Ocean Acidification: The Basics
Pteropods: Very Small and Very Important
From the Top of the Space Needle: A New View on Carbon Emissions
Sea Otters v. Climate Change
Harnessing The Hidden Power of Cow Manure
West Coast a Test Bed for Ocean Acidification
Which Are Gassier, Volcanoes or Humans?
The View from Coal Country in the Age of Green
Reporter's Notes: Building Blocks Go Green
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She studied print journalism but caught the radio bug as a Kroc Fellow at NPR. Her work has taken her to the bottom of a bat cave and the middle of a jellyfish-infested bay, and her pieces have aired nationally on Morning Edition, All Things Considered and Weekend Edition. She has worked as a journalist in Chicago, Washington, D.C., Seattle and Cape Town, South Africa. Carolyn studied journalism at Northwestern University.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/80491078c3441d3543b88cc94bd78164?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Carolyn Beeler | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/80491078c3441d3543b88cc94bd78164?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/80491078c3441d3543b88cc94bd78164?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/carolynbeeler"},"michaeljameswerner":{"type":"authors","id":"10446","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10446","found":true},"name":"Michael James Werner","firstName":"Michael James","lastName":"Werner","slug":"michaeljameswerner","email":"michaeljameswerner@gmail.com","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Michael Werner is an award-winning independent filmmaker, photographer and writer. His work has been featured in/by: The PBS NewsHour, HBO Films, The Associated Press, Earthfix, Oregon Field Guide, KCTS-9 Seattle, Voice of America TV, The World Channel, the U.S. Olympic Committee and the Cannes International Film Festival. In addition he is a former faculty member at the University of Oregon School of Journalism and holds a master’s degree in narrative journalism. In 2010 he spent five weeks exploring the Democratic Republic of the Congo for a documentary project and developed an appreciation for the taste of curried caterpillars.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/fc0abc1f27f40bdc9d4e0c17fcbe26b1?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["coordinator","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Michael James Werner | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/fc0abc1f27f40bdc9d4e0c17fcbe26b1?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/fc0abc1f27f40bdc9d4e0c17fcbe26b1?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/michaeljameswerner"},"sanbornsarahn":{"type":"authors","id":"10471","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10471","found":true},"name":"Sarah Sanborn","firstName":"Sarah","lastName":"Sanborn","slug":"sanbornsarahn","email":"SSanborn@kcts9.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Sarah Sanborn joins QUEST Northwest from the University of Washington’s Program on the Environment. She has worked with the Environmental Protection Agency and a variety of citizen science projects in the Pacific Northwest. In the spring of 2013, Sarah was awarded the UW Environmental Leadership Scholarship given to those who represent leadership, integrative thought and action, and vision of how they hope to make a positive difference in the world.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/26e834ee9c913ef10e1ef2540202776a?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["coordinator","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Sarah Sanborn | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/26e834ee9c913ef10e1ef2540202776a?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/26e834ee9c913ef10e1ef2540202776a?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/sanbornsarahn"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_66950":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_66950","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"66950","score":null,"sort":[1393351228000]},"guestAuthors":[{"ID":"69132","displayName":"Jennifer Morton","firstName":"Jennifer","lastName":"Morton","userLogin":"jennifer-morton","userEmail":"JMorton@kcts9.org","linkedAccount":"jennifermorton","website":"","aim":"","yahooim":"","jabber":"","description":"Jennifer Morton is a science education specialist at KCTS 9 Television in Seattle, WA. She started at KCTS 9 as Outreach Coordinator for the PBS series Bill Nye the Science Guy and has continued to be involved in outreach and education with KCTS over the past 10 years. She has a degree in Geology from the University of Vermont and a keen interest in science education. She also has a wasps’ nest hanging in her living room.","userNicename":"jennifer-morton","type":"guest-author"}],"slug":"ocean-acidification-the-basics","title":"Ocean Acidification: The Basics","publishDate":1393351228,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cdiv style=\"width: 640px;\" class=\"wp-video\">\u003c!--[if lt IE 9]>\u003cscript>document.createElement('video');\u003c/script>\u003c![endif]-->\u003cbr>\n\u003cvideo class=\"wp-video-shortcode\" id=\"video-0-1\" width=\"640\" height=\"453\" preload=\"metadata\" controls=\"controls\">\u003csource type=\"video/mp4\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WHOI-OAvid.m4v?_=1\">\u003c/source>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WHOI-OAvid.m4v\">http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WHOI-OAvid.m4v\u003c/a>\u003c/video>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: small\">Animation created by Sarah Cooley, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, showing a computer recreation of surface ocean pH from 1895 to the present and a forecast of ocean pH between now and 2100 under current emission rates. The pH scale is shown on the right.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carbon dioxide is naturally present in tiny amounts in the atmosphere; however, since humans started burning fossil fuels at the beginning of the industrial age, carbon dioxide levels have increased dramatically. Carbon dioxide is a gas that plants combine with energy from the sun to create food. It is also a greenhouse gas: it traps the heat of the sun and keeps it from reflecting back into space. Today the oceans absorb about 25 percent of the CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> released every year. Initially, scientists focused on the benefits of removing the greenhouse gas from the atmosphere, but in the last decade research has shown that the excess CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> absorbed by the oceans is changing the chemistry -- the pH -- of the seawater in a process called ocean acidification.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists use the pH scale to measure the concentration of hydrogen (H) ions in a solution on a scale of 0 to 14. A pH of 7 is considered neutral, numbers smaller than 7 indicate increased acidity, and numbers greater than 7 indicate increased alkalinity. The pH scale is logarithmic, so one pH unit corresponds to a tenfold increase in the concentration of H ions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ocean acidification takes place when excess CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> from the atmosphere dissolves in the ocean and combines with seawater to form carbonic acid. Carbonic acid breaks up into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions -- the increase in hydrogen ions reduces the pH of the seawater, causing it to become more acidic, and interferes with the uptake of calcium carbonate by shelled ocean organisms. Many shelled organisms are affected by a decrease in pH, including oysters, scallops, abalone, and even the smallest plankton that makes up an important part of the ocean food web. When there is less carbonate available, shells become thinner and growth slows down. Organisms have to spend more energy building their shells, which means less energy for growth. Larval stages are especially at risk because they need to grow shells before they start to eat. Shelled organisms provide food for a multitude of other creatures in the ocean, and so their decline has the potential to affect the entire ocean ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the major concerns of ocean acidification is the drastic rate at which it is happening. Scientists have determined the most rapid CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> increase in Earth’s history occurred 55 million years ago, and that change was likely not as rapid as the change we see today. It is uncertain whether marine organisms will be able to adapt to the rapidly changing chemistry in such a short time. As organisms are compromised, the biodiversity of the ocean may decrease, as only certain species will be able to adapt to the changing chemistry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists studying ocean acidification have concluded that in order to keep the ocean environment sustainable, we need to reduce CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> emissions. Reducing the burning of fossil fuels is necessary for the health of the ocean as well as Earth’s climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Pre-discussion Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What do you know about the ocean?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Is the ocean valuable to humans?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What is a greenhouse gas?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How are greenhouse gases created?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Post-discussion Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How have humans contributed to ocean acidification?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How is ocean acidification affecting organisms in the ocean?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Why is the rate of ocean acidification alarming to scientists?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What can you do to reduce the effects of ocean acidification?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Extension Activities\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/climate/carbon_cycle.html\">Carbon Cycle Game\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Centers for Ocean Sciences Education Excellence\u003c/strong> (COSEE). This digital game lets students take on the role of a carbon atom moving through the carbon cycle. Understanding the carbon cycle is essential to understanding the causes and consequences of climate change.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.lawrencehallofscience.org/kidsite/portfolio/alien-juice-bar/\">GEMS Alien Juice Bar Game\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Lawrence Hall of Science\u003c/strong>. An engaging game for students in grades 4 through 8 explores the properties of acids and bases using red cabbage juice. The game helps students to understand the pH scale.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3> \u003cstrong>Links to Learn More\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://seattletimes.com/seachange\">Sea Change: The Pacific’s Perilous Turn\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Seattle Times. \u003c/strong>A multimedia investigation of ocean acidification with video, images, and text discusses the science and impacts of ocean acidification.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/Ocean%2BAcidification\">Ocean Acidification,\u003c/a> \u003cstrong>Pacific Marine Environmental Lab, NOAA\u003c/strong>. This content- and media-rich website is by scientists studying ocean acidification. The site contains research, background information, videos, and infographics.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9EaLRcVdTbM&feature=channel_video_title\">Ocean Acidification: The Other Carbon Dioxide Problem\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>NOAA\u003c/strong>. This four-minute video explains what ocean acidification is and its potential impact on marine ecosystems.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://virtualurchin.stanford.edu/AcidOcean/AcidOcean.htm\">Our Acidifying Ocean\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Stanford University\u003c/strong>. This interactive slideshow about ocean acidification is directed at a middle-school audience. The slideshow contains text, images, and games.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/60703322\">We Are Aware, Are You?,\u003c/a> \u003cstrong>Suquamish Tribe\u003c/strong>. This video was made by four high school students from the Suquamish Tribe in Washington State to highlight the impact of ocean acidification in their community.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.earthfix.info/water/article/coral-reefs-and-shellfish-battle-acidifying-oceans/\">Coral Reefs and Shellfish Battling Acidifying Oceans\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>EarthFix\u003c/strong>. This multimedia presentation about acidifying oceans features two six-minute videos: “Acidifying Waters Corrode Northwest Shellfish” and “Florida’s Coral Reefs Face Altered Oceans.”\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Next Generation Science Standards\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation: \u003c/strong>Apply scientific principles to design a method for monitoring and minimizing a human impact on the environment. \u003cstrong>MS-ESS3-3\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea:\u003c/strong> Human activities have significantly altered the biosphere, sometimes damaging or destroying natural habitats and causing the extinction of other species. But changes to Earth’s environments can have different impacts (negative and positive) for different living things. \u003cstrong>ESS3.C Human Impacts on Earth’s Systems\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crosscutting Concept:\u003c/strong> Cause and effect, stability and change\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Science and Engineering Practices:\u003c/strong> Constructing explanations and designing solutions, asking questions and defining problems\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"More than half of the CO2 emitted by humans has been absorbed by the ocean. Scientists say this means less CO2 in the air, but it also means a change in ocean chemistry -- ocean acidification. Now what?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442954145,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":980},"headData":{"title":"Ocean Acidification: The Basics | KQED","description":"More than half of the CO2 emitted by humans has been absorbed by the ocean. Scientists say this means less CO2 in the air, but it also means a change in ocean chemistry -- ocean acidification. Now what?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Ocean Acidification: The Basics","datePublished":"2014-02-25T18:00:28.000Z","dateModified":"2015-09-22T20:35:45.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"66950 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=66950","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/02/25/ocean-acidification-the-basics/","disqusTitle":"Ocean Acidification: The Basics","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/66950/ocean-acidification-the-basics","audioUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/files/2013/10/WHOI-OAvid.m4v","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv style=\"width: 640px;\" class=\"wp-video\">\u003c!--[if lt IE 9]>\u003cscript>document.createElement('video');\u003c/script>\u003c![endif]-->\u003cbr>\n\u003cvideo class=\"wp-video-shortcode\" id=\"video-0-1\" width=\"640\" height=\"453\" preload=\"metadata\" controls=\"controls\">\u003csource type=\"video/mp4\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WHOI-OAvid.m4v?_=1\">\u003c/source>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WHOI-OAvid.m4v\">http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WHOI-OAvid.m4v\u003c/a>\u003c/video>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: small\">Animation created by Sarah Cooley, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, showing a computer recreation of surface ocean pH from 1895 to the present and a forecast of ocean pH between now and 2100 under current emission rates. The pH scale is shown on the right.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carbon dioxide is naturally present in tiny amounts in the atmosphere; however, since humans started burning fossil fuels at the beginning of the industrial age, carbon dioxide levels have increased dramatically. Carbon dioxide is a gas that plants combine with energy from the sun to create food. It is also a greenhouse gas: it traps the heat of the sun and keeps it from reflecting back into space. Today the oceans absorb about 25 percent of the CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> released every year. Initially, scientists focused on the benefits of removing the greenhouse gas from the atmosphere, but in the last decade research has shown that the excess CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> absorbed by the oceans is changing the chemistry -- the pH -- of the seawater in a process called ocean acidification.