grizzly-dreams/grizzly_bear640/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35562\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Grizzly_bear640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Grizzly_bear \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-35562\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A grizzly bear in British Columbia. Its California cousin, Ursus horribilis californicus, is long extinct. (Photo: Charlesjsharp)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Earlier this month, California’s beleaguered salmon fishing industry finally got a break. After the catastrophic collapse of Central Valley’s fall Chinook run in 2008-2009, hundreds of thousands of fish may be on their way back to Sacramento riverbeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With a forecast of 820,000 Chinook now at sea, commercial salmon boats, rendered irrelevant for two straight seasons and set loose for just eight days in 2010, can return to business as usual this summer. And though the apparent rebound is good news for salmon, the fall Chinook’s future is far from secure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The disheartening run of 2008 followed a lean spawning year (which biologists call “escapement,” after the number of fish that elude fishermen to reproduce), with just under 88,000 survivors returning to streams or hatcheries in 2007. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has four seasonal salmon runs, each with distinct behavioral and genetic traits. Conservation biologists like to compare genetic diversity to a diversified stock portfolio. More diversity means a better chance of weathering tough times. (See, for example, \"Irish potato famine.\") And while the National Marine Fisheries Service cited poor ocean conditions as the “proximate cause” for the dismal runs (because freshwater habitat, though degraded, was no worse than usual), the agency also noted several other factors, including heavy reliance on hatchery fish, which homogenized the fall Chinook’s historically diverse genetic portfolio. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fall Chinook once thrived in every major river in the Central Valley. Biologists suspect the runs rivaled the storied San Joaquin spring runs. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sjrdotmdl.org/concept_model/phys-chem_model/documents/300001740.pdf\">Documents from 1870 unearthed by historian Paul Vandor\u003c/a> described salmon returning in “such shoals” that “restful sleep was disturbed because myriads of them can be heard nightly splashing over the sand bars in the river opposite town.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35567\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/18/salmon-runs-grizzly-dreams/chinook/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35567\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/chinook-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"chinook\" title=\"chinook\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-35567\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chinook Salmon on the Lower Stanislaus River. (Photo: USFWS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Spring run Chinook are long gone from the San Joaquin watershed. Just 3,802 fish made the Sacramento run in 2009.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pacific fisheries managers monitor Chinook take to allow 122,000-180,000 fish to escape capture and swim upriver. In 2008, just 66,000 fish made it back. Fewer than 40,000 returned in 2009 (close to 54,000 counting hatchery fish), the worst run on record. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(The runs in 2010 barely made it above the minimum target, with close to 40,000 returning to hatcheries and about 86,000 returning to wild streams.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This season’s good news notwithstanding, the grim returns of the past few years didn’t affect just fishermen and salmon consumers. Biologists have long known that ecosystems suffer when managers value economics over ecosystems and allow overfishing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But cutting back on harvests to let more salmon spawn in rivers and creeks will not only help safeguard their ecological role, argues a \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/HIs8gx\">study published last week in PLoS Biology\u003c/a>, but will help commercial fishers and consumers by ensuring a future for salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When salmon thrive, so does everything else, says Taal Levi, a PhD candidate in environmental studies at UC Santa Cruz, who led the study. “Abundance matters in ecosystems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study supports a growing literature linking abundant salmon to positive ecological effects, Levi says. “It suggests we should be letting more salmon into rivers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35572\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/18/salmon-runs-grizzly-dreams/griz-with-salmon/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35572\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/griz-with-salmon-250x253.png\" alt=\"grizzly with salmon\" title=\"grizzly with salmon\" width=\"250\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-35572\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Letting more salmon return to coastal streams to spawn will benefit bears, ecosystems, and eventually the offshore salmon catch. (Photo: Jennifer Allen)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Salmon are the ultimate mobile nutrient-delivery system. They spread the wealth wherever they go, from streams to sea and back again. Healthy salmon runs boost primary productivity in coastal lakes (by providing nutrients for algae), fuel vegetative growth along streams, creating better habitat for salmon hatchlings and leading to higher densities of \u003ca href=\"http://www.springerlink.com/content/u4183m54576wq127/fulltext.html\">diverse insects\u003c/a> and songbirds. They also feed all manner of predators and scavengers, from orcas to raptors and—in the places they still exist—grizzly bears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hundreds of thousands of salmon once injected massive seasonal pulses of nutrients from the sea to Pacific coastal and riparian ecosystems. Commercial harvests deprive ecosystems of this historic recharge. But restricting harvests cuts into fishery profits. Levi and his colleagues \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/HAGkMV\">developed a model\u003c/a> to help fishery managers weigh the costs and benefits to commercial fishers and ecosystems of allowing more spawning, using grizzly bears as a proxy for salmon’s ecosystem benefits. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies show that \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/IkmX7A\">spawning and dead salmon are the single most important fall resource\u003c/a> to grizzlies preparing for hibernation and cub-rearing on Alaska’s Kenai Peninsula. In this study, the authors show that grizzlies are good indicators of salmon’s ecosystem services because bear densities are so closely tied to salmon abundance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors used fishing records to model increased escapement across various management options for six sockeye salmon stocks in Alaska and British Columbia to determine how bear numbers and income from fishing change with the number of fish harvested. For each stock, more spawning meant more bears. And for sockeye stocks that breed in streams alongside other salmon species, both long-term fishing yields and bears benefited from higher escapement. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conservation and economic interests conflicted only where grizzlies are threatened and eat primarily sockeye, because reducing harvests would cut into profits. But the tradeoffs would be clear, and managers could estimate the costs of protecting salmon runs and endangered bears. It’s conceivable that managers could even find ways to help fisheries recoup their losses in the name of conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fishing industry in California doesn’t dominate the state economy as it does in Alaska. But Levi argues that having more salmon in streams would also have economic benefits from better wildlife viewing opportunities. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Increased salmon abundance would surely help California’s bald eagles. “We don’t have abundant bald eagle populations anymore but we have a nesting pair at Pinto Lake in Watsonville,” Levi says. (There’s another pair in \u003ca href=\"http://www.sequoia-audubon.org/\">San Mateo\u003c/a> now.) More salmon would be a boon to the state’s recovering eagle population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More salmon would also increase black bear populations, he says, which is good for both hunters and wildlife observers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Black bears often move in when grizzlies go extinct, serving a similar ecological role. In fact, biologists say, black bears eat more salmon than grizzlies because they’re more widely distributed. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s no reason that restoring California’s salmon runs couldn’t go hand in hand with restoring the state’s grizzly population, Levi says: California and Oregon have millions of acres of contiguous protected land, more than enough to support grizzlies. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1970s, grizzlies survived on only 4 million acres in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, he points out. Protected areas in six national forests from Klamath to Mendocino provide nearly 9 million acres of contiguous habitat, not counting available habitat along the coast range from Humboldt down to Point Reyes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35652\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/18/salmon-runs-grizzly-dreams/salmon_grizz-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35652\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/salmon_grizz1-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Grizzly bear\" title=\"Grizzly bear\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-35652\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grizzly bear (Photo: Eric Sambol/www.raincoast.org)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Grizzlies once inhabited nearly every part of the state. In the 1800s, there were so many in the Santa Cruz Mountains where Levi lives that a Spanish missionary said they prowled about “in herds like hogs on a farm.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even as late as the 1850s, grizzlies roamed San Mateo and Santa Cruz counties. By the 1870s, they were gone because, as legendary naturalist Joseph Grinnell wrote, “Great numbers of people…have been alert to seize any and every opportunity to \u003cem>kill\u003c/em> bears.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levi admits the prospect for reintroducing grizzlies could be “politically insurmountable,” but adds wistfully, “this would be ambitious wildlife conservation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is not at all crazy to think that grizzlies could have a viable population in California,\" he says. \"The question is just whether we want them back.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/35561/salmon-runs-grizzly-dreams","authors":["6322"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_295","quest_20","quest_684","quest_921","quest_13198","quest_11001","quest_13202","quest_2477"],"collections":["quest_3358"],"featImg":"quest_35562","label":"quest_3358"},"quest_35147":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_35147","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"35147","score":null,"sort":[1334082962000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"cinematic-science-from-the-farm-to-france","title":"Cinematic Science from The Farm to France","publishDate":1334082962,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Monday was the 182nd birthday of Eadward Muybridge, the moving picture pioneer who first answered the question: do all four feet of a galloping horse leave the ground at once?