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He graduated from Sonoma State University in 1985 with a bachelor’s degree in physics (and minor in astronomy), after which he signed on for a two-year stint in the Peace Corps, where he taught physics and mathematics in the African nation of Cameroon. From 1989-96 he served on the crew of NASA’s Kuiper Airborne Observatory at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, CA. From 1996-99, he was Head Observer at the Naval Prototype Optical Interferometer program at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, AZ.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/ben-burress/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Ben Burress | 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FM","link":"/"}},"quest_40851":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_40851","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"40851","score":null,"sort":[1342191640000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"deep-dark-waters-of-titan","title":"Deep, Dark Waters of Titan","publishDate":1342191640,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40852\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/13/deep-dark-waters-of-titan/titansocean/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40852\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-40852\" title=\"Crossection of Titan and its subsurface ocean\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/titansocean.jpg\" alt=\"Crossection of Titan and its subsurface ocean\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/titansocean.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/titansocean-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Crossection of Titan and its subsurface ocean\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Just when you thought it was safe to go back in the water, NASA finds \u003cem>another \u003c/em>ocean for us to worry about, this time on Saturn's moon, Titan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Funny thing about oceans in the solar system, other than Earth's deep waters, they seem to be popping up where we least expect them: in the outer solar system. Should we change our preconceptions and start expecting them there?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rewind to my childhood, when my fascination with space, and in particular the planets and moons of the solar system, was only tantalized by the distant, fuzzy images collected by Earth-based telescopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking through my small telescope, Jupiter's four Galilean moons were sparks of light, or at best, fuzzy disks showing blotches of light and dark and perhaps a little color taken \"close up\" by the Pioneer spacecraft. This left a lot to the imagination--which was actually part of the fascination. Who might have suspected, looking at the \u003ca title=\"Europa imaged by Pioneer 10\" href=\"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Pioneer_10_-_p102b.jpg/200px-Pioneer_10_-_p102b.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">blurry whitish fuzz-patch of Europa\u003c/a>, as seen by Pioneer, that there was an ocean hidden under the icy crust tens of miles deep and containing more liquid water than all of Earth's?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the Galileo spacecraft eventually obtained images that alluded to the existence of \u003ca title=\"Europa's Ocean\" href=\"http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2011/12/europas-ocean-a-future-nasa-2020-mission-in-search-for-life.html\" target=\"_blank\">Europa's oceans\u003c/a>, scientists explained how heat generated through tidal flexing by Jupiter was the mechanism that kept the waters fluid. Voyager had already revealed that the \u003ca title=\"Io's volcanic activity\" href=\"http://www.solarviews.com/eng/iovolcano.htm\" target=\"_blank\">moon Io\u003c/a> experienced heating that powered its many active volcanoes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now there is evidence for another big ocean out there, on Saturn's moon Titan. Titan? Did you hear me right? That outer solar system moon whose atmosphere is so cold that ice is as strong as steel and methane—the stuff that spews out of your gas stove—is in a liquid state? That Titan?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From what the \u003ca title=\"Titan's Ocean\" href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/newsreleases/newsrelease20120628/\" target=\"_blank\">Cassini spacecraft has reported to us\u003c/a>, the answer is very likely yes, buried deep under Titan's surface. You may ask, how has Cassini detected this hidden ocean's presence? Europa's ocean was inferred by the patterns of cracking in its icy crust, similar to cracks seen on Earth in floating sheets of sea ice. But Titan sports no cracks that we can see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You probably know something about the tides in Earth's oceans caused by the gravitational pull of the moon. (Oh, does it seem like I just completely changed the subject? Read on, I'm getting there.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effect of the moon \"stretching\" the ocean's waters raises two liquid bulges and as Earth's surface rotates into and out of these bulges, we experience the rising and falling of the tides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The moon actually raises Earth's waters by as much as two feet and in fact Earth's crust itself rises by nearly 20 inches! Earth is stretched oh-so-slightly into the shape of a football.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Cassini spacecraft has measured similar tidal deformation in Titan's shape caused by the pull of Saturn's gravity. The extremely sensitive measurements were made during several close fly-bys of Titan over a five-year period. Based on the strength of Saturn's gravity, were Titan a more-or-less solid object, its tidal bulges shouldn't be a departure of more than about three feet. However, Cassini's measurements show a stretching on the order of 30 feet!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The inference is that there is a liquid layer beneath Titan's crust--and since the composition of outer solar system objects is heavy on water ice, probably liquid water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exactly how far below the surface and how deep this ocean is we don't know yet, and while the crust above it is likely quite icy, what surface is to be found at the ocean's floor—icy or rocky--also is unknown. We're a bit fuzzy on those details right now, but it leaves a lot to the imagination.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Just when you thought it was safe to go back in the water, NASA finds another ocean for us to worry about -- this time on Saturn's moon, Titan. \r\n","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1370998565,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":662},"headData":{"title":"Deep, Dark Waters of Titan | KQED","description":"Just when you thought it was safe to go back in the water, NASA finds another ocean for us to worry about -- this time on Saturn's moon, Titan. \r\n","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Deep, Dark Waters of Titan","datePublished":"2012-07-13T15:00:40.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T00:56:05.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"40851 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=40851","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/13/deep-dark-waters-of-titan/","disqusTitle":"Deep, Dark Waters of Titan","path":"/quest/40851/deep-dark-waters-of-titan","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40852\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/13/deep-dark-waters-of-titan/titansocean/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40852\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-40852\" title=\"Crossection of Titan and its subsurface ocean\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/titansocean.jpg\" alt=\"Crossection of Titan and its subsurface ocean\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/titansocean.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/titansocean-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Crossection of Titan and its subsurface ocean\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Just when you thought it was safe to go back in the water, NASA finds \u003cem>another \u003c/em>ocean for us to worry about, this time on Saturn's moon, Titan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Funny thing about oceans in the solar system, other than Earth's deep waters, they seem to be popping up where we least expect them: in the outer solar system. Should we change our preconceptions and start expecting them there?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rewind to my childhood, when my fascination with space, and in particular the planets and moons of the solar system, was only tantalized by the distant, fuzzy images collected by Earth-based telescopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking through my small telescope, Jupiter's four Galilean moons were sparks of light, or at best, fuzzy disks showing blotches of light and dark and perhaps a little color taken \"close up\" by the Pioneer spacecraft. This left a lot to the imagination--which was actually part of the fascination. Who might have suspected, looking at the \u003ca title=\"Europa imaged by Pioneer 10\" href=\"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Pioneer_10_-_p102b.jpg/200px-Pioneer_10_-_p102b.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">blurry whitish fuzz-patch of Europa\u003c/a>, as seen by Pioneer, that there was an ocean hidden under the icy crust tens of miles deep and containing more liquid water than all of Earth's?