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists use the pH scale to measure the concentration of hydrogen (H) ions in a solution on a scale of 0 to 14. A pH of 7 is considered neutral, numbers smaller than 7 indicate increased acidity, and numbers greater than 7 indicate increased alkalinity. The pH scale is logarithmic, so one pH unit corresponds to a tenfold increase in the concentration of H ions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ocean acidification takes place when excess CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> from the atmosphere dissolves in the ocean and combines with seawater to form carbonic acid. Carbonic acid breaks up into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions -- the increase in hydrogen ions reduces the pH of the seawater, causing it to become more acidic, and interferes with the uptake of calcium carbonate by shelled ocean organisms. Many shelled organisms are affected by a decrease in pH, including oysters, scallops, abalone, and even the smallest plankton that makes up an important part of the ocean food web. When there is less carbonate available, shells become thinner and growth slows down. Organisms have to spend more energy building their shells, which means less energy for growth. Larval stages are especially at risk because they need to grow shells before they start to eat. Shelled organisms provide food for a multitude of other creatures in the ocean, and so their decline has the potential to affect the entire ocean ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the major concerns of ocean acidification is the drastic rate at which it is happening. Scientists have determined the most rapid CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> increase in Earth’s history occurred 55 million years ago, and that change was likely not as rapid as the change we see today. It is uncertain whether marine organisms will be able to adapt to the rapidly changing chemistry in such a short time. As organisms are compromised, the biodiversity of the ocean may decrease, as only certain species will be able to adapt to the changing chemistry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists studying ocean acidification have concluded that in order to keep the ocean environment sustainable, we need to reduce CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> emissions. Reducing the burning of fossil fuels is necessary for the health of the ocean as well as Earth’s climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Pre-discussion Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What do you know about the ocean?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Is the ocean valuable to humans?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What is a greenhouse gas?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How are greenhouse gases created?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Post-discussion Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How have humans contributed to ocean acidification?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How is ocean acidification affecting organisms in the ocean?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Why is the rate of ocean acidification alarming to scientists?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What can you do to reduce the effects of ocean acidification?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Extension Activities\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/climate/carbon_cycle.html\">Carbon Cycle Game\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Centers for Ocean Sciences Education Excellence\u003c/strong> (COSEE). This digital game lets students take on the role of a carbon atom moving through the carbon cycle. Understanding the carbon cycle is essential to understanding the causes and consequences of climate change.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.lawrencehallofscience.org/kidsite/portfolio/alien-juice-bar/\">GEMS Alien Juice Bar Game\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Lawrence Hall of Science\u003c/strong>. An engaging game for students in grades 4 through 8 explores the properties of acids and bases using red cabbage juice. The game helps students to understand the pH scale.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3> \u003cstrong>Links to Learn More\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://seattletimes.com/seachange\">Sea Change: The Pacific’s Perilous Turn\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Seattle Times. \u003c/strong>A multimedia investigation of ocean acidification with video, images, and text discusses the science and impacts of ocean acidification.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/Ocean%2BAcidification\">Ocean Acidification,\u003c/a> \u003cstrong>Pacific Marine Environmental Lab, NOAA\u003c/strong>. This content- and media-rich website is by scientists studying ocean acidification. The site contains research, background information, videos, and infographics.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9EaLRcVdTbM&feature=channel_video_title\">Ocean Acidification: The Other Carbon Dioxide Problem\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>NOAA\u003c/strong>. This four-minute video explains what ocean acidification is and its potential impact on marine ecosystems.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://virtualurchin.stanford.edu/AcidOcean/AcidOcean.htm\">Our Acidifying Ocean\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Stanford University\u003c/strong>. This interactive slideshow about ocean acidification is directed at a middle-school audience. The slideshow contains text, images, and games.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/60703322\">We Are Aware, Are You?,\u003c/a> \u003cstrong>Suquamish Tribe\u003c/strong>. This video was made by four high school students from the Suquamish Tribe in Washington State to highlight the impact of ocean acidification in their community.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.earthfix.info/water/article/coral-reefs-and-shellfish-battle-acidifying-oceans/\">Coral Reefs and Shellfish Battling Acidifying Oceans\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>EarthFix\u003c/strong>. This multimedia presentation about acidifying oceans features two six-minute videos: “Acidifying Waters Corrode Northwest Shellfish” and “Florida’s Coral Reefs Face Altered Oceans.”\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Next Generation Science Standards\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation: \u003c/strong>Apply scientific principles to design a method for monitoring and minimizing a human impact on the environment. \u003cstrong>MS-ESS3-3\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea:\u003c/strong> Human activities have significantly altered the biosphere, sometimes damaging or destroying natural habitats and causing the extinction of other species. But changes to Earth’s environments can have different impacts (negative and positive) for different living things. \u003cstrong>ESS3.C Human Impacts on Earth’s Systems\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crosscutting Concept:\u003c/strong> Cause and effect, stability and change\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Science and Engineering Practices:\u003c/strong> Constructing explanations and designing solutions, asking questions and defining problems\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/66950/ocean-acidification-the-basics","authors":["69132"],"categories":["quest_1"],"tags":["quest_338","quest_12602","quest_485","quest_11141","quest_12553","quest_621","quest_1134","quest_1271","quest_2035","quest_12146","quest_12603"],"collections":["quest_12656"],"featImg":"quest_67225","label":"source_quest_66950"},"quest_67114":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_67114","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"67114","score":null,"sort":[1393339537000]},"guestAuthors":[{"ID":"69132","displayName":"Jennifer Morton","firstName":"Jennifer","lastName":"Morton","userLogin":"jennifer-morton","userEmail":"JMorton@kcts9.org","linkedAccount":"jennifermorton","website":"","aim":"","yahooim":"","jabber":"","description":"Jennifer Morton is a science education specialist at KCTS 9 Television in Seattle, WA. She started at KCTS 9 as Outreach Coordinator for the PBS series Bill Nye the Science Guy and has continued to be involved in outreach and education with KCTS over the past 10 years. She has a degree in Geology from the University of Vermont and a keen interest in science education. She also has a wasps’ nest hanging in her living room.","userNicename":"jennifer-morton","type":"guest-author"}],"slug":"pteropods-very-small-and-very-important","title":"Pteropods: Very Small and Very Important","publishDate":1393339537,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Pteropods are very small free-floating marine snails that play a very big part in oceanic ecosystems. Although tiny, these creatures are extremely important because they make up an important part of the oceanic food web. Scientists have seen the negative effects of ocean acidification on pteropods and are studying these organisms to better understand the problem. This slideshow is part of our \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/ocean-acidification-2/\">\u003cstrong>Ocean Acidification Education\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> series.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Pre-viewing Questions\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What is a food web?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What is plankton?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Discussion Questions\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What do you think might happen if pteropods disappeared from the ocean?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Why do you think it is important for scientists to study pteropods?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Ocean acidification is caused by excessive CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> in the atmosphere. Make a list of five things you can do to create less CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Extension Activity\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/cooking/eggs/activity-naked.html\">Making Naked Eggs\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Exploratorium\u003c/strong>. Dissolve an egg in vinegar to see the effect of an acidic solution on a calcium carbonate shell.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/oceans/acidification/files/labkit.pdf\">Ocean Acidification Lab\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry Program\u003c/strong>. Hands-on classroom experiments for grades 5 through 12 with lesson plans, worksheets, and answer keys.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Research other marine organisms that are being negatively affected by ocean acidification. See if you can identify organisms that may thrive in a more acidic environment. Discuss how this might change the biodiversity of the ocean environment.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67116\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 302px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/AcidificationLayout.png\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-67116 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/AcidificationLayout.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"302\" height=\"409\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/AcidificationLayout.png 1663w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/AcidificationLayout-400x541.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/AcidificationLayout-800x1082.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/AcidificationLayout-1440x1948.png 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/AcidificationLayout-1180x1597.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/AcidificationLayout-960x1299.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 302px) 100vw, 302px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Food web image: ©2012 Jerry Russell, Studio 309. This image can not be reproduced without permission/license (\u003ca href=\"http://www.jerryrussell.com\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">www.jerryrussell.com\u003c/a>). Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Links to Learn More\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://funwithkrill.blogspot.com/\">Charismatic Microfauna\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Dr. Gareth Lawson, \u003c/strong>research blog from Woods Hole Oceanic Institution.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>You can learn about oceanography and follow the exploits of an oceangoing expedition. It includes interesting images and video of pteropods.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/feature/tiny-ubiquitous-vital-delicate-vulnerable\">Tiny, Ubiquitous, Vital, Delicate, Vulnerable\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Oceanus Magazine\u003c/strong>, Woods Hole Oceanic Institution. Amazing images of different pteropods -- a great jumping off point for an art project.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://footprint-calculator.islandwood.org/\">Ecological Footprint Calculator\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Islandwood\u003c/strong>. Calculate your ecological footprint and understand how the choices you make affect the size of your footprint on the earth. This is a simple survey that kids can complete themselves.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/ind-calculator.html\">Household Carbon Footprint Calculator\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, Environmental Protection Agency\u003c/strong>. Calculate an estimate of your family’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#GreenhouseGas\">greenhouse gas\u003c/a> emissions and explore the impact of taking various actions to reduce your \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#Emissions\">emissions\u003c/a>. This survey might need help from adults at home.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3> Next Generation Science Standards\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation:\u003c/strong> Apply scientific principles to design a method for monitoring and minimizing a human impact on the environment. \u003cstrong>MS-ESS3-3\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea:\u003c/strong> Human activities have significantly altered the biosphere, sometimes damaging or destroying natural habitats and causing the extinction of other species. But changes to Earth’s environments can have different impacts (negative and positive) for different living things. \u003cstrong>ESS3.C Human Impacts on Earth’s Systems\u003c/strong> \u003cstrong>Crosscutting Concept:\u003c/strong> Cause and effect\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Pteropods are sometimes called “sea butterflies,” but they’re actually free-floating snails. They play a big part in the ocean food web. How does ocean acidification impact these small creatures? ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1592241227,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":5,"wordCount":458},"headData":{"title":"Pteropods: Very Small and Very Important - QUEST","description":"Pteropods are sometimes called “sea butterflies,” but they’re actually free-floating snails. They play a big part in the ocean food web. How does ocean acidification impact these small creatures? ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Pteropods: Very Small and Very Important","datePublished":"2014-02-25T14:45:37.000Z","dateModified":"2020-06-15T17:13:47.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"67114 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=67114","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/02/25/pteropods-very-small-and-very-important/","disqusTitle":"Pteropods: Very Small and Very Important","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MzpmUHdwLr0","source":"Biology","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/biology/","path":"/quest/67114/pteropods-very-small-and-very-important","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Pteropods are very small free-floating marine snails that play a very big part in oceanic ecosystems. Although tiny, these creatures are extremely important because they make up an important part of the oceanic food web. Scientists have seen the negative effects of ocean acidification on pteropods and are studying these organisms to better understand the problem. This slideshow is part of our \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/ocean-acidification-2/\">\u003cstrong>Ocean Acidification Education\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> series.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Pre-viewing Questions\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What is a food web?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What is plankton?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Discussion Questions\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What do you think might happen if pteropods disappeared from the ocean?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Why do you think it is important for scientists to study pteropods?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Ocean acidification is caused by excessive CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> in the atmosphere. Make a list of five things you can do to create less CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Extension Activity\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/cooking/eggs/activity-naked.html\">Making Naked Eggs\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Exploratorium\u003c/strong>. Dissolve an egg in vinegar to see the effect of an acidic solution on a calcium carbonate shell.