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She spends sunny days at her home in Santa Cruz either watching otters in the bay or tromping around the redwood forests.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/47ca62221ec1d28f17ff031462d02e0d?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Melissae Fellet | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/47ca62221ec1d28f17ff031462d02e0d?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/47ca62221ec1d28f17ff031462d02e0d?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/melissaefellet"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_52297":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_52297","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"52297","score":null,"sort":[1365802017000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"bay-area-biotech-industry-braces-for-gene-patenting-court-case","title":"Bay Area Biotech Industry Braces for Gene Patenting Court Case","publishDate":1365802017,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2013/04/20130415science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Area biotechnology companies are keeping an eye on the nation’s highest court. On Monday, the Supreme Court will hear a case on a key question: can you patent a human gene?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A recent study estimates that close to half of human genes identified so far are already patented. The court’s ruling could put millions of dollars at stake for Bay Area universities and biotech companies. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At issue are two genes related to breast and ovarian cancer, \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/04/12/breast-cancer-gene-mutations-at-heart-of-supreme-court-case/#more-12082\">BRCA 1 and BRCA 2\u003c/a>. Women with mutations in these genes are five to eight times more likely to develop breast cancer. To gauge that risk, patients often get a genetic test. It’s one of the most common tests that genetic counselors handle, like Julie Mak at\u003ca href=\"http://cancer.ucsf.edu/\"> UCSF’s Cancer Center\u003c/a>in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_52321\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/sequencing.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-52321 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/sequencing-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Preparation for DNA sequencing (Maggie Bartlett, NHGRI)\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Preparation for DNA sequencing (Maggie Bartlett, NHGRI)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I do think it opens up a very loaded set of questions for people who are sometimes very young,” says Mak. “As you can imagine, the things we talk about with people are very serious and sometimes stressful and upsetting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A blood or saliva sample can tell a woman if she has those mutations, but that test isn’t run at UCSF. “For most BRCA 1 and 2 testing, the lab in Utah is the only one that does this testing,” Mak says, referring to Myriad Genetics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.myriad.com/\">Myriad Genetics\u003c/a> holds patents on not only the test, but the actual genes themselves. That means one company has a monopoly on those genes and theoretically controls what can be done with them. That’s what’s being challenged by the American Civil Liberties Union.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Natural or Not?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of people wonder: how can you patent a gene?” says Mildred Cho, associate director of the \u003ca href=\"http://bioethics.stanford.edu/\">Stanford Center for Biomedical Ethics\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the case, the ACLU is arguing that genes aren’t patentable because they’re naturally occurring -- they’re found inside our bodies. According to patent law, “products of nature are not patentable,” Cho says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Myriad Genetics argues that by extracting a specific gene and isolating it, it turns into a man-made invention, which makes it patentable. “In order to analyze to DNA, you have to break open the cells and break the DNA up in to little pieces,” Cho explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Legal complexities aside, Cho says it has real effects on our healthcare decision, like getting a second opinion. “No laboratory has 100 percent accuracy and so you would ideally want to have a lab result that’s really important confirmed by another lab,” she says. “You can’t do that if there are patents on that lab test.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Questions of Open Access\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patents can also affect genetic research, according to UCSF professor Dr. Robert Nusssbaum. When I meet him in his office, he’s wearing a button pinned to his shirt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So my button says ‘free the data,'” he points out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since DNA doesn’t come with an instruction manual that reveals if a genetic mutation is harmful or not, the only way to find out is to compare it to thousands of other genetic tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The only way to make that happen faster is for all the laboratories to pool all their information in one place and all have access to it,” Nussbaum says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not everyone is sharing. “There are a couple of laboratories, and Myriad is one of them, that have decided that since they had the patent on testing, that they would keep their data locked up as intellectual property,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response, Nussbaum has organized an \u003ca href=\"http://www.sharingclinicalreports.org/\">open source database\u003c/a> that holds genetic data about breast cancer mutations, free for researchers to use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In terms of gene testing, I think patents are of no value, period,” says Nussbaum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Basis of Biotech\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Patents are a very important, fundamental part of the foundation on which the biotechnology, biopharmaceutical industry has been built,” says Sean Johnston, general counsel at \u003ca href=\"http://www.gene.com/\">Genentech\u003c/a> in South San Francisco, one of the largest biotech companies in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Companies like Genentech use genetic information to develop drugs and treatments, in addition to genetic diagnostic tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Biotech and biopharmaceutical companies have relied upon patent protection to justify the significant investment, the risk-taking and the innovation that is necessary to develop new drugs,” Johnston says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnston says it often takes a billion dollars to bring a drug to market, an investment that could be tougher to make without the protection of gene patents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not a matter that if the court were to rule broadly our business would be destroyed,” Johnston says. “But in theory I think it has the potential to be very disruptive to the industry.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Universities in the Middle\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biotech companies here aren’t the only ones watching this case. The University of California as a whole is one of the top ten gene patent holders in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Universities are often accused of patenting solely for the purpose of getting financial gain,” says Karin Immergluck of UCSF’s Office of Technology Management. The office handles several hundred gene patents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“UCSF’s first goal is to translate our really exciting, cutting-edge technologies into products and services that will benefit the public,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The university walks a fine line. Companies pay millions of dollars a year to use its patents, like the one related to human growth hormone. But the court case brings up issue in licensing patents that universities already grappling with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For example, making sure the rights aren’t completely locked up in one company so that underinsured patients don’t have access,” says Immergluck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patient access, biotech industry profits and innovation could all be affected by the Supreme Court’s ruling. It’s expected in June.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The Supreme Court is hearing a case on a key question: can you patent a human gene? ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1366389328,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":34,"wordCount":1025},"headData":{"title":"Bay Area Biotech Industry Braces for Gene Patenting Court Case | KQED","description":"The Supreme Court is hearing a case on a key question: can you patent a human gene? ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Bay Area Biotech Industry Braces for Gene Patenting Court Case","datePublished":"2013-04-12T21:26:57.000Z","dateModified":"2013-04-19T16:35:28.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"52297 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=audio_reports&p=52297","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/12/bay-area-biotech-industry-braces-for-gene-patenting-court-case/","disqusTitle":"Bay Area Biotech Industry Braces for Gene Patenting Court Case","WpOldSlug":"west-coast-a-test-bed-for-ocean-acidification-2","path":"/quest/52297/bay-area-biotech-industry-braces-for-gene-patenting-court-case","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2013/04/20130415science.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"audioLink","attributes":{"named":{"src":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2013/04/20130415science.mp3"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Bay Area biotechnology companies are keeping an eye on the nation’s highest court. On Monday, the Supreme Court will hear a case on a key question: can you patent a human gene?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A recent study estimates that close to half of human genes identified so far are already patented. The court’s ruling could put millions of dollars at stake for Bay Area universities and biotech companies. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At issue are two genes related to breast and ovarian cancer, \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/04/12/breast-cancer-gene-mutations-at-heart-of-supreme-court-case/#more-12082\">BRCA 1 and BRCA 2\u003c/a>. Women with mutations in these genes are five to eight times more likely to develop breast cancer. To gauge that risk, patients often get a genetic test. It’s one of the most common tests that genetic counselors handle, like Julie Mak at\u003ca href=\"http://cancer.ucsf.edu/\"> UCSF’s Cancer Center\u003c/a>in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_52321\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/sequencing.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-52321 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/sequencing-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Preparation for DNA sequencing (Maggie Bartlett, NHGRI)\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Preparation for DNA sequencing (Maggie Bartlett, NHGRI)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I do think it opens up a very loaded set of questions for people who are sometimes very young,” says Mak. “As you can imagine, the things we talk about with people are very serious and sometimes stressful and upsetting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A blood or saliva sample can tell a woman if she has those mutations, but that test isn’t run at UCSF. “For most BRCA 1 and 2 testing, the lab in Utah is the only one that does this testing,” Mak says, referring to Myriad Genetics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.myriad.com/\">Myriad Genetics\u003c/a> holds patents on not only the test, but the actual genes themselves. That means one company has a monopoly on those genes and theoretically controls what can be done with them. That’s what’s being challenged by the American Civil Liberties Union.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Natural or Not?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of people wonder: how can you patent a gene?” says Mildred Cho, associate director of the \u003ca href=\"http://bioethics.stanford.edu/\">Stanford Center for Biomedical Ethics\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the case, the ACLU is arguing that genes aren’t patentable because they’re naturally occurring -- they’re found inside our bodies. According to patent law, “products of nature are not patentable,” Cho says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Myriad Genetics argues that by extracting a specific gene and isolating it, it turns into a man-made invention, which makes it patentable. “In order to analyze to DNA, you have to break open the cells and break the DNA up in to little pieces,” Cho explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Legal complexities aside, Cho says it has real effects on our healthcare decision, like getting a second opinion. “No laboratory has 100 percent accuracy and so you would ideally want to have a lab result that’s really important confirmed by another lab,” she says. “You can’t do that if there are patents on that lab test.