On GMO Labeling, Oregon and Colorado Learn from California Ballot Defeat
Three California Counties Vote on Fracking Bans this November
Drought Re-shaping the Cattle Map
Fire Returns to The Great Plains
During Drought, Pop-Up Wetlands Give Birds a Break
Road Kill or Road Crossing: California Slow to Protect Wildlife
Lake Tahoe: Can We Save It?
Exploring Caves in California: An Otherworldly Experience
Growing Pains for California's Electric Car Charging Network
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She joined KQED as a TV producer when its science series QUEST started in 2006 and has covered everything from Alzheimer’s to bee die-offs to dark energy.\r\n\r\nShe won a 2022 AAAS Kavli Science Journalism Award with a team of her Deep Look colleagues. She has won five regional Emmys as a video producer and has shared seven more as the coordinating producer of Deep Look. The episode she produced about \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/728086/how-mosquitoes-use-six-needles-to-suck-your-blood\">How Mosquitoes Use Six Needles to Suck Your Blood\u003c/a> won a Webby \"People's Voice\" award. She has also earned awards from the Jackson Hole Wildlife Film Festival, the Society of Professional Journalists and the Society of Environmental Journalists.\r\n\r\nHer videos for KQED have also aired on NOVA scienceNOW and the PBS NewsHour, and appeared on NPR.org.\r\n\r\nAs an independent filmmaker, she produced and directed the hour-long documentary \u003ca href=\"http://lpbp.org/beautiful-sin-qa-with-producer-gabriela-quiros/\">\u003cem>Beautiful Sin\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, about the surprising story of how Costa Rica became the only country in the world to outlaw in vitro fertilization. The film aired in 2015 on public television stations throughout the U.S., and in Costa Rica.\r\n\r\nShe started her journalism career as a newspaper reporter in Costa Rica, where she grew up. She won the National Science Journalism Award there for a series of articles about organic agriculture, and developed a life-long interest in health reporting. She moved to the Bay Area in 1996 to study documentary filmmaking at the University of California, Berkeley, where she received master’s degrees in journalism and Latin American studies.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"gabrielaquirosr","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["editor","ef_view_calendar","ef_view_story_budget"]}],"headData":{"title":"Gabriela Quirós | KQED","description":"Video Producer and Reporter","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/gabriela-quiros"},"rachaeltom":{"type":"authors","id":"6409","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6409","found":true},"name":"Rachael Tom","firstName":"Rachael","lastName":"Tom","slug":"rachaeltom","email":"rachael.cecelia@gmail.com","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":"KQED Contributor","bio":"Rachael is an Animal Keeper and blogger at CuriOdyssey with over 15 years of experience working with wildlife. She volunteers at The Marine Mammal Center, is President of the Bay Area chapter for the American Association of Zookeepers (AAZK), and is a member of AAZK's Communication Committee and Professional Development Committee. Rachael earned her B.A. in Environmental Sustainability and Social Justice from San Francisco State University.\r\n\r\nRead her \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/rachaeltom/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/7d9d50390923f9b8de1280b943e3aea9?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Rachael Tom | KQED","description":"KQED Contributor","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/7d9d50390923f9b8de1280b943e3aea9?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/7d9d50390923f9b8de1280b943e3aea9?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/rachaeltom"},"grantgerlock":{"type":"authors","id":"10231","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10231","found":true},"name":"Grant Gerlock","firstName":"Grant","lastName":"Gerlock","slug":"grantgerlock","email":"ggerlock@netnebraska.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Grant Gerlock is a reporter and the host of Morning Edition on NET Radio, Nebraska’s statewide NPR network. In 3 years at NET Radio he has covered rising land values, raw milk regulations, food security, and a controversial oil pipeline project. Before coming to NET he was a graduate assistant in news at WMUB at Miami University. When he’s not on the radio, Grant enjoys biking and gardening with his family in Lincoln, Nebraska.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/0e2c4a789680f3af627ed5da426902a0?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["coordinator","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Grant Gerlock | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/0e2c4a789680f3af627ed5da426902a0?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/0e2c4a789680f3af627ed5da426902a0?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/grantgerlock"},"alisonvandiggelen":{"type":"authors","id":"10333","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10333","found":true},"name":"Alison van Diggelen","firstName":"Alison","lastName":"van Diggelen","slug":"alisonvandiggelen","email":"avandigg@gmail.com","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Alison van Diggelen is founder and host of Fresh Dialogues, an interview series featuring green thought leaders in Silicon Valley and beyond. A former columnist for the San Jose Mercury News and contributor to KQED’s Climate Watch, Alison now writes for the Huffington Post and moderates events for the Commonwealth Club and the Computer History Museum in Silicon Valley. She has lectured and moderated presentations on sustainability and entrepreneurship at the University of Edinburgh and UC Santa Cruz, Silicon Valley Extension.\r\n\r\nIn 2001, the Women's Fund of Silicon Valley nominated Alison for a \"Woman of Achievement Award\" in communication. She has been an interview guest on KTVU, Silicon Valley Business, KGO radio and BBC radio. Alison hails from Bonnie Scotland and has a master's degree from the University of Cambridge.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/408a488c99c1f31d69dff44585339190?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Alison van Diggelen | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/408a488c99c1f31d69dff44585339190?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/408a488c99c1f31d69dff44585339190?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/alisonvandiggelen"},"jsojico":{"type":"authors","id":"10562","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10562","found":true},"name":"Jackie Sojico","firstName":"Jackie","lastName":"Sojico","slug":"jsojico","email":"jSojico@netad.unl.edu","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Jackie Sojico is a reporter/producer for NET Radio in Lincoln, NE. She hails from Georgia and is a graduate of Oberlin College and the Salt Institute for Documentary Studies. She has contributed work to StoryCorps, NPR’s State of the Re:Union, and BackStory Radio. Besides producing radio, Jackie also teaches science youth radio and bakes pies.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/86e55b2c23e1cc67256baa8f5faf72c6?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["coordinator","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Jackie Sojico | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/86e55b2c23e1cc67256baa8f5faf72c6?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/86e55b2c23e1cc67256baa8f5faf72c6?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/jsojico"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_72416":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_72416","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"72416","score":null,"sort":[1414504819000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"on-gmo-labeling-oregon-and-colorado-learn-from-california-defeat","title":"On GMO Labeling, Oregon and Colorado Learn from California Ballot Defeat","publishDate":1414504819,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update Nov. 6:\u003c/strong> In the Nov. 4 election, Oregon voters narrowly rejected Measure 92, which would have required the labeling of foods containing genetically engineered ingredients. The measure lost by a 51 to 49 percent vote. Coloradans also rejected a similar ballot initiative, Proposition 105, by a 66 to 34 percent vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original post Oct. 28:\u003c/strong> Voters in Oregon will head to the polls Nov. 4 to decide whether to require foods made with genetically engineered ingredients to be labeled. In doing so, they’ll be voting on an initiative shaped in part by the experience of activists in California, who watched a similar measure fail two years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oregon’s Measure 92 would require manufacturers, distributors and grocery owners to label raw and packaged foods produced entirely or partially through genetic engineering. If it passes, the measure will go into effect in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Colorado also is voting on a labeling initiative Nov. 4. If it or the Oregon measure passes, the states will be following Vermont’s lead. In May, Vermont Gov. Peter Shumlin signed a new law making that state the first in the country to mandate labels for genetically engineered food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Advocates in Oregon are hoping that their measure doesn’t face the same fate as a labeling measure in California. In November 2012, Californians narrowly voted down Proposition 37, by a 51 to 49 percent vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72423\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Tom-Llewellyn-chants-at-a-Prop-37-rally_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72423 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Tom-Llewellyn-chants-at-a-Prop-37-rally_800-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Tom Llewellyn, a volunteer with the Proposition 37 campaign, chanted at a rally in Santa Cruz on Nov. 4, 2012, two days before the election. Prop. 37 lost with 49 percent of the vote. Photo: Gabriela Quirós \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tom Llewellyn, a volunteer with the Proposition 37 campaign in California, chanted at a rally in Santa Cruz on Nov. 4, 2012, two days before the election. Prop. 37 lost with 49 percent of the vote. Photo: Gabriela Quirós\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.noprop37.com/\">opposition to Prop. 37\u003c/a>, led by seed companies like Monsanto and food manufacturers such as Pepsico, spent $46 million to defeat \u003ca href=\"http://www.carighttoknow.org/\">the proposition\u003c/a>,which received $9 million from organic food companies and supplement manufacturers like Mercola. The disparity in funding is repeating itself again this year in Oregon, though this time around, the difference is smaller: as of Oct. 23, the \u003ca href=\"http://votenoon92.com/\">No on 92\u003c/a> campaign had raised $11 million and the \u003ca href=\"http://oregonrighttoknow.org/\">Yes on 92\u003c/a> campaign almost $6.5 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the difference in funding didn’t account entirely for the defeat of the California labeling campaign, its supporters say, and they’ve tried to apply their lessons from 2012 in Oregon today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The California ballot initiative allowed for citizen lawsuits that could be brought by anybody at any time, and there was a lot of concern that this would be a boon for trial lawyers,” said Elisa Odabashian, director of the West Coast office of \u003ca href=\"http://consumersunion.org/\">Consumers Union\u003c/a>, the policy arm of Consumer Reports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72420\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Elisa_Odabashian_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72420 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Elisa_Odabashian_800-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Elisa Odabashian, of Consumer Reports, said that her organization’s ultimate goal is for the federal government to mandate the labeling of genetically engineered food. Photo: Arwen Curry. \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Elisa Odabashian, of Consumer Reports, said that her organization’s ultimate goal is for the federal government to mandate the labeling of genetically engineered food.