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the Galileo spacecraft eventually obtained images that alluded to the existence of \u003ca title=\"Europa's Ocean\" href=\"http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2011/12/europas-ocean-a-future-nasa-2020-mission-in-search-for-life.html\" target=\"_blank\">Europa's oceans\u003c/a>, scientists explained how heat generated through tidal flexing by Jupiter was the mechanism that kept the waters fluid. Voyager had already revealed that the \u003ca title=\"Io's volcanic activity\" href=\"http://www.solarviews.com/eng/iovolcano.htm\" target=\"_blank\">moon Io\u003c/a> experienced heating that powered its many active volcanoes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now there is evidence for another big ocean out there, on Saturn's moon Titan. Titan? Did you hear me right? That outer solar system moon whose atmosphere is so cold that ice is as strong as steel and methane—the stuff that spews out of your gas stove—is in a liquid state? That Titan?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From what the \u003ca title=\"Titan's Ocean\" href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/newsreleases/newsrelease20120628/\" target=\"_blank\">Cassini spacecraft has reported to us\u003c/a>, the answer is very likely yes, buried deep under Titan's surface. You may ask, how has Cassini detected this hidden ocean's presence? Europa's ocean was inferred by the patterns of cracking in its icy crust, similar to cracks seen on Earth in floating sheets of sea ice. But Titan sports no cracks that we can see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You probably know something about the tides in Earth's oceans caused by the gravitational pull of the moon. (Oh, does it seem like I just completely changed the subject? Read on, I'm getting there.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effect of the moon \"stretching\" the ocean's waters raises two liquid bulges and as Earth's surface rotates into and out of these bulges, we experience the rising and falling of the tides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The moon actually raises Earth's waters by as much as two feet and in fact Earth's crust itself rises by nearly 20 inches! Earth is stretched oh-so-slightly into the shape of a football.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Cassini spacecraft has measured similar tidal deformation in Titan's shape caused by the pull of Saturn's gravity. The extremely sensitive measurements were made during several close fly-bys of Titan over a five-year period. Based on the strength of Saturn's gravity, were Titan a more-or-less solid object, its tidal bulges shouldn't be a departure of more than about three feet. However, Cassini's measurements show a stretching on the order of 30 feet!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The inference is that there is a liquid layer beneath Titan's crust--and since the composition of outer solar system objects is heavy on water ice, probably liquid water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exactly how far below the surface and how deep this ocean is we don't know yet, and while the crust above it is likely quite icy, what surface is to be found at the ocean's floor—icy or rocky--also is unknown. We're a bit fuzzy on those details right now, but it leaves a lot to the imagination.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/40851/deep-dark-waters-of-titan","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_13192","quest_505","quest_544","quest_1027","quest_1164","quest_1492","quest_1918","quest_2034","quest_13202","quest_2513","quest_2936","quest_2937","quest_2947","quest_11240"],"featImg":"quest_40852","label":"quest"},"quest_36829":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_36829","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"36829","score":null,"sort":[1336143649000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"phoebe-quirky-mystical-magical-moon","title":"Phoebe: Quirky, Mystical, Magical Moon","publishDate":1336143649,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36831\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/04/phoebe-quirky-mystical-magical-moon/phoebe-and-saturn/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36831\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/phoebe-and-saturn.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Phoebe and Saturn\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-36831\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/phoebe-and-saturn.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/phoebe-and-saturn-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Phoebe and Saturn. Credit: NASA/Cassini\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Who's Phoebe? That quirky blonde from Friends? The mysteriously magical nanny from \u003ca href=\"http://www.nannyandtheprofessor.com/\" title=\"Nanny and the Professor\" target=\"_blank\">that old sitcom\u003c/a>? A bird? A plant? All that--but the one I'm talking about is the moon of Saturn, once thought to be a captured comet, and now believed by some scientists to be something much rarer: a captured \u003ca href=\"http://www.universetoday.com/35974/planetesimals/\" title=\"Planetesimals\" target=\"_blank\">planetesimal\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phoebe: a bit more than 120 miles across—and more potato-shaped than spherical—with a surface gravity approximately 200 times weaker than Earth's (yes, I'd weigh about one pound standing on the surface), Phoebe is not of the stature of its larger, rounder fellow moons of greater fame: Luna, Ganymede, Titan, and the rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We've known of Phoebe's existence since 1899, when it was discovered by astronomer W. H. Pickering, and from the start Phoebe was observed to be different from Saturn's \"mainline\" moons—ones organized into a common orbital plane in close alignment with Saturn's equator, with nice, nearly circular orbits. Phoebe is too much a nonconformist for that; orbiting at a steep, rakish angle from Saturn's equatorial plane, backwards with respect to the conformist crowd, and with great elliptical eccentricity, Phoebe is a fringe radical! And at 30 times the distance from Saturn as our Moon is from Earth, it takes Phoebe longer to orbit Saturn (1.5 years) than Earth does to round the Sun!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of these peculiarities added up to the hypothesis that Phoebe was not an \"indigenous\" satellite of Saturn—one that formed with Saturn early in the ages of the solar system—but a solar system object that was captured by Saturn at some point, and since has remained in orbit. And due to its low density (little more than one and a half times as dense as water ice), Phoebe was assumed to be a former comet. Comets passing close to gas giant planets like Saturn are sometimes flung in different directions, sometimes broken up, and sometimes even crash into the planet. But they can also be captured into orbit, as probably many of Jupiter's smaller satellites, and Mars' brood of two, were: former asteroids from the neighboring asteroid belt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a comet is a bit of material—ice and rock—left over from the formation of the solar system, about 4.5 billion years ago, pristine and barely altered from its original state. Recently, NASA's Cassini mission has suggested a \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/newsreleases/newsrelease20120426/\" title=\"Cassini on Phoebe\" target=\"_blank\">different origination story for Phoebe\u003c/a>, based on imagery and data obtained from our first up-close look at this object by the Cassini spacecraft, in 2004. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phoebe may be a \"planetesimal\"—an object that formed in the young solar system, coalescing from dust and ice into a larger and larger body. Evidence suggests that Phoebe was warmed enough during its formation, and perhaps afterward by decay of radioactive materials, to have achieved a spherical shape, a differentiated rocky core and outer shell of lighter material and ices, and possibly even to have harbored liquid water—all very planet-like qualities. As well, it may have remained in this state for quite some time before cooling down and freezing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Possibly originating in the Kuiper Belt, beyond Neptune's orbit, Phoebe would have migrated inward and eventually been captured when passing too close to Saturn -- at the same time avoiding the typical fate of planetesimals, which is to merge with a forming planet. Planetesimals, once the bread and butter of the young solar system, are the building blocks of planets. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phoebe, then, may be a very remarkable object--a quirky, mysteriously magical moon; a vision of the early solar system that once swarmed with such objects, even before the planets themselves appeared. It's a messenger from the past, possibly carrying within it evidence that could tell us where we came from. \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Phoebe, a quirky outlying moon of Saturn, was once thought to be a captured comet, but now is believed by some scientists to be something much rarer: a captured planetesimal. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1370998774,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":651},"headData":{"title":"Phoebe: Quirky, Mystical, Magical Moon | KQED","description":"Phoebe, a quirky outlying moon of Saturn, was once thought to be a captured comet, but now is believed by some scientists to be something much rarer: a captured planetesimal. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Phoebe: Quirky, Mystical, Magical Moon","datePublished":"2012-05-04T15:00:49.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T00:59:34.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"36829 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=36829","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/04/phoebe-quirky-mystical-magical-moon/","disqusTitle":"Phoebe: Quirky, Mystical, Magical Moon","path":"/quest/36829/phoebe-quirky-mystical-magical-moon","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36831\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/04/phoebe-quirky-mystical-magical-moon/phoebe-and-saturn/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36831\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/phoebe-and-saturn.