Geological Outings Around the Bay: The Great Slickenside of Corona Heights
Geological Outings Around the Bay: Marin Headlands
Geological Outings Around the Bay: Alum Rock Park
Geological Outings Around the Bay: Shell Beach
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Photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/sup>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco is \"America's Favorite City\" for many great reasons. Geologists have their own list of reasons to love it, many of which are Franciscan—by which we mean the peculiar association of rocks found up and down the Coast Ranges. Corona Heights is a small hill west of the Castro district that features some of these rocks, but one of its main attractions is a world-class slickenside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You get to Corona Heights by walking about a mile west from the 16th/Mission BART station, or by taking the F line up Market Street to the Noe or Sanchez stops. Here's the hill as seen from 16th Street. You can't miss it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/corona1.jpg\" alt=\"corona heights\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Corona Heights is a hardworking hill that formerly yielded clay and chert. Years of quarrying have accentuated its rugged appearance and left splendid exposures of the bedrock. Along the way, if you keep an eye on appearances of old concrete (doesn't everybody?), you may spot the old chert aggregate around the neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/corona2.jpg\" alt=\"chert aggregate\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Corona Heights, like Bernal Heights to the southeast, is an island of resistant chert that is part of the dismembered \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2011/04/21/geological-outings-around-the-bay-marin-headlands/\">Marin Headlands terrane\u003c/a>. It houses a fine playground and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.randallmuseum.org/\">Randall Museum\u003c/a>. It has a \u003ca href=\"http://sfnaturalareas.org/pages/1\">dedicated group doing habitat restoration\u003c/a>. But we're here to see the slickenside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A slickenside is the polished surface that is created along a fault as the rocks rub against each other. They are common in faulted rocks, but only in patches the size of your hand. (I showed you some in \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2011/04/14/calera-limestone-a-gift-from-the-ancient-pacific/\">the Calera Limestone\u003c/a>.) Larger ones are rarer. Quarrying at Corona Heights uncovered one the size of a big front yard, one of the world's largest exposures. To see it, start at Castro and 15th, go uphill on 15th and turn left on Beaver Street. Again, you can't miss it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/corona3.jpg\" alt=\"slickenside\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The site is also a playground, named for Sidney Peixotto. If you continue up 15th Street instead, you'll see the exposure this way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/corona4.jpg\" alt=\"playground and slickenside\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the real joy of the thing comes at close hand, where you can feel the mirror-smooth surface that only a hard stone like chert can provide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/corona5.jpg\" alt=\"fault polish\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Surfaces like this are of scientific interest, although the data base is still scant. UC Santa Cruz researcher James Kirkpatrick has surveyed this site by lidar. He and others hope that close analysis can tell us more about how faults behave in detail. That's an advanced topic; the rest of us can \u003ca href=\"http://www.geocaching.com/seek/cache_details.aspx?guid=52f407dc-3635-46b9-89e5-1564c28b4578\">collect the geocache at this spot\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Afterward is a good time to climb to the top of the hill and take in one of the city's best views. On a clear day you can see \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2011/06/02/mount-diablo-views/\">Mount Diablo\u003c/a> (click for a 1000-pixel version).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/coronapan.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/coronapan.jpg\" width=\"500\" alt=\"panorama\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7654 -122.4373\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Everyone loves San Francisco, but geologists love it for reasons others don't, such as its gigantic slickenside.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443830584,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":489},"headData":{"title":"Geological Outings Around the Bay: The Great Slickenside of Corona Heights | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Geological Outings Around the Bay: The Great Slickenside of Corona Heights","datePublished":"2011-07-07T19:20:25.000Z","dateModified":"2015-10-03T00:03:04.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"15607 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=15607","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/07/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-great-slickenside-of-corona-heights/","disqusTitle":"Geological Outings Around the Bay: The Great Slickenside of Corona Heights","path":"/quest/15607/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-great-slickenside-of-corona-heights","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/coronatop.jpg\" alt=\"corona heights\" class=\"alignleft size-full\">\u003cem>\u003csup>Sutro Tower and the gnarled chert of the Marin Headlandsterrane are parts of a splendid spectacle at San Francisco's Corona Heights. Photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/sup>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco is \"America's Favorite City\" for many great reasons. Geologists have their own list of reasons to love it, many of which are Franciscan—by which we mean the peculiar association of rocks found up and down the Coast Ranges. Corona Heights is a small hill west of the Castro district that features some of these rocks, but one of its main attractions is a world-class slickenside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You get to Corona Heights by walking about a mile west from the 16th/Mission BART station, or by taking the F line up Market Street to the Noe or Sanchez stops. Here's the hill as seen from 16th Street. You can't miss it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/corona1.jpg\" alt=\"corona heights\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Corona Heights is a hardworking hill that formerly yielded clay and chert. Years of quarrying