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/oceans/acidification/files/labkit.pdf\">Ocean Acidification Lab\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry Program\u003c/strong>. Hands-on classroom experiments for grades 5 through 12 with lesson plans, worksheets, and answer keys.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Research other marine organisms that are being negatively affected by ocean acidification. See if you can identify organisms that may thrive in a more acidic environment. Discuss how this might change the biodiversity of the ocean environment.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67116\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 302px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/AcidificationLayout.png\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-67116 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/AcidificationLayout.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"302\" height=\"409\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/AcidificationLayout.png 1663w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/AcidificationLayout-400x541.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/AcidificationLayout-800x1082.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/AcidificationLayout-1440x1948.png 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/AcidificationLayout-1180x1597.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/AcidificationLayout-960x1299.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 302px) 100vw, 302px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Food web image: ©2012 Jerry Russell, Studio 309. This image can not be reproduced without permission/license (\u003ca href=\"http://www.jerryrussell.com\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">www.jerryrussell.com\u003c/a>). Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Links to Learn More\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://funwithkrill.blogspot.com/\">Charismatic Microfauna\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Dr. Gareth Lawson, \u003c/strong>research blog from Woods Hole Oceanic Institution.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>You can learn about oceanography and follow the exploits of an oceangoing expedition. It includes interesting images and video of pteropods.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/feature/tiny-ubiquitous-vital-delicate-vulnerable\">Tiny, Ubiquitous, Vital, Delicate, Vulnerable\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Oceanus Magazine\u003c/strong>, Woods Hole Oceanic Institution. Amazing images of different pteropods -- a great jumping off point for an art project.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://footprint-calculator.islandwood.org/\">Ecological Footprint Calculator\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Islandwood\u003c/strong>. Calculate your ecological footprint and understand how the choices you make affect the size of your footprint on the earth. This is a simple survey that kids can complete themselves.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/ind-calculator.html\">Household Carbon Footprint Calculator\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, Environmental Protection Agency\u003c/strong>. Calculate an estimate of your family’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#GreenhouseGas\">greenhouse gas\u003c/a> emissions and explore the impact of taking various actions to reduce your \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#Emissions\">emissions\u003c/a>. This survey might need help from adults at home.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3> Next Generation Science Standards\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation:\u003c/strong> Apply scientific principles to design a method for monitoring and minimizing a human impact on the environment. \u003cstrong>MS-ESS3-3\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea:\u003c/strong> Human activities have significantly altered the biosphere, sometimes damaging or destroying natural habitats and causing the extinction of other species. But changes to Earth’s environments can have different impacts (negative and positive) for different living things. \u003cstrong>ESS3.C Human Impacts on Earth’s Systems\u003c/strong> \u003cstrong>Crosscutting Concept:\u003c/strong> Cause and effect\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/67114/pteropods-very-small-and-very-important","authors":["69132"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_3233","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_485","quest_12553","quest_621","quest_12608","quest_10578","quest_2035","quest_12610","quest_12609","quest_12146","quest_9872","quest_3071"],"collections":["quest_12656"],"featImg":"quest_67115","label":"source_quest_67114"},"quest_63112":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_63112","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"63112","score":null,"sort":[1392130851000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"from-the-top-of-the-space-needle-a-new-view-on-carbon-emissions","title":"From the Top of the Space Needle: A New View on Carbon Emissions","publishDate":1392130851,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>New York City made headlines this year with the news that its greenhouse gas emissions dropped by \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/30/us-newyorkcity-climate-idUSBRE9BT0QN20131230\">nearly 20 percent\u003c/a> over the past decade. Other \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/statelocalclimate/local/local-examples/action-plans.html\">cities and communities nationwide are also developing climate action plans\u003c/a> to reduce carbon dioxide (CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>) levels, but how will they measure their success?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66638\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 292px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284.png\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66638 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284.png\" alt=\"Stacy installing monitor\" width=\"292\" height=\"283\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284.png 2414w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284-400x387.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284-800x774.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284-1440x1394.png 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284-1180x1142.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284-960x929.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284-32x32.png 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 292px) 100vw, 292px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stacy Maenner and Chris Sabine helped install the CO2 monitor on top of the Space Needle. Photo courtesy of NOAA.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Off the foggy coast of the Pacific Ocean near Aberdeen, Washington, a small monitor sits on a buoy quietly measuring atmospheric CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>. Its sister, a monitor high atop Seattle's iconic Space Needle, does the same. The two monitors create a picture of the carbon emissions generated by our region's population. These monitors allow scientists -- and the public -- to see daily, monthly, and seasonal highs and lows in carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seven years ago scientists in Seattle installed this innovative system, which lets them analyze real-time data of changing atmospheric CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> levels and share this information with the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Washington, a state that relies primarily on hydroelectricity to fuel industry, carbon emissions come largely from transportation, industry and residential buildings. This contrasts with most parts of the country, where carbon comes mostly from power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66644\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 363px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66644 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-Emissions-Mobile.png.png\" alt=\"WA Emissions Mobile.png\" width=\"363\" height=\"281\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-Emissions-Mobile.png.png 1600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-Emissions-Mobile.png-400x309.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-Emissions-Mobile.png-800x618.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-Emissions-Mobile.png-1440x1112.png 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-Emissions-Mobile.png-1180x912.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-Emissions-Mobile.png-960x742.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 363px) 100vw, 363px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This map shows \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/WA+State+Emissions\">Washington State Emissions\u003c/a> from transportation sources. The dark red lines also correspond with Washington highways. Photo courtesy of Kevin Gurney. Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This makes Washington a perfect place for scientists to study the impacts of policy decisions on transportation, industrial and residential emissions, removing the influence of coal-burning power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Dr. Ellen Lettvin, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pacificsciencecenter.org/\">Pacific Science Center\u003c/a>'s Vice President for Science and Education, \"The Space Needle is tall enough and central enough to gather meaningful urban data about CO2, whereas the instrument on the buoy collects important observations of the remote marine environment.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With Dr. Christopher Sabine, Director of the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL), Lettvin arranged to install the Seattle \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/Methods+for+Space+Needle\">CO₂ monitoring station\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every five minutes, data from the Seattle monitor is collected and then summarized in daily, monthly, and seasonal graphs. The daily picture shows peaks at commute times, while the seasonal graphs show dips in the spring and summer when urban vegetation absorbs a portion of the CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>. But long-term results show a more disturbing trend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66646\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 744px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Seasonal-CO2.gif\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-66646 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Seasonal-CO2.gif\" alt=\"Seasonal CO2\" width=\"744\" height=\"312\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/Space+Needle\">PMEL's Seasonal CO2 graph\u003c/a> shows the CO2 emissions of the coast (green) and of downtown Seattle (blue). Photo courtesy of NOAA.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"The scary thing is that over the last seven years since we have been taking these measurements, the seasonal CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> low points keeps trending slightly higher each year due to human activity, in both the measurements from Seattle and from Aberdeen,\" says Lettvin. \"The CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> levels in our region keep climbing, year after year -- just as they are doing worldwide.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66639\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66639 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk.jpg\" alt=\"PSC kiosk\" width=\"250\" height=\"250\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-400x400.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-800x800.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-1440x1440.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-1180x1180.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-960x960.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-128x128.jpg 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pacific Science Center's shows data from the Space Needle's CO2 monitor. Photo courtesy of Pacific Science Center.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lettvin points out that businesses have much to gain from a better understanding of their CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> footprints, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fuel costs keep going up,” said Lettvin, “so if you’re a business or an individual, your CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> footprint is strongly related to the amount of money you are spending on fuel. Saving money and reducing our individual and collective contributions to climate change are both incentives to reducing energy use.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monitors like the one on top of the Space Needle help scientists understand the flow and flux of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> in major cities. Individuals, companies, and governments can now make more informed decisions about their emissions, and any progress toward climate mitigation will become clearer.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A CO2 monitor atop Seattle’s Space Needle supplies empirical data on the city's carbon emissions ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442703089,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":614},"headData":{"title":"From the Top of the Space Needle: A New View on Carbon Emissions | KQED","description":"A CO2 monitor atop Seattle’s Space Needle supplies empirical data on the city's carbon emissions ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"From the Top of the Space Needle: A New View on Carbon Emissions","datePublished":"2014-02-11T15:00:51.000Z","dateModified":"2015-09-19T22:51:29.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"63112 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=63112","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/02/11/from-the-top-of-the-space-needle-a-new-view-on-carbon-emissions/","disqusTitle":"From the Top of the Space Needle: A New View on Carbon Emissions","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/63112/from-the-top-of-the-space-needle-a-new-view-on-carbon-emissions","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>New York City made headlines this year with the news that its greenhouse gas emissions dropped by \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/30/us-newyorkcity-climate-idUSBRE9BT0QN20131230\">nearly 20 percent\u003c/a> over the past decade. Other \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/statelocalclimate/local/local-examples/action-plans.html\">cities and communities nationwide are also developing climate action plans\u003c/a> to reduce carbon dioxide (CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>) levels, but how will they measure their success?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66638\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 292px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284.png\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66638 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284.png\" alt=\"Stacy installing monitor\" width=\"292\" height=\"283\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284.png 2414w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284-400x387.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284-800x774.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284-1440x1394.png 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284-1180x1142.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284-960x929.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284-32x32.png 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 292px) 100vw, 292px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stacy Maenner and Chris Sabine helped install the CO2 monitor on top of the Space Needle. Photo courtesy of NOAA.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Off the foggy coast of the Pacific Ocean near Aberdeen, Washington, a small monitor sits on a buoy quietly measuring atmospheric CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>. Its sister, a monitor high atop Seattle's iconic Space Needle, does the same. The two monitors create a picture of the carbon emissions generated by our region's population. These monitors allow scientists -- and the public -- to see daily, monthly, and seasonal highs and lows in carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seven years ago scientists in Seattle installed this innovative system, which lets them analyze real-time data of changing atmospheric CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> levels and share this information with the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Washington, a state that relies primarily on hydroelectricity to fuel industry, carbon emissions come largely from transportation, industry and residential buildings. This contrasts with most parts of the country, where carbon comes mostly from power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66644\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 363px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66644 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-Emissions-Mobile.png.png\" alt=\"WA Emissions Mobile.png\" width=\"363\" height=\"281\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-Emissions-Mobile.png.png 1600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-Emissions-Mobile.png-400x309.