\u003cbr> Photo: Arwen Curry.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Consumers Union has supported the idea of labeling genetically engineered foods since the 1990s, said Odabashian, who is based in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the California campaign, No on 37 television ads played up the possibility of lawsuits hobbling small business owners. So in Oregon, labeling advocates have limited the ability for citizens to bring lawsuits against grocery stores that might be selling unlabeled foods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are no monetary damages allowed under Measure 92 in Oregon,” said Odabashian. “So it will not be a big money-maker for trial lawyers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters argue that labeling gives shoppers important information about their food, and that the United States should follow the lead of more than 60 countries, including France and Japan, that require some form of labeling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opponents of labeling contend that consumers who want to avoid genetically engineered ingredients can choose organic foods, which are already labeled. Federal guidelines prohibit organic farmers from using genetically engineered seeds, or feeding their animals engineered feed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72424\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Tomato_paste_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72424 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Tomato_paste_800-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Genetically engineered tomatoes created in Davis, California, in the mid-1990s were made into an inexpensive tomato paste that sold well in England. The engineered tomatoes and the paste were both labeled, but were short-lived. Photo: Adrian Dubock \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Genetically engineered tomatoes created in Davis, California, in the mid-1990s were made into an inexpensive tomato paste that sold well in England. The engineered tomatoes and the paste were both labeled, but were short-lived.\u003cbr> Photo: Adrian Dubock\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Opponents also argue that labeling requirements would hike food prices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Well of course the costs are going to go up,” said Dana Bieber, spokesperson for No on 92 during \u003ca href=\"http://www.katu.com/politics/Your-Voice-Your-Vote-Oregons-GMO-labeling-debate-270064221.html\">a televised debate\u003c/a> on Oregon’s KATU station in August.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The cost isn’t in the relabeling. That’s nominal,” she said. “The cost to the consumer comes from the fact that food companies will have to remake their food with higher-priced GE ingredients to avoid having to put this label on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The possibility that labeling could increase food prices has been a point of contention in every vote on the issue. In California’s 2012 campaign, the No on 37 camp argued that a typical family’s food expenses would increase by up to $400 annually if the initiative passed. In Oregon, Consumers Union commissioned a report that found that food prices would increase by slightly over $2 per person a year. This estimate is based on the assumption that even if labeling were required, companies would continue to sell foods with genetically engineered ingredients, and consumers would continue to buy them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72422\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Genetically-engineered-rice_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72422 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Genetically-engineered-rice_800-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"This rice at the University of California, Davis has been genetically engineered to tolerate the droughts that are already becoming more common with climate change. Photo: Gabriela Quirós \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This rice at the University of California, Davis has been genetically engineered to tolerate the droughts that are already becoming more common with climate change.\u003cbr> Photo: Gabriela Quirós\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Labeling advocates also argue that the advent of genetically engineered crops has led to \u003ca href=\"http://www.enveurope.com/content/24/1/24\">an increase in pesticide use\u003c/a>. One category of genetically engineered crops, created in the mid-1990s by the Missouri-based seed company Monsanto, allows farmers to spray the weed killer glyphosate -- known as Roundup -- without damaging their crops. This allowed growers to replace other more toxic herbicides with Roundup, which is cheaper and less toxic, said Los Banos alfalfa grower Philip Bowles. A \u003ca href=\"http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=12804\">2010 report by the National Academies\u003c/a> found that insecticide use had declined since GE crops were introduced, and farmers who grew GE crops used fewer insecticides and herbicides that linger in soil and waterways. A second category of GE crops include a bacterium that makes crops like cotton resistant to pests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But weed resistance to glyphosate has led seed companies to develop new GE crops that can tolerate other weed killers. The USDA approved in September soybeans and corn engineered by the Indiana-based Dow AgroSciences \u003ca href=\"http://newsroom.dowagro.com/press-release/epa-registers-enlist-duo-herbicide-enlist-weed-control-system-now-approved\">to tolerate the weed killer 2,4-D\u003c/a>. A coalition of environmental groups \u003ca href=\"http://www.centerforfoodsafety.org/press-releases/3560/coalition-of-farmers-and-environmental-groups-to-challenge-epa-over-herbicide-approval\">is suing the EPA\u003c/a> over its approval in October of the use of 2,4-D for the spraying of GE corn and soybeans, arguing that the agency didn’t adequately study its health risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opponents of GE crops point out that \u003ca href=\"http://www.centerforfoodsafety.org/press-releases/3536/epa-approves-new-24-d-herbicide-blend-paving-way-for-controversial-ge-crops\">2,4-D was one of the ingredients in Agent Orange\u003c/a>, the herbicide the U.S. military used during the Vietnam War to destroy crops and trees. Agent Orange has been associated with health problems in U.S. veterans and the Vietnamese population, but these were caused mainly by an extremely toxic dioxin compound that contaminated Agent Orange.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Already, more than 90 percent of the cotton, corn and soybeans, and more than 80 percent of the sugar beets grown in the United States are genetically engineered. GE canola and alfalfa are also grown in the US. These crops are used mainly as animal feed, or added to soda, snacks, cereals and other processed foods. Some yellow crookneck squash, sweet corn and zucchini, and some varieties of Hawaiian papayas are also genetically engineered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The World Health Organization and the National Academies have stated that the genetically engineered foods available today are safe to eat. Companies that sell genetically engineered seeds in the United States need approval from the EPA and USDA for most seeds. They also regularly go before the FDA, though that process is voluntary, which has drawn criticism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think that’s not enough,” said Odabashian. “We think an unbiased governmental body should be looking at the safety of these foods before they reach the marketplace.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1zIp5rWfv9w#t=1598\">Watch the full episode of Science at the Ballot Box, a joint KQED Newsroom and QUEST report that examines the science behind some of the key issues on the November ballot\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"As Oregon and Colorado vote on GMO labeling, advocates say they learned from the defeat of a similar measure in California in 2012. Watch the video to learn more. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442636211,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":1385},"headData":{"title":"On GMO Labeling, Oregon and Colorado Learn from California Ballot Defeat | KQED","description":"As Oregon and Colorado vote on GMO labeling, advocates say they learned from the defeat of a similar measure in California in 2012. Watch the video to learn more. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"72416 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=72416","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/10/28/on-gmo-labeling-oregon-and-colorado-learn-from-california-defeat/","disqusTitle":"On GMO Labeling, Oregon and Colorado Learn from California Ballot Defeat","videoEmbed":"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QhwZody7kr4?feature=player_embedded","path":"/quest/72416/on-gmo-labeling-oregon-and-colorado-learn-from-california-defeat","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update Nov. 6:\u003c/strong> In the Nov. 4 election, Oregon voters narrowly rejected Measure 92, which would have required the labeling of foods containing genetically engineered ingredients. The measure lost by a 51 to 49 percent vote. Coloradans also rejected a similar ballot initiative, Proposition 105, by a 66 to 34 percent vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original post Oct. 28:\u003c/strong> Voters in Oregon will head to the polls Nov. 4 to decide whether to require foods made with genetically engineered ingredients to be labeled. In doing so, they’ll be voting on an initiative shaped in part by the experience of activists in California, who watched a similar measure fail two years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oregon’s Measure 92 would require manufacturers, distributors and grocery owners to label raw and packaged foods produced entirely or partially through genetic engineering. If it passes, the measure will go into effect in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Colorado also is voting on a labeling initiative Nov. 4. If it or the Oregon measure passes, the states will be following Vermont’s lead. In May, Vermont Gov. Peter Shumlin signed a new law making that state the first in the country to mandate labels for genetically engineered food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Advocates in Oregon are hoping that their measure doesn’t face the same fate as a labeling measure in California. In November 2012, Californians narrowly voted down Proposition 37, by a 51 to 49 percent vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72423\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Tom-Llewellyn-chants-at-a-Prop-37-rally_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72423 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Tom-Llewellyn-chants-at-a-Prop-37-rally_800-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Tom Llewellyn, a volunteer with the Proposition 37 campaign, chanted at a rally in Santa Cruz on Nov. 4, 2012, two days before the election. Prop. 37 lost with 49 percent of the vote. Photo: Gabriela Quirós \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tom Llewellyn, a volunteer with the Proposition 37 campaign in California, chanted at a rally in Santa Cruz on Nov. 4, 2012, two days before the election. Prop. 37 lost with 49 percent of the vote. Photo: Gabriela Quirós\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.noprop37.com/\">opposition to Prop. 37\u003c/a>, led by seed companies like Monsanto and food manufacturers such as Pepsico, spent $46 million to defeat \u003ca href=\"http://www.carighttoknow.org/\">the proposition\u003c/a>,which received $9 million from organic food companies and supplement manufacturers like Mercola. The disparity in funding is repeating itself again this year in Oregon, though this time around, the difference is smaller: as of Oct. 23, the \u003ca href=\"http://votenoon92.com/\">No on 92\u003c/a> campaign had raised $11 million and the \u003ca href=\"http://oregonrighttoknow.org/\">Yes on 92\u003c/a> campaign almost $6.5 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the difference in funding didn’t account entirely for the defeat of the California labeling campaign, its supporters say, and they’ve tried to apply their lessons from 2012 in Oregon today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The California ballot initiative allowed for citizen lawsuits that could be brought by anybody at any time, and there was a lot of concern that this would be a boon for trial lawyers,” said Elisa Odabashian, director of the West Coast office of \u003ca href=\"http://consumersunion.org/\">Consumers Union\u003c/a>, the policy arm of Consumer Reports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72420\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Elisa_Odabashian_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72420 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Elisa_Odabashian_800-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Elisa Odabashian, of Consumer Reports, said that her organization’s ultimate goal is for the federal government to mandate the labeling of genetically engineered food. Photo: Arwen Curry. \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Elisa Odabashian, of Consumer Reports, said that her organization’s ultimate goal is for the federal government to mandate the labeling of genetically engineered food.\u003cbr> Photo: Arwen Curry.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Consumers Union has supported the idea of labeling genetically engineered foods since the 1990s, said Odabashian, who is based in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the California campaign, No on 37 television ads played up the possibility of lawsuits hobbling small business owners. So in Oregon, labeling advocates have limited the ability for citizens to bring lawsuits against grocery stores that might be selling unlabeled foods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are no monetary damages allowed under Measure 92 in Oregon,” said Odabashian. “So it will not be a big money-maker for trial lawyers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters argue that labeling gives shoppers important information about their food, and that the United States should follow the lead of more than 60 countries, including France and Japan, that require some form of labeling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opponents of labeling contend that consumers who want to avoid genetically engineered ingredients can choose organic foods, which are already labeled. Federal guidelines prohibit organic farmers from using genetically engineered seeds, or feeding their animals engineered feed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72424\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Tomato_paste_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72424 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Tomato_paste_800-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Genetically engineered tomatoes created in Davis, California, in the mid-1990s were made into an inexpensive tomato paste that sold well in England. The engineered tomatoes and the paste were both labeled, but were short-lived. Photo: Adrian Dubock \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Genetically engineered tomatoes created in Davis, California, in the mid-1990s were made into an inexpensive tomato paste that sold well in England. The engineered tomatoes and the paste were both labeled, but were short-lived.\u003cbr> Photo: Adrian Dubock\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Opponents also argue that labeling requirements would hike food prices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Well of course the costs are going to go up,” said Dana Bieber, spokesperson for No on 92 during \u003ca href=\"http://www.katu.com/politics/Your-Voice-Your-Vote-Oregons-GMO-labeling-debate-270064221.html\">a televised debate\u003c/a> on Oregon’s KATU station in August.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The cost isn’t in the relabeling. That’s nominal,” she said. “The cost to the consumer comes from the fact that food companies will have to remake their food with higher-priced GE ingredients to avoid having to put this label on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The possibility that labeling could increase food prices has been a point of contention in every vote on the issue. In California’s 2012 campaign, the No on 37 camp argued that a typical family’s food expenses would increase by up to $400 annually if the initiative passed. In Oregon, Consumers Union commissioned a report that found that food prices would increase by slightly over $2 per person a year. This estimate is based on the assumption that even if labeling were required, companies would continue to sell foods with genetically engineered ingredients, and consumers would continue to buy them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72422\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Genetically-engineered-rice_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72422 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Genetically-engineered-rice_800-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"This rice at the University of California, Davis has been genetically engineered to tolerate the droughts that are already becoming more common with climate change. Photo: Gabriela Quirós \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This rice at the University of California, Davis has been genetically engineered to tolerate the droughts that are already becoming more common with climate change.\u003cbr> Photo: Gabriela Quirós\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Labeling advocates also argue that the advent of genetically engineered crops has led to \u003ca href=\"http://www.enveurope.com/content/24/1/24\">an increase in pesticide use\u003c/a>. One category of genetically engineered crops, created in the mid-1990s by the Missouri-based seed company Monsanto, allows farmers to spray the weed killer glyphosate -- known as Roundup -- without damaging their crops. This allowed growers to replace other more toxic herbicides with Roundup, which is cheaper and less toxic, said Los Banos alfalfa grower Philip Bowles. A \u003ca href=\"http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=12804\">2010 report by the National Academies\u003c/a> found that insecticide use had declined since GE crops were introduced, and farmers who grew GE crops used fewer insecticides and herbicides that linger in soil and waterways. A second category of GE crops include a bacterium that makes crops like cotton resistant to pests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But weed resistance to glyphosate has led seed companies to develop new GE crops that can tolerate other weed killers. The USDA approved in September soybeans and corn engineered by the Indiana-based Dow AgroSciences \u003ca href=\"http://newsroom.dowagro.com/press-release/epa-registers-enlist-duo-herbicide-enlist-weed-control-system-now-approved\">to tolerate the weed killer 2,4-D\u003c/a>. A coalition of environmental groups \u003ca href=\"http://www.centerforfoodsafety.org/press-releases/3560/coalition-of-farmers-and-environmental-groups-to-challenge-epa-over-herbicide-approval\">is suing the EPA\u003c/a> over its approval in October of the use of 2,4-D for the spraying of GE corn and soybeans, arguing that the agency didn’t adequately study its health risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opponents of GE crops point out that \u003ca href=\"http://www.centerforfoodsafety.org/press-releases/3536/epa-approves-new-24-d-herbicide-blend-paving-way-for-controversial-ge-crops\">2,4-D was one of the ingredients in Agent Orange\u003c/a>, the herbicide the U.S. military used during the Vietnam War to destroy crops and trees. Agent Orange has been associated with health problems in U.S. veterans and the Vietnamese population, but these were caused mainly by an extremely toxic dioxin compound that contaminated Agent Orange.