have accentuated its rugged appearance and left splendid exposures of the bedrock. Along the way, if you keep an eye on appearances of old concrete (doesn't everybody?), you may spot the old chert aggregate around the neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/corona2.jpg\" alt=\"chert aggregate\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Corona Heights, like Bernal Heights to the southeast, is an island of resistant chert that is part of the dismembered \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2011/04/21/geological-outings-around-the-bay-marin-headlands/\">Marin Headlands terrane\u003c/a>. It houses a fine playground and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.randallmuseum.org/\">Randall Museum\u003c/a>. It has a \u003ca href=\"http://sfnaturalareas.org/pages/1\">dedicated group doing habitat restoration\u003c/a>. But we're here to see the slickenside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A slickenside is the polished surface that is created along a fault as the rocks rub against each other. They are common in faulted rocks, but only in patches the size of your hand. (I showed you some in \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2011/04/14/calera-limestone-a-gift-from-the-ancient-pacific/\">the Calera Limestone\u003c/a>.) Larger ones are rarer. Quarrying at Corona Heights uncovered one the size of a big front yard, one of the world's largest exposures. To see it, start at Castro and 15th, go uphill on 15th and turn left on Beaver Street. Again, you can't miss it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/corona3.jpg\" alt=\"slickenside\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The site is also a playground, named for Sidney Peixotto. If you continue up 15th Street instead, you'll see the exposure this way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/corona4.jpg\" alt=\"playground and slickenside\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the real joy of the thing comes at close hand, where you can feel the mirror-smooth surface that only a hard stone like chert can provide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/corona5.jpg\" alt=\"fault polish\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Surfaces like this are of scientific interest, although the data base is still scant. UC Santa Cruz researcher James Kirkpatrick has surveyed this site by lidar. He and others hope that close analysis can tell us more about how faults behave in detail. That's an advanced topic; the rest of us can \u003ca href=\"http://www.geocaching.com/seek/cache_details.aspx?guid=52f407dc-3635-46b9-89e5-1564c28b4578\">collect the geocache at this spot\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Afterward is a good time to climb to the top of the hill and take in one of the city's best views. On a clear day you can see \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2011/06/02/mount-diablo-views/\">Mount Diablo\u003c/a> (click for a 1000-pixel version).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/coronapan.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/coronapan.jpg\" width=\"500\" alt=\"panorama\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7654 -122.4373\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/15607/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-great-slickenside-of-corona-heights","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_3507","quest_1080","quest_3580","quest_3592","quest_3724","quest_2486","quest_3764"],"featImg":"quest_15608","label":"quest"},"quest_13980":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_13980","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"13980","score":null,"sort":[1303415507000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"geological-outings-around-the-bay-marin-headlands","title":"Geological Outings Around the Bay: Marin Headlands","publishDate":1303415507,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/mheadthumb2.jpg\" alt=\"marin headlands\" class=\"alignleft size-full\">\u003cem>\u003csup>A ridge of deep-sea chert sets off the Golden Gate and its signature bridge. Photos by Andrew Alden except where noted.\u003c/sup>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thousands of people, tourists and locals alike, come here to gaze over the Golden Gate. But if you turn your back to it, the Marin Headlands are a textbook location to see some classic rocks of the Franciscan Complex. Rocks like these set apart the landscapes that incorporate them, literally shaping San Francisco's worldview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Marin Headlands have such a distinctive set of Franciscan rocks that their geologic package is named the Marin Headlands terrane, a geologist's word that means a well-defined piece of land and the closely related rocks that underlie it. The Franciscan has about a dozen terranes represented in the Bay Area, and while the Marin Headlands terrane appears in several places, this is where to see it best.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Headlands couldn't be easier to get to—the entrance is just north of the Golden Gate Bridge. Head west and start on Conzelman Road, and stop at the first turnout (Battery Spencer) if you can find a parking spot; if there isn't try the next, because all display the same rocks. The roadcuts on Conzelman Road have just been renewed as the roadway is improved, so it's a great time to study them. (Road work goes on during the week; check \u003ca href=\"http://www.projectheadlands.gov/\">projectheadlands.gov\u003c/a> for updates.) Here's what you'll be looking at. Remember that no hammering or collecting is allowed in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/goga/marin-headlands.htm\">Golden Gate National Recreation Area\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/mheadconz12.jpg\" alt=\"conzelman road chert\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reddish-brown, swirly rock is ribbon chert. This hard sedimentary stone started out in the Pacific as deep-sea clay full of the microscopic shells of radiolarians, lying on the volcanic rocks of the seafloor. It was once flat beds, but as the seafloor was subducted beneath California the chert was crumpled into a picturesque state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/mheadconz22.jpg\" alt=\"folded ribbon chert\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The crust itself was also crumpled, sliced into ribbons and stacked up. That accounts for the look of the geologic map of the Headlands (click it to see it bigger).