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Muybridge took his famous horse photographs at the Palo Alto Stock Farm, 14 years before it would become Stanford University. Leland Stanford himself, former California governor and race horse owner, had hired the photographer simply to satisfy his curiosity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35148\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/10/cinematic-science-from-the-farm-to-france/the_horse_in_motion/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35148\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/The_Horse_in_Motion.jpg\" alt=\"The Horse in Motion - Eadward Muybridge\" title=\"The_Horse_in_Motion\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-35148\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/The_Horse_in_Motion.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/The_Horse_in_Motion-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Yep, all four feet off the ground. You're welcome, Mr. Stanford!\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But Muybridge had bigger ideas. He created a device called the \u003cem>zoopraxiscope\u003c/em> that projected still images from a spinning disc, creating the illusion of motion. (I'm disappointed that history nixed \"zoopraxiscope\" in favor of \"film projector.\" BORING.) In 1880, Muybridge presented a public screening of his running horse that was probably the world's first movie, though no one called it that at the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Muybridge's remarkable contributions to film often overshadow his instrumental role in kickstarting the science of biomechanics. He was fascinated with locomotion, and moved on from horses to study a variety of other animals. The field has blossomed since Muybridge's time: modern high-speed cameras can record \u003ca href=\"http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2011/11/dry-hummingbirds/\" title=\"Wired - How Hummingbirds Stay Dry\">hummingbird wings\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.oberlin.edu/news-info/05may/expflower.html\" title=\"Oberlin College - World's Fastest Flower\">world's fastest flower\u003c/a> (!). I've even used high-speed video combined with a microscope to study the locomotion of baby squid--which brings us to the next curious character in this tale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As anyone who's seen \u003ca href=\"http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0970179/\" title=\"Hugo (IMBD)\">\u003cem>Hugo\u003c/em>\u003c/a> knows, the French picked up where Muybridge left off and began to make all kinds of marvelous films. You may have heard of the Lumière brothers (\u003cem>The Arrival of a Train at La Ciolat Station\u003c/em>, 1885) and Georges Méliès (\u003cem>A Trip to the Moon\u003c/em>, 1902), but what about \u003ca href=\"http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0656860/\" title=\"Jean Painlevé (IMDB)\">Jean Painlevé\u003c/a>?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35153\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/10/cinematic-science-from-the-farm-to-france/800px-jean_painleve1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35153\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/800px-Jean_painleve1-640x360.png\" alt=\"Jean Painlevé\" title=\"800px-Jean_painleve1\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-35153\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jean Painlevé - from \"Science is Fiction: 23 Films by Jean Painlevé\" Producer: Kate Elmore\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Painlevé was a French artist and scientist who loved marine animals and film. The first underwater camera housing, which he helped develop, let him combine his passions. His early films (with names like \u003cem>The Stickleback's Egg\u003c/em> and \u003cem>The Devilfish\u003c/em>) amazed audiences from the 1920's through today with their meticulous scientific detail. Yet Painlevé's interest in a surrealist aesthetic brought anthropomorphism and metaphor into what might otherwise have been simple educational movies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://player.vimeo.com/video/28884147\" width=\"500\" height=\"400\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea urchins look to many people like uncomfortably sharp plants, but in Painlevé's movie their animal nature is obvious. They dig. They crawl. At 3:45, a charming illustration explains how an urchin's tube foot (\u003cem>ventouse\u003c/em>) works. Then the entire animal rotates itself with the concerted effort of a hundred tube feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With videos like this, Painlevé followed in Muybridge's footsteps, studying animal locomotion in a way that hadn't been possible before film. The development of cinema may have given rise to a multi-billion dollar entertainment industry--but it should also be celebrated for science's sake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>H/t to the \u003ca href=\"http://echinoblog.blogspot.com/2012/04/amazing-black-and-white-sea-urchin.html\" title=\"Echinoblog\">Echinoblog\u003c/a> for bringing Jean Painlevé to my attention.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Monday was the 182nd birthday of Eadward Muybridge, the moving picture pioneer who first answered the question: Do all four feet of a galloping horse leave the ground at once? Muybridge's remarkable contributions to film often overshadow his instrumental role in kickstarting the science of biomechanics . . .","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1334698779,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["http://player.vimeo.com/video/28884147"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":507},"headData":{"title":"Cinematic Science from The Farm to France | KQED","description":"Monday was the 182nd birthday of Eadward Muybridge, the moving picture pioneer who first answered the question: Do all four feet of a galloping horse leave the ground at once? Muybridge's remarkable contributions to film often overshadow his instrumental role in kickstarting the science of biomechanics . . .","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"35147 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=35147","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/10/cinematic-science-from-the-farm-to-france/","disqusTitle":"Cinematic Science from The Farm to France","path":"/quest/35147/cinematic-science-from-the-farm-to-france","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Monday was the 182nd birthday of Eadward Muybridge, the moving picture pioneer who first answered the question: do all four feet of a galloping horse leave the ground at once?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Muybridge took his famous horse photographs at the Palo Alto Stock Farm, 14 years before it would become Stanford University. Leland Stanford himself, former California governor and race horse owner, had hired the photographer simply to satisfy his curiosity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35148\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/10/cinematic-science-from-the-farm-to-france/the_horse_in_motion/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35148\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/The_Horse_in_Motion.jpg\" alt=\"The Horse in Motion - Eadward Muybridge\" title=\"The_Horse_in_Motion\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-35148\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/The_Horse_in_Motion.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/The_Horse_in_Motion-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Yep, all four feet off the ground. You're welcome, Mr. Stanford!\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But Muybridge had bigger ideas. He created a device called the \u003cem>zoopraxiscope\u003c/em> that projected still images from a spinning disc, creating the illusion of motion. (I'm disappointed that history nixed \"zoopraxiscope\" in favor of \"film projector.\" BORING.) In 1880, Muybridge presented a public screening of his running horse that was probably the world's first movie, though no one called it that at the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Muybridge's remarkable contributions to film often overshadow his instrumental role in kickstarting the science of biomechanics. He was fascinated with locomotion, and moved on from horses to study a variety of other animals. The field has blossomed since Muybridge's time: modern high-speed cameras can record \u003ca href=\"http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2011/11/dry-hummingbirds/\" title=\"Wired - How Hummingbirds Stay Dry\">hummingbird wings\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.oberlin.edu/news-info/05may/expflower.html\" title=\"Oberlin College - World's Fastest Flower\">world's fastest flower\u003c/a> (!). I've even used high-speed video combined with a microscope to study the locomotion of baby squid--which brings us to the next curious character in this tale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As anyone who's seen \u003ca href=\"http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0970179/\" title=\"Hugo (IMBD)\">\u003cem>Hugo\u003c/em>\u003c/a> knows, the French picked up where Muybridge left off and began to make all kinds of marvelous films. You may have heard of the Lumière brothers (\u003cem>The Arrival of a Train at La Ciolat Station\u003c/em>, 1885) and Georges Méliès (\u003cem>A Trip to the Moon\u003c/em>, 1902), but what about \u003ca href=\"http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0656860/\" title=\"Jean Painlevé (IMDB)\">Jean Painlevé\u003c/a>?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35153\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/10/cinematic-science-from-the-farm-to-france/800px-jean_painleve1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35153\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/800px-Jean_painleve1-640x360.png\" alt=\"Jean Painlevé\" title=\"800px-Jean_painleve1\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-35153\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jean Painlevé - from \"Science is Fiction: 23 Films by Jean Painlevé\" Producer: Kate Elmore\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Painlevé was a French artist and scientist who loved marine animals and film. The first underwater camera housing, which he helped develop, let him combine his passions. His early films (with names like \u003cem>The Stickleback's Egg\u003c/em> and \u003cem>The Devilfish\u003c/em>) amazed audiences from the 1920's through today with their meticulous scientific detail. Yet Painlevé's interest in a surrealist aesthetic brought anthropomorphism and metaphor into what might otherwise have been simple educational movies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://player.vimeo.com/video/28884147\" width=\"500\" height=\"400\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea urchins look to many people like uncomfortably sharp plants, but in Painlevé's movie their animal nature is obvious. They dig. They crawl. At 3:45, a charming illustration explains how an urchin's tube foot (\u003cem>ventouse\u003c/em>) works. Then the entire animal rotates itself with the concerted effort of a hundred tube feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With videos like this, Painlevé followed in Muybridge's footsteps, studying animal locomotion in a way that hadn't been possible before film. The development of cinema may have given rise to a multi-billion dollar entertainment industry--but it should also be celebrated for science's sake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>H/t to the \u003ca href=\"http://echinoblog.blogspot.com/2012/04/amazing-black-and-white-sea-urchin.html\" title=\"Echinoblog\">Echinoblog\u003c/a> for bringing Jean Painlevé to my attention.