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Questions of Open Access\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patents can also affect genetic research, according to UCSF professor Dr. Robert Nusssbaum. When I meet him in his office, he’s wearing a button pinned to his shirt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So my button says ‘free the data,'” he points out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since DNA doesn’t come with an instruction manual that reveals if a genetic mutation is harmful or not, the only way to find out is to compare it to thousands of other genetic tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The only way to make that happen faster is for all the laboratories to pool all their information in one place and all have access to it,” Nussbaum says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not everyone is sharing. “There are a couple of laboratories, and Myriad is one of them, that have decided that since they had the patent on testing, that they would keep their data locked up as intellectual property,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response, Nussbaum has organized an \u003ca href=\"http://www.sharingclinicalreports.org/\">open source database\u003c/a> that holds genetic data about breast cancer mutations, free for researchers to use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In terms of gene testing, I think patents are of no value, period,” says Nussbaum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Basis of Biotech\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Patents are a very important, fundamental part of the foundation on which the biotechnology, biopharmaceutical industry has been built,” says Sean Johnston, general counsel at \u003ca href=\"http://www.gene.com/\">Genentech\u003c/a> in South San Francisco, one of the largest biotech companies in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Companies like Genentech use genetic information to develop drugs and treatments, in addition to genetic diagnostic tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Biotech and biopharmaceutical companies have relied upon patent protection to justify the significant investment, the risk-taking and the innovation that is necessary to develop new drugs,” Johnston says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnston says it often takes a billion dollars to bring a drug to market, an investment that could be tougher to make without the protection of gene patents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not a matter that if the court were to rule broadly our business would be destroyed,” Johnston says. “But in theory I think it has the potential to be very disruptive to the industry.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Universities in the Middle\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biotech companies here aren’t the only ones watching this case. The University of California as a whole is one of the top ten gene patent holders in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Universities are often accused of patenting solely for the purpose of getting financial gain,” says Karin Immergluck of UCSF’s Office of Technology Management. The office handles several hundred gene patents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“UCSF’s first goal is to translate our really exciting, cutting-edge technologies into products and services that will benefit the public,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The university walks a fine line. Companies pay millions of dollars a year to use its patents, like the one related to human growth hormone. But the court case brings up issue in licensing patents that universities already grappling with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For example, making sure the rights aren’t completely locked up in one company so that underinsured patients don’t have access,” says Immergluck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patient access, biotech industry profits and innovation could all be affected by the Supreme Court’s ruling. It’s expected in June.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/52297/bay-area-biotech-industry-braces-for-gene-patenting-court-case","authors":["239"],"categories":["quest_5","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_9951","quest_475","quest_13194","quest_848","quest_11907","quest_1192","quest_1197","quest_13201","quest_11518","quest_13203","quest_11908","quest_2841"],"featImg":"quest_52321","label":"quest"},"quest_42610":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_42610","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"42610","score":null,"sort":[1345042849000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"nasas-roving-robotic-chemist-will-collect-clues-for-life-on-mars","title":"NASA's Roving Robotic Chemist Will Collect Clues For Life on Mars","publishDate":1345042849,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42612\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/15/nasas-roving-robotic-chemist-will-collect-clues-for-life-on-mars/curiosity-resize/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42612\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-42612\" title=\"curiosity resize\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/curiosity-resize-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Curiosity rover\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist’s rendition of the Mars rover Curiosity, a robotic chemist and geologist. Credit: {link url=\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On August 5, the world was abuzz about a rover named Curiosity landing on Mars. Now that feat of \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/video/index.cfm?id=1090\">masterful engineering\u003c/a> is over, the rover wakes up, starts its instruments and begins its business of chemistry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More specifically, Curiosity is looking for elements and molecules that could be clues to past life on the planet. Elemental analysis is one of the most basic things chemists do, as it helps them figure out products formed in a reaction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In graduate school, I worked in a lab that built complicated molecules that could be potential medicines. I mixed powders and liquids in a flask, waited for a reaction and then set about identifying what I made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the time I started a reaction knowing what the products should be. Sometimes I retrieved those products. Other times the reaction took an unexpected turn and I collected products with too few or too many atoms. That's when the chemical detective work began. Knowing what products the reaction created, I used my knowledge of chemistry, the reaction conditions, and the materials in the flask to guess how those side products might have formed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity, the wandering robotic chemist, might find molecular products like methane or protein building blocks possibly formed by past life on Mars and now trapped in rocks and minerals. But scientists analyzing the significance of those clues have an extra challenge that I didn’t: They don’t know reaction conditions on the planet, like time, temperature and acidity, which could affect how those products formed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the minerals themselves, and the planet’s atmosphere, have information to help fill that knowledge gap. The rover vaporizes some rocks with a laser and identifies the elements in the rocks \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/the-curious-wavefunction/2012/08/08/light-crystals-and-a-chemist-called-curiosity/\">based on emitted light\u003c/a>. If a rock contains salts like sodium and potassium, then perhaps it formed in a watery environment. Other elemental indicators tell the scientists if that water was too acidic to support life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://arstechnica.com/science/2012/05/carbon-in-rocks-frm-mars-comes-from-volcanoes-not-life/\">recent study \u003c/a>of Martian meteorites used a similar approach to conclude that carbon in the rocks came from volcanoes, not life. The scientists aimed a powerful laser at mineral grains in slices of the meteorite, identifying the elements in the minerals and structure of the carbon-containing compounds. The minerals likely formed in volcanoes; thus the graphite-like clusters inside the grains likely came from volcanoes too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That mystery about the origin of carbon in Martian meteorites took 15 years to solve, because other experiments couldn’t rule out the possibility that the carbon formed while the meteorite sat on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Curiosity finds molecules that might be evidence for the existence of life as we know it, scientists have to rule out similar contamination issues. Perhaps the molecules formed in the planet’s atmosphere and fell to the surface, or maybe compounds in the soil altered the measurements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elemental analysis of minerals will help scientists identify the environment on Mars about one to two billion years ago, during the middle of its known life. With those clues to the reaction conditions on the planet, scientists can then work backwards to figure out if the planet could have sustained life. I look forward to following how Curiosity helps scientists unravel \u003ca href=\"http://www.msl-chemcam.com/index.php?menu=inc&page_consult=textes&rubrique=63&sousrubrique=208&soussousrubrique=0&titre_url=Curiosity%20-%20Why%20Mars?\">complex questions\u003c/a> about past habitability on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More reading:\u003cbr>\n1. \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/mission/science/\">Science experiments\u003c/a> on Curiosity, from NASA\u003cbr>\n2. Details of some chemistry instruments on Curiosity:\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.springerlink.com/content/p26510688kg4q808/fulltext.pdf?MUD=MP\">Sample Analysis at Mars\u003c/a>, identifying carbon-containing compounds using instruments common to many labs here on Earth\u003cbr>\n3. \u003ca href=\"http://www.msl-chemcam.com/index.php?menu=inc&page_consult=textes&rubrique=64&sousrubrique=223&soussousrubrique=0&titre_url=ChemCam%20-%20What%20will%20ChemCam%20tell%20us?\">ChemCam\u003c/a>, studying the composition of rocks on a small scale and looking for interesting places to study with \u003ca href=\"http://msl-scicorner.jpl.nasa.gov/Instruments/CheMin/\">CheMin\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Scientists are looking for elements and molecules that signify life as we know it. But even if they don’t find those molecules, minerals contain important information about the Martian environment. That could help scientists determine if life could have survived on the planet. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1346782090,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":620},"headData":{"title":"NASA's Roving Robotic Chemist Will Collect Clues For Life on Mars | KQED","description":"Scientists are looking for elements and molecules that signify life as we know it. But even if they don’t find those molecules, minerals contain important information about the Martian environment. That could help scientists determine if life could have survived on the planet. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"NASA's Roving Robotic Chemist Will Collect Clues For Life on Mars","datePublished":"2012-08-15T15:00:49.000Z","dateModified":"2012-09-04T18:08:10.