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/mheadmap2.jpg\" width=\"500\" alt=\"marin headlands geologic map\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003ci>From \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2006/2918/\">USGS Scientific Investigations Map 2918\u003c/a>\u003c/i>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The map depicts three main rock types from the Franciscan: the oldest lava of the ancient seabed of Jurassic age (Jfv), the deep-sea chert that sifted down onto it over a period of some 100 million years (JKfc), and the sandstone that collected on top of that as the seafloor approached California during the Cretaceous Period (Kfs). Melange, as I've explained \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-shell-beach/\">in my post about Shell Beach\u003c/a>, is an intimate mixture of all three (and more) Franciscan rock types. Alluvium is the young sediment that lies in river valleys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lava that once underlay the chert now crops out next to it. At the end of Conzelman Road, at Point Bonita (south of the \"Kfs\" label), there's a spot where you can see spectacularly preserved pillow lava, looking as pristine as it did 150 million years ago when it erupted into the deep sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/mheadpillows2.jpg\" alt=\"pillow lava\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003ci>Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/edbierman/\">Ed Bierman\u003c/a> of Flickr under Creative Commons license\u003c/i>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can see this lava close up on the south end of Rodeo Beach (northwest of \"Kfs\") in its mildly metamorphosed form known as greenstone. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/mheadgreenstone2.jpg\" alt=\"rodeo beach greenstone\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While you're at the beach, take care NOT to resist the excellent pebbles, sourced from the whole range of the Franciscan. I'm told that Kirby Cove's pebble beach is just as good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/mheadpebbles2.jpg\" alt=\"rodeo beach pebbles\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're up for some hiking, there's a lot more to see. For instance, north of Rodeo Beach the view up the coast shows off the sandstone and melange.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/mheadnorth2.jpg\" alt=\"marin coast\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if you keep your eyes on the ground, you may spot black manganese minerals coating the chert. Parts of the Headlands were exploited for this strategic mineral during World War II. The most likely source for the material is the formation of manganese nodules, back when this chert was abyssal mud. To impress your friends, be sure to call out, \"Look! Psilomelane!\" when you find some. That's the name of this sooty-looking mixture of manganese oxides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/mheadmang2.jpg\" alt=\"psilomelane\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you still must admire the Golden Gate instead of the rocks, let my colleague Brian Romans show you \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/14/sand-waves-and-the-golden-gate/\">some of the wonderful geology under that impressive strait\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.829 -122.483\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The Marin Headlands are a textbook location to see some classic rocks of the Franciscan Complex, rocks that literally shape San Francisco's worldview.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1343973965,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":714},"headData":{"title":"Geological Outings Around the Bay: Marin Headlands | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Geological Outings Around the Bay: Marin Headlands","datePublished":"2011-04-21T19:51:47.000Z","dateModified":"2012-08-03T06:06:05.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"13980 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=13980","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/21/geological-outings-around-the-bay-marin-headlands/","disqusTitle":"Geological Outings Around the Bay: Marin Headlands","path":"/quest/13980/geological-outings-around-the-bay-marin-headlands","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/mheadthumb2.jpg\" alt=\"marin headlands\" class=\"alignleft size-full\">\u003cem>\u003csup>A ridge of deep-sea chert sets off the Golden Gate and its signature bridge. Photos by Andrew Alden except where noted.\u003c/sup>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thousands of people, tourists and locals alike, come here to gaze over the Golden Gate. But if you turn your back to it, the Marin Headlands are a textbook location to see some classic rocks of the Franciscan Complex. Rocks like these set apart the landscapes that incorporate them, literally shaping San Francisco's worldview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Marin Headlands have such a distinctive set of Franciscan rocks that their geologic package is named the Marin Headlands terrane, a geologist's word that means a well-defined piece of land and the closely related rocks that underlie it. The Franciscan has about a dozen terranes represented in the Bay Area, and while the Marin Headlands terrane appears in several places, this is where to see it best.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Headlands couldn't be easier to get to—the entrance is just north of the Golden Gate Bridge. Head west and start on Conzelman Road, and stop at the first turnout (Battery Spencer) if you can find a parking spot; if there isn't try the next, because all display the same rocks. The roadcuts on Conzelman Road have just been renewed as the roadway is improved, so it's a great time to study them. (Road work goes on during the week; check \u003ca href=\"http://www.projectheadlands.gov/\">projectheadlands.gov\u003c/a> for updates.) Here's what you'll be looking at. Remember that no hammering or collecting is allowed in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/goga/marin-headlands.htm\">Golden Gate National Recreation Area\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/mheadconz12.jpg\" alt=\"conzelman road chert\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reddish-brown, swirly rock is ribbon chert. This hard sedimentary stone started out in the Pacific as deep-sea clay full of the microscopic shells of radiolarians, lying on the volcanic rocks of the seafloor. It was once flat beds, but as the seafloor was subducted beneath California the chert was crumpled into a picturesque state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/mheadconz22.jpg\" alt=\"folded ribbon chert\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The crust itself was also crumpled, sliced into ribbons and stacked up. That accounts for the look of the geologic map of the Headlands (click it to see it bigger).