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/35147/cinematic-science-from-the-farm-to-france","authors":["6324"],"categories":["quest_4"],"tags":["quest_10969","quest_3309","quest_20","quest_10967","quest_1091","quest_10968","quest_3351","quest_3640","quest_3307","quest_2349","quest_13202","quest_10970"],"featImg":"quest_35148","label":"quest"},"quest_34386":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_34386","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"34386","score":null,"sort":[1333673662000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"science-on-the-spot-monarch-meetup","title":"Science on the SPOT: Monarch Meetup","publishDate":1333673662,"format":"video","headTitle":"Science on the SPOT | QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":3296,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Bugs normally don’t garner much adoration from people, but monarch butterflies (\u003cstrong>Danaus plexippus\u003c/strong>) are an exception. Monarch butterflies are arguably the most beloved and instantly identifiable insect in the United Sates. Perhaps nowhere else does an insect receive higher regard than in Pacific Grove, CA, which has gone so far as to adopt the moniker Butterfly Town, USA. Stu Weiss, Chief Scientist at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.creeksidescience.com/\">Creekside Center for Earth Observation\u003c/a>, has been studying monarch butterflies for over two decades. “They represent the insect world, which is the most diverse order of life on Planet Earth.” said Weiss “And they’re good ambassadors because they’re beautiful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34638\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-34638\" title=\"Monarchs pic12\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Monarchs-pic123-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stu Weiss uses hemispherical photography to analyse the forest canopy in the Monarch Grove Sanctuary, Paicific Grove, CA. Image: Joshua Cassidy\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Weiss uses a technique called hemispherical photography to analyze monarch butterfly overwintering habitat. While facing north, he aims his digital camera directly up towards the forest canopy. The camera is affixed with a 180° fish-eye lens that produces an image of the sky partially blocked by the trees. Weiss takes a series of these images at specific locations corresponding to a grid. With the help of some special software, he is able to map out how much sunlight and wind is able to penetrate the forest at specific locations. This information is important because overwintering monarchs prefer microhabitats that provide both plenty of sunlight, but are protected from the wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the information gleaned from his hemispherical photography, Weiss is able to characterize the monarch habitat and provide guidance on the long-term management of the major monarch overwintering sites. The City of Pacific Grove placed Weiss in charge of developing the habitat restoration and management plan for the Monarch Grove Sanctuary, and he has overseen the planting of additional Eucalyptus trees to improve wind protection for the monarchs. While small in size, the Sanctuary is a vital destination for monarchs and a major tourist attraction boasting visitors from around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to their pleasing appearance, monarch butterflies are famous for their extended migrations. The type of lengthy annual north-south migration undergone by monarchs is more commonly associated with birds. Monarchs spent most of the year in close proximity to their host plant, milkweed. Each fall, as the days grow shorter and the milkweed recedes, monarchs journey to their overwintering grounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34400\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 336px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-34400\" title=\"Monarch Watch_migration-map\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Monarch-Watch_migration-map1-336x253.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"336\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Rocky Mountains split monarch Butterflies into Eastern and Western populations. Image: {link url=\"http://www.monarchwatch.org/\"}Monarch Watch{/link}\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Rocky Mountains split the monarchs into two populations. Those butterflies that spend their summers east of the Rocky Mountains descent upon forests located within the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt Pine-Oak Forests not far from Mexico City. The monarchs that spend their summers west of the Rockies wait out the winter months in forests along the California Coast. Overwintering monarch populations return to the same forests year after year, even though none of the individual butterflies have ever been to these locations before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Depending on the climatic conditions, monarch butterflies have three or four generations per year. How the butterfly’s great-grandchildren are able to find the same specific forests year after year remains a mystery. New \u003ca href=\"http://scientopia.org/blogs/thisscientificlife/2010/01/26/migratory-monarch-butterflies-see-earths-geomagnetic-field/\">research \u003c/a> indicates that monarch butterflies possess photosensitive proteins called Cryptochromes that allow them to set an internal circadian clock. When exposed to UV light, Cryptochromes are also sensitive to magnetism. This allows the monarchs to follow patterns in the Earth’s magnetic field which guide them in their far-reaching travels. Monarch butterflies may also return to specific groves because the overwintering conditions at those particular spots are similarly attractive year after year. As Weiss explained, “The presence of other monarchs is a really good indicator it’s a good place to be a monarch, kind of crowd sourcing. So if a butterfly’s flying around looking for a place to land, if there are other monarchs there, it’s a good indicator that hey, that’s a good place to land.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34501\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-34501\" title=\"Monarchs pic6\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Monarchs-pic6-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Monarch butterflies form a cluster on a Monterey Pine branch. Image: Joshua Cssidy\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the spring, the monarchs go into a mating frenzy, and then they depart from there overwintering spots to find the emerging milkweed throughout their range. Female monarchs lay hundreds of eggs on milkweed plants. The eggs hatch and the caterpillars gorge on the host plant. As the caterpillars grow, they sequester compounds called cardiac glycosides which make them distasteful – even toxic - to predators. During the pupae life stage the caterpillars transform into butterflies within the solitude of their chrysalises. As flying adults they feed on sugary nectar from milkweeds and other plants with their long tube-like proboscises. This cycle of reproduction repeats throughout the spring and summer as the monarchs disperse, filling out their geographic range.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because monarch butterflies are intimately tied to milkweed, they are especially vulnerable to habitat loss from development and agriculture. Monarchs also need to find dependable overwintering sites, and both the eastern and western overwintering populations experience threats to these locations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34514\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-34514\" title=\"CF106_00_0087_2012-01-10_154650\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/CF106_00_0087_2012-01-10_154650-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Erica Krygsman counts monarch butterflies at the Monarch Sanctuary Grove in Pacific Grove, CA. Image: Joshua Cassidy\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Monarchs do have one advantage, which is that humans find them beautiful. Enticed by the monarch butterfly’s beauty, people have gone to great lengths to study them and provide for their needs. Erica Krygsman, \u003ca href=\"http://monarchalert.calpoly.edu/\">Monarch Alert\u003c/a> Monterey Co. Field Coordinator is one of those people. She has the colossal task of counting the overwintering monarchs. So how does someone count thousands of fidgeting butterflies as they hang from a tree?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Well you don’t count them individually”, Krygsman said. “Basically you count the butterflies when they are in clusters in the trees, and you go by each group and you count…you count a small group and extrapolate to the rest of the cluster.” For the Monarch Grove Sanctuary location, Krygsman’s counts for the winter 2011-2012 hover around 10,000 butterflies. The detailed counts made by Monarch Alert help the scientific community trace the fluctuations in the western monarch butterfly population size and demographics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34704\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 168px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-34704\" title=\"IMG_7731\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/IMG_77313-e1333660119663-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"168\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Visitors to the Monarch Grove Sanctuary. Image: Joshua Cassidy\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>According to Weiss, “monarch butterflies are listed as an endangered phenomenon, because of the mass of the migration, the length of the migration, and the concentration of butterflies in relatively few overwintering sites. They’re actually vulnerable. You could cut down 20 groves of trees in coastal California and pretty much kill off the overwintering monarchs in California, they’re that concentrated. In Mexico, they occupy maybe a few dozen hectares of high elevation fir forests that are under extreme pressure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can visit the overwintering monarchs during the winter months at the Pacific Grove Monarch Grove Sanctuary, and take a tour of the Monarch Sanctuary offered by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pgmuseum.org/category/topics-interest/butterflies\">Pacific Grove Museum of Natural History\u003c/a>. Other good places to find overwintering monarchs are \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=541\">Natural Bridges State Beach\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=571\">Pt. Lobos Nature Preserve\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Monarch butterflies migrate from all over the western United States to overwinter along the California coast. Conservation Biologist Stu Weiss uses specialized photographic equipment to study what makes good monarch overwintering habitat.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1453253173,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":1184},"headData":{"title":"Science on the SPOT: Monarch Meetup | KQED","description":"Monarch butterflies migrate from all over the western United States to overwinter along the California coast. Conservation Biologist Stu Weiss uses specialized photographic equipment to study what makes good monarch overwintering habitat.