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Already, more than 90 percent of the cotton, corn and soybeans, and more than 80 percent of the sugar beets grown in the United States are genetically engineered. GE canola and alfalfa are also grown in the US. These crops are used mainly as animal feed, or added to soda, snacks, cereals and other processed foods. Some yellow crookneck squash, sweet corn and zucchini, and some varieties of Hawaiian papayas are also genetically engineered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The World Health Organization and the National Academies have stated that the genetically engineered foods available today are safe to eat. Companies that sell genetically engineered seeds in the United States need approval from the EPA and USDA for most seeds. They also regularly go before the FDA, though that process is voluntary, which has drawn criticism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think that’s not enough,” said Odabashian. “We think an unbiased governmental body should be looking at the safety of these foods before they reach the marketplace.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1zIp5rWfv9w#t=1598\">Watch the full episode of Science at the Ballot Box, a joint KQED Newsroom and QUEST report that examines the science behind some of the key issues on the November ballot\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/72416/on-gmo-labeling-oregon-and-colorado-learn-from-california-defeat","authors":["6186"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_8","quest_9","quest_3229","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_438","quest_12669","quest_13019","quest_13018","quest_12269","quest_13014","quest_1228","quest_3351","quest_13016","quest_13015","quest_13017","quest_11419","quest_2349","quest_13","quest_13364","quest_2893","quest_3071"],"featImg":"quest_72455","label":"quest"},"quest_72343":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_72343","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"72343","score":null,"sort":[1414418436000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"three-california-counties-vote-on-fracking-bans-this-november","title":"Three California Counties Vote on Fracking Bans this November","publishDate":1414418436,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>Video reported by Gabriela Quirós and Lauren Sommer, who narrates.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update Nov. 6:\u003c/strong> In the Nov. 4 election, San Benito and Mendocino counties passed bans on fracking, while Santa Barbara’s ballot initiative failed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original post Oct. 27:\u003c/strong> Three California counties – Santa Barbara, Mendocino and San Benito – will decide this November on ballot initiatives that ask voters to ban hydraulic fracturing, the controversial oil- and gas-extraction technique known as “fracking.” San Benito activists were the first to qualify an anti-fracking initiative in the state, in response to Governor Jerry Brown’s decision to allow the technique to move forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2014/10/10/anti-fracking-activists-in-california-take-fight-to-county-ballots/\">Anti-Fracking Activists in California Take Fight to County Ballots\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/series/fracking-california/\">KQED Science coverage of fracking\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WOJUu3T-EY4\">KQED NEWSROOM Special Edition: The Fracking Debate Heats Up In California\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Santa Barbara, Mendocino and San Benito counties will vote on hydraulic fracturing this November. San Benito activists were the first to qualify a ballot initiative to ban the controversial oil- and gas-extraction technique.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442636531,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":5,"wordCount":139},"headData":{"title":"Three California Counties Vote on Fracking Bans this November | KQED","description":"Santa Barbara, Mendocino and San Benito counties will vote on hydraulic fracturing this November. San Benito activists were the first to qualify a ballot initiative to ban the controversial oil- and gas-extraction technique.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"72343 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=72343","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/10/27/three-california-counties-vote-on-fracking-bans-this-november/","disqusTitle":"Three California Counties Vote on Fracking Bans this November","videoEmbed":"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W2NeqeaSFTc","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/72343/three-california-counties-vote-on-fracking-bans-this-november","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Video reported by Gabriela Quirós and Lauren Sommer, who narrates.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update Nov. 6:\u003c/strong> In the Nov. 4 election, San Benito and Mendocino counties passed bans on fracking, while Santa Barbara’s ballot initiative failed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original post Oct. 27:\u003c/strong> Three California counties – Santa Barbara, Mendocino and San Benito – will decide this November on ballot initiatives that ask voters to ban hydraulic fracturing, the controversial oil- and gas-extraction technique known as “fracking.” San Benito activists were the first to qualify an anti-fracking initiative in the state, in response to Governor Jerry Brown’s decision to allow the technique to move forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2014/10/10/anti-fracking-activists-in-california-take-fight-to-county-ballots/\">Anti-Fracking Activists in California Take Fight to County Ballots\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/series/fracking-california/\">KQED Science coverage of fracking\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WOJUu3T-EY4\">KQED NEWSROOM Special Edition: The Fracking Debate Heats Up In California\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/72343/three-california-counties-vote-on-fracking-bans-this-november","authors":["6186"],"categories":["quest_11765","quest_9","quest_11","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_13000","quest_438","quest_10978","quest_12269","quest_10979","quest_3351","quest_13002","quest_13001","quest_12999","quest_2057","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_13","quest_12998","quest_2893","quest_3071"],"featImg":"quest_72344","label":"source_quest_72343"},"quest_71671":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_71671","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"71671","score":null,"sort":[1409839205000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"drought-re-shaping-the-cattle-map","title":"Drought Re-shaping the Cattle Map","publishDate":1409839205,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Drought is reshaping the beef map and raising the price of steak. Ranchers are moving herds \u003ca href=\"http://www.denverpost.com/business/ci_25773718/california-cattle-short-food-finding-way-colorado\">from California to Colorado\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://lubbockonline.com/agriculture/2014-03-02/texas-trails-nebraska-number-cattle-feeding#.U5dGJPmwJcQ\">from Texas to Nebraska\u003c/a> seeking refuge from dry weather. And cattle producers in the Midwest are making the most of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. may be on the front end of a significant geographic shakeout of the beef industry. Herd numbers have been sliding nationwide for more than a decade. Now, as drought grips major beef and dairy producing areas, a cattle migration is emerging and it’s altering where cattle are raised, fed, and slaughtered.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Drought devastating cattle herds\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Prime cattle producing areas can’t hold the same number of animals without adequate supplies of feed and water. Oklahoma State University livestock marketing specialist Derrell Peel says ponds and pastures are drying up across large parts of Oklahoma and Texas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Western Oklahoma -- the panhandle, the panhandle of Texas, and, in fact, much of West Texas and much of western New Mexico are still in extremely severe drought,” Peel said. “There’s been very little relief really since the fall of 2010.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Texas, the country’s leading beef state, lost 24 percent of its total beef herd from 2010 to 2014. Oklahoma saw a 13 percent cut. As a result of shrinking herds, \u003ca href=\"http://www.startribune.com/business/258725451.html\">some feedlots and even a meat-packing plant\u003c/a> have closed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A packing plant \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/01/31/usa-beef-national-idUSL2N0L51GW20140131\">also closed in Southern California\u003c/a> earlier this year, where more than 80 percent the state is currently experiencing extreme drought (as of August 7). Hay and alfalfa are expensive and in short supply for feeding cattle. For the time being, dairy producers appear to be absorbing the increased costs, but beef ranchers are having a harder time managing the expense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many ranchers have cut beef herds in half in the northern Sierra foothills where Jeremy James is director of a University of California \u003ca href=\"http://sfrec.ucanr.edu/\">agriculture and natural resources research center.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But if you go farther south in San Luis Obispo County, Santa Barbara, ranchers have culled basically their entire herd or 80 to 90 percent of their herd,” James said. “They’ve received some of the lowest rainfall over the last three years of almost anywhere on the coastal range of California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Smallest herd in decades\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>“The drought the last three years has been the last straw,” said Oklahoma State’s Derrell Peel. The U.S. beef herd has fallen by 1.8 million head, or 6 percent, since 2011. But it comes after years of overall decline in cattle numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The U.S. beef cow herd has been downsizing for 16 of the last 18 years,” Peel said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, national herd numbers are the smallest they’ve been since the 1950s. That’s why \u003ca href=\"http://www.harvestpublicmedia.org/article/beef-herd-may-be-poised-growth-and-cheaper-steak\">shoppers are paying more than ever for beef\u003c/a> at the grocery store. Beef prices are up 10 percent in the last 12 months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not all beef states are experiencing equal declines. Northern states like Montana, Nebraska, Iowa, and the Dakotas have held steady or have even seen some growth in their cattle herds, even though many pastures have been \u003ca href=\"http://www.harvestpublicmedia.org/article/farmers-plowing-more-and-more-prairie\">plowed up to raise corn.