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Phoebe and Saturn\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-36831\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/phoebe-and-saturn.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/phoebe-and-saturn-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Phoebe and Saturn. Credit: NASA/Cassini\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Who's Phoebe? That quirky blonde from Friends? The mysteriously magical nanny from \u003ca href=\"http://www.nannyandtheprofessor.com/\" title=\"Nanny and the Professor\" target=\"_blank\">that old sitcom\u003c/a>? A bird? A plant? All that--but the one I'm talking about is the moon of Saturn, once thought to be a captured comet, and now believed by some scientists to be something much rarer: a captured \u003ca href=\"http://www.universetoday.com/35974/planetesimals/\" title=\"Planetesimals\" target=\"_blank\">planetesimal\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phoebe: a bit more than 120 miles across—and more potato-shaped than spherical—with a surface gravity approximately 200 times weaker than Earth's (yes, I'd weigh about one pound standing on the surface), Phoebe is not of the stature of its larger, rounder fellow moons of greater fame: Luna, Ganymede, Titan, and the rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We've known of Phoebe's existence since 1899, when it was discovered by astronomer W. H. Pickering, and from the start Phoebe was observed to be different from Saturn's \"mainline\" moons—ones organized into a common orbital plane in close alignment with Saturn's equator, with nice, nearly circular orbits. Phoebe is too much a nonconformist for that; orbiting at a steep, rakish angle from Saturn's equatorial plane, backwards with respect to the conformist crowd, and with great elliptical eccentricity, Phoebe is a fringe radical! And at 30 times the distance from Saturn as our Moon is from Earth, it takes Phoebe longer to orbit Saturn (1.5 years) than Earth does to round the Sun!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of these peculiarities added up to the hypothesis that Phoebe was not an \"indigenous\" satellite of Saturn—one that formed with Saturn early in the ages of the solar system—but a solar system object that was captured by Saturn at some point, and since has remained in orbit. And due to its low density (little more than one and a half times as dense as water ice), Phoebe was assumed to be a former comet. Comets passing close to gas giant planets like Saturn are sometimes flung in different directions, sometimes broken up, and sometimes even crash into the planet. But they can also be captured into orbit, as probably many of Jupiter's smaller satellites, and Mars' brood of two, were: former asteroids from the neighboring asteroid belt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a comet is a bit of material—ice and rock—left over from the formation of the solar system, about 4.5 billion years ago, pristine and barely altered from its original state. Recently, NASA's Cassini mission has suggested a \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/newsreleases/newsrelease20120426/\" title=\"Cassini on Phoebe\" target=\"_blank\">different origination story for Phoebe\u003c/a>, based on imagery and data obtained from our first up-close look at this object by the Cassini spacecraft, in 2004. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phoebe may be a \"planetesimal\"—an object that formed in the young solar system, coalescing from dust and ice into a larger and larger body. Evidence suggests that Phoebe was warmed enough during its formation, and perhaps afterward by decay of radioactive materials, to have achieved a spherical shape, a differentiated rocky core and outer shell of lighter material and ices, and possibly even to have harbored liquid water—all very planet-like qualities. As well, it may have remained in this state for quite some time before cooling down and freezing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Possibly originating in the Kuiper Belt, beyond Neptune's orbit, Phoebe would have migrated inward and eventually been captured when passing too close to Saturn -- at the same time avoiding the typical fate of planetesimals, which is to merge with a forming planet. Planetesimals, once the bread and butter of the young solar system, are the building blocks of planets. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phoebe, then, may be a very remarkable object--a quirky, mysteriously magical moon; a vision of the early solar system that once swarmed with such objects, even before the planets themselves appeared. It's a messenger from the past, possibly carrying within it evidence that could tell us where we came from. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/36829/phoebe-quirky-mystical-magical-moon","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_505","quest_544","quest_658","quest_1870","quest_1918","quest_11057","quest_3975","quest_13202","quest_2511","quest_2513","quest_2712"],"featImg":"quest_36831","label":"quest"},"quest_12385":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_12385","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"12385","score":null,"sort":[1296235804000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"volcano-slushies-and-floating-robots-titanic-possibilities","title":"Volcano Slushies and Floating Robots: Titanic Possibilities","publishDate":1296235804,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/balloonprobe.jpg\">Artist concept of a balloon-borne Titan probe. Credit: NASA, JPL/Corby Waste\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nPossible “cryovolcano” on Saturn’s moon, Titan! This little moon just keeps getting more and more interesting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2004, when NASA’s Cassini spacecraft and the European \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_1609.html\">Huygens lander\u003c/a> started exploring Saturn’s largest satellite, Titan, layer after layer of the mysterious moon have been peeled away, revealing what has turned out to be an awesome alien world that stands apart from all other moons in the solar system--and even holds its own with the planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/newsreleases/newsrelease20101214/\">Cryovolcanoes: cool!\u003c/a> Imagine a 3000 foot tall mountain gushing freezing water-ammonia slush, which pours down its slopes to become solid “rock ice” flows as it freezes, and spouting a plume of water vapor that quickly turns into snow. Is that really how a volcano of cold water, ice, and maybe ammonia and methane would behave? Maybe, maybe not—but now scientists have observational evidence of what might be such a process on Titan, and the similarities in patterns to Earthly lava flows is compelling. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/videogallery/index.html?collection_id=14658&media_id=38529211\">Take a look at the video….\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The thought makes me want to go and explore Titan right now!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the annual American Geophysical Union (AGU) conference in San Francisco last December, I voiced a concern to a presenter who was describing explorations of Titan by Cassini and Huygens. My concern was that, though the images returned by Huygens from the surface of that frigid smoggy world were unprecedented up-close views of a distant alien land, I fear that with the cost of space missions and budgets and economies and all, we might not return there for further exploration within my lifetime…and I’d have to make do with the images from Huygens. (Though very cool images, they were essentially from a spot on Titan that is little more than \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/multimedia/huygens-1.html\">a plane of soil and pebbles\u003c/a>; I want lakes and volcanoes!)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not so fast.There may be more missions to Titan’s surface yet to come. There is certainly a lot of scientific interest in Titan because of its “hydrological” cycle—that is, the liquid hydrocarbons, not water, that rain from its atmosphere and flow and collect in rivers and lakes on its surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the possibilities the presenter suggested for surface and atmosphere probes sounded pretty interesting. One idea is another “lander,” but deliberately targeted to splash down in one of Titan’s big methane lakes, and with a longer-life battery than what powered Huygens (Huygens’ battery lasted about 90 minutes after landing). What kind of battery? Nuclear, maybe, though there are restrictions to lobbing radioactive isotopes onto the surface of another world—especially one where the existence of indigenous life hasn’t been ruled out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such a “floater” could drift around the lake, transported by liquid currents, taking environmental readings, pictures, and maybe sounding the lake bottom with sonar. Eventually, lake currents might be expected to naturally deliver the floater probe to a shoreline, where it could then explore Titan where land meets lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another possibility on Titan is a flying aircraft probe, either winged or buoyant. Due to the thickness of Titan’s nitrogen atmosphere (four times denser than Earth’s at the surface), and the relatively low gravity of Titan itself, flight there is a very different prospect from flight on Earth. Titan’s surface gravity is only 14% that of Earth’s, so what would be a 200-pound payload on Earth would weigh 28 pounds on Titan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A balloon-borne probe, with greater buoyancy due to Titan’s thicker atmosphere, could drift around for a long time and cover a great deal of territory at very close range, perhaps even setting down on the surface temporarily. A winged-aircraft could glide at relatively low speed, again owing to the lower gravity and higher lift from the thick air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yeah, I want to go and see the volcano slushy! Please, can I?