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"34386 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=videos&p=34386","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/05/science-on-the-spot-monarch-meetup/","disqusTitle":"Science on the SPOT: Monarch Meetup","videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/mVyUMGfwOYs","path":"/quest/34386/science-on-the-spot-monarch-meetup","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Bugs normally don’t garner much adoration from people, but monarch butterflies (\u003cstrong>Danaus plexippus\u003c/strong>) are an exception. Monarch butterflies are arguably the most beloved and instantly identifiable insect in the United Sates. Perhaps nowhere else does an insect receive higher regard than in Pacific Grove, CA, which has gone so far as to adopt the moniker Butterfly Town, USA. Stu Weiss, Chief Scientist at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.creeksidescience.com/\">Creekside Center for Earth Observation\u003c/a>, has been studying monarch butterflies for over two decades. “They represent the insect world, which is the most diverse order of life on Planet Earth.” said Weiss “And they’re good ambassadors because they’re beautiful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34638\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-34638\" title=\"Monarchs pic12\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Monarchs-pic123-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stu Weiss uses hemispherical photography to analyse the forest canopy in the Monarch Grove Sanctuary, Paicific Grove, CA. Image: Joshua Cassidy\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Weiss uses a technique called hemispherical photography to analyze monarch butterfly overwintering habitat. While facing north, he aims his digital camera directly up towards the forest canopy. The camera is affixed with a 180° fish-eye lens that produces an image of the sky partially blocked by the trees. Weiss takes a series of these images at specific locations corresponding to a grid. With the help of some special software, he is able to map out how much sunlight and wind is able to penetrate the forest at specific locations. This information is important because overwintering monarchs prefer microhabitats that provide both plenty of sunlight, but are protected from the wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the information gleaned from his hemispherical photography, Weiss is able to characterize the monarch habitat and provide guidance on the long-term management of the major monarch overwintering sites. The City of Pacific Grove placed Weiss in charge of developing the habitat restoration and management plan for the Monarch Grove Sanctuary, and he has overseen the planting of additional Eucalyptus trees to improve wind protection for the monarchs. While small in size, the Sanctuary is a vital destination for monarchs and a major tourist attraction boasting visitors from around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to their pleasing appearance, monarch butterflies are famous for their extended migrations. The type of lengthy annual north-south migration undergone by monarchs is more commonly associated with birds. Monarchs spent most of the year in close proximity to their host plant, milkweed. Each fall, as the days grow shorter and the milkweed recedes, monarchs journey to their overwintering grounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34400\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 336px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-34400\" title=\"Monarch Watch_migration-map\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Monarch-Watch_migration-map1-336x253.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"336\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Rocky Mountains split monarch Butterflies into Eastern and Western populations. Image: {link url=\"http://www.monarchwatch.org/\"}Monarch Watch{/link}\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Rocky Mountains split the monarchs into two populations. Those butterflies that spend their summers east of the Rocky Mountains descent upon forests located within the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt Pine-Oak Forests not far from Mexico City. The monarchs that spend their summers west of the Rockies wait out the winter months in forests along the California Coast. Overwintering monarch populations return to the same forests year after year, even though none of the individual butterflies have ever been to these locations before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Depending on the climatic conditions, monarch butterflies have three or four generations per year. How the butterfly’s great-grandchildren are able to find the same specific forests year after year remains a mystery. New \u003ca href=\"http://scientopia.org/blogs/thisscientificlife/2010/01/26/migratory-monarch-butterflies-see-earths-geomagnetic-field/\">research \u003c/a> indicates that monarch butterflies possess photosensitive proteins called Cryptochromes that allow them to set an internal circadian clock. When exposed to UV light, Cryptochromes are also sensitive to magnetism. This allows the monarchs to follow patterns in the Earth’s magnetic field which guide them in their far-reaching travels. Monarch butterflies may also return to specific groves because the overwintering conditions at those particular spots are similarly attractive year after year. As Weiss explained, “The presence of other monarchs is a really good indicator it’s a good place to be a monarch, kind of crowd sourcing. So if a butterfly’s flying around looking for a place to land, if there are other monarchs there, it’s a good indicator that hey, that’s a good place to land.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34501\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-34501\" title=\"Monarchs pic6\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Monarchs-pic6-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Monarch butterflies form a cluster on a Monterey Pine branch. Image: Joshua Cssidy\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the spring, the monarchs go into a mating frenzy, and then they depart from there overwintering spots to find the emerging milkweed throughout their range. Female monarchs lay hundreds of eggs on milkweed plants. The eggs hatch and the caterpillars gorge on the host plant. As the caterpillars grow, they sequester compounds called cardiac glycosides which make them distasteful – even toxic - to predators. During the pupae life stage the caterpillars transform into butterflies within the solitude of their chrysalises. As flying adults they feed on sugary nectar from milkweeds and other plants with their long tube-like proboscises. This cycle of reproduction repeats throughout the spring and summer as the monarchs disperse, filling out their geographic range.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because monarch butterflies are intimately tied to milkweed, they are especially vulnerable to habitat loss from development and agriculture. Monarchs also need to find dependable overwintering sites, and both the eastern and western overwintering populations experience threats to these locations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34514\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-34514\" title=\"CF106_00_0087_2012-01-10_154650\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/CF106_00_0087_2012-01-10_154650-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Erica Krygsman counts monarch butterflies at the Monarch Sanctuary Grove in Pacific Grove, CA. Image: Joshua Cassidy\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Monarchs do have one advantage, which is that humans find them beautiful. Enticed by the monarch butterfly’s beauty, people have gone to great lengths to study them and provide for their needs. Erica Krygsman, \u003ca href=\"http://monarchalert.calpoly.edu/\">Monarch Alert\u003c/a> Monterey Co. Field Coordinator is one of those people. She has the colossal task of counting the overwintering monarchs. So how does someone count thousands of fidgeting butterflies as they hang from a tree?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Well you don’t count them individually”, Krygsman said. “Basically you count the butterflies when they are in clusters in the trees, and you go by each group and you count…you count a small group and extrapolate to the rest of the cluster.” For the Monarch Grove Sanctuary location, Krygsman’s counts for the winter 2011-2012 hover around 10,000 butterflies. The detailed counts made by Monarch Alert help the scientific community trace the fluctuations in the western monarch butterfly population size and demographics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34704\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 168px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-34704\" title=\"IMG_7731\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/IMG_77313-e1333660119663-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"168\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Visitors to the Monarch Grove Sanctuary. Image: Joshua Cassidy\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>According to Weiss, “monarch butterflies are listed as an endangered phenomenon, because of the mass of the migration, the length of the migration, and the concentration of butterflies in relatively few overwintering sites. They’re actually vulnerable. You could cut down 20 groves of trees in coastal California and pretty much kill off the overwintering monarchs in California, they’re that concentrated. In Mexico, they occupy maybe a few dozen hectares of high elevation fir forests that are under extreme pressure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can visit the overwintering monarchs during the winter months at the Pacific Grove Monarch Grove Sanctuary, and take a tour of the Monarch Sanctuary offered by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pgmuseum.org/category/topics-interest/butterflies\">Pacific Grove Museum of Natural History\u003c/a>. Other good places to find overwintering monarchs are \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=541\">Natural Bridges State Beach\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=571\">Pt. Lobos Nature Preserve\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/34386/science-on-the-spot-monarch-meetup","authors":["6219"],"series":["quest_3296"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_326","quest_417","quest_20","quest_1025","quest_1291","quest_10944","quest_3351","quest_10945","quest_10939","quest_10940","quest_2141","quest_2187","quest_10941","quest_2349","quest_13","quest_10942","quest_3071","quest_10943"],"featImg":"quest_34821","label":"quest_3296"},"quest_31832":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_31832","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"31832","score":null,"sort":[1330963725000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"reproduction-unleashed","title":"Reproduction Unleashed","publishDate":1330963725,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/05/reproduction-unleashed/icsi/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-31837\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/ICSI.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"ICSI\" width=\"640\" height=\"366\" class=\"size-full wp-image-31837\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/ICSI.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/ICSI-400x229.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are getting pretty good at turning regular cells into those magical embryonic stem (ES) cells that can become any other kind of cell. They haven’t perfected their technique yet but when they do, all sorts of possibilities open up for prospective parents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There may come a time when infertile men can have their cells coaxed into ES cells and then coaxed back into sperm cells. Or when the same thing can happen with women (except her cells will be persuaded to become eggs). Now these folks may be able to have kids when they couldn’t before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This technology brings up an even more interesting possibility. Imagine a man’s cells are transformed into ES cells and then turned into egg cells. Or a woman’s cells undergo something similar except that the end result is a sperm cell. Now same sex couples could conceivably have children that share both partners’ DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before we get too far ahead of ourselves, I do want to emphasize that we aren’t there yet. No one has done anything like this with artificially created ES cells. (Scientists call these artificially created ES cells \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=109\">induced pluripotent stem cells\u003c/a> or iPS cells to distinguish them from true ES cells.