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71815\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 241px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/Cattle_truck-e1408567960506.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-71815\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/Cattle_truck-241x169.jpg\" alt=\"A feed truck drives along a concrete bunk in a cattle feedlot.\" width=\"241\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Van Housen Feed Yard in Stromsburg, Nebraska mixes 22 loads of feed every day, adding up to nearly 200 tons food for 8,000 cattle. (Photo by Grant Gerlock)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Following the feed\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Many of those cattle have moved to Midwestern feedlots. This year, for the first time, Nebraska passed Texas as the top cattle-feeding state in the country. That is, Nebraska houses the most cattle in feedlots, which are generally the final step before they head to the slaughterhouse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main reason is a difference in feed prices. Feed costs are up in Texas, stoked by drought. But they’re relatively low in the Midwest, thanks to a byproduct of the region’s large ethanol industry -- distillers’ grains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Distillers’ grains are the leftovers of corn ethanol production. Nebraska is second in the country in ethanol production, behind Iowa. When the starch is removed from the corn kernel to be fermented into fuel, the protein-rich fiber is left behind. But it can be used as an inexpensive ingredient in livestock feed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71814\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 241px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/Cattle_terry-e1408568049274.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-71814\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/Cattle_terry-241x169.jpg\" alt=\"Cattle feeder, Terry Van Housen, holds a handful of yellow cattle feed in his hand.\" width=\"241\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Terry Van Housen takes a handful of feed from the bunk at his feedlot. Lower feed costs give Nebraska an advantage in the cattle-feeding industry. (Photo by Grant Gerlock)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Cattle feeder Terry Van Housen calls Nebraska the “garden spot for raising cattle.” At his feedlot near the small town of Stromsburg, 8,000 animals line up along two miles of concrete bunks to pile on the pounds. He has replaced 30 percent of his regular feed ration with distillers’ grains, the corn ethanol byproduct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Van Housen gets the moist, yellow, sweet-smelling stuff fresh from an ethanol plant just 18 miles away. He says the cheap source of feed gives Midwestern feeders an edge over southern competitors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So that’s a big deal,” Van Housen says. “A lot of this stuff, if you fed in Texas, it would have to come from here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as Van Housen says, it’s cheaper to haul the cattle to the feed than haul the feed to the cattle.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Waiting for rain\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Rebuilding herds in the areas of cattle country hit hardest by drought could take years, and that’s only once the grass is green again. For now, ranchers in Texas and California are watching and waiting for rain. Jeremy James of the University of California says producers want to see what will happen this fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That will tip the scale in either a good or bad trajectory,” James said. “If we had a fourth year of drought here, it would probably tax most of these ag systems beyond any sort of reasonable capacity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When rain does come, cattle will return to the areas where they were forced out by drought. The question is how many? Those ranchers will be competing with areas that have gained from their climatic misfortune. And wherever those cattle start, when it’s time for them to bulk up before slaughter, states like Nebraska, with easy access to cheap feed, are likely to attract a larger share of the market.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Cattle are leaving drought-parched pastures to go where the grass is greener and it could lead to long-term changes in the industry.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1450491842,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":24,"wordCount":1064},"headData":{"title":"Drought Re-shaping the Cattle Map | KQED","description":"Cattle are leaving drought-parched pastures to go where the grass is greener and it could lead to long-term changes in the industry.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"71671 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=71671","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/09/04/drought-re-shaping-the-cattle-map/","disqusTitle":"Drought Re-shaping the Cattle Map","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","audioUrl":"http://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/060614_Beef_Gerlock.mp3","path":"/quest/71671/drought-re-shaping-the-cattle-map","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Drought is reshaping the beef map and raising the price of steak. Ranchers are moving herds \u003ca href=\"http://www.denverpost.com/business/ci_25773718/california-cattle-short-food-finding-way-colorado\">from California to Colorado\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://lubbockonline.com/agriculture/2014-03-02/texas-trails-nebraska-number-cattle-feeding#.U5dGJPmwJcQ\">from Texas to Nebraska\u003c/a> seeking refuge from dry weather. And cattle producers in the Midwest are making the most of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. may be on the front end of a significant geographic shakeout of the beef industry. Herd numbers have been sliding nationwide for more than a decade. Now, as drought grips major beef and dairy producing areas, a cattle migration is emerging and it’s altering where cattle are raised, fed, and slaughtered.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Drought devastating cattle herds\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Prime cattle producing areas can’t hold the same number of animals without adequate supplies of feed and water. Oklahoma State University livestock marketing specialist Derrell Peel says ponds and pastures are drying up across large parts of Oklahoma and Texas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Western Oklahoma -- the panhandle, the panhandle of Texas, and, in fact, much of West Texas and much of western New Mexico are still in extremely severe drought,” Peel said. “There’s been very little relief really since the fall of 2010.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Texas, the country’s leading beef state, lost 24 percent of its total beef herd from 2010 to 2014. Oklahoma saw a 13 percent cut. As a result of shrinking herds, \u003ca href=\"http://www.startribune.com/business/258725451.html\">some feedlots and even a meat-packing plant\u003c/a> have closed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A packing plant \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/01/31/usa-beef-national-idUSL2N0L51GW20140131\">also closed in Southern California\u003c/a> earlier this year, where more than 80 percent the state is currently experiencing extreme drought (as of August 7). Hay and alfalfa are expensive and in short supply for feeding cattle. For the time being, dairy producers appear to be absorbing the increased costs, but beef ranchers are having a harder time managing the expense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many ranchers have cut beef herds in half in the northern Sierra foothills where Jeremy James is director of a University of California \u003ca href=\"http://sfrec.ucanr.edu/\">agriculture and natural resources research center.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But if you go farther south in San Luis Obispo County, Santa Barbara, ranchers have culled basically their entire herd or 80 to 90 percent of their herd,” James said. “They’ve received some of the lowest rainfall over the last three years of almost anywhere on the coastal range of California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Smallest herd in decades\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>“The drought the last three years has been the last straw,” said Oklahoma State’s Derrell Peel. The U.S. beef herd has fallen by 1.8 million head, or 6 percent, since 2011. But it comes after years of overall decline in cattle numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The U.S. beef cow herd has been downsizing for 16 of the last 18 years,” Peel said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, national herd numbers are the smallest they’ve been since the 1950s. That’s why \u003ca href=\"http://www.harvestpublicmedia.org/article/beef-herd-may-be-poised-growth-and-cheaper-steak\">shoppers are paying more than ever for beef\u003c/a> at the grocery store. Beef prices are up 10 percent in the last 12 months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not all beef states are experiencing equal declines. Northern states like Montana, Nebraska, Iowa, and the Dakotas have held steady or have even seen some growth in their cattle herds, even though many pastures have been \u003ca href=\"http://www.harvestpublicmedia.org/article/farmers-plowing-more-and-more-prairie\">plowed up to raise corn.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71815\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 241px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/Cattle_truck-e1408567960506.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-71815\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/Cattle_truck-241x169.jpg\" alt=\"A feed truck drives along a concrete bunk in a cattle feedlot.