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"42610 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=42610","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/15/nasas-roving-robotic-chemist-will-collect-clues-for-life-on-mars/","disqusTitle":"NASA's Roving Robotic Chemist Will Collect Clues For Life on Mars","path":"/quest/42610/nasas-roving-robotic-chemist-will-collect-clues-for-life-on-mars","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42612\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/15/nasas-roving-robotic-chemist-will-collect-clues-for-life-on-mars/curiosity-resize/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42612\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-42612\" title=\"curiosity resize\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/curiosity-resize-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Curiosity rover\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist’s rendition of the Mars rover Curiosity, a robotic chemist and geologist. Credit: {link url=\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On August 5, the world was abuzz about a rover named Curiosity landing on Mars. Now that feat of \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/video/index.cfm?id=1090\">masterful engineering\u003c/a> is over, the rover wakes up, starts its instruments and begins its business of chemistry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More specifically, Curiosity is looking for elements and molecules that could be clues to past life on the planet. Elemental analysis is one of the most basic things chemists do, as it helps them figure out products formed in a reaction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In graduate school, I worked in a lab that built complicated molecules that could be potential medicines. I mixed powders and liquids in a flask, waited for a reaction and then set about identifying what I made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the time I started a reaction knowing what the products should be. Sometimes I retrieved those products. Other times the reaction took an unexpected turn and I collected products with too few or too many atoms. That's when the chemical detective work began. Knowing what products the reaction created, I used my knowledge of chemistry, the reaction conditions, and the materials in the flask to guess how those side products might have formed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity, the wandering robotic chemist, might find molecular products like methane or protein building blocks possibly formed by past life on Mars and now trapped in rocks and minerals. But scientists analyzing the significance of those clues have an extra challenge that I didn’t: They don’t know reaction conditions on the planet, like time, temperature and acidity, which could affect how those products formed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the minerals themselves, and the planet’s atmosphere, have information to help fill that knowledge gap. The rover vaporizes some rocks with a laser and identifies the elements in the rocks \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/the-curious-wavefunction/2012/08/08/light-crystals-and-a-chemist-called-curiosity/\">based on emitted light\u003c/a>. If a rock contains salts like sodium and potassium, then perhaps it formed in a watery environment. Other elemental indicators tell the scientists if that water was too acidic to support life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://arstechnica.com/science/2012/05/carbon-in-rocks-frm-mars-comes-from-volcanoes-not-life/\">recent study \u003c/a>of Martian meteorites used a similar approach to conclude that carbon in the rocks came from volcanoes, not life. The scientists aimed a powerful laser at mineral grains in slices of the meteorite, identifying the elements in the minerals and structure of the carbon-containing compounds. The minerals likely formed in volcanoes; thus the graphite-like clusters inside the grains likely came from volcanoes too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That mystery about the origin of carbon in Martian meteorites took 15 years to solve, because other experiments couldn’t rule out the possibility that the carbon formed while the meteorite sat on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Curiosity finds molecules that might be evidence for the existence of life as we know it, scientists have to rule out similar contamination issues. Perhaps the molecules formed in the planet’s atmosphere and fell to the surface, or maybe compounds in the soil altered the measurements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elemental analysis of minerals will help scientists identify the environment on Mars about one to two billion years ago, during the middle of its known life. With those clues to the reaction conditions on the planet, scientists can then work backwards to figure out if the planet could have sustained life. I look forward to following how Curiosity helps scientists unravel \u003ca href=\"http://www.msl-chemcam.com/index.php?menu=inc&page_consult=textes&rubrique=63&sousrubrique=208&soussousrubrique=0&titre_url=Curiosity%20-%20Why%20Mars?\">complex questions\u003c/a> about past habitability on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More reading:\u003cbr>\n1. \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/mission/science/\">Science experiments\u003c/a> on Curiosity, from NASA\u003cbr>\n2. Details of some chemistry instruments on Curiosity:\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.springerlink.com/content/p26510688kg4q808/fulltext.pdf?MUD=MP\">Sample Analysis at Mars\u003c/a>, identifying carbon-containing compounds using instruments common to many labs here on Earth\u003cbr>\n3. \u003ca href=\"http://www.msl-chemcam.com/index.php?menu=inc&page_consult=textes&rubrique=64&sousrubrique=223&soussousrubrique=0&titre_url=ChemCam%20-%20What%20will%20ChemCam%20tell%20us?\">ChemCam\u003c/a>, studying the composition of rocks on a small scale and looking for interesting places to study with \u003ca href=\"http://msl-scicorner.jpl.nasa.gov/Instruments/CheMin/\">CheMin\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/42610/nasas-roving-robotic-chemist-will-collect-clues-for-life-on-mars","authors":["10331"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_5","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_13194","quest_742","quest_13200","quest_3351","quest_1751","quest_2349","quest_13202","quest_2457"],"featImg":"quest_42612","label":"quest"},"quest_41018":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_41018","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"41018","score":null,"sort":[1342623657000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"fluorine-found-in-stinky-rocks","title":"Smelly Rocks: Researchers Reveal The Source of \"Stinkspar\" Stench","publishDate":1342623657,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/18/fluorine-found-in-stinky-rocks/antozonite-resize/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41020\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/antozonite-resize-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"antozonite\" title=\"antozonite resize\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-41020\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I call fluorine the \u003cem>Tyrannosaurus rex\u003c/em> of the elements because it reacts with everything. That's why chemists thought the element was only found in nature as ions bound in minerals like fluorite (CaF\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>). Now researchers in Germany have found bubbles of diatomic fluorine (F\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>) trapped in a special type of fluorite called antozonite. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1816, scientists noticed antozonite releases a powerful stench when crushed, earning it the nicknames “fetid fluorite” and “stinkspar.” Seventy years later, Henri Moissan studied a sample of antozonite and concluded that the rock contained elemental fluorine, chemist Florian Kraus \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/stinky-rocks-hide-earth-s-only-haven-for-natural-fluorine-1.10992\">told Nature News\u003c/a>. And if anyone should know what fluorine smells like, Moissan would. He won the \u003ca href=\"//www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1906/moissan-bio.html\">1906 Nobel Prize in chemistry\u003c/a> in part for synthesizing fluorine gas. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But mineralogists weren’t convinced by Moissan’s source of the stink, proposing instead that the rock held fluoride-, selenium- or phosphorous-containing compounds. Solving this almost-200-year old mystery took a mix of old-fashioned chemical analysis and modern instruments. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I marvel at how the first chemists first learned about the properties and reactivity of each element. Their laboratory equipment seems crude by today’s standards, yet their logic was quite clever. Chemists knew that the chemical formula for hydrofluoric acid was HF before Moissan prepared fluorine gas!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/18/fluorine-found-in-stinky-rocks/psm_v70_d480_henri_moissan/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41025\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/PSM_V70_D480_Henri_Moissan-173x253.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"PSM_V70_D480_Henri_Moissan\" width=\"173\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-41025\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s how they figured that out. French chemist Antoine Lavoisier puzzled over the composition of acids around 1776, when the element oxygen was a new element on the chemical scene. Lavoisier figured out that oxygen was crucial to combustion (that’s a story for another day), so he thought the element must be in acids too. But others weren’t so sure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the early 1800s, English chemist Humphry Davy noticed that when he mixed ammonia (a base) and sulfuric acid (H\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>SO\u003csub>4\u003c/sub>), a salt formed. He heated that salt [(NH\u003csub>4\u003c/sub>)\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>SO\u003csub>4\u003c/sub>] until it gave off water vapor and nitrogen gas. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Davy then mixed ammonia and hydrofluoric acid to get another salt. But no water evaporated when he heated that powder. So he concluded that hydrofluoric acid did not contain oxygen like sulfuric acid. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Davy continued working with HF, electrifying it with a large battery to test the reactivity of fluorine. But it was Moissan who finally synthesized fluorine gas in 1886 by electrifying a solution of hydrofluoric acid and a potassium fluoride salt. Pale yellow fluorine gas bubbled up from one of the electrodes submerged in the solution. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without the instruments of today, chemists analyzed the products based on their observations and knowledge of other reactions. Many of these scientists may not have been able to predict what would happen as they split matter into its chemical elements. Would a reaction catch fire? Explode? Spit out gas that burned their lungs?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These scientists certainly had a dangerous task when they started working with fluorine. It probably didn’t take them long to figure out that hydrofluoric acid etches glass. But they may not have known – as we do now – that spilling that acid on their body would steal calcium from their bones while it burned their skin. In a \u003ca href=\"http://books.google.com/books?id=3GYSAAAAYAAJ&ots=6vvSrvlBPv&dq=Annual%20Report%20of%20the%20Board%20of%20Regents%20of%20the%20Smithsonian%20Institution%20to%20July%201897&pg=PA259#v=onepage&q&f=false\">1897 lecture\u003c/a> to the board of regents of the Smithsonian Institution, Moissan says several of his colleagues became ill after breathing HF vapors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fast forward to today. Kraus, a professor at Technical University of Munich in Germany, learned about the mysterious odor of stinkspar while preparing for a lecture and questioned the mineralogists’ theories. “A fluorine chemist knows at once how fluorine smells,” he told Nature News. Kraus thought modern chemical analysis could finally settle the debate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He collected some stinkspar from a mine in Wölsendorf, about 100 miles from Munich, and crushed some of it in his lab. Kraus compared the odor from the rock to that of pure F\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> and other fluorine-containing gases – “at very low concentrations and only very briefly,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/2012/07/fluorine-finally-found-nature\">reports \u003cem>Chemistry World\u003c/em>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then he asked \u003ca href=\"http://www.cup.uni-muenchen.de/ac/schmedtadg/index.html\">Jörn Schmedt auf der Günne\u003c/a>, a colleague at Munich University, to test a chunk of the rock using a technique called nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. This allowed the researchers to identify particular elements in the undamaged rock. The analysis revealed a sharp signal for F\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists think radioactive elements in the rock may split CaF\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> into calcium clusters and F\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>. “It is not surprising that chemists doubted the existence of elemental fluorine in fetid fluorite,” they said \u003ca href=\"http://www.tum.de/uploads/media/120705_Stinkspat_PW_EN.pdf\">in a statement\u003c/a>. “The fact that elemental fluorine and calcium, which would normally react with each other at once, are found here side by side is indeed hard to believe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Careful experimentation solves chemical mysteries, basic or complex. Now that scientists peer into materials and atoms with powerful instruments, they depend less on their senses to identify elements than the first chemists did. Though it’ll always be hard to forget a stinky smell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reference: \u003cem>Angewandte Chemie International Edition\u003c/em>, 2012. DOI: \u003ca href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201203515\">10.1002/anie.201203515\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The source of the stench in crushed “stinkspar” is a 200-year old mystery. Solving this puzzle took a mixture of old-fashioned chemical analysis and modern instruments.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443831726,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":837},"headData":{"title":"Smelly Rocks: Researchers Reveal The Source of \"Stinkspar\" Stench | KQED","description":"The source of the stench in crushed “stinkspar” is a 200-year old mystery. Solving this puzzle took a mixture of old-fashioned chemical analysis and modern instruments.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Smelly Rocks: Researchers Reveal The Source of \"Stinkspar\" Stench","datePublished":"2012-07-18T15:00:57.000Z","dateModified":"2015-10-03T00:22:06.