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/mheadmap2.jpg\" width=\"500\" alt=\"marin headlands geologic map\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003ci>From \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2006/2918/\">USGS Scientific Investigations Map 2918\u003c/a>\u003c/i>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The map depicts three main rock types from the Franciscan: the oldest lava of the ancient seabed of Jurassic age (Jfv), the deep-sea chert that sifted down onto it over a period of some 100 million years (JKfc), and the sandstone that collected on top of that as the seafloor approached California during the Cretaceous Period (Kfs). Melange, as I've explained \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-shell-beach/\">in my post about Shell Beach\u003c/a>, is an intimate mixture of all three (and more) Franciscan rock types. Alluvium is the young sediment that lies in river valleys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lava that once underlay the chert now crops out next to it. At the end of Conzelman Road, at Point Bonita (south of the \"Kfs\" label), there's a spot where you can see spectacularly preserved pillow lava, looking as pristine as it did 150 million years ago when it erupted into the deep sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/mheadpillows2.jpg\" alt=\"pillow lava\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003ci>Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/edbierman/\">Ed Bierman\u003c/a> of Flickr under Creative Commons license\u003c/i>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can see this lava close up on the south end of Rodeo Beach (northwest of \"Kfs\") in its mildly metamorphosed form known as greenstone. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/mheadgreenstone2.jpg\" alt=\"rodeo beach greenstone\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While you're at the beach, take care NOT to resist the excellent pebbles, sourced from the whole range of the Franciscan. I'm told that Kirby Cove's pebble beach is just as good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/mheadpebbles2.jpg\" alt=\"rodeo beach pebbles\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're up for some hiking, there's a lot more to see. For instance, north of Rodeo Beach the view up the coast shows off the sandstone and melange.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/mheadnorth2.jpg\" alt=\"marin coast\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if you keep your eyes on the ground, you may spot black manganese minerals coating the chert. Parts of the Headlands were exploited for this strategic mineral during World War II. The most likely source for the material is the formation of manganese nodules, back when this chert was abyssal mud. To impress your friends, be sure to call out, \"Look! Psilomelane!\" when you find some. That's the name of this sooty-looking mixture of manganese oxides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/mheadmang2.jpg\" alt=\"psilomelane\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you still must admire the Golden Gate instead of the rocks, let my colleague Brian Romans show you \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/14/sand-waves-and-the-golden-gate/\">some of the wonderful geology under that impressive strait\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.829 -122.483\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/13980/geological-outings-around-the-bay-marin-headlands","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_3507","quest_3580","quest_1237","quest_1738","quest_3747","quest_3820"],"featImg":"quest_14006","label":"quest"},"quest_13629":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_13629","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"13629","score":null,"sort":[1302205915000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"geological-outings-around-the-bay-alum-rock-park","title":"Geological Outings Around the Bay: Alum Rock Park","publishDate":1302205915,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alumrocksig2.jpg\" alt=\"hot springs\" class=\"alignleft size-full\">\u003cem>\u003csup>Mineral springs, fresh air, and a cross-section of South Bay history—not to mention its rocks—are all on display at Alum Rock Park. All photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/sup>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sjparks.org/regional/alumrock.asp\">Alum Rock Park\u003c/a> occupies the small, steep valley of Penitencia Creek carved into the hills east of San Jose. The city has owned it since 1872, when it became California's first city park. For a generation it was a major regional attraction for its warm mineral springs and the entertainment complex surrounding them, of which only traces remain today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today it's a great place to get away from the city's hustle while pretending you're still at the office (except on Mondays, when it's closed). But if you put away the phone and pay attention to your surroundings, Alum Rock Park can show you some of San Jose's deep history and the Bay Area's rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If nothing else, the park provides good views to the west over the Santa Clara Valley from its higher trails. You can choose from a warm south-facing slope and a cool north-facing one, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alumrockview2.jpg\" alt=\"santa clara valley view\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Have a look at the geologic map of the area (from \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-795/\">USGS Open-File Map 98-795\u003c/a>) below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alumrockmap2.png\" alt=\"alum rock park geologic map\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Penitencia Creek comes downhill from the right center and exits on the lower left. The park entrance is right at the edge of bedrock (Kbc, conglomerate of the Berryessa Formation), and the uppermost parking area is at the Tcc (Claremont Formation) mark. Hiking trails run along both sides of the creek giving you a good look at all the rock units from the park entrance to the Briones Formation (Tbr) on the right. Let's see some, starting with the conglomerate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alumrockcong2.jpg\" alt=\"conglomerate\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This very coarse grained rock and its related sandstone in the Berryessa Formation are part of the Great Valley Sequence, thick beds of sedimentary rock built up while the Sierra Nevada was intruding all that granite, back around 100 million years ago in Cretaceous time. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Behind the boulder is Eagle Rock, which corresponds to the pinkish blob surrounded by landslides to the right of the \"Kbc\" label. You can climb up there or stroll through the other outcrop labeled Jbk. The rock itself is well-traveled volcanic material that has been permeated and altered by hot mineralizing fluids. Here's a chunk of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alum-rock2.jpg\" alt=\"alum rock\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The large outcrop along the creek gives the park its name. An early visitor mistook the whitish crust on these rocks as alum, which would have been a nice find at the time. It's actually sulfate minerals, but the name stuck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farther upstream, just past the visitor center, is where the mineral spring zone begins. On the geologic map, it corresponds to the exposure of Claremont Formation (Tcc), a belt of ribbon chert of Miocene age (about 10 million years) familiar in the East Bay Hills. Here the chert is dark with organic matter and its beds are upturned almost to vertical. That combination of chemistry and structure has given rise to warm upwellings of chemically interesting groundwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alumrocksprings2.jpg\" alt=\"alum rock springs\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are more than 20 different springs here, each with a nice stone housing. The ones I dipped my fingers into were bathtub-warm, and the water is sulfur-scented. A hundred years ago Alum Rock Park was a big health spa, with a rail line direct from downtown. That was when the stonework was done. You can see where seepage has built up cones of minerals on the lower wall. All of the springs issue from the Claremont chert—here's a closeup of the chert and the mineral crust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alumchert2.jpg\" alt=\"chert and crust\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After all that excitement you may want to continue upstream, into the structurally overlying and younger Briones Formation. This set of rocks is coarser grained than the Claremont, deposited nearer to shore. The other way to look at it is that the shoreline grew closer to this spot as geologic time progressed. This is a well-scrubbed outcrop in the stream bed that shows its bedding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alumbrionescrop2.jpg\" alt=\"briones formation\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parts of the Briones are so full of fossils that the rock is best described as shell hash. You'll see this same stone at Lime Ridge in Walnut Creek and other places in the East Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alumbrioneshash2.jpg\" alt=\"shell hash\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This whole belt of rocks lies in the zone where the Hayward fault merges with the Calaveras fault. On the map above, the Calaveras runs down the right edge of the Briones Formation, between the Calaveras and Anderson Reservoirs. The Hayward fault formally ends a few miles northwest, but the many smaller faults marked as heavy lines are of the same ilk and reflect the same tectonics. Friction along the faults may account for the warmth of the springs, just one more way that the deep Earth affects us in our region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can also check out QUEST's \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/exploration/alum-rock-exploration\">Alum Rock Science Hike\u003c/a> for more info.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.397 -121.798\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A hundred years ago Alum Rock Park was a big health spa, with a rail line direct from downtown to the warm mineral springs. Today the springs still run among the upturned rocks between the Hayward and Calaveras faults.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1311134621,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":27,"wordCount":818},"headData":{"title":"Geological Outings Around the Bay: Alum Rock Park | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Geological Outings Around the Bay: Alum Rock Park","datePublished":"2011-04-07T19:51:55.000Z","dateModified":"2011-07-20T04:03:41.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"13629 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=13629","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/07/geological-outings-around-the-bay-alum-rock-park/","disqusTitle":"Geological Outings Around the Bay: Alum Rock Park","path":"/quest/13629/geological-outings-around-the-bay-alum-rock-park","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alumrocksig2.jpg\" alt=\"hot springs\" class=\"alignleft size-full\">\u003cem>\u003csup>Mineral springs, fresh air, and a cross-section of South Bay history—not to mention its rocks—are all on display at Alum Rock Park. All photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/sup>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sjparks.org/regional/alumrock.asp\">Alum Rock Park\u003c/a> occupies the small, steep valley of Penitencia Creek carved into the hills east of San Jose. The city has owned it since 1872, when it became California's first city park. For a generation it was a major regional attraction for its warm mineral springs and the entertainment complex surrounding them, of which only traces remain today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today it's a great place to get away from the city's hustle while pretending you're still at the office (except on Mondays, when it's closed). But if you put away the phone and pay attention to your surroundings, Alum Rock Park can show you some of San Jose's deep history and the Bay Area's rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If nothing else, the park provides good views to the west over the Santa Clara Valley from its higher trails. You can choose from a warm south-facing slope and a cool north-facing one, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alumrockview2.jpg\" alt=\"santa clara valley view\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Have a look at the geologic map of the area (from \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-795/\">USGS Open-File Map 98-795\u003c/a>) below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alumrockmap2.png\" alt=\"alum rock park geologic map\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Penitencia Creek comes downhill from the right center and exits on the lower left. The park entrance is right at the edge of bedrock (Kbc, conglomerate of the Berryessa Formation), and the uppermost parking area is at the Tcc (Claremont Formation) mark. Hiking trails run along both sides of the creek giving you a good look at all the rock units from the park entrance to the Briones Formation (Tbr) on the right. Let's see some, starting with the conglomerate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alumrockcong2.jpg\" alt=\"conglomerate\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This very coarse grained rock and its related sandstone in the Berryessa Formation are part of the Great Valley Sequence, thick beds of sedimentary rock built up while the Sierra Nevada was intruding all that granite, back around 100 million years ago in Cretaceous time. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Behind the boulder is Eagle Rock, which corresponds to the pinkish blob surrounded by landslides to the right of the \"Kbc\" label. You can climb up there or stroll through the other outcrop labeled Jbk. The rock itself is well-traveled volcanic material that has been permeated and altered by hot mineralizing fluids. Here's a chunk of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alum-rock2.jpg\" alt=\"alum rock\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The large outcrop along the creek gives the park its name. An early visitor mistook the whitish crust on these rocks as alum, which would have been a nice find at the time. It's actually sulfate minerals, but the name stuck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farther upstream, just past the visitor center, is where the mineral spring zone begins. On the geologic map, it corresponds to the exposure of Claremont Formation (Tcc), a belt of ribbon chert of Miocene age (about 10 million years) familiar in the East Bay Hills. Here the chert is dark with organic matter and its beds are upturned almost to vertical. That combination of chemistry and structure has given rise to warm upwellings of chemically interesting groundwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alumrocksprings2.jpg\" alt=\"alum rock springs\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are more than 20 different springs here, each with a nice stone housing. The ones I dipped my fingers into were bathtub-warm, and the water is sulfur-scented. A hundred years ago Alum Rock Park was a big health spa, with a rail line direct from downtown. That was when the stonework was done. You can see where seepage has built up cones of minerals on the lower wall. All of the springs issue from the Claremont chert—here's a closeup of the chert and the mineral crust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alumchert2.jpg\" alt=\"chert and crust\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After all that excitement you may want to continue upstream, into the structurally overlying and younger Briones Formation. This set of rocks is coarser grained than the Claremont, deposited nearer to shore. The other way to look at it is that the shoreline grew closer to this spot as geologic time progressed. This is a well-scrubbed outcrop in the stream bed that shows its bedding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alumbrionescrop2.jpg\" alt=\"briones formation\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parts of the Briones are so full of fossils that the rock is best described as shell hash. You'll see this same stone at Lime Ridge in Walnut Creek and other places in the East Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alumbrioneshash2.jpg\" alt=\"shell hash\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This whole belt of rocks lies in the zone where the Hayward fault merges with the Calaveras fault. On the map above, the Calaveras runs down the right edge of the Briones Formation, between the Calaveras and Anderson Reservoirs. The Hayward fault formally ends a few miles northwest, but the many smaller faults marked as heavy lines are of the same ilk and reflect the same tectonics. Friction along the faults may account for the warmth of the springs, just one more way that the deep Earth affects us in our region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can also check out QUEST's \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/exploration/alum-rock-exploration\">Alum Rock Science Hike\u003c/a> for more info.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.397 -121.798\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/13629/geological-outings-around-the-bay-alum-rock-park","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_3454","quest_3492","quest_3507","quest_3528","quest_3535","quest_3405","quest_1325","quest_1374","quest_3669","quest_2493","quest_3800"],"featImg":"quest_13638","label":"quest"},"quest_13133":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_13133","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"13133","score":null,"sort":[1300986008000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"geological-outings-around-the-bay-shell-beach","title":"Geological Outings Around the Bay: Shell Beach","publishDate":1300986008,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachintro2.jpg\" alt=\"shell beach\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>One of California's most distinctive and mysterious bodies of rock is well exposed at Shell Beach, north of Bodega Bay in Sonoma County. Photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A big swatch of the Coast Range is a set of rocks that once baffled generations of California geologists. It's a dog's breakfast of different things, most of them familiar in the region, mixed together with no pattern that anyone could make sense of. The geologists who explored California were no slouches, but all they could do was to map these suites of rocks in a catch-all category called \u003ci>Franciscan melange\u003c/i>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around 1970 the new theory of plate tectonics found just the place for Franciscan melange, and Shell Beach is just the place to ponder and admire it. I've made several visits there and don't recall any shells—maybe a better name for it is Melange Beach. And right nearby is another mystery from the ice ages. For anyone into geology, Shell Beach is a great workout.