\" width=\"241\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Van Housen Feed Yard in Stromsburg, Nebraska mixes 22 loads of feed every day, adding up to nearly 200 tons food for 8,000 cattle. (Photo by Grant Gerlock)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Following the feed\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Many of those cattle have moved to Midwestern feedlots. This year, for the first time, Nebraska passed Texas as the top cattle-feeding state in the country. That is, Nebraska houses the most cattle in feedlots, which are generally the final step before they head to the slaughterhouse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main reason is a difference in feed prices. Feed costs are up in Texas, stoked by drought. But they’re relatively low in the Midwest, thanks to a byproduct of the region’s large ethanol industry -- distillers’ grains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Distillers’ grains are the leftovers of corn ethanol production. Nebraska is second in the country in ethanol production, behind Iowa. When the starch is removed from the corn kernel to be fermented into fuel, the protein-rich fiber is left behind. But it can be used as an inexpensive ingredient in livestock feed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71814\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 241px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/Cattle_terry-e1408568049274.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-71814\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/Cattle_terry-241x169.jpg\" alt=\"Cattle feeder, Terry Van Housen, holds a handful of yellow cattle feed in his hand.\" width=\"241\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Terry Van Housen takes a handful of feed from the bunk at his feedlot. Lower feed costs give Nebraska an advantage in the cattle-feeding industry. (Photo by Grant Gerlock)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Cattle feeder Terry Van Housen calls Nebraska the “garden spot for raising cattle.” At his feedlot near the small town of Stromsburg, 8,000 animals line up along two miles of concrete bunks to pile on the pounds. He has replaced 30 percent of his regular feed ration with distillers’ grains, the corn ethanol byproduct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Van Housen gets the moist, yellow, sweet-smelling stuff fresh from an ethanol plant just 18 miles away. He says the cheap source of feed gives Midwestern feeders an edge over southern competitors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So that’s a big deal,” Van Housen says. “A lot of this stuff, if you fed in Texas, it would have to come from here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as Van Housen says, it’s cheaper to haul the cattle to the feed than haul the feed to the cattle.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Waiting for rain\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Rebuilding herds in the areas of cattle country hit hardest by drought could take years, and that’s only once the grass is green again. For now, ranchers in Texas and California are watching and waiting for rain. Jeremy James of the University of California says producers want to see what will happen this fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That will tip the scale in either a good or bad trajectory,” James said. “If we had a fourth year of drought here, it would probably tax most of these ag systems beyond any sort of reasonable capacity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When rain does come, cattle will return to the areas where they were forced out by drought. The question is how many? Those ranchers will be competing with areas that have gained from their climatic misfortune. And wherever those cattle start, when it’s time for them to bulk up before slaughter, states like Nebraska, with easy access to cheap feed, are likely to attract a larger share of the market.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/71671/drought-re-shaping-the-cattle-map","authors":["10231"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_9","quest_3229","quest_17","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_299","quest_438","quest_3502","quest_886","quest_12269","quest_12967","quest_12559","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_12354","quest_12968","quest_13364","quest_12966"],"featImg":"quest_71898","label":"source_quest_71671"},"quest_70449":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_70449","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"70449","score":null,"sort":[1405000825000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"prescribed-burn","title":"Fire Returns to The Great Plains","publishDate":1405000825,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/PrescribedBurnQuest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71048\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 639px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/QUEST-jose-luis.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71048 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/QUEST-jose-luis.jpg\" alt=\"QUEST jose luis\" width=\"639\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/QUEST-jose-luis.jpg 639w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/QUEST-jose-luis-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 639px) 100vw, 639px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jose Luis Duce, from Spain's Ministry of the Environment, is training to do a prescribed burn with firefighters from Spain, Colorado, Wyoming, California, and Nebraska. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71043\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 168px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Phil-Dye.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71043 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Phil-Dye-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"Phil Dye\" width=\"168\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Firefighter Phil Dye uses a flapper tool to put out any remaining flames on the black line. (Photo credit: Ben Wheeler, Pheasants Forever)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you’re working on a prescribed burn, you need to have a few things with you. “This tool here is called a thaw claw or a hoe… This is called a fire swatter or flapper,” said Phil Dye, a firefighter from the San Francisco Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The flapper looks exactly like a giant flyswatter. But that’s not how it’s used. Right now Dye and a few dozen firefighters are doing what’s called “black lining” just outside Elba, a small town on the Loup River in north central Nebraska. The crew is split into igniters and holders, and they’re walking along a 15-foot-wide line of grass that’s been mowed around the perimeter of a burn unit. The igniters pour gasoline on the short grass and then light the fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the grass has burned black, the holders drag their flappers on the ground to smother any remaining flames. Tomorrow, if the weather, wind, and humidity are just right, the firefighters will set fire to the 700 acres inside the black line. That line keeps the fire from spreading outside the burn unit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Basically, it’s a buffer, because fire’s not going to burn in an area that’s already been burned,” Dye said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71052\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Small-Cedars.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71052\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Small-Cedars-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Young eastern redcedars killed during the burn. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Young eastern redcedars killed during the burn. (Photo credit: Ben Wheeler, Pheasants Forever)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Why burn?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The firefighters are participating in a 10-day-long training exchange hosted by \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.org/\">The Nature Conservancy\u003c/a> and the nonprofit \u003ca href=\"http://nebraskapf.com/\">Pheasants Forever\u003c/a>. The exchange has two goals: one is for firefighters to train on a prescribed burn and the other is to actually burn 4,000 acres of land to control the eastern redcedar population on the prairie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Redcedars are native to Nebraska, but they’re starting to take over grassland areas -- partly because of us. Ben Wheeler, the wildlife ecologist with the conservation group Pheasants Forever, said, “When white settlers moved in, we began some pretty aggressive fire-suppression campaigns, you know, because people were worried about fire going through their homesteads and being destructive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today the redcedar population has grown so much that parts of the prairie look more like forest than grassland. Wheeler says that eastern redcedars used to only grow where natural wildfire couldn’t reach them, like steep, northern-facing slopes. Without fire, Wheeler said, “Those refuge areas for trees expanded exponentially -- basically across the state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71053\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 168px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Ashley.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71053 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Ashley-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"Ashley\" width=\"168\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Firefighter Ashley Whitworth sprays water along the edges of the black line that will end up being about 15 feet wide and encompass 700 acres. (Photo credit: Ben Wheeler, Pheasants Forever)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Don Westover, fire program leader with the \u003ca href=\"http://nfs.unl.edu/\">Nebraska Forest Service\u003c/a>, said recently that land management organizations like the U.S. Forest Service went from seeing fire as a threat to an integral force in prairie ecology. Westover said, “The U.S. Forest Service had a policy for a number of years that they called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Policy/Fire/Suppression/Suppression.aspx\">10 am policy\u003c/a>, and that policy stated that all wildfires will be suppressed by 10 am the morning following the fire started.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That all changed for the Forest Service and other federal agencies about 25 years ago. Instead of putting every fire out, the current policy is to let wildfires happen under very controlled circumstances, like at the training exchange near Elba, Nebraska.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Keeping control\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Safety is every firefighter’s concern on the training exchange, especially for Dye, who is the burn’s plan chief. Every night he writes the \u003ca href=\"http://gpfirescience.missouristate.edu/assets/gpfirescience/NE_NRCSexampleBurnPlanFillable.pdf\">incident action plan\u003c/a>, or IAP, for the next day’s work. It’s a thick document that lists things like the burn’s objectives, weather forecast, each crew member’s assignment, and a go/no go checklist. Everything on the checklist has to be “yes before we can light fire,” Dye said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71041\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/2014-03-28-14.33.52.