\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Saturn’s little moon, Titan, just keeps getting more and more interesting.","status":"publish","parent":11844,"modified":1371063975,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":685},"headData":{"title":"Volcano Slushies and Floating Robots: Titanic Possibilities | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Volcano Slushies and Floating Robots: Titanic Possibilities","datePublished":"2011-01-28T17:30:04.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T19:06:15.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"12385 http://science.kqed.org/quest/2011/01/28/11844-revision/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/01/28/volcano-slushies-and-floating-robots-titanic-possibilities/","disqusTitle":"Volcano Slushies and Floating Robots: Titanic Possibilities","path":"/quest/12385/volcano-slushies-and-floating-robots-titanic-possibilities","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/balloonprobe.jpg\">Artist concept of a balloon-borne Titan probe. Credit: NASA, JPL/Corby Waste\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nPossible “cryovolcano” on Saturn’s moon, Titan! This little moon just keeps getting more and more interesting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2004, when NASA’s Cassini spacecraft and the European \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_1609.html\">Huygens lander\u003c/a> started exploring Saturn’s largest satellite, Titan, layer after layer of the mysterious moon have been peeled away, revealing what has turned out to be an awesome alien world that stands apart from all other moons in the solar system--and even holds its own with the planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/newsreleases/newsrelease20101214/\">Cryovolcanoes: cool!\u003c/a> Imagine a 3000 foot tall mountain gushing freezing water-ammonia slush, which pours down its slopes to become solid “rock ice” flows as it freezes, and spouting a plume of water vapor that quickly turns into snow. Is that really how a volcano of cold water, ice, and maybe ammonia and methane would behave? Maybe, maybe not—but now scientists have observational evidence of what might be such a process on Titan, and the similarities in patterns to Earthly lava flows is compelling. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/videogallery/index.html?collection_id=14658&media_id=38529211\">Take a look at the video….\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The thought makes me want to go and explore Titan right now!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the annual American Geophysical Union (AGU) conference in San Francisco last December, I voiced a concern to a presenter who was describing explorations of Titan by Cassini and Huygens. My concern was that, though the images returned by Huygens from the surface of that frigid smoggy world were unprecedented up-close views of a distant alien land, I fear that with the cost of space missions and budgets and economies and all, we might not return there for further exploration within my lifetime…and I’d have to make do with the images from Huygens. (Though very cool images, they were essentially from a spot on Titan that is little more than \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/multimedia/huygens-1.html\">a plane of soil and pebbles\u003c/a>; I want lakes and volcanoes!)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not so fast.There may be more missions to Titan’s surface yet to come. There is certainly a lot of scientific interest in Titan because of its “hydrological” cycle—that is, the liquid hydrocarbons, not water, that rain from its atmosphere and flow and collect in rivers and lakes on its surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the possibilities the presenter suggested for surface and atmosphere probes sounded pretty interesting. One idea is another “lander,” but deliberately targeted to splash down in one of Titan’s big methane lakes, and with a longer-life battery than what powered Huygens (Huygens’ battery lasted about 90 minutes after landing). What kind of battery? Nuclear, maybe, though there are restrictions to lobbing radioactive isotopes onto the surface of another world—especially one where the existence of indigenous life hasn’t been ruled out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such a “floater” could drift around the lake, transported by liquid currents, taking environmental readings, pictures, and maybe sounding the lake bottom with sonar. Eventually, lake currents might be expected to naturally deliver the floater probe to a shoreline, where it could then explore Titan where land meets lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another possibility on Titan is a flying aircraft probe, either winged or buoyant. Due to the thickness of Titan’s nitrogen atmosphere (four times denser than Earth’s at the surface), and the relatively low gravity of Titan itself, flight there is a very different prospect from flight on Earth. Titan’s surface gravity is only 14% that of Earth’s, so what would be a 200-pound payload on Earth would weigh 28 pounds on Titan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A balloon-borne probe, with greater buoyancy due to Titan’s thicker atmosphere, could drift around for a long time and cover a great deal of territory at very close range, perhaps even setting down on the surface temporarily. A winged-aircraft could glide at relatively low speed, again owing to the lower gravity and higher lift from the thick air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yeah, I want to go and see the volcano slushy! Please, can I?\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/12385/volcano-slushies-and-floating-robots-titanic-possibilities","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_505","quest_735","quest_1420","quest_1918","quest_13202","quest_3328","quest_2947"],"label":"quest"},"quest_4715":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_4715","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"4715","score":null,"sort":[1262363414000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"flash-lakes-confirmed-in-titans-northern-hemisphere","title":"Flash! Lakes Confirmed in Titan's Northern Hemisphere!","publishDate":1262363414,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/12/titan-cassini-flash.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>NASA's Cassini spacecraft captured this image of sunlight\u003cbr>\nreflecting off of a lake on the surface of Saturn's moon Titan.\u003cbr>\nCredit: NASA/Cassini\u003c/em>\u003c/span>In a literal flash of insight—well, \"infrared sight,\" really--\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/main/index.html\">NASA's Cassini \u003c/a>spacecraft has confirmed the existence of lakes of liquid in the Northern Hemisphere of Saturn's moon, Titan. That's really big news for scientists, and for those like me who absolutely love to envision the sweep of the landscape on alien worlds, be they science fiction or, as in this case, fact….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The evidence for the existence of lakes on Titan has been building since 2004, when the Cassini spacecraft, and its Titan-landing probe Huygens, arrived in the Saturn system and began collecting data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First it was imagery from the Huygens camera as it descended through Titan's thick, hazy atmosphere: what looked like dark, flat, featureless regions defining apparent coastlines along solid terrain, as well as dentritic patterns like river channels draining into them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then it was imagery from Cassini's smog-penetrating infrared cameras showing numerous systems that looked for all the moon like giant lakes—on the order of size of Earth's Great Lakes. Cassini radar bouncing off the surfaces suggested that they were exceptionally flat, as one expects a watery surface to be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there was \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=liquid-lake-on-titan\">confirmation of surface liquid \u003c/a>in Titan's Southern Hemisphere—but not in the north, where the lake-like shapes were by far more numerous…an apparent land o' lakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, \u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2009/18dec_titanglint.htm\">what scientists hoped to see appeared\u003c/a>, in a flash: sunlight, reflecting off of a Titanian lake called Kraken Mare, came shining through the moon's haze and was captured by Cassini's infrared camera. It's the same kind of reflection you see when sunlight blazes off the surface of the ocean before sunset. Astronauts see the same thing from Earth orbit, \u003ca href=\"http://www.jodcast.net/archive/200802Extra/iss_view.jpg\">looking down at the ocean-lined limb of the Earth\u003c/a> when the Sun is at the right position over it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It required the right conditions; the Sun had to be in just the right position relative to the lake for the reflection to be seen. Ever seen the light of the setting Sun reflecting off the window of a distant house, though only for a moment when the geometry is just right? And only recently did the Sun rise over Kraken Mare's extreme northern latitude, after the 15-year dark of a Titanian arctic winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Titan is the only Solar System object known to have surface liquid, other than Earth. Jupiter's moon \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/12/071213180823.htm\">Europa \u003c/a>is thought to harbor a vast ocean of liquid water, but under its outer crust of ice. Another of Saturn's moon's, Enceladus, also appears to hold liquid water inside, but its surface is as dry as the Earth's Moon. And yes, the Moon was recently confirmed to have surface water—but it's all frozen and mixed in with the lunar soil in a sort of dry cryo-mud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The difference with Titan, however, is that its surface liquid is not water at all, but methane. It's too cold on Titan's surface for liquid water to exist there—but Titan's atmospheric pressure and temperature are right for methane to exist in its liquid state. So while on Earth we know methane as a greenhouse gas emitted by decomposing plants and the guts of cows—to name a couple of sources—on Titan it is the stuff of cloud, of rain, of river, and of lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What a wild world!