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Melange, we now know, is what happens to rocks in subduction zones, which is where one tectonic plate plunges beneath another. Before the San Andreas fault began carrying coastal California sideways to the north, the plate west of us was being subducted directly eastward against North America. (A remnant, called the Juan de Fuca plate, is still doing that off the Pacific Northwest.) Rocks and sediments caught between the plates were mixed and tumbled like snow in front of a snowplow. And that's what melange represents, and that's how the Franciscan got so scrambled. Shell Beach shows us the whole range of the Franciscan in one compact site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First let's get oriented on the geologic map (from \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2002/2402/\">U.S. Geological Survey map MF-2402\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachmap2.png\" alt=\"shell beach geologic map\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the top, the Russian River enters the sea at Jenner. Shell Beach is due south of the \"Qt\" symbol, part of \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=451\">Sonoma Coast State Beach\u003c/a>. You can also \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiacoastline.org/cgi-bin/image.cgi?image=12464&mode=sequential\">see it from offshore\u003c/a> on the California Coastal Records Project site. \"Qt\" stands for Quaternary terraces, which \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-pebble-beach/\">I told you about down at Pebble Beach\u003c/a>. Up here there are only two terraces mapped, but subtle signs indicate more of them higher up. \"KJfs\" stands for Cretaceous-Jurassic Franciscan sandstone, but it includes a large share of melange. The tiny orange dot represents Mammoth Rock, which we'll talk about later. Here's the view from the terrace looking south. That's Bodega Head in the farthest distance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachterracesouth2.jpg\" alt=\"shell beach terrace\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cliffs are all melange. Most of it is a shale and sandstone matrix that has been thoroughly disrupted by tectonic mixing. The sea stacks out in the water are chunks of hard rock within the melange that have resisted erosion. Where these crop out of our rounded oak-dotted hillsides, the local geologists call them knockers. But resistant blocks occur in all sizes, both larger and smaller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachstair2.jpg\" alt=\"shell beach stair\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stairs down to Shell Beach pass by a big greenish body of serpentinite, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/08/05/learn-the-facts-about-serpentinite-before-its-removed-as-californias-state-rock/\">our state rock\u003c/a>, in the gully. It's worth a detour to inspect them. This soft rock type doesn't form knockers. (I should remind you that all collecting or defacing of rocks is prohibited in this state park.) The beach is small, with dark sand and not much of it, and the coast is cool and breezy—not a place for surfing, picnics or volleyball. What's special about it is the range of rock colors in one place. I'll give you a small sample.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachcolors2.jpg\" alt=\"shell beach rocks\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The palette does cluster around green and blue. Greenstone, shown below, is ancient seafloor lava that has been changed by time and pressure, but not enough to hide its original pillow shapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachgreenstone2.jpg\" alt=\"greenstone\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chert is a flinty rock that acquires subtle translucent colors, setting off its waxy luster, during subduction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachchert2.jpg\" alt=\"chert\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What excites geologists, and may catch your eye, is that Shell Beach also exposes the soft matrix rocks that held and polished these boulders during subduction. Matrix is seldom seen elsewhere because it quickly turns to soil or washes away. In addition to all these is eye candy, things you just want to turn into background images or jigsaw puzzles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachgleam2.jpg\" alt=\"blue chert\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you have time, take the trail north from the beach toward these two ancient sea stacks. The first, Mammoth Rock, is in the center and the second behind it to the right is Sunset Rocks. Some 125,000 years ago, these stood among the waves and endured until the land rose and the sea fell away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachstacks2.jpg\" alt=\"mammoth rocks\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stacks are a mixture of rock types that is largely blueschist, a tough stone formed by high-pressure metamorphism. At Shell Beach, chunks of it extend the palette all the way to indigo. The second stack has a real treat—polished spots that have been interpreted as marks left by ice age mammoths that used the rock as rubbing posts, just as cattle do today. KQED showed you these in its \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/11/12/ice-age-bay-area/\">Ice Age Bay Area\u003c/a> series in 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachpolish2.jpg\" alt=\"mammoth polish\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have presented \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geology_ca/ig/mammothrocks/\">more detail about the polish here\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geology_ca/ig/CAshellbeach/\">more about the rocks here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>38.4180 -123.1045\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"One of California's most distinctive and mysterious bodies of rock is well displayed at Shell Beach, north of Bodega Bay in Sonoma County.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1483733398,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":26,"wordCount":851},"headData":{"title":"Geological Outings Around the Bay: Shell Beach | KQED","description":"One of California's most distinctive and mysterious bodies of rock is well displayed at Shell Beach, north of Bodega Bay in Sonoma County.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Geological Outings Around the Bay: Shell Beach","datePublished":"2011-03-24T17:00:08.000Z","dateModified":"2017-01-06T20:09:58.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"13133 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=13133","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-shell-beach/","disqusTitle":"Geological Outings Around the Bay: Shell Beach","path":"/quest/13133/geological-outings-around-the-bay-shell-beach","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachintro2.jpg\" alt=\"shell beach\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>One of California's most distinctive and mysterious bodies of rock is well exposed at Shell Beach, north of Bodega Bay in Sonoma County. Photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A big swatch of the Coast Range is a set of rocks that once baffled generations of California geologists. It's a dog's breakfast of different things, most of them familiar in the region, mixed together with no pattern that anyone could make sense of. The geologists who explored California were no slouches, but all they could do was to map these suites of rocks in a catch-all category called \u003ci>Franciscan melange\u003c/i>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around 1970 the new theory of plate tectonics found just the place for Franciscan melange, and Shell Beach is just the place to ponder and admire it. I've made several visits there and don't recall any shells—maybe a better name for it is Melange Beach. And right nearby is another mystery from the ice ages. For anyone into geology, Shell Beach is a great workout.