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists have at least managed to \u003ca href=\"http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2011/08/sperm-made-mostly-in-a-dish-produce.html\">turn natural mouse ES cells into a sperm\u003c/a> cell that can fertilize an egg which then results in a living pup. And they have done similar things in mice to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16903421\">create precursor egg cells\u003c/a> from natural ES cells. So it should only be a matter of time before they get these working with human ES cells too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next step would be to try to get these to work with iPS cells. Scientists have managed to \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/01/090127090732.htm\">make sperm and egg precursors\u003c/a> from mouse iPS cells. But to my knowledge, no one has yet created a fertilized egg from a sperm and an egg derived from these cells. \u003c/p>\n\u003ctable align=\"right\">\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003cimg src=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/images/ask/mouse.jpg\">\u003cbr>\u003cfont size=\"-1\" color=\"#999999\">This mouse named\u003cbr>Kaguya had two moms.\u003c/font>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003cp>While iPS cells appear to be very similar to natural ES cells, the proof will be in the cells that come from them. Someone needs to do the experiment where a mouse iPS cell is turned into a sperm or an egg that is then used to create a viable mouse pup. Then, as long as we can solve the problem that these cells sometimes turn cancerous, we’ll be in business for helping infertile couples this way. (As opposed to the approach suggested by a \u003ca href=\"http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2012/02/human-egg-stem-cells-isolated.html?ref=hp\">recent report\u003c/a> where scientists found egg stem cells in adult women’s ovaries.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far this all seems doable. There aren’t any paradigm shifts or anything like that…mostly just technical hurdles to be overcome. The same may not be true for turning a man’s cells into eggs or a woman’s into sperm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is much harder for lots of different reasons. A big potential problem is that a man’s DNA is fundamentally different from a woman’s DNA. This is why, for example, we can’t just fuse two eggs and get a baby. Scientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=16\">pulled this off in mice\u003c/a> but only by changing one egg’s DNA to make it more like a man’s. No way we could do something similar in people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hope would be that the iPS process would wipe the DNA clean of any gender. We don’t yet know if it does though. And if a bit of maleness remains in a man’s iPS cells or a bit of femaleness in a woman’s iPS cells, then we may not be able to get a working egg or sperm. We’ll just have to wait and see!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing we don’t have to worry about is some narcissist making an egg and a sperm from his cells to make a baby entirely out of his genes. Because of how DNA is distributed into eggs and sperm, you wouldn’t get a clone. Instead you’d get the most inbred individual you’ve ever seen. Odds are that the child would suffer from some devastating genetic disease that lay hidden in the parent’s DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fGNchPdlaGU]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Nice primer on making iPS cells.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Stem cell technology may one day help infertile couples conceive. And it might even allow same sex couples to conceive as well.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1331669678,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":732},"headData":{"title":"Reproduction Unleashed | KQED","description":"Stem cell technology may one day help infertile couples conceive. And it might even allow same sex couples to conceive as well.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"31832 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=31832","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/05/reproduction-unleashed/","disqusTitle":"Reproduction Unleashed","path":"/quest/31832/reproduction-unleashed","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/05/reproduction-unleashed/icsi/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-31837\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/ICSI.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"ICSI\" width=\"640\" height=\"366\" class=\"size-full wp-image-31837\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/ICSI.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/ICSI-400x229.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are getting pretty good at turning regular cells into those magical embryonic stem (ES) cells that can become any other kind of cell. They haven’t perfected their technique yet but when they do, all sorts of possibilities open up for prospective parents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There may come a time when infertile men can have their cells coaxed into ES cells and then coaxed back into sperm cells. Or when the same thing can happen with women (except her cells will be persuaded to become eggs). Now these folks may be able to have kids when they couldn’t before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This technology brings up an even more interesting possibility. Imagine a man’s cells are transformed into ES cells and then turned into egg cells. Or a woman’s cells undergo something similar except that the end result is a sperm cell. Now same sex couples could conceivably have children that share both partners’ DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before we get too far ahead of ourselves, I do want to emphasize that we aren’t there yet. No one has done anything like this with artificially created ES cells. (Scientists call these artificially created ES cells \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=109\">induced pluripotent stem cells\u003c/a> or iPS cells to distinguish them from true ES cells.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists have at least managed to \u003ca href=\"http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2011/08/sperm-made-mostly-in-a-dish-produce.html\">turn natural mouse ES cells into a sperm\u003c/a> cell that can fertilize an egg which then results in a living pup. And they have done similar things in mice to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16903421\">create precursor egg cells\u003c/a> from natural ES cells. So it should only be a matter of time before they get these working with human ES cells too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next step would be to try to get these to work with iPS cells. Scientists have managed to \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/01/090127090732.htm\">make sperm and egg precursors\u003c/a> from mouse iPS cells. But to my knowledge, no one has yet created a fertilized egg from a sperm and an egg derived from these cells. \u003c/p>\n\u003ctable align=\"right\">\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003cimg src=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/images/ask/mouse.jpg\">\u003cbr>\u003cfont size=\"-1\" color=\"#999999\">This mouse named\u003cbr>Kaguya had two moms.\u003c/font>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003cp>While iPS cells appear to be very similar to natural ES cells, the proof will be in the cells that come from them. Someone needs to do the experiment where a mouse iPS cell is turned into a sperm or an egg that is then used to create a viable mouse pup. Then, as long as we can solve the problem that these cells sometimes turn cancerous, we’ll be in business for helping infertile couples this way. (As opposed to the approach suggested by a \u003ca href=\"http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2012/02/human-egg-stem-cells-isolated.html?ref=hp\">recent report\u003c/a> where scientists found egg stem cells in adult women’s ovaries.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far this all seems doable. There aren’t any paradigm shifts or anything like that…mostly just technical hurdles to be overcome. The same may not be true for turning a man’s cells into eggs or a woman’s into sperm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is much harder for lots of different reasons. A big potential problem is that a man’s DNA is fundamentally different from a woman’s DNA. This is why, for example, we can’t just fuse two eggs and get a baby. Scientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=16\">pulled this off in mice\u003c/a> but only by changing one egg’s DNA to make it more like a man’s. No way we could do something similar in people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hope would be that the iPS process would wipe the DNA clean of any gender. We don’t yet know if it does though. And if a bit of maleness remains in a man’s iPS cells or a bit of femaleness in a woman’s iPS cells, then we may not be able to get a working egg or sperm. We’ll just have to wait and see!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing we don’t have to worry about is some narcissist making an egg and a sperm from his cells to make a baby entirely out of his genes. Because of how DNA is distributed into eggs and sperm, you wouldn’t get a clone. Instead you’d get the most inbred individual you’ve ever seen. Odds are that the child would suffer from some devastating genetic disease that lay hidden in the parent’s DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/fGNchPdlaGU'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/fGNchPdlaGU'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Nice primer on making iPS cells.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/31832/reproduction-unleashed","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_4"],"tags":["quest_20","quest_10745","quest_1459","quest_13202","quest_9929","quest_10746","quest_3319"],"featImg":"quest_31837","label":"quest"},"quest_28599":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_28599","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"28599","score":null,"sort":[1324329846000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"algae%e2%80%a6soylent-green%e2%80%a6and-the-future-of-biofuel","title":"Algae…Soylent Green…and the Future of Biofuel","publishDate":1324329846,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28602\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/Emma_Valdez_algae640marquee.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-28602\" title=\"Emma_Valdez_algae640marquee\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/Emma_Valdez_algae640marquee-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Emma Valdez, a Sapphire Energy technician, holds a petri dish with 1 million algae cells. Algae is grown and scaled up to 20-liter containers in about one week.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Emma Valdez, a Sapphire Energy technician, holds a petri dish with 1 million algae cells. Algae is grown and scaled up to 20-liter containers in about one week.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With more and more cars on roadways worldwide – and fossil fuel supplies running low, can renewable fuels really replace crude oil?