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In a literal flash of insight, NASA's Cassini spacecraft has confirmed the existence of lakes of liquid in the Northern Hemisphere of Saturn's moon, Titan.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371077636,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":607},"headData":{"title":"Flash! Lakes Confirmed in Titan's Northern Hemisphere! | KQED","description":"In a literal flash of insight, NASA's Cassini spacecraft has confirmed the existence of lakes of liquid in the Northern Hemisphere of Saturn's moon, Titan.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Flash! Lakes Confirmed in Titan's Northern Hemisphere!","datePublished":"2010-01-01T16:30:14.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T22:53:56.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"4715 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=4715","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/01/01/flash-lakes-confirmed-in-titans-northern-hemisphere/","disqusTitle":"Flash! Lakes Confirmed in Titan's Northern Hemisphere!","path":"/quest/4715/flash-lakes-confirmed-in-titans-northern-hemisphere","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/12/titan-cassini-flash.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>NASA's Cassini spacecraft captured this image of sunlight\u003cbr>\nreflecting off of a lake on the surface of Saturn's moon Titan.\u003cbr>\nCredit: NASA/Cassini\u003c/em>\u003c/span>In a literal flash of insight—well, \"infrared sight,\" really--\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/main/index.html\">NASA's Cassini \u003c/a>spacecraft has confirmed the existence of lakes of liquid in the Northern Hemisphere of Saturn's moon, Titan. That's really big news for scientists, and for those like me who absolutely love to envision the sweep of the landscape on alien worlds, be they science fiction or, as in this case, fact….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The evidence for the existence of lakes on Titan has been building since 2004, when the Cassini spacecraft, and its Titan-landing probe Huygens, arrived in the Saturn system and began collecting data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First it was imagery from the Huygens camera as it descended through Titan's thick, hazy atmosphere: what looked like dark, flat, featureless regions defining apparent coastlines along solid terrain, as well as dentritic patterns like river channels draining into them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then it was imagery from Cassini's smog-penetrating infrared cameras showing numerous systems that looked for all the moon like giant lakes—on the order of size of Earth's Great Lakes. Cassini radar bouncing off the surfaces suggested that they were exceptionally flat, as one expects a watery surface to be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there was \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=liquid-lake-on-titan\">confirmation of surface liquid \u003c/a>in Titan's Southern Hemisphere—but not in the north, where the lake-like shapes were by far more numerous…an apparent land o' lakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, \u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2009/18dec_titanglint.htm\">what scientists hoped to see appeared\u003c/a>, in a flash: sunlight, reflecting off of a Titanian lake called Kraken Mare, came shining through the moon's haze and was captured by Cassini's infrared camera. It's the same kind of reflection you see when sunlight blazes off the surface of the ocean before sunset. Astronauts see the same thing from Earth orbit, \u003ca href=\"http://www.jodcast.net/archive/200802Extra/iss_view.jpg\">looking down at the ocean-lined limb of the Earth\u003c/a> when the Sun is at the right position over it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It required the right conditions; the Sun had to be in just the right position relative to the lake for the reflection to be seen. Ever seen the light of the setting Sun reflecting off the window of a distant house, though only for a moment when the geometry is just right? And only recently did the Sun rise over Kraken Mare's extreme northern latitude, after the 15-year dark of a Titanian arctic winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Titan is the only Solar System object known to have surface liquid, other than Earth. Jupiter's moon \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/12/071213180823.htm\">Europa \u003c/a>is thought to harbor a vast ocean of liquid water, but under its outer crust of ice. Another of Saturn's moon's, Enceladus, also appears to hold liquid water inside, but its surface is as dry as the Earth's Moon. And yes, the Moon was recently confirmed to have surface water—but it's all frozen and mixed in with the lunar soil in a sort of dry cryo-mud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The difference with Titan, however, is that its surface liquid is not water at all, but methane. It's too cold on Titan's surface for liquid water to exist there—but Titan's atmospheric pressure and temperature are right for methane to exist in its liquid state. So while on Earth we know methane as a greenhouse gas emitted by decomposing plants and the guts of cows—to name a couple of sources—on Titan it is the stuff of cloud, of rain, of river, and of lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What a wild world!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/4715/flash-lakes-confirmed-in-titans-northern-hemisphere","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_13192","quest_505","quest_1603","quest_1670","quest_1801","quest_1918","quest_2513","quest_2947"],"label":"quest"},"quest_3787":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_3787","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"3787","score":null,"sort":[1255133633000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"equinox-on-saturn-reveals-ring-ripples","title":"Equinox on Saturn Reveals Ring Ripples","publishDate":1255133633,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/10/cassini-saturn-ring-bump-sh.jpg\">\u003cem>Bumps and ripples in the otherwise flat ring system of Saturn cast long shadows at equinox. Image credit: NASA/Cassini\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Imagine a vast, flat plain spreading out before you for tens of thousands of miles in all directions, with no Earthly curvature to give the horizon its slightly finite look. Instead, it stretches seemingly to the infinite blackness of space in one direction, and slices straight into the streaky, wind-smoothed clouds of Saturn in the other...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hard to imagine what it would be like to float just above the rings of Saturn, but what a sight it must be! As a kid, one of my favorite astronomical pass-times was imagining the view from other places in the Solar System. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now imagine a towering bulge of frosty mist rising up out of this super-flat plane of ice chunks, literally the size of a mountain. Such is what was beheld by \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/\">NASA's Cassini \u003c/a>spacecraft last month--albeit, from a distance--when it turned its cameras to Saturn's vast rings during the few days surrounding Saturn's equinox (August 29, 2009), giving us a view never before seen. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Equinox on Earth, when the Sun is positioned directly over our equator, happens twice a year. Due to Earth's tilted rotational axis, as we orbit the Sun the latitude over which the Sun shines directly cycles north and south between the latitudes of the Tropics. On its way north to warm our (Northern Hemisphere) summers or south to leave us in the chill, the Sun crosses the equator on the equinoxes (Fall and Spring).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same thing happens on Saturn, with two differences. First, Saturn takes nearly 30 years to orbit the Sun, so equinox comes only about every 14 years. Second, Saturn has its system of rings that encircle the planet directly above its equator, serving as a visible extension of the equator. At \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/photos/imagedetails/index.cfm?imageId=3683\">Saturn's equinox\u003c/a>, the Sun is not only directly over the equator, but sunlight strikes the rings edge-on, like a flashlight shining on a flat piece of paper from the edge, the light just grazing over the surfaces on either side. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When this happens, any deviations from the flatness of the ring system—bumps and ripples--\u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/photos/imagedetails/index.cfm?imageId=3674\">cast long shadows across the rings\u003c/a>, making the features much easier to see. The same thing is seen on that piece of paper with shadows from creases and bumps leaping across the page. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As seen from Earth, equinox on Saturn means the rings appear to vanish as we look at them edge-on. This behavior puzzled astronomers long ago before they understood the rings for what they are. During the August 2009 Saturn equinox, however, for the first time in history we had a bird's-eye view of the rings during equinox, from Cassini. Cassini has been in orbit around Saturn for five years now. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/photos/imagedetails/index.cfm?imageId=3672\">Cassini spotted a number of prominent shadows\u003c/a> trailing bright spots and ridges—bumps and ripples of different sorts rising above the ring plane. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the bumps--icy ring material kicked up by the gravitational disturbance of a small moonlet inside the rings--were measured at over two miles high, the height of the Rocky Mountains. Other rippling features, such as long ridges running along the direction the rings encircle Saturn, are waves created by the gravity of moons orbiting outside the ring system. Still other types of disturbances observed are possibly caused by the impact of meteoroids or chunks of ice with the rings. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saturn's rings are tens of thousands of miles across, but are extremely thin—perhaps no thicker than the height of a four-story building! So a bump or ripple as high as a mountain is a big deal! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ah, to be on Saturn, now that equinox is here... \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Equinox on Saturn reveals ring ripples.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371077960,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":641},"headData":{"title":"Equinox on Saturn Reveals Ring Ripples | KQED","description":"Equinox on Saturn reveals ring ripples.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Equinox on Saturn Reveals Ring Ripples","datePublished":"2009-10-10T00:13:53.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T22:59:20.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"3787 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=3787","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/10/09/equinox-on-saturn-reveals-ring-ripples/","disqusTitle":"Equinox on Saturn Reveals Ring Ripples","path":"/quest/3787/equinox-on-saturn-reveals-ring-ripples","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/10/cassini-saturn-ring-bump-sh.jpg\">\u003cem>Bumps and ripples in the otherwise flat ring system of Saturn cast long shadows at equinox. Image credit: NASA/Cassini\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Imagine a vast, flat plain spreading out before you for tens of thousands of miles in all directions, with no Earthly curvature to give the horizon its slightly finite look. Instead, it stretches seemingly to the infinite blackness of space in one direction, and slices straight into the streaky, wind-smoothed clouds of Saturn in the other...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hard to imagine what it would be like to float just above the rings of Saturn, but what a sight it must be! As a kid, one of my favorite astronomical pass-times was imagining the view from other places in the Solar System. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now imagine a towering bulge of frosty mist rising up out of this super-flat plane of ice chunks, literally the size of a mountain. Such is what was beheld by \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/\">NASA's Cassini \u003c/a>spacecraft last month--albeit, from a distance--when it turned its cameras to Saturn's vast rings during the few days surrounding Saturn's equinox (August 29, 2009), giving us a view never before seen. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Equinox on Earth, when the Sun is positioned directly over our equator, happens twice a year. Due to Earth's tilted rotational axis, as we orbit the Sun the latitude over which the Sun shines directly cycles north and south between the latitudes of the Tropics. On its way north to warm our (Northern Hemisphere) summers or south to leave us in the chill, the Sun crosses the equator on the equinoxes (Fall and Spring).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same thing happens on Saturn, with two differences. First, Saturn takes nearly 30 years to orbit the Sun, so equinox comes only about every 14 years. Second, Saturn has its system of rings that encircle the planet directly above its equator, serving as a visible extension of the equator. At \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/photos/imagedetails/index.cfm?imageId=3683\">Saturn's equinox\u003c/a>, the Sun is not only directly over the equator, but sunlight strikes the rings edge-on, like a flashlight shining on a flat piece of paper from the edge, the light just grazing over the surfaces on either side. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When this happens, any deviations from the flatness of the ring system—bumps and ripples--\u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/photos/imagedetails/index.cfm?imageId=3674\">cast long shadows across the rings\u003c/a>, making the features much easier to see. The same thing is seen on that piece of paper with shadows from creases and bumps leaping across the page. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As seen from Earth, equinox on Saturn means the rings appear to vanish as we look at them edge-on. This behavior puzzled astronomers long ago before they understood the rings for what they are. During the August 2009 Saturn equinox, however, for the first time in history we had a bird's-eye view of the rings during equinox, from Cassini. Cassini has been in orbit around Saturn for five years now. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/photos/imagedetails/index.cfm?imageId=3672\">Cassini spotted a number of prominent shadows\u003c/a> trailing bright spots and ridges—bumps and ripples of different sorts rising above the ring plane. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the bumps--icy ring material kicked up by the gravitational disturbance of a small moonlet inside the rings--were measured at over two miles high, the height of the Rocky Mountains. Other rippling features, such as long ridges running along the direction the rings encircle Saturn, are waves created by the gravity of moons orbiting outside the ring system. Still other types of disturbances observed are possibly caused by the impact of meteoroids or chunks of ice with the rings. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saturn's rings are tens of thousands of miles across, but are extremely thin—perhaps no thicker than the height of a four-story building! So a bump or ripple as high as a mountain is a big deal! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ah, to be on Saturn, now that equinox is here... \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/3787/equinox-on-saturn-reveals-ring-ripples","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_16"],"tags":["quest_505","quest_1016","quest_1918","quest_2434","quest_2513"],"label":"quest"},"quest_678":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_678","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"678","score":null,"sort":[1215188428000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"planetary-robotic-roundup","title":"Planetary Robotic Roundup","publishDate":1215188428,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/07/space11.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>NASA's MESSENGER spacecraft at Mercury-artist concept.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Photo by: NASA\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I've been waiting for the \"whole story\" on Martian ice at the Phoenix lander site to unfold more completely, but the chemical analyses have not yet run their full courses-so I've decided to widen the focus on this blog to give a status report on current active robotic exploration of planets going on around the Solar System.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Limiting my scope to only planetary spacecraft, the list is still respectable. In no particular order, here's the round-up:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,324800,00.html\" target=\"_blank\">Spirit\u003c/a>: Mars Exploration Rover Spirit's activities on the Martian surface have been reduced to save on power, but the robot remains alive. With the arrival of Martian winter, Spirit spends more power running heaters to keep key electronic and power equipment healthy. Spirit remains in the giant Gusev Crater, where it will spend its entire life on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.marstoday.com/news/viewsr.rss.html?pid=2831\" target=\"_blank\">Opportunity\u003c/a>: Exploring a much smaller crater of its own, Victoria Crater-Spirit's twin, Opportunity, continues its investigation of the rock layers of Mars' geological history. As of June 10, Opportunity has clocked in at 7.26 miles of total \"roving\" on Mars, since its landing back in 2004.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/080628-phoenix-update.html\" target=\"_blank\">Phoenix\u003c/a>: The brand-spankin'-new Mars Phoenix lander has been digging into one of Mars' greatest scientific mysteries: water. Detailed chemical analysis of samples taken at Phoenix's site near the northern polar ice cap is underway, but the big question-- is Phoenix standing on frozen Martian water-- has been answered: yes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/05/080526155742.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\u003c/a>: The newest orbiter in the Martian fleet continues to send back its extreme-high-resolution imagery and its revealing chemical measurements, as well as to serve as a high-speed data and communication relay for other Mars-exploring robots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://themis.asu.