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Melange, we now know, is what happens to rocks in subduction zones, which is where one tectonic plate plunges beneath another. Before the San Andreas fault began carrying coastal California sideways to the north, the plate west of us was being subducted directly eastward against North America. (A remnant, called the Juan de Fuca plate, is still doing that off the Pacific Northwest.) Rocks and sediments caught between the plates were mixed and tumbled like snow in front of a snowplow. And that's what melange represents, and that's how the Franciscan got so scrambled. Shell Beach shows us the whole range of the Franciscan in one compact site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First let's get oriented on the geologic map (from \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2002/2402/\">U.S. Geological Survey map MF-2402\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachmap2.png\" alt=\"shell beach geologic map\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the top, the Russian River enters the sea at Jenner. Shell Beach is due south of the \"Qt\" symbol, part of \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=451\">Sonoma Coast State Beach\u003c/a>. You can also \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiacoastline.org/cgi-bin/image.cgi?image=12464&mode=sequential\">see it from offshore\u003c/a> on the California Coastal Records Project site. \"Qt\" stands for Quaternary terraces, which \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-pebble-beach/\">I told you about down at Pebble Beach\u003c/a>. Up here there are only two terraces mapped, but subtle signs indicate more of them higher up. \"KJfs\" stands for Cretaceous-Jurassic Franciscan sandstone, but it includes a large share of melange. The tiny orange dot represents Mammoth Rock, which we'll talk about later. Here's the view from the terrace looking south. That's Bodega Head in the farthest distance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachterracesouth2.jpg\" alt=\"shell beach terrace\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cliffs are all melange. Most of it is a shale and sandstone matrix that has been thoroughly disrupted by tectonic mixing. The sea stacks out in the water are chunks of hard rock within the melange that have resisted erosion. Where these crop out of our rounded oak-dotted hillsides, the local geologists call them knockers. But resistant blocks occur in all sizes, both larger and smaller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachstair2.jpg\" alt=\"shell beach stair\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stairs down to Shell Beach pass by a big greenish body of serpentinite, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/08/05/learn-the-facts-about-serpentinite-before-its-removed-as-californias-state-rock/\">our state rock\u003c/a>, in the gully. It's worth a detour to inspect them. This soft rock type doesn't form knockers. (I should remind you that all collecting or defacing of rocks is prohibited in this state park.) The beach is small, with dark sand and not much of it, and the coast is cool and breezy—not a place for surfing, picnics or volleyball. What's special about it is the range of rock colors in one place. I'll give you a small sample.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachcolors2.jpg\" alt=\"shell beach rocks\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The palette does cluster around green and blue. Greenstone, shown below, is ancient seafloor lava that has been changed by time and pressure, but not enough to hide its original pillow shapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachgreenstone2.jpg\" alt=\"greenstone\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chert is a flinty rock that acquires subtle translucent colors, setting off its waxy luster, during subduction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachchert2.jpg\" alt=\"chert\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What excites geologists, and may catch your eye, is that Shell Beach also exposes the soft matrix rocks that held and polished these boulders during subduction. Matrix is seldom seen elsewhere because it quickly turns to soil or washes away. In addition to all these is eye candy, things you just want to turn into background images or jigsaw puzzles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachgleam2.jpg\" alt=\"blue chert\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you have time, take the trail north from the beach toward these two ancient sea stacks. The first, Mammoth Rock, is in the center and the second behind it to the right is Sunset Rocks. Some 125,000 years ago, these stood among the waves and endured until the land rose and the sea fell away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachstacks2.jpg\" alt=\"mammoth rocks\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stacks are a mixture of rock types that is largely blueschist, a tough stone formed by high-pressure metamorphism. At Shell Beach, chunks of it extend the palette all the way to indigo. The second stack has a real treat—polished spots that have been interpreted as marks left by ice age mammoths that used the rock as rubbing posts, just as cattle do today. KQED showed you these in its \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/11/12/ice-age-bay-area/\">Ice Age Bay Area\u003c/a> series in 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachpolish2.jpg\" alt=\"mammoth polish\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have presented \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geology_ca/ig/mammothrocks/\">more detail about the polish here\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geology_ca/ig/CAshellbeach/\">more about the rocks here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>38.4180 -123.1045\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/13133/geological-outings-around-the-bay-shell-beach","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_3487","quest_3507","quest_13200","quest_3615","quest_1727","quest_3706","quest_2233","quest_2589","quest_2590","quest_2728","quest_2817"],"featImg":"quest_199486","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. 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