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-Emissions-Mobile.png-800x618.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-Emissions-Mobile.png-1440x1112.png 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-Emissions-Mobile.png-1180x912.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-Emissions-Mobile.png-960x742.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 363px) 100vw, 363px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This map shows \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/WA+State+Emissions\">Washington State Emissions\u003c/a> from transportation sources. The dark red lines also correspond with Washington highways. Photo courtesy of Kevin Gurney. Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This makes Washington a perfect place for scientists to study the impacts of policy decisions on transportation, industrial and residential emissions, removing the influence of coal-burning power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Dr. Ellen Lettvin, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pacificsciencecenter.org/\">Pacific Science Center\u003c/a>'s Vice President for Science and Education, \"The Space Needle is tall enough and central enough to gather meaningful urban data about CO2, whereas the instrument on the buoy collects important observations of the remote marine environment.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With Dr. Christopher Sabine, Director of the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL), Lettvin arranged to install the Seattle \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/Methods+for+Space+Needle\">CO₂ monitoring station\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every five minutes, data from the Seattle monitor is collected and then summarized in daily, monthly, and seasonal graphs. The daily picture shows peaks at commute times, while the seasonal graphs show dips in the spring and summer when urban vegetation absorbs a portion of the CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>. But long-term results show a more disturbing trend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66646\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 744px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Seasonal-CO2.gif\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-66646 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Seasonal-CO2.gif\" alt=\"Seasonal CO2\" width=\"744\" height=\"312\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/Space+Needle\">PMEL's Seasonal CO2 graph\u003c/a> shows the CO2 emissions of the coast (green) and of downtown Seattle (blue). Photo courtesy of NOAA.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"The scary thing is that over the last seven years since we have been taking these measurements, the seasonal CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> low points keeps trending slightly higher each year due to human activity, in both the measurements from Seattle and from Aberdeen,\" says Lettvin. \"The CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> levels in our region keep climbing, year after year -- just as they are doing worldwide.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66639\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66639 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk.jpg\" alt=\"PSC kiosk\" width=\"250\" height=\"250\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-400x400.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-800x800.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-1440x1440.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-1180x1180.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-960x960.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-128x128.jpg 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pacific Science Center's shows data from the Space Needle's CO2 monitor. Photo courtesy of Pacific Science Center.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lettvin points out that businesses have much to gain from a better understanding of their CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> footprints, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fuel costs keep going up,” said Lettvin, “so if you’re a business or an individual, your CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> footprint is strongly related to the amount of money you are spending on fuel. Saving money and reducing our individual and collective contributions to climate change are both incentives to reducing energy use.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monitors like the one on top of the Space Needle help scientists understand the flow and flux of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> in major cities. Individuals, companies, and governments can now make more informed decisions about their emissions, and any progress toward climate mitigation will become clearer.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/63112/from-the-top-of-the-space-needle-a-new-view-on-carbon-emissions","authors":["10471"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_5","quest_6","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_485","quest_13195","quest_621","quest_12558","quest_971","quest_13197","quest_12269","quest_1271","quest_12516","quest_12583","quest_2001","quest_12584","quest_12585","quest_12146"],"featImg":"quest_66740","label":"source_quest_63112"},"quest_65409":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_65409","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"65409","score":null,"sort":[1389711622000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"sea-otters-urchins-kelp-climate-change","title":"Sea Otters v. Climate Change","publishDate":1389711622,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://sfgreenfilmfest.org/\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-69837 alignleft\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/SFGFF2014-Laurels-G-WEBx120.png\" alt=\"SFGFF2014-Laurels-G-WEBx120\" width=\"173\" height=\"120\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-71013 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Quest_EMMYwin.jpg\" alt=\"Quest_EMMYwin\" width=\"173\" height=\"120\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When people talk about sea otters, the words “cute,” “cuddly,” and “curious” often come to mind. But now you can add another descriptor to that list -- climate change fighters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along the West Coast these aquatic acrobats have become a surprising vanguard in the fight to strike at the root cause of climate change trends. And their heartwarming tale illustrates a much larger story about the ways wildlife conservation can also combat climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65867\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 251px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-65867 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Kelp.jpg\" alt=\"Kelp\" width=\"251\" height=\"377\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Kelp.jpg 1023w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Kelp-400x602.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Kelp-800x1204.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Kelp-960x1444.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 251px) 100vw, 251px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kelp is an efficient absorber of CO2. Photo courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/usoceangov/4115872878/\">NOAA's National Ocean Service.\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here’s how otters do it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change is the result of a buildup of heat-trapping gases in our atmosphere. One of the most significant contributors to this phenomenon is carbon dioxide (CO2), a gas emitted by coal-burning power plants and automobiles, among other things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kelp forests, where otters hang out, are some of the most efficient absorbers of carbon dioxide known. Like any land-based forest, kelp forests sequester carbon dioxide from the atmosphere through photosynthesis, transforming it into the energy they need to build their leafy structure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these kelp forests are at risk from sea urchins: small, spiky marine animals that \u003ca href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/videos/Video.aspx?enc=0ZZ+8rD1Fka3lFIWLOyL9w\">love munching on kelp\u003c/a>. With no predators around, sea urchin populations can multiply, forming herds that sweep across the ocean floor devouring entire stands of kelp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, sea otters have an appetite for urchins. The otters help keep urchin populations in check, allowing kelp to flourish and capture more CO2. \u003ca href=\"http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/110176\">According to a recent study\u003c/a>, otter-supported kelp forests can absorb up to 12 times more CO2 from the atmosphere than if they were just left to the urchins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65868\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 422px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-65868 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Urchins.jpg\" alt=\"Urchins\" width=\"422\" height=\"317\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Urchins.jpg 1448w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Urchins-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Urchins-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Urchins-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Urchins-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Urchins-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 422px) 100vw, 422px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Urchins along the seafloor. Photo courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/cowhntrx/3658691693/in/photostream/\">tinatinatinatinatina.\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For a time, otters were not around to eat urchins. Sea otters were nearly hunted to extinction during the fur trade in the 18th and 19th centuries. But through conservation efforts, sea otters have been restored to much of their historic range in North America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea otters play a small role in mitigating global climate change, but their impact points to a larger lesson: wildlife conservation can save vegetation needed to reduce CO2. Whether it is pumas, jaguars, and eagles in the forests of Venezuela that keep understory browsers in check, grey wolves keeping willow-munching elk on their toes in Yellowstone National Park, or otters guarding kelp along the coast, these non-human neighbors can foster plant growth that leads to more carbon capture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And with sea otters, the effort to mitigate climate change through top predators has never been so adorable.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Discover the surprising connection between sea otters, kelp forests, and our quest to slow the progress of climate change.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1455129918,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":433},"headData":{"title":"Sea Otters v. Climate Change | KQED","description":"Discover the surprising connection between sea otters, kelp forests, and our quest to slow the progress of climate change.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Sea Otters v. Climate Change","datePublished":"2014-01-14T15:00:22.000Z","dateModified":"2016-02-10T18:45:18.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"65409 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=65409","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/01/14/sea-otters-urchins-kelp-climate-change/","disqusTitle":"Sea Otters v. Climate Change","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XHOmbAMkCJs","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/65409/sea-otters-urchins-kelp-climate-change","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://sfgreenfilmfest.org/\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-69837 alignleft\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/SFGFF2014-Laurels-G-WEBx120.png\" alt=\"SFGFF2014-Laurels-G-WEBx120\" width=\"173\" height=\"120\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-71013 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Quest_EMMYwin.jpg\" alt=\"Quest_EMMYwin\" width=\"173\" height=\"120\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When people talk about sea otters, the words “cute,” “cuddly,” and “curious” often come to mind. But now you can add another descriptor to that list -- climate change fighters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along the West Coast these aquatic acrobats have become a surprising vanguard in the fight to strike at the root cause of climate change trends. And their heartwarming tale illustrates a much larger story about the ways wildlife conservation can also combat climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65867\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 251px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-65867 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Kelp.jpg\" alt=\"Kelp\" width=\"251\" height=\"377\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Kelp.jpg 1023w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Kelp-400x602.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Kelp-800x1204.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Kelp-960x1444.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 251px) 100vw, 251px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kelp is an efficient absorber of CO2. Photo courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/usoceangov/4115872878/\">NOAA's National Ocean Service.\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here’s how otters do it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change is the result of a buildup of heat-trapping gases in our atmosphere. One of the most significant contributors to this phenomenon is carbon dioxide (CO2), a gas emitted by coal-burning power plants and automobiles, among other things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kelp forests, where otters hang out, are some of the most efficient absorbers of carbon dioxide known. Like any land-based forest, kelp forests sequester carbon dioxide from the atmosphere through photosynthesis, transforming it into the energy they need to build their leafy structure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these kelp forests are at risk from sea urchins: small, spiky marine animals that \u003ca href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/videos/Video.aspx?enc=0ZZ+8rD1Fka3lFIWLOyL9w\">love munching on kelp\u003c/a>. With no predators around, sea urchin populations can multiply, forming herds that sweep across the ocean floor devouring entire stands of kelp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, sea otters have an appetite for urchins. The otters help keep urchin populations in check, allowing kelp to flourish and capture more CO2. \u003ca href=\"http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/110176\">According to a recent study\u003c/a>, otter-supported kelp forests can absorb up to 12 times more CO2 from the atmosphere than if they were just left to the urchins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65868\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 422px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-65868 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Urchins.jpg\" alt=\"Urchins\" width=\"422\" height=\"317\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Urchins.jpg 1448w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Urchins-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Urchins-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Urchins-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Urchins-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Urchins-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 422px) 100vw, 422px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Urchins along the seafloor. Photo courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/cowhntrx/3658691693/in/photostream/\">tinatinatinatinatina.\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For a time, otters were not around to eat urchins. Sea otters were nearly hunted to extinction during the fur trade in the 18th and 19th centuries. But through conservation efforts, sea otters have been restored to much of their historic range in North America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea otters play a small role in mitigating global climate change, but their impact points to a larger lesson: wildlife conservation can save vegetation needed to reduce CO2. Whether it is pumas, jaguars, and eagles in the forests of Venezuela that keep understory browsers in check, grey wolves keeping willow-munching elk on their toes in Yellowstone National Park, or otters guarding kelp along the coast, these non-human neighbors can foster plant growth that leads to more carbon capture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And with sea otters, the effort to mitigate climate change through top predators has never been so adorable.