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Mars 2001 Odyssey\u003c/a>: Credited with detecting the massive amounts of frozen water in Mars' northern hemisphere-the same ice that the Phoenix lander is now scraping at, Mars 2001 Odyssey continues its surveillance of Mars' chemistry and atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Mars_Express/SEMAWQ1YUFF_0.html\" target=\"_blank\">Mars Express\u003c/a>: The European orbiter that launched the ill-fated Beagle II lander has continued on a respectable career of exploration in its own right. Mars Express also helped support the landing of the Phoenix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/main/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">Cassini\u003c/a>: Saturn's first robot-in-residence, Cassini, has concluded its initial 4-year mission and is now continuing on an extended mission. Cassini has given us unprecedented close-up images and measurements of many of Saturn's stunning moons, its complicated ring system, and the swirling, aurora-touched cloud formations of Saturn itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.wired.com/science/space/multimedia/2008/01/gallery_messenger_photos\" target=\"_blank\">MESSENGER\u003c/a>: The first spacecraft to visit the little-understood Mercury since 1975 made its first flyby of that planet last January, and will settle into a permanent orbit in March 2011. Even the few pics it snapped as it hurled by gave us far more detailed images of Mercury than ever before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/news_center/news/060808.htm\" target=\"_blank\">New Horizons\u003c/a>: Launched a couple years ago on its outward bound, meteoric flight to Pluto, New Horizons has already performed some exploration duty, capturing images and data of Jupiter, Jupiter's volcanic moon Io, and Jupiter's long magnetic \"tail.\" Now in \"cruise mode,\" this little robot will fly past Pluto (dwarf planet; king of the Plutoids) in July 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Voyagers 1 and 2\u003c/a>: Do you remember the remarkable voyages of discovery made by the Voyager spacecraft, both launched in 1977? Since completing their primary missions of flying by the Gas Giant planets (Voyager 1 at Jupiter and Saturn, Voyager 2 at all four), these two veterans have continued to operate and send information back to Earth, and are now about 3 times more distant from the Sun than Pluto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's the wrap. If I missed anyone, my apologies!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7631 -122.409\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371080189,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":619},"headData":{"title":"Planetary Robotic Roundup | KQED","description":"NASA's MESSENGER spacecraft at Mercury-artist concept. Photo by: NASA I've been waiting for the "whole story" on Martian ice at the Phoenix lander site to unfold more completely, but the chemical analyses have not yet run their full courses-so I've decided to widen the focus on this blog to give a status report on current","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Planetary Robotic Roundup","datePublished":"2008-07-04T16:20:28.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T23:36:29.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"678 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=678","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/07/04/planetary-robotic-roundup/","disqusTitle":"Planetary Robotic Roundup","path":"/quest/678/planetary-robotic-roundup","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/07/space11.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>NASA's MESSENGER spacecraft at Mercury-artist concept.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Photo by: NASA\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I've been waiting for the \"whole story\" on Martian ice at the Phoenix lander site to unfold more completely, but the chemical analyses have not yet run their full courses-so I've decided to widen the focus on this blog to give a status report on current active robotic exploration of planets going on around the Solar System.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Limiting my scope to only planetary spacecraft, the list is still respectable. In no particular order, here's the round-up:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,324800,00.html\" target=\"_blank\">Spirit\u003c/a>: Mars Exploration Rover Spirit's activities on the Martian surface have been reduced to save on power, but the robot remains alive. With the arrival of Martian winter, Spirit spends more power running heaters to keep key electronic and power equipment healthy. Spirit remains in the giant Gusev Crater, where it will spend its entire life on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.marstoday.com/news/viewsr.rss.html?pid=2831\" target=\"_blank\">Opportunity\u003c/a>: Exploring a much smaller crater of its own, Victoria Crater-Spirit's twin, Opportunity, continues its investigation of the rock layers of Mars' geological history. As of June 10, Opportunity has clocked in at 7.26 miles of total \"roving\" on Mars, since its landing back in 2004.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/080628-phoenix-update.html\" target=\"_blank\">Phoenix\u003c/a>: The brand-spankin'-new Mars Phoenix lander has been digging into one of Mars' greatest scientific mysteries: water. Detailed chemical analysis of samples taken at Phoenix's site near the northern polar ice cap is underway, but the big question-- is Phoenix standing on frozen Martian water-- has been answered: yes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/05/080526155742.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\u003c/a>: The newest orbiter in the Martian fleet continues to send back its extreme-high-resolution imagery and its revealing chemical measurements, as well as to serve as a high-speed data and communication relay for other Mars-exploring robots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://themis.asu.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Mars 2001 Odyssey\u003c/a>: Credited with detecting the massive amounts of frozen water in Mars' northern hemisphere-the same ice that the Phoenix lander is now scraping at, Mars 2001 Odyssey continues its surveillance of Mars' chemistry and atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Mars_Express/SEMAWQ1YUFF_0.html\" target=\"_blank\">Mars Express\u003c/a>: The European orbiter that launched the ill-fated Beagle II lander has continued on a respectable career of exploration in its own right. Mars Express also helped support the landing of the Phoenix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/main/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">Cassini\u003c/a>: Saturn's first robot-in-residence, Cassini, has concluded its initial 4-year mission and is now continuing on an extended mission. Cassini has given us unprecedented close-up images and measurements of many of Saturn's stunning moons, its complicated ring system, and the swirling, aurora-touched cloud formations of Saturn itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.wired.com/science/space/multimedia/2008/01/gallery_messenger_photos\" target=\"_blank\">MESSENGER\u003c/a>: The first spacecraft to visit the little-understood Mercury since 1975 made its first flyby of that planet last January, and will settle into a permanent orbit in March 2011. Even the few pics it snapped as it hurled by gave us far more detailed images of Mercury than ever before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/news_center/news/060808.htm\" target=\"_blank\">New Horizons\u003c/a>: Launched a couple years ago on its outward bound, meteoric flight to Pluto, New Horizons has already performed some exploration duty, capturing images and data of Jupiter, Jupiter's volcanic moon Io, and Jupiter's long magnetic \"tail.\" Now in \"cruise mode,\" this little robot will fly past Pluto (dwarf planet; king of the Plutoids) in July 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Voyagers 1 and 2\u003c/a>: Do you remember the remarkable voyages of discovery made by the Voyager spacecraft, both launched in 1977? Since completing their primary missions of flying by the Gas Giant planets (Voyager 1 at Jupiter and Saturn, Voyager 2 at all four), these two veterans have continued to operate and send information back to Earth, and are now about 3 times more distant from the Sun than Pluto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's the wrap. If I missed anyone, my apologies!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7631 -122.409\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/678/planetary-robotic-roundup","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_254","quest_505","quest_897","quest_1287","quest_3351","quest_1751","quest_1752","quest_1754","quest_1756","quest_1760","quest_1791","quest_1918","quest_2141","quest_2182","quest_2216","quest_2237","quest_2349","quest_2441","quest_2461","quest_2513","quest_2712","quest_2742"],"label":"quest"},"quest_551":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_551","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"551","score":null,"sort":[1209146735000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"cassini-martini-add-water-ammonia-methane-mix-well","title":"Cassini Martini: Add Water, Ammonia, Methane; Mix Well","publishDate":1209146735,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/04/encel640-ben-blog1.jpg\">\u003cem>Artist concept of a geyser erupting on Enceladus.\u003cbr>\nCredit: David Seal.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cem>Back when I was young...\u003c/em>okay, a previous generation might have ended that sentence with, \u003cem>\"…I’d walk forty miles through the snow to get to school…\"\u003c/em> But I'm not exaggerating when I say, when I was young we knew next to nothing about faraway places in the Solar System…such as the \u003ca href=\"http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/saturn/moons.html\">moons of Saturn\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A layer of the veil around Saturn’s moons was removed when Pioneer 11 and Voyagers 1 and 2 made flybys of Saturn in the '70s and '80s. The Saturnian moons, it appeared, were not the lumps of rock and dust that Earth's own Moon is made of, but objects containing no small amount of water ice. Not terribly surprising, considering the low temperatures of the outer solar system where ice-rich comets roam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visions of frozen alien landscapes, replete with icicles and ice cliffs and ice fields and \u003cem>ice ice ice!