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"41018 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=41018","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/18/fluorine-found-in-stinky-rocks/","disqusTitle":"Smelly Rocks: Researchers Reveal The Source of \"Stinkspar\" Stench","path":"/quest/41018/fluorine-found-in-stinky-rocks","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/18/fluorine-found-in-stinky-rocks/antozonite-resize/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41020\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/antozonite-resize-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"antozonite\" title=\"antozonite resize\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-41020\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I call fluorine the \u003cem>Tyrannosaurus rex\u003c/em> of the elements because it reacts with everything. That's why chemists thought the element was only found in nature as ions bound in minerals like fluorite (CaF\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>). Now researchers in Germany have found bubbles of diatomic fluorine (F\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>) trapped in a special type of fluorite called antozonite. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1816, scientists noticed antozonite releases a powerful stench when crushed, earning it the nicknames “fetid fluorite” and “stinkspar.” Seventy years later, Henri Moissan studied a sample of antozonite and concluded that the rock contained elemental fluorine, chemist Florian Kraus \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/stinky-rocks-hide-earth-s-only-haven-for-natural-fluorine-1.10992\">told Nature News\u003c/a>. And if anyone should know what fluorine smells like, Moissan would. He won the \u003ca href=\"//www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1906/moissan-bio.html\">1906 Nobel Prize in chemistry\u003c/a> in part for synthesizing fluorine gas. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But mineralogists weren’t convinced by Moissan’s source of the stink, proposing instead that the rock held fluoride-, selenium- or phosphorous-containing compounds. Solving this almost-200-year old mystery took a mix of old-fashioned chemical analysis and modern instruments. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I marvel at how the first chemists first learned about the properties and reactivity of each element. Their laboratory equipment seems crude by today’s standards, yet their logic was quite clever. Chemists knew that the chemical formula for hydrofluoric acid was HF before Moissan prepared fluorine gas!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/18/fluorine-found-in-stinky-rocks/psm_v70_d480_henri_moissan/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41025\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/PSM_V70_D480_Henri_Moissan-173x253.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"PSM_V70_D480_Henri_Moissan\" width=\"173\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-41025\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s how they figured that out. French chemist Antoine Lavoisier puzzled over the composition of acids around 1776, when the element oxygen was a new element on the chemical scene. Lavoisier figured out that oxygen was crucial to combustion (that’s a story for another day), so he thought the element must be in acids too. But others weren’t so sure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the early 1800s, English chemist Humphry Davy noticed that when he mixed ammonia (a base) and sulfuric acid (H\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>SO\u003csub>4\u003c/sub>), a salt formed. He heated that salt [(NH\u003csub>4\u003c/sub>)\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>SO\u003csub>4\u003c/sub>] until it gave off water vapor and nitrogen gas. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Davy then mixed ammonia and hydrofluoric acid to get another salt. But no water evaporated when he heated that powder. So he concluded that hydrofluoric acid did not contain oxygen like sulfuric acid. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Davy continued working with HF, electrifying it with a large battery to test the reactivity of fluorine. But it was Moissan who finally synthesized fluorine gas in 1886 by electrifying a solution of hydrofluoric acid and a potassium fluoride salt. Pale yellow fluorine gas bubbled up from one of the electrodes submerged in the solution. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without the instruments of today, chemists analyzed the products based on their observations and knowledge of other reactions. Many of these scientists may not have been able to predict what would happen as they split matter into its chemical elements. Would a reaction catch fire? Explode? Spit out gas that burned their lungs?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These scientists certainly had a dangerous task when they started working with fluorine. It probably didn’t take them long to figure out that hydrofluoric acid etches glass. But they may not have known – as we do now – that spilling that acid on their body would steal calcium from their bones while it burned their skin. In a \u003ca href=\"http://books.google.com/books?id=3GYSAAAAYAAJ&ots=6vvSrvlBPv&dq=Annual%20Report%20of%20the%20Board%20of%20Regents%20of%20the%20Smithsonian%20Institution%20to%20July%201897&pg=PA259#v=onepage&q&f=false\">1897 lecture\u003c/a> to the board of regents of the Smithsonian Institution, Moissan says several of his colleagues became ill after breathing HF vapors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fast forward to today. Kraus, a professor at Technical University of Munich in Germany, learned about the mysterious odor of stinkspar while preparing for a lecture and questioned the mineralogists’ theories. “A fluorine chemist knows at once how fluorine smells,” he told Nature News. Kraus thought modern chemical analysis could finally settle the debate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He collected some stinkspar from a mine in Wölsendorf, about 100 miles from Munich, and crushed some of it in his lab. Kraus compared the odor from the rock to that of pure F\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> and other fluorine-containing gases – “at very low concentrations and only very briefly,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/2012/07/fluorine-finally-found-nature\">reports \u003cem>Chemistry World\u003c/em>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then he asked \u003ca href=\"http://www.cup.uni-muenchen.de/ac/schmedtadg/index.html\">Jörn Schmedt auf der Günne\u003c/a>, a colleague at Munich University, to test a chunk of the rock using a technique called nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. This allowed the researchers to identify particular elements in the undamaged rock. The analysis revealed a sharp signal for F\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists think radioactive elements in the rock may split CaF\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> into calcium clusters and F\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>. “It is not surprising that chemists doubted the existence of elemental fluorine in fetid fluorite,” they said \u003ca href=\"http://www.tum.de/uploads/media/120705_Stinkspat_PW_EN.pdf\">in a statement\u003c/a>. “The fact that elemental fluorine and calcium, which would normally react with each other at once, are found here side by side is indeed hard to believe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Careful experimentation solves chemical mysteries, basic or complex. Now that scientists peer into materials and atoms with powerful instruments, they depend less on their senses to identify elements than the first chemists did. Though it’ll always be hard to forget a stinky smell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reference: \u003cem>Angewandte Chemie International Edition\u003c/em>, 2012. DOI: \u003ca href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201203515\">10.1002/anie.201203515\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/41018/fluorine-found-in-stinky-rocks","authors":["10331"],"categories":["quest_5","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_13194","quest_11292","quest_11293","quest_13200","quest_3351","quest_2349","quest_13"],"featImg":"quest_41020","label":"quest"},"quest_30692":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_30692","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"30692","score":null,"sort":[1329247607000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"chocolate-tasting-in-the-name-of-science","title":"Chocolate Tasting in the Name of Science!","publishDate":1329247607,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":3354,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30704\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/14/chocolate-tasting-in-the-name-of-science/2012-chocolate/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30704\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-30704\" title=\"2012-chocolate\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/2012-chocolate.jpg\" alt=\"Diversity of Chocolates\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/2012-chocolate.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/2012-chocolate-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chocolates for a blind taste test. Photo by Josh Weaver\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Chocolate scientists study everything from the disease resistance of cacao trees to the health benefits of the finished product. But they shy away from one critical question: which chocolate tastes best?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flavor is subjective, of course. But with a healthy sample size, a blind taste test, and a solid dose of statistics, one Bay Area foodie hopes to find an answer. IBM research engineer and UC Berkeley graduate student Christine Robson has held chocolate tastings at her San Jose home since 2007. This year's event on February 12 featured fifty-four chocolates, forty-two tasters, and an evening of rigorous data analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chocoholic scientist that I am, I couldn't stay away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Guests included Annika Mongan of brand new Berkeley chocolate maker Ostara, who cleverly brought some raw material. Sure, I knew cocoa beans came from a cocoa pod, but I didn't realize they were surrounded inside that pod with gooey cocoa pulp, called \u003cem>baba\u003c/em> in Spanish--drool. Despite its unappetizing name, I enjoyed the dried \u003cem>baba\u003c/em>; its flavor was similar to other tropical fruits like papaya and mango.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although most of us never taste it, cocoa pulp is crucial to the flavor of chocolate. After picking the pods, farmers pile the beans and pulp together and ferment them for days. Yeast, bacteria, and fungi take turns breaking down pulp sugars, producing acids. Longer fermentation creates more acidic beans and a stronger, more aromatic flavor. Shorter fermentation leads to a milder flavor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When cocoa beans become raw chocolate, the process of fermentation is mostly responsible for the taste--with contributions from cocoa genetics and growing conditions. Some people swear by it. I fell in love with the rich, fruity flavor of raw chocolate at the \u003ca title=\"Snake and Butterfly Chocolates\" href=\"http://snakeandbutterfly.com/\">Snake & Butterfly\u003c/a> booth in the Campbell Farmers' Market. This five-year-old local chocolate company was named after Aztec gods to honor the food’s mesoamerican origins. Like Ostara, Snake & Butterfly started with raw chocolate, but decided after a couple of years to start roasting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roasting takes two fermentation products--amino acids and reducing sugars--and gives them a chemical shake called the Maillard reaction, which is famous among food scientists for browning bread and onions (among many other things). Along with fermentation, roasting produces the taste we recognize as distinctly \u003cem>chocolate\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snake & Butterfly now only makes raw chocolate for special orders, but you can buy their roasted chocolate at Whole Foods, local farmers' markets, cafes, wineries—and art museums! Designer chocolate bars made to match the paintings of artist Jeremy Gilbert-Rolfe will be \u003ca title=\"Awkward x 2 Chocolate Box\" href=\"http://awkwardx2.com/Awkwardx2_site/Chocolate_Box.html\">boxed up\u003c/a> and sold at his exhibitions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ostara's raw chocolate will soon be on the shelves at Whole Foods as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’d like to see how Bay Area chocolate measures up against chocolate from around the world, check out Robson’s \u003ca title=\"Chocolate Tasting Statistics\" href=\"http://chocolatestatistics.blogspot.com/\">chocolate statistics\u003c/a>. But be warned: chocolate snobbery is a slippery slope. According to Snake & Butterfly’s Celeste Flores, “My five-year-old refuses to trick-or-treat, because he says it doesn’t taste like chocolate.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Chocolate scientists study everything from the disease resistance of cacao trees to the health benefits of the finished product. But they shy away from one critical question: which chocolate tastes best?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443831120,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":531},"headData":{"title":"Chocolate Tasting in the Name of Science! | KQED","description":"Chocolate scientists study everything from the disease resistance of cacao trees to the health benefits of the finished product. But they shy away from one critical question: which chocolate tastes best?