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/65409/sea-otters-urchins-kelp-climate-change","authors":["10446"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_6","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_326","quest_485","quest_10037","quest_12553","quest_621","quest_11940","quest_12608","quest_12269","quest_12554","quest_12239","quest_12687","quest_12551","quest_2275","quest_2291","quest_12146","quest_12686","quest_12552","quest_12550","quest_9872","quest_3813","quest_3071"],"featImg":"quest_65799","label":"source_quest_65409"},"quest_57854":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_57854","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"57854","score":null,"sort":[1377784829000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"harnessing-the-hidden-power-of-cow-manure","title":"Harnessing The Hidden Power of Cow Manure","publishDate":1377784829,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>It takes two days to train a cow to milk itself. This may sound like a farmer’s utopia, but at \u003ca href=\"http://www.ecodairy.ca/\">Bakerview EcoDairy\u003c/a>, a robotic milker is just one of many dairy farm innovations being put to use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59485\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 447px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-59485 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Bakerview-AD1.jpg\" alt=\"Bakerview AD\" width=\"447\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Bakerview-AD1.jpg 1533w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Bakerview-AD1-400x268.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Bakerview-AD1-800x535.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Bakerview-AD1-1440x964.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Bakerview-AD1-1180x790.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Bakerview-AD1-960x643.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 447px) 100vw, 447px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bakerview EcoDairy's anaerobic digester stretches 60 feet long and converts methane gas from cow manure into electricity for use on the farm.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bill Vanderkooi, president and CEO of the Bakerview EcoDairy farm, seeks out all of the latest technologies to help him run his operation, which hosts an onsite market and agricultural education center. Armed with a master’s degree in animal science, Vanderkooi opened the 80-acre farm near Abbotsford, British Columbia, in June of 2010. He has since established himself as a pioneer among small-scale, sustainable farm owners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An anaerobic digester is one of the key technologies that Vanderkooi uses in his quest to reduce his farm’s ecological footprint. This machine turns the methane gas released from cow manure into electricity. About \u003ca href=\"http://epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/gases/ch4.html\">65 percent\u003c/a> of cow manure is composed of methane, making it an abundant energy resource. Over the course of a year, Bakerview EcoDairy is able to offset a third of the energy needed to operate the farm, thanks to the digester and a small herd of 50 cows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/agstar/anaerobic/\">how does anaerobic digestion work\u003c/a>?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59466\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 276px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/AD-diagram-2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-59466 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/AD-diagram-2-276x360.jpg\" alt=\"AD diagram (2)\" width=\"276\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nethyenergy.co.uk/\">Nethy Energy\u003c/a>. Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Before entering the digester, manure is heated to 100 degrees Fahrenheit, the perfect temperature to prime the appetite of picky microorganisms. Pistons push the hot manure into the main chamber where the microorganisms feast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The manure breaks down into a biogas bubble and a mixture of solids and liquids. The bubble, mostly methane gas, can be harnessed and used to fuel an engine and generate electricity. The whole process takes 21 days. The leftover solids and liquids are filtered and used for cow bedding and fertilizer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Farmers in BC are very interested in anaerobic digestion,” says Peter Torenvliet, the farm’s operations manager. Torenvliet adds that Bakerview EcoDairy established “a first of its kind on-farm anaerobic digestion system that is designed to be integrated into commercial dairy farms.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Methane is a powerful greenhouse gas. Its contribution to the greenhouse effect is over 20 times more potent than that of carbon dioxide. On a typical farm, cow manure is spread on fields where the methane gas seeps out of the manure and into the atmosphere. Digesters can help combat methane release by burning the gas and converting it to carbon dioxide. The digester captures the methane before it has a chance to escape into the atmosphere in its pure form.These digesters do more than generate a sustainable source of electricity for commercial farms. They also reduce greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59431\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 456px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-59431 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Solid-by-product.jpg\" alt=\"Solid by-product\" width=\"456\" height=\"342\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Solid-by-product.jpg 1448w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Solid-by-product-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Solid-by-product-800x601.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Solid-by-product-1440x1081.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Solid-by-product-1180x886.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Solid-by-product-960x721.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 456px) 100vw, 456px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The digesting process creates an odorless, solid by-product. Bakerview EcoDairy uses this by-product for cow bedding.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There’s another perk, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides generating electricity and reducing greenhouse gas emissions, the anaerobic digestion process eliminates nearly all cow manure odors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many small farmers struggle to afford the new technology, but increased popularity and demand are helping make digesters more accessible. Soon more small farms like Bakerview EcoDairy should be able to take advantage of this technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am proud to see clean, on-site [electricity] generation for our demonstration dairy,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.el.bchydro.com/mediabulletins/bulletin/technology_innovation/abbotsford_home_to_canadas_first_onfarm_cowpowered_dairy\">says Vanderkooi\u003c/a>, “We pride ourselves on being a responsible and sustainable organization and I appreciate the opportunity we have to educate the public on environmentally and animal-friendly innovations in a fully operational farm.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A dairy farm in British Colombia uses new technologies to convert manure into electricity, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and remove the stink.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443823652,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":598},"headData":{"title":"Harnessing The Hidden Power of Cow Manure | KQED","description":"A dairy farm in British Colombia uses new technologies to convert manure into electricity, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and remove the stink.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Harnessing The Hidden Power of Cow Manure","datePublished":"2013-08-29T14:00:29.000Z","dateModified":"2015-10-02T22:07:32.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"57854 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=57854","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/08/29/harnessing-the-hidden-power-of-cow-manure/","disqusTitle":"Harnessing The Hidden Power of Cow Manure","source":"Energy","sourceUrl":"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/energy/","path":"/quest/57854/harnessing-the-hidden-power-of-cow-manure","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It takes two days to train a cow to milk itself. This may sound like a farmer’s utopia, but at \u003ca href=\"http://www.ecodairy.ca/\">Bakerview EcoDairy\u003c/a>, a robotic milker is just one of many dairy farm innovations being put to use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59485\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 447px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-59485 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Bakerview-AD1.jpg\" alt=\"Bakerview AD\" width=\"447\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Bakerview-AD1.jpg 1533w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Bakerview-AD1-400x268.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Bakerview-AD1-800x535.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Bakerview-AD1-1440x964.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Bakerview-AD1-1180x790.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Bakerview-AD1-960x643.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 447px) 100vw, 447px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bakerview EcoDairy's anaerobic digester stretches 60 feet long and converts methane gas from cow manure into electricity for use on the farm.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bill Vanderkooi, president and CEO of the Bakerview EcoDairy farm, seeks out all of the latest technologies to help him run his operation, which hosts an onsite market and agricultural education center. Armed with a master’s degree in animal science, Vanderkooi opened the 80-acre farm near Abbotsford, British Columbia, in June of 2010. He has since established himself as a pioneer among small-scale, sustainable farm owners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An anaerobic digester is one of the key technologies that Vanderkooi uses in his quest to reduce his farm’s ecological footprint. This machine turns the methane gas released from cow manure into electricity. About \u003ca href=\"http://epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/gases/ch4.html\">65 percent\u003c/a> of cow manure is composed of methane, making it an abundant energy resource. Over the course of a year, Bakerview EcoDairy is able to offset a third of the energy needed to operate the farm, thanks to the digester and a small herd of 50 cows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/agstar/anaerobic/\">how does anaerobic digestion work\u003c/a>?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59466\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 276px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/AD-diagram-2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-59466 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/AD-diagram-2-276x360.jpg\" alt=\"AD diagram (2)\" width=\"276\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nethyenergy.co.uk/\">Nethy Energy\u003c/a>. Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Before entering the digester, manure is heated to 100 degrees Fahrenheit, the perfect temperature to prime the appetite of picky microorganisms. Pistons push the hot manure into the main chamber where the microorganisms feast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The manure breaks down into a biogas bubble and a mixture of solids and liquids. The bubble, mostly methane gas, can be harnessed and used to fuel an engine and generate electricity. The whole process takes 21 days. The leftover solids and liquids are filtered and used for cow bedding and fertilizer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Farmers in BC are very interested in anaerobic digestion,” says Peter Torenvliet, the farm’s operations manager. Torenvliet adds that Bakerview EcoDairy established “a first of its kind on-farm anaerobic digestion system that is designed to be integrated into commercial dairy farms.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Methane is a powerful greenhouse gas. Its contribution to the greenhouse effect is over 20 times more potent than that of carbon dioxide. On a typical farm, cow manure is spread on fields where the methane gas seeps out of the manure and into the atmosphere. Digesters can help combat methane release by burning the gas and converting it to carbon dioxide. The digester captures the methane before it has a chance to escape into the atmosphere in its pure form.These digesters do more than generate a sustainable source of electricity for commercial farms. They also reduce greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59431\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 456px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-59431 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Solid-by-product.jpg\" alt=\"Solid by-product\" width=\"456\" height=\"342\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Solid-by-product.jpg 1448w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Solid-by-product-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Solid-by-product-800x601.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Solid-by-product-1440x1081.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Solid-by-product-1180x886.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Solid-by-product-960x721.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 456px) 100vw, 456px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The digesting process creates an odorless, solid by-product. Bakerview EcoDairy uses this by-product for cow bedding.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There’s another perk, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides generating electricity and reducing greenhouse gas emissions, the anaerobic digestion process eliminates nearly all cow manure odors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many small farmers struggle to afford the new technology, but increased popularity and demand are helping make digesters more accessible. Soon more small farms like Bakerview EcoDairy should be able to take advantage of this technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am proud to see clean, on-site [electricity] generation for our demonstration dairy,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.el.bchydro.com/mediabulletins/bulletin/technology_innovation/abbotsford_home_to_canadas_first_onfarm_cowpowered_dairy\">says Vanderkooi\u003c/a>, “We pride ourselves on being a responsible and sustainable organization and I appreciate the opportunity we have to educate the public on environmentally and animal-friendly innovations in a fully operational farm.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/57854/harnessing-the-hidden-power-of-cow-manure","authors":["10471"],"categories":["quest_5","quest_11765","quest_8","quest_9","quest_3229"],"tags":["quest_127","quest_156","quest_12153","quest_12156","quest_485","quest_3502","quest_621","quest_716","quest_755","quest_12514","quest_12512","quest_1273","quest_12152","quest_2349","quest_12146","quest_12155","quest_12087","quest_13364"],"featImg":"quest_59592","label":"source_quest_57854"},"quest_45011":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_45011","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"45011","score":null,"sort":[1348597089000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"west-coast-a-test-bed-for-ocean-acidification","title":"West Coast a Test Bed for Ocean Acidification","publishDate":1348597089,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>This week, scientists from around the world are \u003ca href=\"http://www.highco2-iii.org/main.cfm?cid=2259\">meeting\u003c/a> in Monterey to discuss what they call the “other” climate change problem: the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/What+is+Ocean+Acidification%3F\">oceans are becoming more acidic\u003c/a>. It happens as oceans absorb the carbon dioxide we add to the air through burning fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say it can be bad news for ocean animals with shells like oysters, mussels and others that are key to the marine food web. How bad? Some scientists are hoping that ocean conditions off the California coast will help them find out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Oyster Farms Face Impacts\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You don’t have to go far to see the impacts that acidification is already having. At \u003ca href=\"http://hogislandoysters.com/\">Hog Island Oyster Company\u003c/a>, just outside Point Reyes, co-owner Terry Sawyer is seeing the effects in his supply chain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oysters grow up in big, mesh bags that sit out in Tomales Bay, but Sawyer gets the oysters when they’re small, “the size of your little fingernail,” he says. He orders them from hatcheries in Oregon and Washington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years ago, Sawyer started getting calls from those suppliers. They couldn’t fill his orders.