\u003c/em> were conjured in my imagination, and in artist depictions of majestic ringed Saturn seen from moons like Rhea or Dione or Enceladus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four years ago, Saturn’s first permanent visitor from Earth--the \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/home/index.cfm\">Cassini spacecraft\u003c/a>--arrived there, and since has been making extreme closeup examinations of Saturn, its rings, and its increasingly wondrous and beautiful moons. Cassini is almost literally ripping apart veil after veil of our ignorance of these little worlds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Far from a contingent of enormous but simple snow cone balls, Cassini has shown us that some of Saturn’s moons are apparently alive with liquid motion. First, there were the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/07/060728103452.htm\">surface “lakes” and “seas” on Titan\u003c/a>, probably made of extremely cold liquid hydrocarbons like methane and ethane--the stuff that spouts out of the gas range in your kitchen. Lakes and seas and rolling waves of liquid natural gas are fine and dandy for an imagined shoreline scene--but take a dip in those \"waters\" and an actual water-based creature like you would freeze solid in seconds. Scenic, but not inviting for a swim…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But recent observations by Cassini have shown that Titan's frigid unearthly lakes and Enceladus' snowball exterior may just be additional veils that are now being lifted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In March, Cassini flew within 30 miles of the surface of Enceladus and right through a plume of material venting into space from the moon’s interior—\u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/press-release-details.cfm?newsID=827\">an enormous \"geyser.\"\u003c/a> Earlier observations had sensed the presence of water in the plume, giving rise to speculation that liquid water in some form might exist beneath Enceladus' surface—perhaps chambers of liquid heated by tidal stressing of the interior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Cassini flew through the plume, its chemical sensors \"sniffed\" more than just water in the stream, but a good deal of organic molecules as well…not unlike material found in comets, stuff left over from the formation of the Solar System that may have been the building blocks of life on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other \"water find\" was that of a \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/press-release-details.cfm?newsID=826\">possible liquid ocean under the crust of Titan\u003c/a>--similar perhaps to the deep liquid water ocean believed to exist under the surface of Jupiter's moon Europa. Unexpected \"drift\" in the locations of landmarks on Titan's surface is what suggests a liquid ocean--water with perhaps some ammonia--that the frozen crust may be floating on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With all the liquid water and organic chemistry being revealed in the Saturn system (and elsewhere in the outer solar system), our imaginations can shift from the older standards of envisioning otherworldly landscapes of sculpted ice or even seascapes of liquid hydrocarbon lapping on shores of water ice sand, to something a little more, shall we say, \"lively…\"?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_benb.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> is a staff astronomer at The \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> in Oakland, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7631 -122.409\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371080549,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":648},"headData":{"title":"Cassini Martini: Add Water, Ammonia, Methane; Mix Well | KQED","description":"Artist concept of a geyser erupting on Enceladus. Credit: David Seal.Back when I was young...okay, a previous generation might have ended that sentence with, "…I’d walk forty miles through the snow to get to school…" But I'm not exaggerating when I say, when I was young we knew next to nothing about faraway places in","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Cassini Martini: Add Water, Ammonia, Methane; Mix Well","datePublished":"2008-04-25T18:05:35.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T23:42:29.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"551 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2008/04/25/cassini-martini-add-water-ammonia-methane-mix-well/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/04/25/cassini-martini-add-water-ammonia-methane-mix-well/","disqusTitle":"Cassini Martini: Add Water, Ammonia, Methane; Mix Well","path":"/quest/551/cassini-martini-add-water-ammonia-methane-mix-well","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/04/encel640-ben-blog1.jpg\">\u003cem>Artist concept of a geyser erupting on Enceladus.\u003cbr>\nCredit: David Seal.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cem>Back when I was young...\u003c/em>okay, a previous generation might have ended that sentence with, \u003cem>\"…I’d walk forty miles through the snow to get to school…\"\u003c/em> But I'm not exaggerating when I say, when I was young we knew next to nothing about faraway places in the Solar System…such as the \u003ca href=\"http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/saturn/moons.html\">moons of Saturn\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A layer of the veil around Saturn’s moons was removed when Pioneer 11 and Voyagers 1 and 2 made flybys of Saturn in the '70s and '80s. The Saturnian moons, it appeared, were not the lumps of rock and dust that Earth's own Moon is made of, but objects containing no small amount of water ice. Not terribly surprising, considering the low temperatures of the outer solar system where ice-rich comets roam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visions of frozen alien landscapes, replete with icicles and ice cliffs and ice fields and \u003cem>ice ice ice!\u003c/em> were conjured in my imagination, and in artist depictions of majestic ringed Saturn seen from moons like Rhea or Dione or Enceladus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four years ago, Saturn’s first permanent visitor from Earth--the \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/home/index.cfm\">Cassini spacecraft\u003c/a>--arrived there, and since has been making extreme closeup examinations of Saturn, its rings, and its increasingly wondrous and beautiful moons. Cassini is almost literally ripping apart veil after veil of our ignorance of these little worlds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Far from a contingent of enormous but simple snow cone balls, Cassini has shown us that some of Saturn’s moons are apparently alive with liquid motion. First, there were the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/07/060728103452.htm\">surface “lakes” and “seas” on Titan\u003c/a>, probably made of extremely cold liquid hydrocarbons like methane and ethane--the stuff that spouts out of the gas range in your kitchen. Lakes and seas and rolling waves of liquid natural gas are fine and dandy for an imagined shoreline scene--but take a dip in those \"waters\" and an actual water-based creature like you would freeze solid in seconds. Scenic, but not inviting for a swim…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But recent observations by Cassini have shown that Titan's frigid unearthly lakes and Enceladus' snowball exterior may just be additional veils that are now being lifted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In March, Cassini flew within 30 miles of the surface of Enceladus and right through a plume of material venting into space from the moon’s interior—\u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/press-release-details.cfm?newsID=827\">an enormous \"geyser.\"\u003c/a> Earlier observations had sensed the presence of water in the plume, giving rise to speculation that liquid water in some form might exist beneath Enceladus' surface—perhaps chambers of liquid heated by tidal stressing of the interior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Cassini flew through the plume, its chemical sensors \"sniffed\" more than just water in the stream, but a good deal of organic molecules as well…not unlike material found in comets, stuff left over from the formation of the Solar System that may have been the building blocks of life on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other \"water find\" was that of a \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/press-release-details.cfm?newsID=826\">possible liquid ocean under the crust of Titan\u003c/a>--similar perhaps to the deep liquid water ocean believed to exist under the surface of Jupiter's moon Europa. Unexpected \"drift\" in the locations of landmarks on Titan's surface is what suggests a liquid ocean--water with perhaps some ammonia--that the frozen crust may be floating on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With all the liquid water and organic chemistry being revealed in the Saturn system (and elsewhere in the outer solar system), our imaginations can shift from the older standards of envisioning otherworldly landscapes of sculpted ice or even seascapes of liquid hydrocarbon lapping on shores of water ice sand, to something a little more, shall we say, \"lively…\"?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_benb.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> is a staff astronomer at The \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> in Oakland, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7631 -122.409\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/551/cassini-martini-add-water-ammonia-methane-mix-well","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_5"],"tags":["quest_505","quest_546","quest_975","quest_3351","quest_2513","quest_2514","quest_2530","quest_2947"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. 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