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Chocolate Tasting in the Name of Science!","datePublished":"2012-02-14T19:26:47.000Z","dateModified":"2015-10-03T00:12:00.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"30692 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=30692","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/14/chocolate-tasting-in-the-name-of-science/","disqusTitle":"Chocolate Tasting in the Name of Science!","path":"/quest/30692/chocolate-tasting-in-the-name-of-science","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30704\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/14/chocolate-tasting-in-the-name-of-science/2012-chocolate/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30704\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-30704\" title=\"2012-chocolate\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/2012-chocolate.jpg\" alt=\"Diversity of Chocolates\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/2012-chocolate.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/2012-chocolate-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chocolates for a blind taste test. Photo by Josh Weaver\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Chocolate scientists study everything from the disease resistance of cacao trees to the health benefits of the finished product. But they shy away from one critical question: which chocolate tastes best?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flavor is subjective, of course. But with a healthy sample size, a blind taste test, and a solid dose of statistics, one Bay Area foodie hopes to find an answer. IBM research engineer and UC Berkeley graduate student Christine Robson has held chocolate tastings at her San Jose home since 2007. This year's event on February 12 featured fifty-four chocolates, forty-two tasters, and an evening of rigorous data analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chocoholic scientist that I am, I couldn't stay away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Guests included Annika Mongan of brand new Berkeley chocolate maker Ostara, who cleverly brought some raw material. Sure, I knew cocoa beans came from a cocoa pod, but I didn't realize they were surrounded inside that pod with gooey cocoa pulp, called \u003cem>baba\u003c/em> in Spanish--drool. Despite its unappetizing name, I enjoyed the dried \u003cem>baba\u003c/em>; its flavor was similar to other tropical fruits like papaya and mango.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although most of us never taste it, cocoa pulp is crucial to the flavor of chocolate. After picking the pods, farmers pile the beans and pulp together and ferment them for days. Yeast, bacteria, and fungi take turns breaking down pulp sugars, producing acids. Longer fermentation creates more acidic beans and a stronger, more aromatic flavor. Shorter fermentation leads to a milder flavor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When cocoa beans become raw chocolate, the process of fermentation is mostly responsible for the taste--with contributions from cocoa genetics and growing conditions. Some people swear by it. I fell in love with the rich, fruity flavor of raw chocolate at the \u003ca title=\"Snake and Butterfly Chocolates\" href=\"http://snakeandbutterfly.com/\">Snake & Butterfly\u003c/a> booth in the Campbell Farmers' Market. This five-year-old local chocolate company was named after Aztec gods to honor the food’s mesoamerican origins. Like Ostara, Snake & Butterfly started with raw chocolate, but decided after a couple of years to start roasting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roasting takes two fermentation products--amino acids and reducing sugars--and gives them a chemical shake called the Maillard reaction, which is famous among food scientists for browning bread and onions (among many other things). Along with fermentation, roasting produces the taste we recognize as distinctly \u003cem>chocolate\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snake & Butterfly now only makes raw chocolate for special orders, but you can buy their roasted chocolate at Whole Foods, local farmers' markets, cafes, wineries—and art museums! Designer chocolate bars made to match the paintings of artist Jeremy Gilbert-Rolfe will be \u003ca title=\"Awkward x 2 Chocolate Box\" href=\"http://awkwardx2.com/Awkwardx2_site/Chocolate_Box.html\">boxed up\u003c/a> and sold at his exhibitions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ostara's raw chocolate will soon be on the shelves at Whole Foods as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’d like to see how Bay Area chocolate measures up against chocolate from around the world, check out Robson’s \u003ca title=\"Chocolate Tasting Statistics\" href=\"http://chocolatestatistics.blogspot.com/\">chocolate statistics\u003c/a>. But be warned: chocolate snobbery is a slippery slope. According to Snake & Butterfly’s Celeste Flores, “My five-year-old refuses to trick-or-treat, because he says it doesn’t taste like chocolate.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/30692/chocolate-tasting-in-the-name-of-science","authors":["6324"],"categories":["quest_5","quest_3229"],"tags":["quest_439","quest_13194","quest_590","quest_10706","quest_1109","quest_3351","quest_2349","quest_13","quest_10707"],"collections":["quest_3354"],"featImg":"quest_30704","label":"quest_3354"},"quest_30013":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_30013","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"30013","score":null,"sort":[1328112553000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"smitten-ice-cream-old-fashioned-ice-cream-in-sixty-seconds","title":"Smitten Ice Cream: Old Fashioned Ice Cream in Sixty Seconds","publishDate":1328112553,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30015\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/01/smitten-ice-cream-old-fashioned-ice-cream-in-sixty-seconds/smitten-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30015\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/smitten-2-300x150.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"smitten 2\" width=\"300\" height=\"150\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-30015\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Sarah Deragon, PortraitsToThePeople\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I am lucky enough to live in Hayes Valley, I’ve been living here for about four years now and have been privy to great community engagement; especially around the park at Hayes and Octavia. There is such a diversity of people that congregate in the park and one of the new neighbors has definitely added to the charm of the environs – \u003ca href=\"http://www.smittenicecream.com\">Smitten Ice Cream\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first flavor I tried was salted caramel, and it was hands down the best ice cream I had ever tasted. Since then, when I have guests visiting, I make sure that one of the local stops is Smitten. The ice cream is made to order only using the freshest local ingredients and it is frozen within 60 seconds using liquid nitrogen with a freezing point of -321 degrees F or 76 degrees Kelvin giving it a unique texture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I heard Robyn Sue Goldman, owner of Smitten and Cory Bloome, the engineer responsible for fine tuning Robyn’s first prototype to mix the ice cream, speak about Smitten on Wednesday, January 18th at \u003ca href=\"http://sf.nerdnite.com/\">Nerd Nite\u003c/a>. Smitten’s story from wagon to the Hayes Valley location is a great blend of quality and innovation. Robyn’s initial vision with Smitten was to get closer to the cow. With traditional ice cream that is frozen with conventional techniques, the texture is often stabilized with additives, emulsifiers or preservatives which mask natural ingredients. Old-fashioned ice cream in contrast has a few simple ingredients but takes quite some time to freeze. Introducing liquid nitrogen enabled Robyn to create ice cream the old fashioned way without the wait time. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first ice cream machine was created and tested by Robyn through trial and error over many years. One of the major hurdles was to create a mixing apparatus that could properly and consistently mix the ice cream, without over-freezing or under-freezing any portion of it, which is easy to do with liquid nitrogen. She developed and later patented her creation of two swirling mixing arms with a helix design. She named the unique, patented mixer \"Kelvin,\" giving tribute to the measurement of intense cold. Kelvin’s design, with the help of liquid nitrogen, creates a lower ice cream-freezing temperature while perfecting the mixing technique, resulting in the formation of smaller ice crystals in the finished product. These exceptionally small ice crystals are the reason why Smitten Ice Cream is so intensely creamy. To test her invention, Robyn initially hit the streets of San Francisco with Kelvin strapped on top of a Radio Flyer wagon and made incredible ice cream to-order. Popularity for Smitten Ice Cream grew, and the need for a store became tangible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before a store could be created, Kelvin needed to be refurbished and approved by UL, the regulatory agent. That is where Cory Bloome came in, affectionately dubbed “The Kelvin Doctor. Cory was the engineer who took Robyn’s prototype and list of improvements and fabricated the next generation of Kelvin’s for the store. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The four Kelvins are now busy mixing at the Smitten storefront at 432 Octavia St. (@ Linden St.). Try it for yourself if you find yourself in the neighborhood. Ice cream is served each day starting at noon. Monday through Thursday and Sunday, the ice cream is put away at 9pm; yet, Friday and Saturday you can come as late as 10pm for your fix. \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"When I have guests visiting, I make sure that one of the local stops is Smitten. The ice cream is made to order only using the freshest local ingredients and it is frozen within 60 seconds using liquid nitrogen.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1329183810,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":8,"wordCount":583},"headData":{"title":"Smitten Ice Cream: Old Fashioned Ice Cream in Sixty Seconds | KQED","description":"When I have guests visiting, I make sure that one of the local stops is Smitten. The ice cream is made to order only using the freshest local ingredients and it is frozen within 60 seconds using liquid nitrogen.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Smitten Ice Cream: Old Fashioned Ice Cream in Sixty Seconds","datePublished":"2012-02-01T16:09:13.000Z","dateModified":"2012-02-14T01:43:30.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"30013 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=30013","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/01/smitten-ice-cream-old-fashioned-ice-cream-in-sixty-seconds/","disqusTitle":"Smitten Ice Cream: Old Fashioned Ice Cream in Sixty Seconds","path":"/quest/30013/smitten-ice-cream-old-fashioned-ice-cream-in-sixty-seconds","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30015\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/01/smitten-ice-cream-old-fashioned-ice-cream-in-sixty-seconds/smitten-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30015\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/smitten-2-300x150.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"smitten 2\" width=\"300\" height=\"150\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-30015\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Sarah Deragon, PortraitsToThePeople\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I am lucky enough to live in Hayes Valley, I’ve been living here for about four years now and have been privy to great community engagement; especially around the park at Hayes and Octavia. There is such a diversity of people that congregate in the park and one of the new neighbors has definitely added to the charm of the environs – \u003ca href=\"http://www.smittenicecream.com\">Smitten Ice Cream\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first flavor I tried was salted caramel, and it was hands down the best ice cream I had ever tasted. Since then, when I have guests visiting, I make sure that one of the local stops is Smitten. The ice cream is made to order only using the freshest local ingredients and it is frozen within 60 seconds using liquid nitrogen with a freezing point of -321 degrees F or 76 degrees Kelvin giving it a unique texture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I heard Robyn Sue Goldman, owner of Smitten and Cory Bloome, the engineer responsible for fine tuning Robyn’s first prototype to mix the ice cream, speak about Smitten on Wednesday, January 18th at \u003ca href=\"http://sf.nerdnite.com/\">Nerd Nite\u003c/a>. Smitten’s story from wagon to the Hayes Valley location is a great blend of quality and innovation. Robyn’s initial vision with Smitten was to get closer to the cow. With traditional ice cream that is frozen with conventional techniques, the texture is often stabilized with additives, emulsifiers or preservatives which mask natural ingredients. Old-fashioned ice cream in contrast has a few simple ingredients but takes quite some time to freeze. Introducing liquid nitrogen enabled Robyn to create ice cream the old fashioned way without the wait time. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first ice cream machine was created and tested by Robyn through trial and error over many years. One of the major hurdles was to create a mixing apparatus that could properly and consistently mix the ice cream, without over-freezing or under-freezing any portion of it, which is easy to do with liquid nitrogen. She developed and later patented her creation of two swirling mixing arms with a helix design. She named the unique, patented mixer \"Kelvin,\" giving tribute to the measurement of intense cold. Kelvin’s design, with the help of liquid nitrogen, creates a lower ice cream-freezing temperature while perfecting the mixing technique, resulting in the formation of smaller ice crystals in the finished product. These exceptionally small ice crystals are the reason why Smitten Ice Cream is so intensely creamy. To test her invention, Robyn initially hit the streets of San Francisco with Kelvin strapped on top of a Radio Flyer wagon and made incredible ice cream to-order. Popularity for Smitten Ice Cream grew, and the need for a store became tangible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before a store could be created, Kelvin needed to be refurbished and approved by UL, the regulatory agent. That is where Cory Bloome came in, affectionately dubbed “The Kelvin Doctor. Cory was the engineer who took Robyn’s prototype and list of improvements and fabricated the next generation of Kelvin’s for the store. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The four Kelvins are now busy mixing at the Smitten storefront at 432 Octavia St. (@ Linden St.). Try it for yourself if you find yourself in the neighborhood. Ice cream is served each day starting at noon. Monday through Thursday and Sunday, the ice cream is put away at 9pm; yet, Friday and Saturday you can come as late as 10pm for your fix. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/30013/smitten-ice-cream-old-fashioned-ice-cream-in-sixty-seconds","authors":["10173"],"categories":["quest_5","quest_8","quest_3229"],"tags":["quest_13194","quest_10660","quest_10661","quest_13202"],"featImg":"quest_30015","label":"quest"},"quest_19236":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_19236","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"19236","score":null,"sort":[1307134812000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-science-of-pain","title":"The Science of Pain","publishDate":1307134812,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/mole300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>The nose of the star-nosed mole is much more sensitive than the human hand. Credit: Dr. Ken Catania, Vanderbilt University\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pain is the most common reason for trips to the doctor's office. So it makes sense that pain treatment is a huge part of our healthcare system, costing more than 100 billion dollars a year. But how exactly pain works is still a mystery in many ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like any normal 9-year-old, Maddie Burkhardt was playing outside with her friends last summer, racing around in a pedal go-cart. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And my foot slipped and it went under the go-cart. Like it got bent backwards,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maddie broke a bone in her foot. So, her mom, Danielle, took her to see a podiatrist, who put her in a series of casts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And every time he took the cast off, he said 'ok, you should feel much better now.' And she was just like 'no, it's killing me,\" says Danielle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the weeks went by, it became clear that Maddie's pain wasn't normal. \"She would not allow anything to touch her foot at all. And we didn't really know what was going on,\" says Danielle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Audio Player\" skin=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip\" file=\"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/06/2011-06-06-quest.mp3\" ]\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/the-science-of-pain\">The Science of Pain \u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Even a light touch, like the wind blowing, was incredibly painful. \"It felt like there was knives in my foot. Like a big elephant smashing on your foot or something,\" says Maddie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maddie was diagnosed with \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0004456/\">complex regional pain syndrome\u003c/a> and ended up in a special treatment program at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lpch.org/index.html\">Lucile Packard Children's Hospital\u003c/a> in Palo Alto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Elliot Krane, who heads the program, says \"most of the time, pain is the signal that there's a problem and it's a useful sensation to have and a protective one.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But sometimes, our body's warning system goes haywire, like in Maddie's case. Nerve cells send out pain signals even when there's no reason to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a terrible pain problem,\" says Dr. Krane. \"And it's one that we really don't understand the origins of. And because we understand so little about it, our therapy of it is also very rudimentary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Krane says Maddie, like most patients, went through a slew of treatments, like physical therapy and pain medication. It took months to recover. \"I can't exactly run really yet, but I can walk faster and I can play with my friends and do a lot more,\" Maddie says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the most part, doctors rely on opiates like morphine to control pain. But those drugs aren't very targeted. The challenge is that pain is very difficult to study. \"There's other things and other processes in the body which are measurable in some objective fashion: heart rate, blood pressure, temperature. But how do you measure pain?\" asks Dr. Krane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Looking to Nature for Solutions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a lab at the University of California-Berkeley, Diana Bautista has the same questions about pain. \"Many people are trying to figure out how to do this. And we decided to look to nature to solve this problem.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bautista is an assistant professor of biology at the University of California-Berkeley. She's peering into a large plastic tub filled with dirt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/Mole41.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>A star-nosed mole at UC Berkeley. Photo: Kristin Gerhold, Bautista Lab.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So, if you look here in the corner of the dirt, you can see that there's a star-nosed mole. Pretty interesting looking, right?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Star-nosed moles have a very unique look. Their large pink nose has 22 finger-like tentacles that they use to feel for food in the dark tunnels where the live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we don't see, that you need special high-speed video to see, is that they're actually tapping very rapidly the surface,\" says Bautista.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Compared to our fingertips, the mole's star has 10 times more nerve cells. \"It's much more sensitive than the human hand.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That lack of sensitivity in human skin makes it difficult to study pain, because our nerve endings are so spread out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We also have about 20 different kinds of nerve cells. Some detect pain, some detect light touch. Others detect hot and cold. \"And so it's very difficult to study one in isolation or to separate the pain cells from the light touch cells.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's where the star-nosed mole comes in. Its star is densely packed with light touch cells, but not a lot of pain cells. So Bautista says, studying tissue samples of the mole's star can reveal the differences between nerve cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"How does one cell feel the prick of the pin and the other feel the feather? We don't know what happens in those nerve endings,\" says Bautista.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bautista says knowing what happens in normal nerves can tell a lot about when nerves don't work normally – like when diabetes patients experience numbness or cancer patients have hypersensitivity. That comes down to the biochemistry inside the cells. For that, Bautista is also studying another organism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Peppers Targeting Nerve Cells\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These are \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan_pepper\">Szechuan peppers\u003c/a> that are from the Chinese prickly ash,\" Bautista says, handing me the peppercorns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Chew them a little bit in the front of your mouth.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I chew, my tongue becomes slightly numb. \"It feels like a little buzzing, tingling sensation,\" says Baustista.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The peppercorns aren't hot, but they do have chemicals that are working on my sense of touch. \"We know that they target special receptors and cause those nerves to be excited just as if somebody was tickling your tongue,\" says Bautista.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's a trick that humans could copy. \"By indentifying the molecular mechanisms, we could really go in and design better drugs and come up with better therapies and alternatives for treating conditions like chronic pain,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bautista hopes the research will lead to more targeted pain drugs, so patients like Maddie Burkhardt will have an easier recovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Check out the star-nosed mole in action:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe width=\"480\" height=\"390\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/6m0PMcXK6XA?rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8754404 -122.2455364\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Pain is the most common reason for trips to the doctor's office. But how exactly pain works is still a mystery in many ways.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371060761,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["http://www.youtube.com/embed/6m0PMcXK6XA"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":43,"wordCount":1046},"headData":{"title":"The Science of Pain | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Science of Pain","datePublished":"2011-06-03T21:00:12.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T18:12:41.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"19236 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2011/06/03/the-science-of-pain/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/06/03/the-science-of-pain/","disqusTitle":"The Science of Pain","path":"/quest/19236/the-science-of-pain","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/06/2011-06-06-quest.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/mole300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>The nose of the star-nosed mole is much more sensitive than the human hand. Credit: Dr. Ken Catania, Vanderbilt University\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pain is the most common reason for trips to the doctor's office. So it makes sense that pain treatment is a huge part of our healthcare system, costing more than 100 billion dollars a year. But how exactly pain works is still a mystery in many ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like any normal 9-year-old, Maddie Burkhardt was playing outside with her friends last summer, racing around in a pedal go-cart. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And my foot slipped and it went under the go-cart. Like it got bent backwards,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maddie broke a bone in her foot. So, her mom, Danielle, took her to see a podiatrist, who put her in a series of casts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And every time he took the cast off, he said 'ok, you should feel much better now.' And she was just like 'no, it's killing me,\" says Danielle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the weeks went by, it became clear that Maddie's pain wasn't normal. \"She would not allow anything to touch her foot at all. And we didn't really know what was going on,\" says Danielle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Audio Player\" skin=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip\" file=\"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/06/2011-06-06-quest.mp3\" ]\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/the-science-of-pain\">The Science of Pain \u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Even a light touch, like the wind blowing, was incredibly painful. \"It felt like there was knives in my foot. Like a big elephant smashing on your foot or something,\" says Maddie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maddie was diagnosed with \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0004456/\">complex regional pain syndrome\u003c/a> and ended up in a special treatment program at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lpch.org/index.html\">Lucile Packard Children's Hospital\u003c/a> in Palo Alto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Elliot Krane, who heads the program, says \"most of the time, pain is the signal that there's a problem and it's a useful sensation to have and a protective one.