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Nebraska, the alternative of choice is ethanol because corn is the mainstay of our economy. But corn, along with many other crops, takes lots of land…and huge amounts of water. As important as it is to Nebraska, ethanol, at best, is a 10% additive, not a future fuel in its own right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what’s a \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">real\u003c/span> alternative? Research shows one promising alternative seems the least obvious – algae (see \u003ca href=\"http://quest.netnebraska.org/2011/07/algae-for-fuel.html\">QUEST Nebraska: Algae for Fuel\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Algae is a microscopic plant-like marine organism. There are billions of them in our world, and they exist all around us. Algae are found in ponds, lakes, streams – all types of bodies of water…even in your bathtub if it’s not cleaned regularly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s green and a bit slimy to the touch. For the most part, we avoid contact with algae – but it just may be the key to our energy future. How’s that? Companies like \u003ca href=\"http://www.sapphireenergy.com/\">Sapphire Energy\u003c/a> in San Diego, CA are working with universities, including the University of Nebraska to make microscopic algae into the fuel for the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Algae conjures up thoughts about Soylent Green, the 1973 sci-fi movie thriller that depicts human survival dependent upon on a green food ration made of “high protein plankton.” Algae are a type of plankton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>SPOILER ALERT: Do not read the next sentence if you’ve never \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">seen\u003c/span> this movie. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there was more to the content of Soylent Green. Charlton Heston solves the riddle with a horrific warning: \u003cem>Soylent Green is PEOPLE!\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember when I said algae are slimy? There’s a reason for that. If Charlton Heston was warning us, he’d exclaim: \u003cem>Algae is OIL!\u003c/em> Not exactly – but oil we use for our fuel today is actually made from ancient, ancient algae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“Each algae contains up to 50% oil,”\u003c/em> says University of Nebraska-Lincoln biologist George Oyler. Over millions of years, billions of algae die, collect, and over time are chemically altered through pressure and heat that converts algae oil into “crude oil” which we seek and drill for to energize our world. Finding a way to convert algae into oil faster than nature would create an almost endless supply of oil. \u003cem>“We want to accelerate that process into a single year.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2009, a QUEST video \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/algae-power/\">Algae Power\u003c/a>, surveyed algae biofuel as a grand experiment, “not ready for prime time.” The problem was scaling up to industrial production. Now, Sapphire Energy is leading the way towards industrial production. It’s no longer a survey experiment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The process begins as Sapphire technician Emma Valdez swipes a metal loop over an algae filled petri plate (culture dish) and transfers cells to a new plate. \u003cem>“Algae is one of the fastest growing plant on the planet. This plate contains millions of algae cells. I can take this plate and make multiple copies.” \u003c/em> Pointing to a stack of petri dishes, she explains that these plates are added to water to make a dense culture, giving rise to 20-liter glass carboy containers. \u003cem>“I can grow this to scale in a little over a week.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The carboy containers are then added to long oval test pools in a greenhouse, creating larger concentrations of promising algae species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing algae outdoors is a huge challenge. But that’s exactly Sapphire’s goal – creating algae farms. But algae is a wild plant. \u003cem>“No one’s taken a wild plant and just grown it to scale,”\u003c/em> says Mike Mendez, Sapphire’s former VP of Technology (now a research professor at UC-San Diego). \u003cem>“Algae isn’t an industry. It’s a commodity, like corn. We have to think like a farmer and grow algae as a crop.” \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But plants like corn haven’t become crops overnight. Mendez says, \u003cem>“It took 7,000 years to get corn where it is today. I’m gonna have to do whatever it takes to speed up the process.”\u003c/em> Sapphire wants to plant, harvest and process algae oil in real time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28604\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/AlgaeBlog-NET-marqueeImageCropped2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-28604\" title=\"AlgaeBlog-NET-marqueeImageCropped2\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/AlgaeBlog-NET-marqueeImageCropped2-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Algae ponds at Sapphire Energy's test farm in Las Cruces, New Mexico.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Algae ponds at Sapphire Energy's test farm in Las Cruces, New Mexico.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So, Sapphire has created a 20-acre aquatic test farm in arid Las Cruces, New Mexico. Why here? New Mexico has an abundance of sunlight and a rich supply of salt water beneath the dry sands that can’t be used for farming or drinking, but is perfect for growing algae. Nonetheless, the algae has to survive stress, disease, summer heat and winter freeze. For two years, scientists and technicians have been successful in scaling up algae from the carboys to 40-foot, then 100-foot, and finally 300-foot oval ponds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the algae mature in the ponds, it’s sent to an industrial centrifuge that separates the algae from the water, creating a thick algae paste. That paste is fed into a test pilot extractor that uses eco-friendly solvents to crack open the algae cells and release oil – green crude.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sapphire will soon open a 300-acre in 2012. It will be the largest algae biofuel test plant in the nation. They expect to produce 1 million gallons of algae biofuel per year – an industry record. Once Sapphire can create even larger quantities of green crude, they believe the cost of creating an algae fuel will begin approaching the cost of oil. Stay tuned to see if their plan creates a viable renewable fuel for our future.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Can a renewable plant really replace crude oil? Find out how algae is becoming the fuel of the future -- grown like a farm crop. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1366750279,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":1039},"headData":{"title":"Algae…Soylent Green…and the Future of Biofuel | KQED","description":"Can a renewable plant really replace crude oil? Find out how algae is becoming the fuel of the future -- grown like a farm crop. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"28599 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=28599","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/19/algae%e2%80%a6soylent-green%e2%80%a6and-the-future-of-biofuel/","disqusTitle":"Algae…Soylent Green…and the Future of Biofuel","path":"/quest/28599/algae%e2%80%a6soylent-green%e2%80%a6and-the-future-of-biofuel","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28602\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/Emma_Valdez_algae640marquee.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-28602\" title=\"Emma_Valdez_algae640marquee\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/Emma_Valdez_algae640marquee-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Emma Valdez, a Sapphire Energy technician, holds a petri dish with 1 million algae cells. Algae is grown and scaled up to 20-liter containers in about one week.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Emma Valdez, a Sapphire Energy technician, holds a petri dish with 1 million algae cells. Algae is grown and scaled up to 20-liter containers in about one week.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With more and more cars on roadways worldwide – and fossil fuel supplies running low, can renewable fuels really replace crude oil?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Nebraska, the alternative of choice is ethanol because corn is the mainstay of our economy. But corn, along with many other crops, takes lots of land…and huge amounts of water. As important as it is to Nebraska, ethanol, at best, is a 10% additive, not a future fuel in its own right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what’s a \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">real\u003c/span> alternative? Research shows one promising alternative seems the least obvious – algae (see \u003ca href=\"http://quest.netnebraska.org/2011/07/algae-for-fuel.html\">QUEST Nebraska: Algae for Fuel\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Algae is a microscopic plant-like marine organism. There are billions of them in our world, and they exist all around us. Algae are found in ponds, lakes, streams – all types of bodies of water…even in your bathtub if it’s not cleaned regularly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s green and a bit slimy to the touch. For the most part, we avoid contact with algae – but it just may be the key to our energy future. How’s that? Companies like \u003ca href=\"http://www.sapphireenergy.com/\">Sapphire Energy\u003c/a> in San Diego, CA are working with universities, including the University of Nebraska to make microscopic algae into the fuel for the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Algae conjures up thoughts about Soylent Green, the 1973 sci-fi movie thriller that depicts human survival dependent upon on a green food ration made of “high protein plankton.” Algae are a type of plankton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>SPOILER ALERT: Do not read the next sentence if you’ve never \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">seen\u003c/span> this movie. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there was more to the content of Soylent Green. Charlton Heston solves the riddle with a horrific warning: \u003cem>Soylent Green is PEOPLE!\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember when I said algae are slimy? There’s a reason for that. If Charlton Heston was warning us, he’d exclaim: \u003cem>Algae is OIL!\u003c/em> Not exactly – but oil we use for our fuel today is actually made from ancient, ancient algae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“Each algae contains up to 50% oil,”\u003c/em> says University of Nebraska-Lincoln biologist George Oyler. Over millions of years, billions of algae die, collect, and over time are chemically altered through pressure and heat that converts algae oil into “crude oil” which we seek and drill for to energize our world. Finding a way to convert algae into oil faster than nature would create an almost endless supply of oil. \u003cem>“We want to accelerate that process into a single year.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2009, a QUEST video \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/algae-power/\">Algae Power\u003c/a>, surveyed algae biofuel as a grand experiment, “not ready for prime time.” The problem was scaling up to industrial production. Now, Sapphire Energy is leading the way towards industrial production. It’s no longer a survey experiment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The process begins as Sapphire technician Emma Valdez swipes a metal loop over an algae filled petri plate (culture dish) and transfers cells to a new plate. \u003cem>“Algae is one of the fastest growing plant on the planet. This plate contains millions of algae cells. I can take this plate and make multiple copies.” \u003c/em> Pointing to a stack of petri dishes, she explains that these plates are added to water to make a dense culture, giving rise to 20-liter glass carboy containers. \u003cem>“I can grow this to scale in a little over a week.