\u003cbr>\n“They would have tens of thousands of gallons of tanks that were absolutely full of larvae. They would have the entire system die or crash,” says Sawyer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44938\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/oysters.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-44938\" title=\"Oysters\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/oysters.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"198\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A pile of oysters being sorted at Hog Island Oyster Farm.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The hatcheries were \u003ca href=\"http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/04/12/study-links-raised-carbon-dioxide-levels-to-oyster-die-offs/\">filling their tanks with seawater\u003c/a> that was becoming more acidic. Scientists say the oceans are 30 percent more acidic since the start of the Industrial Revolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The more acidic the water, the harder it is for animals like oysters to build their shells. Their shells are weaker and they grow more slowly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sawyer is raising his own oyster larvae now so he’ll have a more predictable supply. But he says there’s no question that climate change is affecting his bottom line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know if we’re going to be able to survive the very real trending that is going on out there,\" he says. It’s a trend that could affect the entire food web.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Acidification on the California Coast\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can see here, this is a mussel bed that’s made up of lots of California mussels,” says Eric Sanford, an ecologist with UC Davis’s Bodega Marine Lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rocky point we’re standing on is covered in tightly packed, purplish mussels – what he calls the “foundation species” of the California coast. “One that really defines the whole ecosystem, sort of the way corals define a coral reef,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mussels are a key part of the food web and so are a lot of animals with shells, says oceanographer Tessa Hill. “Probably most people like the fact that we have things like whales and salmon off along our coast. Those organisms are likely to be impacted because their food source will be impacted,” Hill says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The big question is: will animals with shells be able to adapt to a more acidic future – where, in a hundred years, the oceans could be more than twice as acidic?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44940\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/sanford.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-44940\" title=\"SONY DSC\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/sanford.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"226\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Eric Sanford at a mussel bed near Bodega Marine Lab.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These California mussels could help answer that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re facing the most acidic water that you’d see in the open ocean today,” says Hill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Hill explains, acidic water from the deep ocean rises to the surface on the West Coast in the spring and summer, when the wind is blowing. This upwelling makes the waters off California some of the most acidic in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of \u003ca href=\"http://omegas.science.oregonstate.edu/?q=node/3\">OMEGAS\u003c/a>, a new project linking universities up and down the West Coast, researchers are asking: if organisms here have been blasted with more acidic water for generations, have they adapted to handle it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside their lab, Hill and Sanford show me jars full of young mussels, almost too small to see. Each jar is from a different part of the West Coast from Oregon to Santa Barbara. They’re being grown in water that reflects conditions in 2100, says Eric Sanford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The issue we’re looking at is whether there might be genetic differences among different populations along the coast in their ability to cope with ocean acidification,” he says.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nFinding Genetic Tools\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found they have lucky genes,” says Steve Palumbi, biology professor at Stanford University who is also working on the OMEGAS project. He studied populations of another shelled animal on the West Coast - sea urchins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can think of genes like a set of tools, he says. “If you happen to have bad plumbing, you will have more plumbing tools in your house.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been lots of plumbing problems on the West Coast, so to speak, in the form of acidic water. “And so all these populations, urchins anyway, have had to get the toolset to deal with it,” says Palumbi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a paper still in review, Palumbi says they found a segment of the urchin population that had around 100 genes that make them better adapted to more acidic water. That makes them more likely to survive and reproduce. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wDcDqULXDOE&feature=share&list=UUbf-eynjiFxUKGLFMt8KNoQ\">Check out this microdoc video\u003c/a> for more on their research).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is good news,” he says, “because these organisms have the capacity to deal with more acidification. But it’s not good news forever because all it does is give us a little breathing room. The trouble is right now, the rate at which the ocean is acidifying is way faster than it ever has before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Organisms will evolve, he says, but probably not fast enough to keep up. In the meantime, Palumbi and other scientists are mapping where the genetically resilient mussels and urchins are on the West Coast, so policymakers can look at protecting them.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Scientists say the waters off the West Coast could be hit hard by ocean acidification, but thanks to the natural conditions, it's a good place to study how ocean species might adapt.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1450496579,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":29,"wordCount":999},"headData":{"title":"West Coast a Test Bed for Ocean Acidification | KQED","description":"Scientists say the waters off the West Coast could be hit hard by ocean acidification, but thanks to the natural conditions, it's a good place to study how ocean species might adapt.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"West Coast a Test Bed for Ocean Acidification","datePublished":"2012-09-25T18:18:09.000Z","dateModified":"2015-12-19T03:42:59.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"45011 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=audio_reports&p=45011","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/25/west-coast-a-test-bed-for-ocean-acidification/","disqusTitle":"West Coast a Test Bed for Ocean Acidification","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/tcr/2012/09/2012-09-25b-tcr.mp3","WpOldSlug":"west-coast-a-test-bed-for-ocean-acidification-2","path":"/quest/45011/west-coast-a-test-bed-for-ocean-acidification","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>This week, scientists from around the world are \u003ca href=\"http://www.highco2-iii.org/main.cfm?cid=2259\">meeting\u003c/a> in Monterey to discuss what they call the “other” climate change problem: the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/What+is+Ocean+Acidification%3F\">oceans are becoming more acidic\u003c/a>. It happens as oceans absorb the carbon dioxide we add to the air through burning fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say it can be bad news for ocean animals with shells like oysters, mussels and others that are key to the marine food web. How bad? Some scientists are hoping that ocean conditions off the California coast will help them find out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Oyster Farms Face Impacts\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You don’t have to go far to see the impacts that acidification is already having. At \u003ca href=\"http://hogislandoysters.com/\">Hog Island Oyster Company\u003c/a>, just outside Point Reyes, co-owner Terry Sawyer is seeing the effects in his supply chain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oysters grow up in big, mesh bags that sit out in Tomales Bay, but Sawyer gets the oysters when they’re small, “the size of your little fingernail,” he says. He orders them from hatcheries in Oregon and Washington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years ago, Sawyer started getting calls from those suppliers. They couldn’t fill his orders.\u003cbr>\n“They would have tens of thousands of gallons of tanks that were absolutely full of larvae. They would have the entire system die or crash,” says Sawyer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44938\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/oysters.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-44938\" title=\"Oysters\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/oysters.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"198\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A pile of oysters being sorted at Hog Island Oyster Farm.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The hatcheries were \u003ca href=\"http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/04/12/study-links-raised-carbon-dioxide-levels-to-oyster-die-offs/\">filling their tanks with seawater\u003c/a> that was becoming more acidic. Scientists say the oceans are 30 percent more acidic since the start of the Industrial Revolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The more acidic the water, the harder it is for animals like oysters to build their shells. Their shells are weaker and they grow more slowly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sawyer is raising his own oyster larvae now so he’ll have a more predictable supply. But he says there’s no question that climate change is affecting his bottom line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know if we’re going to be able to survive the very real trending that is going on out there,\" he says. It’s a trend that could affect the entire food web.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Acidification on the California Coast\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can see here, this is a mussel bed that’s made up of lots of California mussels,” says Eric Sanford, an ecologist with UC Davis’s Bodega Marine Lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rocky point we’re standing on is covered in tightly packed, purplish mussels – what he calls the “foundation species” of the California coast. “One that really defines the whole ecosystem, sort of the way corals define a coral reef,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mussels are a key part of the food web and so are a lot of animals with shells, says oceanographer Tessa Hill. “Probably most people like the fact that we have things like whales and salmon off along our coast. Those organisms are likely to be impacted because their food source will be impacted,” Hill says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The big question is: will animals with shells be able to adapt to a more acidic future – where, in a hundred years, the oceans could be more than twice as acidic?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44940\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/sanford.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-44940\" title=\"SONY DSC\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/sanford.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"226\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Eric Sanford at a mussel bed near Bodega Marine Lab.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These California mussels could help answer that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re facing the most acidic water that you’d see in the open ocean today,” says Hill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Hill explains, acidic water from the deep ocean rises to the surface on the West Coast in the spring and summer, when the wind is blowing. This upwelling makes the waters off California some of the most acidic in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of \u003ca href=\"http://omegas.science.oregonstate.edu/?q=node/3\">OMEGAS\u003c/a>, a new project linking universities up and down the West Coast, researchers are asking: if organisms here have been blasted with more acidic water for generations, have they adapted to handle it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside their lab, Hill and Sanford show me jars full of young mussels, almost too small to see. Each jar is from a different part of the West Coast from Oregon to Santa Barbara. They’re being grown in water that reflects conditions in 2100, says Eric Sanford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The issue we’re looking at is whether there might be genetic differences among different populations along the coast in their ability to cope with ocean acidification,” he says.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nFinding Genetic Tools\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found they have lucky genes,” says Steve Palumbi, biology professor at Stanford University who is also working on the OMEGAS project. He studied populations of another shelled animal on the West Coast - sea urchins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can think of genes like a set of tools, he says. “If you happen to have bad plumbing, you will have more plumbing tools in your house.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been lots of plumbing problems on the West Coast, so to speak, in the form of acidic water. “And so all these populations, urchins anyway, have had to get the toolset to deal with it,” says Palumbi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a paper still in review, Palumbi says they found a segment of the urchin population that had around 100 genes that make them better adapted to more acidic water. That makes them more likely to survive and reproduce. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wDcDqULXDOE&feature=share&list=UUbf-eynjiFxUKGLFMt8KNoQ\">Check out this microdoc video\u003c/a> for more on their research).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is good news,” he says, “because these organisms have the capacity to deal with more acidification. But it’s not good news forever because all it does is give us a little breathing room. The trouble is right now, the rate at which the ocean is acidifying is way faster than it ever has before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Organisms will evolve, he says, but probably not fast enough to keep up. In the meantime, Palumbi and other scientists are mapping where the genetically resilient mussels and urchins are on the West Coast, so policymakers can look at protecting them.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/45011/west-coast-a-test-bed-for-ocean-acidification","authors":["239"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_5","quest_6","quest_9","quest_3229","quest_17"],"tags":["quest_13178","quest_326","quest_11488","quest_485","quest_621","quest_1485","quest_11487","quest_13203","quest_2034","quest_2035","quest_11489","quest_3925","quest_13","quest_13364"],"featImg":"quest_44933","label":"source_quest_45011"},"quest_36850":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_36850","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"36850","score":null,"sort":[1336070125000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"which-are-gassier-volcanoes-or-humans","title":"Which Are Gassier, Volcanoes or Humans?","publishDate":1336070125,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36851\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/03/which-are-gassier-volcanoes-or-humans/gasbubbles/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36851\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/gasbubbles-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"gasbubbles\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-36851\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Carbon dioxide streams into a pond near the Sulphur Bank mine at Clear Lake. Volcanic gases are a very small factor in the atmospheric system that controls world climate. Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here in the Bay Area, it's easy to find volcanic influences: Just visit one of our many hot springs, or Clear Lake, where I took this photo. These gassy springs that are bubbling with carbon dioxide are associated with young magma underneath the northern Coast Range. Many people believe that volcanic emissions of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> are a much greater influence on world climate than CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> from human activities. Is that right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer is no. It's a persistent delusion, similar to the idea that U.S. foreign aid is responsible for the national debt. Volcanoes erupt because of water vapor dissolved in lava. Volcanoes do release CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>, sometimes a great deal of it, but humans have been outdoing nature for a long time. Geoscientists have made many estimates of global volcanic CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> production because it's one of those important numbers in the long-term, geologic carbon cycle. Plate tectonics carries buried carbon down into the deep Earth, and volcanoes burp it back up again. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the global scale, the natural carbon cycle is slow and gentle, although the numbers may seem large: Volcanoes on land and under the sea release somewhere between 150 and 260 million tons of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> per year. However, human emissions of this greenhouse gas are around 35 billion-with-a-B tons a year when you add up burning oil and gas, manufacturing cement, running coal-fired power plants, and changes in land use like digging up soil and cutting down forests. We are a preposterously greater emitter of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> -- two orders of magnitude greater. And while volcanoes are pretty steady, humans are getting worse and worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Volcanologist Terry Gerlach, of the U.S. Geological Survey, has been publicizing this inconvenient truth. \u003ca href=\"http://www.agu.org/pubs/pdf/2011EO240001.pdf\">In a 2011 article in \u003ci>Eos\u003c/i>\u003c/a>, aimed at scientists, he puts the numbers in a geological context. If volcanoes had to match the human output, he says, it would require one or more Yellowstone-size supereruptions every year. Put another way, there would have to be ten Mount St. Helens eruptions every single day. (By the law of averages the U.S. would get one of these about once a week.) I say, lie back in your local hot spring and rejoice that CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> emissions are a problem that human ingenuity and action can address.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/gases\">Learn more about the basics of volcanic gases at Volcano World.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Volcanoes release a lot of gas, including carbon dioxide. Can we blame them for climate change instead of us?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1336151632,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":7,"wordCount":429},"headData":{"title":"Which Are Gassier, Volcanoes or Humans? | KQED","description":"Volcanoes release a lot of gas, including carbon dioxide. Can we blame them for climate change instead of us?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Which Are Gassier, Volcanoes or Humans?","datePublished":"2012-05-03T18:35:25.000Z","dateModified":"2012-05-04T17:13:52.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"36850 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=36850","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/03/which-are-gassier-volcanoes-or-humans/","disqusTitle":"Which Are Gassier, Volcanoes or Humans?","WpOldSlug":"which-is-gassier-volcanoes-or-humans","path":"/quest/36850/which-are-gassier-volcanoes-or-humans","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36851\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/03/which-are-gassier-volcanoes-or-humans/gasbubbles/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36851\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/gasbubbles-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"gasbubbles\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-36851\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Carbon dioxide streams into a pond near the Sulphur Bank mine at Clear Lake. Volcanic gases are a very small factor in the atmospheric system that controls world climate. Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here in the Bay Area, it's easy to find volcanic influences: Just visit one of our many hot springs, or Clear Lake, where I took this photo. These gassy springs that are bubbling with carbon dioxide are associated with young magma underneath the northern Coast Range. Many people believe that volcanic emissions of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> are a much greater influence on world climate than CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> from human activities. Is that right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer is no. It's a persistent delusion, similar to the idea that U.S. foreign aid is responsible for the national debt. Volcanoes erupt because of water vapor dissolved in lava. Volcanoes do release CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>, sometimes a great deal of it, but humans have been outdoing nature for a long time. Geoscientists have made many estimates of global volcanic CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> production because it's one of those important numbers in the long-term, geologic carbon cycle. Plate tectonics carries buried carbon down into the deep Earth, and volcanoes burp it back up again. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the global scale, the natural carbon cycle is slow and gentle, although the numbers may seem large: Volcanoes on land and under the sea release somewhere between 150 and 260 million tons of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> per year. However, human emissions of this greenhouse gas are around 35 billion-with-a-B tons a year when you add up burning oil and gas, manufacturing cement, running coal-fired power plants, and changes in land use like digging up soil and cutting down forests. We are a preposterously greater emitter of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> -- two orders of magnitude greater. And while volcanoes are pretty steady, humans are getting worse and worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Volcanologist Terry Gerlach, of the U.S. Geological Survey, has been publicizing this inconvenient truth. \u003ca href=\"http://www.agu.org/pubs/pdf/2011EO240001.pdf\">In a 2011 article in \u003ci>Eos\u003c/i>\u003c/a>, aimed at scientists, he puts the numbers in a geological context. If volcanoes had to match the human output, he says, it would require one or more Yellowstone-size supereruptions every year. Put another way, there would have to be ten Mount St. Helens eruptions every single day. (By the law of averages the U.S. would get one of these about once a week.) I say, lie back in your local hot spring and rejoice that CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> emissions are a problem that human ingenuity and action can address.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/gases\">Learn more about the basics of volcanic gases at Volcano World.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/36850/which-are-gassier-volcanoes-or-humans","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_485","quest_3516","quest_637","quest_1273","quest_3403","quest_3706","quest_13202","quest_3404"],"featImg":"quest_36851","label":"quest"},"quest_24892":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_24892","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"24892","score":null,"sort":[1316816253000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-view-from-coal-country-in-the-age-of-green","title":"The View from Coal Country in the Age of Green","publishDate":1316816253,"format":"audio","headTitle":"Coal at the Crossroads | QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":10214,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/09/2011-9-23-quest-philadelphia-coal.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Coal produces nearly half the electricity in the U.S., but the mercury, sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide it emits also make it one of the most controversial energy sources. New EPA regulations and a national Sierra Club \u003ca href=\"http://beyondcoal.org/\" target=\"_top\">campaign\u003c/a> to try to shutter the industry have added to rising anti-coal sentiment. For many environmental activists, coal represents an old, dirty source of power, but for coal-mining communities around the country, the story is different. Carolyn Beeler of WHYY reports for our special radio series, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/coal-at-the-crossroads/\">Coal at the Crossroads\u003c/a>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/WHYY-Image3-plant.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-24896\" title=\"WHYY Image3 - plant\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/WHYY-Image3-plant-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"coal plant\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>Coal still king in Greene County, Pa.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.co.greene.pa.us/\" target=\"_top\">Greene County\u003c/a> is in the far southwest corner of Pennsylvania. It is bordered on two sides by West Virginia, and outside of its towns, it is filled with winding country roads flanked by rolling hills. Here, coal still reigns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every summer, the county hosts the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kingcoalshow.org/\" target=\"_top\">King Coal Show\u003c/a>, a week-long festival with mine rescue contests, a parade, and the Pennsylvania Bituminous Coal Queen Pageant. On a stormy Sunday evening in August, high school girls in evening gowns touted their coal-mining pedigrees along with their good grades and volunteer work. Like many in the area, most could find a great-grandfather, uncle or father who worked in the mines to claim as their connection to the industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here, said County Commissioner Pam Snyder, coal is not a dirty four-letter word.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Coal means jobs, sustainability on our tax base, families being able to make a good living, raise their children, have decent health-care,” Snyder said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the coal patch towns that used to dot the county are a thing of the past, but one in five jobs in Greene County is still in mining, and Snyder said a third of the county’s general fund comes from taxes on coal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snyder said she does not see anti-coal campaigns as an attack on her community’s way of life. Rather, it is more like a misunderstanding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think if you live in a part of the country where coal has no place and never existed, you \u003cem>are\u003c/em> just used to turning on your light switch,” Snyder said, “never giving thought to where that electricity’s being powered from or how it’s getting into (your) home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snyder said she understands why people take their power for granted, but argues those who oppose coal as a power source need to realize how big a role it plays in the nation’s energy portfolio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/WHYY_coal_slideshow/_files/iframe.html?noscale=640x393\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"640\" height=\"393\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘You need to be mining coal to get paid’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greene County is home to four major underground mines, including two of the largest in the country, Enlow Fork and Bailey Mine, which together span 22 miles north to south and spill into neighboring West Virginia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/WHYY-Marquee-1-IMG_1305.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-24897\" title=\"WHYY Marquee 1 - IMG_1305\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/WHYY-Marquee-1-IMG_1305-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"coal mine\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>Miners at \u003ca href=\"http://www.consolenergy.com/\" target=\"_top\">Consol Energy\u003c/a>’s Bailey mine ride an elevator down 700 feet and take a half-hour-long ride on an underground trolley just to get to the job site. There, a massive automated shearing machine lumbers along an exposed wall of coal and slices away at the coal seam. Braces hold the ceiling up until the cutting drums have cleared, then re-position farther down the wall. Chunks periodically fall from the ceiling into a sludge of water and coal dust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Highly mechanized \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longwall_mining\" target=\"_top\">longwall mining\u003c/a> is a far cry from the days of pick-axes and canaries, but mining is still hard, dirty work. Yet, it pays well, an average of almost $90,000, much higher than the county average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August, the Obama administration put in place new rules designed to cut the amount of air pollution from coal-fired power plants by more than half, a move the EPA says would reduce asthma, bronchitis and heart attacks in 31 states. The EPA is drafting global warming rules that could hit coal even harder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tom Mills, who has been working in Cumberland Mine in Greene County for five years, said he sees new regulations as a threat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No matter what you always worry about your job,” Mills said. “You need to be mining coal to get paid. And if they shut these power plants down, these coal-fired power plants, what are they going to use the coal for?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like many in the industry, Mills said the future of energy lies in cleaner-burning coal, not in renewable sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Instead of the Sierra Club donating money to shut these places down, maybe they should have donated those millions of dollars to technology to make them burn cleaner,” Mills said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mills is not the only one feeling threatened. Billboards touting the reliability and affordability of coal over renewables pepper the highway in Southwestern Pennsylvania, paid for by a \u003ca href=\"http://www.families4pacoal.org/\" target=\"_top\">group\u003c/a> called “Families Organized to Represent the Coal Economy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New energy sources in coal’s backyard\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps a more immediate threat than new EPA regulations, though, is the natural gas boom. The tapping of huge reserves in the Marcellus Shale formation right in Greene County and across the region has driven down the price of natural gas and made it more competitive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/WHYY-Image2-IMG_1360.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-24895\" title=\"WHYY Image2 IMG_1360\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/WHYY-Image2-IMG_1360-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"coal billboard\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>Jimmy Brock, chief operating officer for coal for Consol Energy, which owns Bailey mine and also has natural gas operations, said natural gas and new regulations could cut into the market for coal. But if demand drops domestically, he said he is confident the international markets will make up the difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am not worried for the future of the coal,” Brock said. “I believe coal’s here today, I believe it’ll be here tomorrow, and I believe it’ll be here for many years to come.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greene County Commissioner Pam Snyder put it differently. Although she said a serious blow to the coal industry would cripple her county’s economy, “nobody’s pushing panic buttons yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The share of the nation's electricity generated by coal during the first quarter of this year was at its \u003ca href=\"http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=2391\" target=\"_top\">lowest\u003c/a> in more than 30 years, due largely to low natural gas prices. But with U.S. demand for electricity expected to grow by about a third in the next quarter century, the industry says King Coal is here to stay.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Coal produces nearly half the electricity in the U.S., but the mercury, sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide it emits also makes it one of the most controversial energy sources. For many environmental activists, coal represents an old, dirty source of power, but for coal-mining communities around the country, the story is different.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443832297,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/WHYY_coal_slideshow/_files/iframe.html"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":29,"wordCount":1081},"headData":{"title":"The View from Coal Country in the Age of Green | KQED","description":"Coal produces nearly half the electricity in the U.S., but the mercury, sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide it emits also makes it one of the most controversial energy sources. For many environmental activists, coal represents an old, dirty source of power, but for coal-mining communities around the country, the story is different.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The View from Coal Country in the Age of Green","datePublished":"2011-09-23T22:17:33.000Z","dateModified":"2015-10-03T00:31:37.