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71041 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/2014-03-28-14.33.52-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">After spraying water on the borders of the black line, firefighters pour gas, ignite the grass, and wait for the fire to burn out. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The IAP is handbook, schedule, and manual all in one for the firefighters to refer to throughout the day. It cuts down on the chances that someone will accidentally start a fire. Dye has worked on grassland burns before, but not all the firefighters here have, like Ashley Whitworth, a firefighter in the Colorado Springs Fire Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve only done ditch burning and a few prescribed fires, but not 700 acres,” Whitworth said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71039\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/2014-03-28-14.36.37.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71039 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/2014-03-28-14.36.37-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Once the grass has burnt, the crew follows with flappers to make sure the fire is out. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are also firefighters from Nebraska, Idaho, Minnesota, Utah, California, and even Spain. Jose Luis Duce works for the Ministry of Environment in Spain and is one of 12 visiting firefighters. He’s also never worked on a prescribed fire, but he says that Spain’s grasslands evolved with fire, similar to Nebraska’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This kind of fuel, we have this fuel in Spain,” Duce said, “but we don’t burn that much in Spain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fuel, to firefighters, means anything that will burn. In this case, Duce means grass. Like Nebraska, wildfire spreads easily in Spain because of that grass, and especially on dry, windy days. In July 2009, those factors led to \u003ca href=\"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8167101.stm#map\">wildfires across Europe, from Spain to Turkey\u003c/a>, resulting in hundreds of people evacuating their homes and eight deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Duce thinks that’s why people are so reluctant to use fire as a management tool. “People only see the bad side of fire. It’s a part of the ecosystem. People don’t consider using fire as a natural tool.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71042\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/2014-03-28-15.17.31.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71042\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/2014-03-28-15.17.31-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"The blackline acts as a buffer to keep fire from spreading beyond what's planned. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The black line acts as a buffer to keep fire from spreading beyond the intended unit. It took the burn crew a few hours to complete this section of the line. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once the crew finishes black lining, the firefighters will head back to the command post to get some sleep. Except for Dye. He’ll be working late into the night on the burn plan for tomorrow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dye spends so much time on the IAP because it’s the only way to make sure the burn stays safe for everyone involved, from the firefighters to the landowners. And it’s those procedures that drew so many firefighters to Nebraska for the training.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watch \u003ca href=\"http://netnebraska.org/media/media.php?bin=NET&vidgroup=40164419\">a timelapse video of the prescribed burn on the Loup River\u003c/a> from QUEST Nebraska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://netnebraska.org/media/iframe.php?vidgroup=40164419&w=600&h=385&bin=NET\" width=\"100%\" height=\"385\" frameborder=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Fire can be dangerous, but it's not always a bad thing. On the Great Plains, firefighters, ecologists, and ranchers are slowly trying to make fire a part of the region's ecosystem again. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442644347,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["http://netnebraska.org/media/iframe.php"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":1182},"headData":{"title":"Fire Returns to The Great Plains | KQED","description":"Fire can be dangerous, but it's not always a bad thing. On the Great Plains, firefighters, ecologists, and ranchers are slowly trying to make fire a part of the region's ecosystem again. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"70449 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=70449","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/07/10/prescribed-burn/","disqusTitle":"Fire Returns to The Great Plains","path":"/quest/70449/prescribed-burn","audioUrl":"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/PrescribedBurnQuest.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/PrescribedBurnQuest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71048\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 639px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/QUEST-jose-luis.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71048 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/QUEST-jose-luis.jpg\" alt=\"QUEST jose luis\" width=\"639\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/QUEST-jose-luis.jpg 639w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/QUEST-jose-luis-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 639px) 100vw, 639px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jose Luis Duce, from Spain's Ministry of the Environment, is training to do a prescribed burn with firefighters from Spain, Colorado, Wyoming, California, and Nebraska. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71043\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 168px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Phil-Dye.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71043 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Phil-Dye-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"Phil Dye\" width=\"168\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Firefighter Phil Dye uses a flapper tool to put out any remaining flames on the black line. (Photo credit: Ben Wheeler, Pheasants Forever)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you’re working on a prescribed burn, you need to have a few things with you. “This tool here is called a thaw claw or a hoe… This is called a fire swatter or flapper,” said Phil Dye, a firefighter from the San Francisco Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The flapper looks exactly like a giant flyswatter. But that’s not how it’s used. Right now Dye and a few dozen firefighters are doing what’s called “black lining” just outside Elba, a small town on the Loup River in north central Nebraska. The crew is split into igniters and holders, and they’re walking along a 15-foot-wide line of grass that’s been mowed around the perimeter of a burn unit. The igniters pour gasoline on the short grass and then light the fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the grass has burned black, the holders drag their flappers on the ground to smother any remaining flames. Tomorrow, if the weather, wind, and humidity are just right, the firefighters will set fire to the 700 acres inside the black line. That line keeps the fire from spreading outside the burn unit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Basically, it’s a buffer, because fire’s not going to burn in an area that’s already been burned,” Dye said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71052\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Small-Cedars.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71052\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Small-Cedars-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Young eastern redcedars killed during the burn. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Young eastern redcedars killed during the burn. (Photo credit: Ben Wheeler, Pheasants Forever)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Why burn?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The firefighters are participating in a 10-day-long training exchange hosted by \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.org/\">The Nature Conservancy\u003c/a> and the nonprofit \u003ca href=\"http://nebraskapf.com/\">Pheasants Forever\u003c/a>. The exchange has two goals: one is for firefighters to train on a prescribed burn and the other is to actually burn 4,000 acres of land to control the eastern redcedar population on the prairie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Redcedars are native to Nebraska, but they’re starting to take over grassland areas -- partly because of us. Ben Wheeler, the wildlife ecologist with the conservation group Pheasants Forever, said, “When white settlers moved in, we began some pretty aggressive fire-suppression campaigns, you know, because people were worried about fire going through their homesteads and being destructive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today the redcedar population has grown so much that parts of the prairie look more like forest than grassland. Wheeler says that eastern redcedars used to only grow where natural wildfire couldn’t reach them, like steep, northern-facing slopes. Without fire, Wheeler said, “Those refuge areas for trees expanded exponentially -- basically across the state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71053\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 168px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Ashley.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71053 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Ashley-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"Ashley\" width=\"168\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Firefighter Ashley Whitworth sprays water along the edges of the black line that will end up being about 15 feet wide and encompass 700 acres. (Photo credit: Ben Wheeler, Pheasants Forever)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Don Westover, fire program leader with the \u003ca href=\"http://nfs.unl.edu/\">Nebraska Forest Service\u003c/a>, said recently that land management organizations like the U.S. Forest Service went from seeing fire as a threat to an integral force in prairie ecology. Westover said, “The U.S. Forest Service had a policy for a number of years that they called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Policy/Fire/Suppression/Suppression.aspx\">10 am policy\u003c/a>, and that policy stated that all wildfires will be suppressed by 10 am the morning following the fire started.