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The carboy containers are then added to long oval test pools in a greenhouse, creating larger concentrations of promising algae species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing algae outdoors is a huge challenge. But that’s exactly Sapphire’s goal – creating algae farms. But algae is a wild plant. \u003cem>“No one’s taken a wild plant and just grown it to scale,”\u003c/em> says Mike Mendez, Sapphire’s former VP of Technology (now a research professor at UC-San Diego). \u003cem>“Algae isn’t an industry. It’s a commodity, like corn. We have to think like a farmer and grow algae as a crop.” \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But plants like corn haven’t become crops overnight. Mendez says, \u003cem>“It took 7,000 years to get corn where it is today. I’m gonna have to do whatever it takes to speed up the process.”\u003c/em> Sapphire wants to plant, harvest and process algae oil in real time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28604\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/AlgaeBlog-NET-marqueeImageCropped2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-28604\" title=\"AlgaeBlog-NET-marqueeImageCropped2\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/AlgaeBlog-NET-marqueeImageCropped2-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Algae ponds at Sapphire Energy's test farm in Las Cruces, New Mexico.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Algae ponds at Sapphire Energy's test farm in Las Cruces, New Mexico.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So, Sapphire has created a 20-acre aquatic test farm in arid Las Cruces, New Mexico. Why here? New Mexico has an abundance of sunlight and a rich supply of salt water beneath the dry sands that can’t be used for farming or drinking, but is perfect for growing algae. Nonetheless, the algae has to survive stress, disease, summer heat and winter freeze. For two years, scientists and technicians have been successful in scaling up algae from the carboys to 40-foot, then 100-foot, and finally 300-foot oval ponds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the algae mature in the ponds, it’s sent to an industrial centrifuge that separates the algae from the water, creating a thick algae paste. That paste is fed into a test pilot extractor that uses eco-friendly solvents to crack open the algae cells and release oil – green crude.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sapphire will soon open a 300-acre in 2012. It will be the largest algae biofuel test plant in the nation. They expect to produce 1 million gallons of algae biofuel per year – an industry record. Once Sapphire can create even larger quantities of green crude, they believe the cost of creating an algae fuel will begin approaching the cost of oil. Stay tuned to see if their plan creates a viable renewable fuel for our future.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/28599/algae%e2%80%a6soylent-green%e2%80%a6and-the-future-of-biofuel","authors":["10297"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_11765","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_116","quest_20","quest_10574","quest_10578","quest_1173","quest_10576","quest_3351","quest_2057","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_3289","quest_10577","quest_10579"],"featImg":"quest_28602","label":"quest"},"quest_26481":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_26481","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"26481","score":null,"sort":[1320779438000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"your-photos-on-quest-great-plains-photographer","title":"Your Photos on QUEST: Mike Forsberg","publishDate":1320779438,"format":"video","headTitle":"Your Photos on QUEST | QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":3297,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>Article by \u003ca title=\"Michael Farrell\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/michaelfarrell\" target=\"_blank\">Michael Farrell\u003c/a> of \u003ca title=\"quest nebraska\" href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/tag/nebraska/\" target=\"_blank\">QUEST Nebraska\u003c/a>. Map by \u003ca title=\"Abram Lueders\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/abramlueders\" target=\"_blank\">Abram Lueders\u003c/a> of \u003ca title=\"quest nebraska\" href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/tag/nebraska/\" target=\"_blank\">QUEST Nebraska\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I first became aware of \u003ca title=\"mike forsberg\" href=\"http://www.michaelforsberg.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Mike Forsberg\u003c/a>’s \u003cem> work Great Plains: America’s Lingering Wild\u003c/em> two years ago when I was asked to introduce him and his slideshow presentation of images from his book at our \u003ca title=\"audubon \" href=\"http://springcreekprairie.audubon.org/\" target=\"_blank\">local Audubon preserve\u003c/a> where I was board chairman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the next year and a half, I traveled through ten states following Mike with a video production crew to some of the most remote, endangered and stimulating environments to produce the PBS documentary, \u003cem>\u003ca title=\"pbs doc\" href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oEH7nZpNSL8\" target=\"_blank\">Great Plains: America’s Lingering Wild\u003c/a>\u003c/em>. Today’s wildlife photographer has to be proficient with all sorts of new technology -- such as walkie-talkie triggered cameras and infrared camera traps -- that didn’t even exist just a few years ago in order to create striking images that can compete for the shrinking print market. To illustrate this, there is a scene in producer Gary Hochman’s \u003cem>Your Photos on QUEST: Great Plains Photographer \u003c/em>story where you see Mike setting up a camera trap in the Black Hills of South Dakota. A month later, Mike returned to the scene and retrieved the digital photos stored on his camera, captured when the mountain lion and deer shown in the story set off the traps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When most of us think about the Great Plains, we think of very long, flat and boring stretches of interstate highway – endless concrete slabs running east to west. Or we think about flying over the patchwork quilt of vast stretches of irrigated corn, wheat and milo fields or cross-fenced prairie cattle country dotted by windmills, stock tanks and two-track jeep roads that look like ant tracks from above.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26968\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 634px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-26968\" title=\"BIS_080506_002\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/BIS_080506_002-e1320711996919.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"634\" height=\"390\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/BIS_080506_002-e1320711996919.jpg 634w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/BIS_080506_002-e1320711996919-400x246.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 634px) 100vw, 634px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A lone bull bison in Wind Cave National Park, South Dakota Credit: Mike Forsberg\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But to Mike Forsberg and the scientists, land-owners, conservationists and educators who helped him achieve his goal of publishing striking images and words about the last remnants of the wild and untamed prairie, there is much more to and much more at stake in the Great Plains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hidden away in remote, nearly inaccessible places are remarkable creatures most of us will never see or even know exist: black-footed ferrets emerging from their underground dens at dawn; a million \u003ca title=\"bats\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-bats-beneath-us/\" target=\"_blank\">Mexican free-tailed bats\u003c/a> exiting a gypsum cave at dusk; nesting willets in the vast pot-holed Missouri Coteau region; prairie grizzlies and mountain lions caught at night in Mike’s ingenious camera traps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26980\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 638px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-26980\" title=\"MLN_110407_002A\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/MLN_110407_002A1-e1320711367778.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"638\" height=\"399\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/MLN_110407_002A1-e1320711367778.jpg 638w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/MLN_110407_002A1-e1320711367778-400x250.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 638px) 100vw, 638px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mountain lion walking through camera trap, Black Hills, South Dakota Credit: Mike Forsberg\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And for each of the species Mike captures with digital photography, there are also the people who have dedicated their lives to caring for and about them. We met Jill Morrison and her husband Dave Clarendon who have spent the past three decades \u003ca title=\"fighting\" href=\"http://www.powderriverbasin.org\" target=\"_blank\">fighting\u003c/a> to keep the not-so-habitat-friendly coal-bed methane wells off their ranch near Sheridan, Wyoming. Jill and Dave have seen the water quality decline and the wildlife that supported a secondary outfitting and guided hunting business retreat much higher into the mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We spent a night from dusk to dawn with Travis Livieri four-wheeling around a massive prairie dog town in the \u003ca title=\"contata\" href=\"http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/northamerica/unitedstates/southdakota/placesweprotect/conata-basin.xml\" target=\"_blank\">Conata Basin\u003c/a> near Badlands National Park in South Dakota trying to capture and inoculate the elusive black-footed ferret. Ferrets, who prey on prairie dogs, were thought to be extinct until a rancher’s dog brought in a dead one a few decades ago, setting off a massive effort to live trap the few remaining individuals. After a few failed tries, a captive breeding program finally resulted in success. Travis, then a graduate biology student, was on the first team that reintroduced the ferrets to their natural habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mike Forsberg is enormously dedicated to his self-imposed task of photographing everything of meaning and consequence in the remaining natural world of the Great Plains. He hears birds when no one else does and knows them by their call. He has remarkable distance vision. He clambers up steep hills like a mountain goat with a load of photo gear. He dresses in camouflage and blends in with his surroundings, keeping still for hours at a stretch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What I learned from this experience of a lifetime is that “the lingering wild” is as much a part of Mike Forsberg as it is a part of this rare, beautiful landscape that has once more come into stunning focus for me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msid=218445645608412477546.0004ad6243bcbde47a58b&msa=0&ie=UTF8&t=p&vpsrc=6&ll=41.574361,-102.304687&spn=21.013305,28.081055&z=5&output=embed\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"640\" height=\"640\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\nView \u003ca href=\"http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msid=218445645608412477546.0004ad6243bcbde47a58b&msa=0&ie=UTF8&t=p&vpsrc=6&ll=41.574361,-102.304687&spn=21.013305,28.081055&z=5&source=embed\">A Portrait Of The Plains\u003c/a> in a larger map\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A documentary team led by NET Television producer Mike Farrell and photographer Mike Forsberg spent over a year exploring the vast landscape of the Great Plains, meeting people and exploring problems that are having an impact on the area. What they found was both hopeful and troubling. These are just a few of the things they found on their journey, which will eventually become the PBS documentary Great Plains: America's Lingering Wild. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Mike Forsberg, a nationally renowned photographer, conservationist, and author from Nebraska, spent four years traveling 100,000 miles across the Great Plains—from North Dakota to Texas—to create a portrait of under-appreciated species and habitats of what many consider “flyover country.” ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457639853,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["http://maps.google.com/maps/ms"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":837},"headData":{"title":"Your Photos on QUEST: Mike Forsberg | KQED","description":"Mike Forsberg, a nationally renowned photographer, conservationist, and author from Nebraska, spent four years traveling 100,000 miles across the Great Plains—from North Dakota to Texas—to create a portrait of under-appreciated species and habitats of what many consider “flyover country.” ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"26481 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=videos&p=26481","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/08/your-photos-on-quest-great-plains-photographer/","disqusTitle":"Your Photos on QUEST: Mike Forsberg","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DuCsxQmel0M","path":"/quest/26481/your-photos-on-quest-great-plains-photographer","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Article by \u003ca title=\"Michael Farrell\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/michaelfarrell\" target=\"_blank\">Michael Farrell\u003c/a> of \u003ca title=\"quest nebraska\" href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/tag/nebraska/\" target=\"_blank\">QUEST Nebraska\u003c/a>. Map by \u003ca title=\"Abram Lueders\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/abramlueders\" target=\"_blank\">Abram Lueders\u003c/a> of \u003ca title=\"quest nebraska\" href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/tag/nebraska/\" target=\"_blank\">QUEST Nebraska\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I first became aware of \u003ca title=\"mike forsberg\" href=\"http://www.michaelforsberg.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Mike Forsberg\u003c/a>’s \u003cem> work Great Plains: America’s Lingering Wild\u003c/em> two years ago when I was asked to introduce him and his slideshow presentation of images from his book at our \u003ca title=\"audubon \" href=\"http://springcreekprairie.audubon.org/\" target=\"_blank\">local Audubon preserve\u003c/a> where I was board chairman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the next year and a half, I traveled through ten states following Mike with a video production crew to some of the most remote, endangered and stimulating environments to produce the PBS documentary, \u003cem>\u003ca title=\"pbs doc\" href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oEH7nZpNSL8\" target=\"_blank\">Great Plains: America’s Lingering Wild\u003c/a>\u003c/em>. Today’s wildlife photographer has to be proficient with all sorts of new technology -- such as walkie-talkie triggered cameras and infrared camera traps -- that didn’t even exist just a few years ago in order to create striking images that can compete for the shrinking print market. To illustrate this, there is a scene in producer Gary Hochman’s \u003cem>Your Photos on QUEST: Great Plains Photographer \u003c/em>story where you see Mike setting up a camera trap in the Black Hills of South Dakota. A month later, Mike returned to the scene and retrieved the digital photos stored on his camera, captured when the mountain lion and deer shown in the story set off the traps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When most of us think about the Great Plains, we think of very long, flat and boring stretches of interstate highway – endless concrete slabs running east to west. Or we think about flying over the patchwork quilt of vast stretches of irrigated corn, wheat and milo fields or cross-fenced prairie cattle country dotted by windmills, stock tanks and two-track jeep roads that look like ant tracks from above.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26968\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 634px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-26968\" title=\"BIS_080506_002\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/BIS_080506_002-e1320711996919.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"634\" height=\"390\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/BIS_080506_002-e1320711996919.jpg 634w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/BIS_080506_002-e1320711996919-400x246.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 634px) 100vw, 634px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A lone bull bison in Wind Cave National Park, South Dakota Credit: Mike Forsberg\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But to Mike Forsberg and the scientists, land-owners, conservationists and educators who helped him achieve his goal of publishing striking images and words about the last remnants of the wild and untamed prairie, there is much more to and much more at stake in the Great Plains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hidden away in remote, nearly inaccessible places are remarkable creatures most of us will never see or even know exist: black-footed ferrets emerging from their underground dens at dawn; a million \u003ca title=\"bats\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-bats-beneath-us/\" target=\"_blank\">Mexican free-tailed bats\u003c/a> exiting a gypsum cave at dusk; nesting willets in the vast pot-holed Missouri Coteau region; prairie grizzlies and mountain lions caught at night in Mike’s ingenious camera traps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26980\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 638px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-26980\" title=\"MLN_110407_002A\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/MLN_110407_002A1-e1320711367778.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"638\" height=\"399\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/MLN_110407_002A1-e1320711367778.jpg 638w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/MLN_110407_002A1-e1320711367778-400x250.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 638px) 100vw, 638px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mountain lion walking through camera trap, Black Hills, South Dakota Credit: Mike Forsberg\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And for each of the species Mike captures with digital photography, there are also the people who have dedicated their lives to caring for and about them. We met Jill Morrison and her husband Dave Clarendon who have spent the past three decades \u003ca title=\"fighting\" href=\"http://www.powderriverbasin.org\" target=\"_blank\">fighting\u003c/a> to keep the not-so-habitat-friendly coal-bed methane wells off their ranch near Sheridan, Wyoming. Jill and Dave have seen the water quality decline and the wildlife that supported a secondary outfitting and guided hunting business retreat much higher into the mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We spent a night from dusk to dawn with Travis Livieri four-wheeling around a massive prairie dog town in the \u003ca title=\"contata\" href=\"http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/northamerica/unitedstates/southdakota/placesweprotect/conata-basin.xml\" target=\"_blank\">Conata Basin\u003c/a> near Badlands National Park in South Dakota trying to capture and inoculate the elusive black-footed ferret. Ferrets, who prey on prairie dogs, were thought to be extinct until a rancher’s dog brought in a dead one a few decades ago, setting off a massive effort to live trap the few remaining individuals. After a few failed tries, a captive breeding program finally resulted in success. Travis, then a graduate biology student, was on the first team that reintroduced the ferrets to their natural habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mike Forsberg is enormously dedicated to his self-imposed task of photographing everything of meaning and consequence in the remaining natural world of the Great Plains. He hears birds when no one else does and knows them by their call. He has remarkable distance vision. He clambers up steep hills like a mountain goat with a load of photo gear. He dresses in camouflage and blends in with his surroundings, keeping still for hours at a stretch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What I learned from this experience of a lifetime is that “the lingering wild” is as much a part of Mike Forsberg as it is a part of this rare, beautiful landscape that has once more come into stunning focus for me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msid=218445645608412477546.0004ad6243bcbde47a58b&msa=0&ie=UTF8&t=p&vpsrc=6&ll=41.574361,-102.304687&spn=21.013305,28.081055&z=5&output=embed\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"640\" height=\"640\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\nView \u003ca href=\"http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msid=218445645608412477546.0004ad6243bcbde47a58b&msa=0&ie=UTF8&t=p&vpsrc=6&ll=41.574361,-102.304687&spn=21.013305,28.081055&z=5&source=embed\">A Portrait Of The Plains\u003c/a> in a larger map\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A documentary team led by NET Television producer Mike Farrell and photographer Mike Forsberg spent over a year exploring the vast landscape of the Great Plains, meeting people and exploring problems that are having an impact on the area. What they found was both hopeful and troubling. These are just a few of the things they found on their journey, which will eventually become the PBS documentary Great Plains: America's Lingering Wild. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/26481/your-photos-on-quest-great-plains-photographer","authors":["10297","10298","10301"],"series":["quest_3297"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_326","quest_20","quest_10352","quest_9934","quest_10351","quest_10354","quest_2141","quest_2186","quest_2349","quest_12354","quest_10355","quest_2893","quest_3155"],"featImg":"quest_26536","label":"quest_3297"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Consider-This-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png","officialWebsiteLink":"http://freakonomics.com/","airtime":"SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"WNYC"},"link":"/radio/program/freakonomics-radio","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/","rss":"https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"}},"fresh-air":{"id":"fresh-air","title":"Fresh Air","info":"Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. 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Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.","airtime":"MON-THU 11am-12pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Here-And-Now-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"http://www.wbur.org/hereandnow","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/here-and-now","subsdcribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=426698661","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Here--Now-p211/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"}},"how-i-built-this":{"id":"how-i-built-this","title":"How I Built This with Guy Raz","info":"Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. 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Download Chris’s Song of the Week plus other highlights from the broadcast. Produced by American Public Media.","airtime":"SAT 6pm-8pm, SUN 11am-1pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Live-From-Here-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.livefromhere.org/","meta":{"site":"arts","source":"american public media"},"link":"/radio/program/live-from-here-highlights","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1167173941","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Live-from-Here-Highlights-p921744/","rss":"https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/a-prairie-home-companion-highlights/rss/rss"}},"marketplace":{"id":"marketplace","title":"Marketplace","info":"Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. 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