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"24892 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=audio_reports&p=24892","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/23/the-view-from-coal-country-in-the-age-of-green/","disqusTitle":"The View from Coal Country in the Age of Green","path":"/quest/24892/the-view-from-coal-country-in-the-age-of-green","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/09/2011-9-23-quest-philadelphia-coal.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/09/2011-9-23-quest-philadelphia-coal.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Coal produces nearly half the electricity in the U.S., but the mercury, sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide it emits also make it one of the most controversial energy sources. New EPA regulations and a national Sierra Club \u003ca href=\"http://beyondcoal.org/\" target=\"_top\">campaign\u003c/a> to try to shutter the industry have added to rising anti-coal sentiment. For many environmental activists, coal represents an old, dirty source of power, but for coal-mining communities around the country, the story is different. Carolyn Beeler of WHYY reports for our special radio series, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/coal-at-the-crossroads/\">Coal at the Crossroads\u003c/a>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/WHYY-Image3-plant.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-24896\" title=\"WHYY Image3 - plant\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/WHYY-Image3-plant-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"coal plant\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>Coal still king in Greene County, Pa.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.co.greene.pa.us/\" target=\"_top\">Greene County\u003c/a> is in the far southwest corner of Pennsylvania. It is bordered on two sides by West Virginia, and outside of its towns, it is filled with winding country roads flanked by rolling hills. Here, coal still reigns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every summer, the county hosts the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kingcoalshow.org/\" target=\"_top\">King Coal Show\u003c/a>, a week-long festival with mine rescue contests, a parade, and the Pennsylvania Bituminous Coal Queen Pageant. On a stormy Sunday evening in August, high school girls in evening gowns touted their coal-mining pedigrees along with their good grades and volunteer work. Like many in the area, most could find a great-grandfather, uncle or father who worked in the mines to claim as their connection to the industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here, said County Commissioner Pam Snyder, coal is not a dirty four-letter word.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Coal means jobs, sustainability on our tax base, families being able to make a good living, raise their children, have decent health-care,” Snyder said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the coal patch towns that used to dot the county are a thing of the past, but one in five jobs in Greene County is still in mining, and Snyder said a third of the county’s general fund comes from taxes on coal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snyder said she does not see anti-coal campaigns as an attack on her community’s way of life. Rather, it is more like a misunderstanding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think if you live in a part of the country where coal has no place and never existed, you \u003cem>are\u003c/em> just used to turning on your light switch,” Snyder said, “never giving thought to where that electricity’s being powered from or how it’s getting into (your) home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snyder said she understands why people take their power for granted, but argues those who oppose coal as a power source need to realize how big a role it plays in the nation’s energy portfolio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/WHYY_coal_slideshow/_files/iframe.html?noscale=640x393\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"640\" height=\"393\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘You need to be mining coal to get paid’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greene County is home to four major underground mines, including two of the largest in the country, Enlow Fork and Bailey Mine, which together span 22 miles north to south and spill into neighboring West Virginia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/WHYY-Marquee-1-IMG_1305.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-24897\" title=\"WHYY Marquee 1 - IMG_1305\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/WHYY-Marquee-1-IMG_1305-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"coal mine\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>Miners at \u003ca href=\"http://www.consolenergy.com/\" target=\"_top\">Consol Energy\u003c/a>’s Bailey mine ride an elevator down 700 feet and take a half-hour-long ride on an underground trolley just to get to the job site. There, a massive automated shearing machine lumbers along an exposed wall of coal and slices away at the coal seam. Braces hold the ceiling up until the cutting drums have cleared, then re-position farther down the wall. Chunks periodically fall from the ceiling into a sludge of water and coal dust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Highly mechanized \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longwall_mining\" target=\"_top\">longwall mining\u003c/a> is a far cry from the days of pick-axes and canaries, but mining is still hard, dirty work. Yet, it pays well, an average of almost $90,000, much higher than the county average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August, the Obama administration put in place new rules designed to cut the amount of air pollution from coal-fired power plants by more than half, a move the EPA says would reduce asthma, bronchitis and heart attacks in 31 states. The EPA is drafting global warming rules that could hit coal even harder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tom Mills, who has been working in Cumberland Mine in Greene County for five years, said he sees new regulations as a threat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No matter what you always worry about your job,” Mills said. “You need to be mining coal to get paid. And if they shut these power plants down, these coal-fired power plants, what are they going to use the coal for?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like many in the industry, Mills said the future of energy lies in cleaner-burning coal, not in renewable sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Instead of the Sierra Club donating money to shut these places down, maybe they should have donated those millions of dollars to technology to make them burn cleaner,” Mills said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mills is not the only one feeling threatened. Billboards touting the reliability and affordability of coal over renewables pepper the highway in Southwestern Pennsylvania, paid for by a \u003ca href=\"http://www.families4pacoal.org/\" target=\"_top\">group\u003c/a> called “Families Organized to Represent the Coal Economy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New energy sources in coal’s backyard\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps a more immediate threat than new EPA regulations, though, is the natural gas boom. The tapping of huge reserves in the Marcellus Shale formation right in Greene County and across the region has driven down the price of natural gas and made it more competitive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/WHYY-Image2-IMG_1360.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-24895\" title=\"WHYY Image2 IMG_1360\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/WHYY-Image2-IMG_1360-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"coal billboard\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>Jimmy Brock, chief operating officer for coal for Consol Energy, which owns Bailey mine and also has natural gas operations, said natural gas and new regulations could cut into the market for coal. But if demand drops domestically, he said he is confident the international markets will make up the difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am not worried for the future of the coal,” Brock said. “I believe coal’s here today, I believe it’ll be here tomorrow, and I believe it’ll be here for many years to come.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greene County Commissioner Pam Snyder put it differently. Although she said a serious blow to the coal industry would cripple her county’s economy, “nobody’s pushing panic buttons yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The share of the nation's electricity generated by coal during the first quarter of this year was at its \u003ca href=\"http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=2391\" target=\"_top\">lowest\u003c/a> in more than 30 years, due largely to low natural gas prices. But with U.S. demand for electricity expected to grow by about a third in the next quarter century, the industry says King Coal is here to stay.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/24892/the-view-from-coal-country-in-the-age-of-green","authors":["10274"],"series":["quest_10214"],"categories":["quest_11765","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_10193","quest_485","quest_638","quest_10198","quest_10194","quest_10195","quest_10196","quest_1791","quest_10197","quest_3291"],"featImg":"quest_24897","label":"quest_10214"},"quest_986":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_986","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"986","score":null,"sort":[1229730632000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"reporters-notes-building-blocks-go-green","title":"Reporter's Notes: Building Blocks Go Green","publishDate":1229730632,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/building-blocks-go-green\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/12/radio3-12_buildingblocks300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>By reporter Marjorie Sun.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I got interested in this story after hearing Silicon Valley venture capitalist Vinod Khosla speak at a conference this fall in Sausalito. He explained how he decides where to invest in green tech and it was fascinating. He and other top venture capitalists think they can help stop global warming and make a ton of money at the same time. You can \u003ca href=\"http://goinggreen.goingon.com/page/display/28929?param=session/354\" target=\"_blank\">listen to Khosla's talk\u003c/a> on a webcast and listen to all sorts of entrepreneurs and v.c.'s talk about the latest renewable energy projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Khosla says to achieve a huge reduction in greenhouse gas emissions fast, we have to think about solutions that make big cuts in emissions and will be widely adopted. Buying a Prius is fine, he says, but it's really just \"fashion.\" We need solutions that people in India and China will buy, Khosla says. To him, the key issues that guide his investments are cost, scale, and adoption. If a renewable solution isn't cheaper than coal, forget it, he says. Geothermal \"is nice, but it doesn't scale.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Same with wind. It's \"a great technology, but it's a toy.\" As for hydrogen fuel, the adoption risk is too high. Again, forget it, he says. The focus should be a war on coal, oil, and the manufacturing of cement and steel, which are huge emitters of carbon dioxide. (He's a major investor in Calera, an alternative cement maker in Silicon Valley.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One more area for potentially huge gains is to improve energy efficiency, such as lighting. Another legendary venture capital company, Kleiner Perkins, is also racing to develop renewable energy solutions and make a fortune. (Khosla is a former partner there.) Kleiner's efforts were \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/05/magazine/05Green-t.html\" target=\"_blank\">profiled in a cover story in The New York Times Sunday Magazine\u003c/a> recently\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the Obama administration, it will be interesting to see what new federal policies-- tax, economic and regulatory-- will be adopted to accelerate solutions and spur more investment during a double whammy of crises: the economic meltdown and climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/building-blocks-go-green\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Listen to the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/building-blocks-go-green\">Building Blocks Go Green\u003c/a> radio report online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.40580 -121.98780\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"I got interested in this story after hearing Silicon Valley venture capitalist Vinod Khosla speak at a conference this fall in Sausalito. He explained how he decides where to invest in green tech and it was fascinating. He and other top venture capitalists think they can help stop global warming and make a ton of money at the same time.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443830092,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":360},"headData":{"title":"Reporter's Notes: Building Blocks Go Green | KQED","description":"I got interested in this story after hearing Silicon Valley venture capitalist Vinod Khosla speak at a conference this fall in Sausalito. He explained how he decides where to invest in green tech and it was fascinating. He and other top venture capitalists think they can help stop global warming and make a ton of money at the same time.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Reporter's Notes: Building Blocks Go Green","datePublished":"2008-12-19T23:50:32.000Z","dateModified":"2015-10-02T23:54:52.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"986 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=986","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/12/19/reporters-notes-building-blocks-go-green/","disqusTitle":"Reporter's Notes: Building Blocks Go Green","path":"/quest/986/reporters-notes-building-blocks-go-green","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/building-blocks-go-green\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/12/radio3-12_buildingblocks300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>By reporter Marjorie Sun.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I got interested in this story after hearing Silicon Valley venture capitalist Vinod Khosla speak at a conference this fall in Sausalito. He explained how he decides where to invest in green tech and it was fascinating. He and other top venture capitalists think they can help stop global warming and make a ton of money at the same time. You can \u003ca href=\"http://goinggreen.goingon.com/page/display/28929?param=session/354\" target=\"_blank\">listen to Khosla's talk\u003c/a> on a webcast and listen to all sorts of entrepreneurs and v.c.'s talk about the latest renewable energy projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Khosla says to achieve a huge reduction in greenhouse gas emissions fast, we have to think about solutions that make big cuts in emissions and will be widely adopted. Buying a Prius is fine, he says, but it's really just \"fashion.\" We need solutions that people in India and China will buy, Khosla says. To him, the key issues that guide his investments are cost, scale, and adoption. If a renewable solution isn't cheaper than coal, forget it, he says. Geothermal \"is nice, but it doesn't scale.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Same with wind. It's \"a great technology, but it's a toy.\" As for hydrogen fuel, the adoption risk is too high. Again, forget it, he says. The focus should be a war on coal, oil, and the manufacturing of cement and steel, which are huge emitters of carbon dioxide. (He's a major investor in Calera, an alternative cement maker in Silicon Valley.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One more area for potentially huge gains is to improve energy efficiency, such as lighting. Another legendary venture capital company, Kleiner Perkins, is also racing to develop renewable energy solutions and make a fortune. (Khosla is a former partner there.) Kleiner's efforts were \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/05/magazine/05Green-t.html\" target=\"_blank\">profiled in a cover story in The New York Times Sunday Magazine\u003c/a> recently\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the Obama administration, it will be interesting to see what new federal policies-- tax, economic and regulatory-- will be adopted to accelerate solutions and spur more investment during a double whammy of crises: the economic meltdown and climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/building-blocks-go-green\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Listen to the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/building-blocks-go-green\">Building Blocks Go Green\u003c/a> radio report online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.40580 -121.98780\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/986/reporters-notes-building-blocks-go-green","authors":["212"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_11765","quest_8","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_404","quest_485","quest_530","quest_621","quest_685","quest_984","quest_13198","quest_1263","quest_1586","quest_13206"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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