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But sometimes, our body's warning system goes haywire, like in Maddie's case. Nerve cells send out pain signals even when there's no reason to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a terrible pain problem,\" says Dr. Krane. \"And it's one that we really don't understand the origins of. And because we understand so little about it, our therapy of it is also very rudimentary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Krane says Maddie, like most patients, went through a slew of treatments, like physical therapy and pain medication. It took months to recover. \"I can't exactly run really yet, but I can walk faster and I can play with my friends and do a lot more,\" Maddie says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the most part, doctors rely on opiates like morphine to control pain. But those drugs aren't very targeted. The challenge is that pain is very difficult to study. \"There's other things and other processes in the body which are measurable in some objective fashion: heart rate, blood pressure, temperature. But how do you measure pain?\" asks Dr. Krane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Looking to Nature for Solutions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a lab at the University of California-Berkeley, Diana Bautista has the same questions about pain. \"Many people are trying to figure out how to do this. And we decided to look to nature to solve this problem.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bautista is an assistant professor of biology at the University of California-Berkeley. She's peering into a large plastic tub filled with dirt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/Mole41.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>A star-nosed mole at UC Berkeley. Photo: Kristin Gerhold, Bautista Lab.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So, if you look here in the corner of the dirt, you can see that there's a star-nosed mole. Pretty interesting looking, right?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Star-nosed moles have a very unique look. Their large pink nose has 22 finger-like tentacles that they use to feel for food in the dark tunnels where the live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we don't see, that you need special high-speed video to see, is that they're actually tapping very rapidly the surface,\" says Bautista.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Compared to our fingertips, the mole's star has 10 times more nerve cells. \"It's much more sensitive than the human hand.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That lack of sensitivity in human skin makes it difficult to study pain, because our nerve endings are so spread out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We also have about 20 different kinds of nerve cells. Some detect pain, some detect light touch. Others detect hot and cold. \"And so it's very difficult to study one in isolation or to separate the pain cells from the light touch cells.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's where the star-nosed mole comes in. Its star is densely packed with light touch cells, but not a lot of pain cells. So Bautista says, studying tissue samples of the mole's star can reveal the differences between nerve cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"How does one cell feel the prick of the pin and the other feel the feather? We don't know what happens in those nerve endings,\" says Bautista.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bautista says knowing what happens in normal nerves can tell a lot about when nerves don't work normally – like when diabetes patients experience numbness or cancer patients have hypersensitivity. That comes down to the biochemistry inside the cells. For that, Bautista is also studying another organism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Peppers Targeting Nerve Cells\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These are \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan_pepper\">Szechuan peppers\u003c/a> that are from the Chinese prickly ash,\" Bautista says, handing me the peppercorns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Chew them a little bit in the front of your mouth.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I chew, my tongue becomes slightly numb. \"It feels like a little buzzing, tingling sensation,\" says Baustista.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The peppercorns aren't hot, but they do have chemicals that are working on my sense of touch. \"We know that they target special receptors and cause those nerves to be excited just as if somebody was tickling your tongue,\" says Bautista.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's a trick that humans could copy. \"By indentifying the molecular mechanisms, we could really go in and design better drugs and come up with better therapies and alternatives for treating conditions like chronic pain,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bautista hopes the research will lead to more targeted pain drugs, so patients like Maddie Burkhardt will have an easier recovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Check out the star-nosed mole in action:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe width=\"480\" height=\"390\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/6m0PMcXK6XA?rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8754404 -122.2455364\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/19236/the-science-of-pain","authors":["239"],"categories":["quest_5","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_13194","quest_13201","quest_1783","quest_3664","quest_13203","quest_3692","quest_2771","quest_3021"],"featImg":"quest_14987","label":"quest"},"quest_11320":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_11320","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"11320","score":null,"sort":[1293555646000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"a-scavenger-hunt-for-bay-area-chemistry-nerds","title":"A Scavenger Hunt for Bay Area Chemistry Nerds","publishDate":1293555646,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/5062849106_204c19f1a11.jpeg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/5062849106_204c19f1a11.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-11321\">\u003cem>Photo taken by \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/fdecomite/5062849106/sizes/m/in/photostream/\">fdecomite\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Scavenger and puzzle hunts are great fun. Not only do they challenge you with clues to solve, but a teams' strength is also largely based on how well they can collaborate with others to come up with the right answers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the more unique scavenger hunts I came across is happening on January 8th in San Francisco. Chemistry in Pictures is a photo scavenger hunt hosted by the Meetup group \u003ca href=\"http://www.meetup.com/Experiment-with-a-Chemist/\">Experiment with a Chemist\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.meetup.com/Experiment-with-a-Chemist/calendar/15497983/\">Chemistry in Pictures\u003c/a> asks teams to bring a digital camera (one per team) and follow the clues provided. Each of your discoveries will need to be photographed within a two hour time frame. At the end you'll share your pictures that contain each of the clues and then explain them to the other teams. How awesome and wonderfully nerdy is that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are some examples of clues teams may encounter:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oxygen (answers may include molecules with oxygen such as water, carbonic acid in soda, Bleach, sugar)\u003cbr>\nA Crosslinked polymer\u003cbr>\nA product containing the vitamin Linus Pauling would have suggested that you increase\u003cbr>\nA sulfur containing product that you eat\u003cbr>\nAn oxidizer\u003cbr>\nA reducer\u003cbr>\nBuild a molecule of caffeine\u003cbr>\nDraw a nucleophillic substitution reaction\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This sounds like a great event to kick off the New Year. If you'd like to learn more about puzzle hunts of all kinds, visit Puzzalot for more events in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Flex your chemistry muscles and join with fellow science nerds to compete in the Chemistry in Pictures photo scavenger hunt.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443831677,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":242},"headData":{"title":"A Scavenger Hunt for Bay Area Chemistry Nerds | KQED","description":"Flex your chemistry muscles and join with fellow science nerds to compete in the Chemistry in Pictures photo scavenger hunt.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"A Scavenger Hunt for Bay Area Chemistry Nerds","datePublished":"2010-12-28T17:00:46.000Z","dateModified":"2015-10-03T00:21:17.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"11320 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=11320","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/12/28/a-scavenger-hunt-for-bay-area-chemistry-nerds/","disqusTitle":"A Scavenger Hunt for Bay Area Chemistry Nerds","path":"/quest/11320/a-scavenger-hunt-for-bay-area-chemistry-nerds","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/5062849106_204c19f1a11.jpeg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/5062849106_204c19f1a11.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-11321\">\u003cem>Photo taken by \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/fdecomite/5062849106/sizes/m/in/photostream/\">fdecomite\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Scavenger and puzzle hunts are great fun. Not only do they challenge you with clues to solve, but a teams' strength is also largely based on how well they can collaborate with others to come up with the right answers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the more unique scavenger hunts I came across is happening on January 8th in San Francisco. Chemistry in Pictures is a photo scavenger hunt hosted by the Meetup group \u003ca href=\"http://www.meetup.com/Experiment-with-a-Chemist/\">Experiment with a Chemist\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.meetup.com/Experiment-with-a-Chemist/calendar/15497983/\">Chemistry in Pictures\u003c/a> asks teams to bring a digital camera (one per team) and follow the clues provided. Each of your discoveries will need to be photographed within a two hour time frame. At the end you'll share your pictures that contain each of the clues and then explain them to the other teams. How awesome and wonderfully nerdy is that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are some examples of clues teams may encounter:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oxygen (answers may include molecules with oxygen such as water, carbonic acid in soda, Bleach, sugar)\u003cbr>\nA Crosslinked polymer\u003cbr>\nA product containing the vitamin Linus Pauling would have suggested that you increase\u003cbr>\nA sulfur containing product that you eat\u003cbr>\nAn oxidizer\u003cbr>\nA reducer\u003cbr>\nBuild a molecule of caffeine\u003cbr>\nDraw a nucleophillic substitution reaction\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This sounds like a great event to kick off the New Year. If you'd like to learn more about puzzle hunts of all kinds, visit Puzzalot for more events in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/11320/a-scavenger-hunt-for-bay-area-chemistry-nerds","authors":["10174"],"categories":["quest_8"],"tags":["quest_13194","quest_2525"],"featImg":"quest_11321","label":"quest"},"quest_11021":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_11021","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"11021","score":null,"sort":[1291800646000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"decaffeinated-tea","title":"How Do You Decaffeinate Tea?","publishDate":1291800646,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/512px-Teepause1.jpg\">\u003cem>The Water Processing Method.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are some traditions I have around writing. First off, in my apartment I have my write or do nothing chair. The only two things I am allowed to do in it are write or do nothing. It is where I am sitting right now as I am type this. The second tradition is classical musical in the background; this is especially helpful for long bouts of writing requiring more focus. The third is a pot of tea. The third tradition is problematic late at night, as then I don’t sleep due to the caffeine. Which made me ponder an alternative and how it is derived – how is tea decaffeinated?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Real tea comes from the leaves from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.learn-about-tea.com/camellia-sinensis.html\">Camellia sinesis or Camellia assamica plant \u003c/a>. These leaves naturally contain caffeine in varying amounts. Black teas are the most strongly caffeinated while white teas contain the least amount of caffeine. At night, one could drink herbal tea but these are not actually genuine teas. They are just herbal tinctures derived from other plants. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One could enjoy an actual cup of decaffeinated tea by pouring out the first cup and re-steeping. This works best with loose-leaf tea; about 80% of the caffeine in tea is released in the first thirty seconds of steeping. Pouring out the first batch steeped and then adding more hot water will get rid of the majority of caffeine while maintaining the flavor of the tea. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the water method of decaffeination. There are \u003ca href=\"http://recipes.howstuffworks.com/question480.htm\">three other methods\u003c/a> used for decaffeination:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Methylene chloride processing – in this process Methylene chloride is used as a solvent. Molecules of caffeine bond to the molecules of Methylene chloride. This processing can be done directly in a bath of Methylene chloride or indirectly by extracting the caffeine in a water bath. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ethyl acetate processing – Ethyl acetate is a naturally occurring chemical in most fruits. Caffeine molecules bond to Ethyl acetate and caffeine can be removed either directly or indirectly using Ethyl acetate as the solvent. Products coined as “Naturally decaffeinated” are usually decaffeinated using this method. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carbon dioxide processing – In this process, water softened materials are “pressure cooked” with the gas. At high pressures, CO2 sublimates and acts as both a gas and a liquid. As a solvent, the non-polar molecules will attract the smaller caffeine molecules. Since the flavor molecules are larger they remain intact. This process retains the flavor of the tea better than the other two solvent methods. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In all these methods some caffeine will remain but it drastically reduced. Federal regulations in the US mandate that labeled decaffeinated products must not contain more the 2.5% caffeine. So what happens to all the caffeine that is taken out in processing? It is put into other products. Soft drinks are primarily caffeinated from the caffeine taken out from decaffeination. So that soft drink might include the caffeine from tea leaves or coffee beans. So by choosing decaffeinated tea tonight, that caffeine was repurposed in another caffeine beverage! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7699 -122.467174\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Ever wonder how tea is decaffeinated?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1291800646,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":519},"headData":{"title":"How Do You Decaffeinate Tea? | KQED","description":"Ever wonder how tea is decaffeinated?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"How Do You Decaffeinate Tea?","datePublished":"2010-12-08T09:30:46.000Z","dateModified":"2010-12-08T09:30:46.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"11021 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2010/12/08/decaffeinated-tea/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/12/08/decaffeinated-tea/","disqusTitle":"How Do You Decaffeinate Tea?","path":"/quest/11021/decaffeinated-tea","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/512px-Teepause1.jpg\">\u003cem>The Water Processing Method.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are some traditions I have around writing. First off, in my apartment I have my write or do nothing chair. The only two things I am allowed to do in it are write or do nothing. It is where I am sitting right now as I am type this. The second tradition is classical musical in the background; this is especially helpful for long bouts of writing requiring more focus. The third is a pot of tea. The third tradition is problematic late at night, as then I don’t sleep due to the caffeine. Which made me ponder an alternative and how it is derived – how is tea decaffeinated?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Real tea comes from the leaves from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.learn-about-tea.com/camellia-sinensis.html\">Camellia sinesis or Camellia assamica plant \u003c/a>. These leaves naturally contain caffeine in varying amounts. Black teas are the most strongly caffeinated while white teas contain the least amount of caffeine. At night, one could drink herbal tea but these are not actually genuine teas. They are just herbal tinctures derived from other plants. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One could enjoy an actual cup of decaffeinated tea by pouring out the first cup and re-steeping. This works best with loose-leaf tea; about 80% of the caffeine in tea is released in the first thirty seconds of steeping. Pouring out the first batch steeped and then adding more hot water will get rid of the majority of caffeine while maintaining the flavor of the tea. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the water method of decaffeination. There are \u003ca href=\"http://recipes.howstuffworks.com/question480.htm\">three other methods\u003c/a> used for decaffeination:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Methylene chloride processing – in this process Methylene chloride is used as a solvent. Molecules of caffeine bond to the molecules of Methylene chloride. This processing can be done directly in a bath of Methylene chloride or indirectly by extracting the caffeine in a water bath. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ethyl acetate processing – Ethyl acetate is a naturally occurring chemical in most fruits. Caffeine molecules bond to Ethyl acetate and caffeine can be removed either directly or indirectly using Ethyl acetate as the solvent. Products coined as “Naturally decaffeinated” are usually decaffeinated using this method. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carbon dioxide processing – In this process, water softened materials are “pressure cooked” with the gas. At high pressures, CO2 sublimates and acts as both a gas and a liquid. As a solvent, the non-polar molecules will attract the smaller caffeine molecules. Since the flavor molecules are larger they remain intact. This process retains the flavor of the tea better than the other two solvent methods. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In all these methods some caffeine will remain but it drastically reduced. Federal regulations in the US mandate that labeled decaffeinated products must not contain more the 2.5% caffeine. So what happens to all the caffeine that is taken out in processing? It is put into other products. Soft drinks are primarily caffeinated from the caffeine taken out from decaffeination. So that soft drink might include the caffeine from tea leaves or coffee beans. So by choosing decaffeinated tea tonight, that caffeine was repurposed in another caffeine beverage! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7699 -122.467174\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/11021/decaffeinated-tea","authors":["10173"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_5","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_13194","quest_784","quest_2022","quest_2874"],"featImg":"quest_11041","label":"quest"},"quest_3076":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_3076","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"3076","score":null,"sort":[1248203722000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"producers-notes-decoding-synthetic-biology","title":"Producer's Notes: Decoding Synthetic Biology","publishDate":1248203722,"format":"video","headTitle":"Producer’s Notes: Decoding Synthetic Biology | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Synthetic biology portends big changes in our lives by ushering in a dizzying array of applications in everything from medicine to biofuels, environmental remediation to agriculture. Though many of these applications haven’t yet come on line, researchers are hard at work to synthesize new drugs and devices made from genetic parts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, there’s an enzyme that exists in plants which makes methyl halides, a molecule which can be catalytically converted into gasoline and other chemicals. Imagine if you could put this enzyme-making gene into yeast, then you could brew the yeast to churn out the methyl halides and after some optimization of the production pathway, you could scale up production to pump out this carbon neutral gasoline precursor for use in today’s automobiles. This is the idea behind an innovative biofuels project that has taken off in the lab of Chris Voigt at \u003ca href=\"http://pharmacy.ucsf.edu/\">UCSF’s School of Pharmacy\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3077\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/07/blog_synthbio1.jpg\" alt=\"UCSF biologist Jeff Tabor holds up an ecoli culture designed to display the shape of a squid.\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3077\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UCSF biologist Jeff Tabor holds up an ecoli culture designed to display the shape of a squid.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Voigt and his team surveyed the genetic database for the presence of the gene that encodes for the enzyme that makes methyl halides. Lo and behold, the gene exists in plants as diverse as ice plant, which dots the northern California coast, bok choy and pinot noir grapes. After building a library of about 100 enzymes from these diverse plants, the researchers had to determine which of these would function best in the yeast. They zeroed in on an enzyme from ice plant and then used the tool of DNA synthesis to translate the gene for the enzyme that makes methyl halides into something that would work in yeast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The remarkable thing about this project is that the researchers never actually touched any of the plants. They simply “Googled” a genetic database to find all the genes out there in plants that produce the enzyme that makes methyl halides. As Professor Voigt says, “it’s incredible that synthetic biology is something that could really unlock the potential of using organisms in order to produce fuels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Synthetic biology portends big changes in our lives by ushering in a dizzying array of applications in everything from medicine to biofuels, environmental remediation to agriculture.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1684975745,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":6,"wordCount":356},"headData":{"title":"Producer's Notes: Decoding Synthetic Biology | KQED","description":"Synthetic biology portends big changes in our lives by ushering in a dizzying array of applications in everything from medicine to biofuels, environmental remediation to agriculture.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Producer's Notes: Decoding Synthetic Biology","datePublished":"2009-07-21T19:15:22.000Z","dateModified":"2023-05-25T00:49:05.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtADBcxWpVg","templateType":"standard","featuredImageType":"standard","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/quest/3076/producers-notes-decoding-synthetic-biology","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Synthetic biology portends big changes in our lives by ushering in a dizzying array of applications in everything from medicine to biofuels, environmental remediation to agriculture. Though many of these applications haven’t yet come on line, researchers are hard at work to synthesize new drugs and devices made from genetic parts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, there’s an enzyme that exists in plants which makes methyl halides, a molecule which can be catalytically converted into gasoline and other chemicals. Imagine if you could put this enzyme-making gene into yeast, then you could brew the yeast to churn out the methyl halides and after some optimization of the production pathway, you could scale up production to pump out this carbon neutral gasoline precursor for use in today’s automobiles. This is the idea behind an innovative biofuels project that has taken off in the lab of Chris Voigt at \u003ca href=\"http://pharmacy.ucsf.edu/\">UCSF’s School of Pharmacy\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3077\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/07/blog_synthbio1.jpg\" alt=\"UCSF biologist Jeff Tabor holds up an ecoli culture designed to display the shape of a squid.\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3077\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UCSF biologist Jeff Tabor holds up an ecoli culture designed to display the shape of a squid.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Voigt and his team surveyed the genetic database for the presence of the gene that encodes for the enzyme that makes methyl halides. Lo and behold, the gene exists in plants as diverse as ice plant, which dots the northern California coast, bok choy and pinot noir grapes. After building a library of about 100 enzymes from these diverse plants, the researchers had to determine which of these would function best in the yeast. They zeroed in on an enzyme from ice plant and then used the tool of DNA synthesis to translate the gene for the enzyme that makes methyl halides into something that would work in yeast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The remarkable thing about this project is that the researchers never actually touched any of the plants. They simply “Googled” a genetic database to find all the genes out there in plants that produce the enzyme that makes methyl halides. As Professor Voigt says, “it’s incredible that synthetic biology is something that could really unlock the potential of using organisms in order to produce fuels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/3076/producers-notes-decoding-synthetic-biology","authors":["6176"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_5","quest_11765","quest_8","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_152","quest_219","quest_267","quest_324","quest_328","quest_13193","quest_13194","quest_880","quest_13197","quest_1191","quest_1520","quest_3351","quest_1592","quest_2771","quest_2861","quest_2893"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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