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That all changed for the Forest Service and other federal agencies about 25 years ago. Instead of putting every fire out, the current policy is to let wildfires happen under very controlled circumstances, like at the training exchange near Elba, Nebraska.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Keeping control\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Safety is every firefighter’s concern on the training exchange, especially for Dye, who is the burn’s plan chief. Every night he writes the \u003ca href=\"http://gpfirescience.missouristate.edu/assets/gpfirescience/NE_NRCSexampleBurnPlanFillable.pdf\">incident action plan\u003c/a>, or IAP, for the next day’s work. It’s a thick document that lists things like the burn’s objectives, weather forecast, each crew member’s assignment, and a go/no go checklist. Everything on the checklist has to be “yes before we can light fire,” Dye said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71041\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/2014-03-28-14.33.52.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71041 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/2014-03-28-14.33.52-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">After spraying water on the borders of the black line, firefighters pour gas, ignite the grass, and wait for the fire to burn out. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The IAP is handbook, schedule, and manual all in one for the firefighters to refer to throughout the day. It cuts down on the chances that someone will accidentally start a fire. Dye has worked on grassland burns before, but not all the firefighters here have, like Ashley Whitworth, a firefighter in the Colorado Springs Fire Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve only done ditch burning and a few prescribed fires, but not 700 acres,” Whitworth said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71039\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/2014-03-28-14.36.37.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71039 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/2014-03-28-14.36.37-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Once the grass has burnt, the crew follows with flappers to make sure the fire is out. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are also firefighters from Nebraska, Idaho, Minnesota, Utah, California, and even Spain. Jose Luis Duce works for the Ministry of Environment in Spain and is one of 12 visiting firefighters. He’s also never worked on a prescribed fire, but he says that Spain’s grasslands evolved with fire, similar to Nebraska’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This kind of fuel, we have this fuel in Spain,” Duce said, “but we don’t burn that much in Spain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fuel, to firefighters, means anything that will burn. In this case, Duce means grass. Like Nebraska, wildfire spreads easily in Spain because of that grass, and especially on dry, windy days. In July 2009, those factors led to \u003ca href=\"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8167101.stm#map\">wildfires across Europe, from Spain to Turkey\u003c/a>, resulting in hundreds of people evacuating their homes and eight deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Duce thinks that’s why people are so reluctant to use fire as a management tool. “People only see the bad side of fire. It’s a part of the ecosystem. People don’t consider using fire as a natural tool.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71042\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/2014-03-28-15.17.31.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71042\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/2014-03-28-15.17.31-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"The blackline acts as a buffer to keep fire from spreading beyond what's planned. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The black line acts as a buffer to keep fire from spreading beyond the intended unit. It took the burn crew a few hours to complete this section of the line. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once the crew finishes black lining, the firefighters will head back to the command post to get some sleep. Except for Dye. He’ll be working late into the night on the burn plan for tomorrow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dye spends so much time on the IAP because it’s the only way to make sure the burn stays safe for everyone involved, from the firefighters to the landowners. And it’s those procedures that drew so many firefighters to Nebraska for the training.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watch \u003ca href=\"http://netnebraska.org/media/media.php?bin=NET&vidgroup=40164419\">a timelapse video of the prescribed burn on the Loup River\u003c/a> from QUEST Nebraska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://netnebraska.org/media/iframe.php?vidgroup=40164419&w=600&h=385&bin=NET\" width=\"100%\" height=\"385\" frameborder=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/70449/prescribed-burn","authors":["10562"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_438","quest_12669","quest_12898","quest_921","quest_1095","quest_12897","quest_12269","quest_10353","quest_3929","quest_12899","quest_2283","quest_12896","quest_2349","quest_12354","quest_12900","quest_12901","quest_3071"],"featImg":"quest_71048","label":"quest"},"quest_64598":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_64598","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"64598","score":null,"sort":[1390831232000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"during-drought-pop-up-wetlands-give-birds-a-break","title":"During Drought, Pop-Up Wetlands Give Birds a Break","publishDate":1390831232,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Northern+California/Radio/Stream/Pop_up_wetlands_Jan_27_2014.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/series/california-drought-watch/\">severe drought\u003c/a> is taking a toll on wildlife around the state. Millions of birds migrate through this time of year, but the waterways and wetlands they rely on are largely dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Sacramento Valley, one environmental group is working with farmers and citizen scientists to provide some help by creating temporary “pop-up” wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winter is always a busy bird season at Douglas Thomas’s rice farm in Olivehurst, California, about 40 miles north of Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those fields behind there will fill with geese,” he says. “It’s just so loud. You can’t sleep at night. The first couple nights are pretty rough and I’m actually cussing them even though I love them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent winter morning, Thomas watches as a young bald eagle dives at some 3,000 snow geese floating in the rice fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As soon as they start getting here, this is what I sit and do,” he says “I keep my binoculars in my truck.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66369\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 314px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/TNC-map.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-66369\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/TNC-map.jpg\" alt=\"The orange areas show where migratory birds are likely to be on March 17 in the Central Valley, based on citizen science observations from eBird. The blue shows available waterways and wetlands. Scientists used a series of these maps to look for areas where wetlands are lacking. (Source: Cornell eBird, Point Blue Conservation Science, The Nature Conservancy)\" width=\"314\" height=\"465\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The \u003cstrong>orange areas\u003c/strong> show where migratory birds are likely to be on March 17 in the Central Valley, based on citizen science data from eBird. The \u003cstrong>blue\u003c/strong> shows available water. Scientists used a series of these maps to look for areas where wetlands are lacking. (Source: Cornell eBird, Point Blue Conservation Science, The Nature Conservancy)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The birds come here because Thomas keeps his rice fields flooded in December and January. The water decomposes the rice straw leftover from last year’s harvest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normally, at the end of January, “we would let our water go and start trying to dry our fields out because the lake that’s in front of us has to be dry enough to drive a tractor in it and then we’ve got to seed it,” he says\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not this year. Thomas is leaving water on his fields a little longer as part of an experimental project with \u003ca href=\"http://www.conserveca.org/blog_multimedia/precision-conservation.xml\">The Nature Conservancy\u003c/a>, designed to provide extra habitat for the birds when they need it most.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thomas’s farm is in the middle of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-great-migration/\">Pacific Flyway\u003c/a>, a vast migration route that stretches from the Arctic to South America. The Central Valley is a key pit stop for millions of birds along the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California is really the linchpin of the Pacific Flyway,” says Nature Conservancy scientist Mark Reynolds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many of these species breed in the high Arctic and are coming down to spend the wintertime in southern latitudes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some birds, like snow geese, spend the winter in California. Others only stop briefly before continuing hundreds of miles south.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like stopping on a road trip so anywhere that they can find habitat and find things to eat to put on fat for their journey, they’ll stop,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But wetlands aren’t as abundant as they once were. Ninety percent of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/delta-map/\">Central Valley’s historic wetlands\u003c/a> have been filled in and dry years like this one make it even tougher.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"California is really the linchpin of the Pacific Flyway\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Many of these water bird species on the flyway have had long-term declining population trends,” Reynolds says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reynolds wanted to know where and when the birds need wetlands, so he turned to an \u003ca href=\"http://ebird.org/content/ebird/\">app called e-Bird\u003c/a>. Birders have used it to report tens of thousands of bird sightings, creating a detailed data set.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What it gives us that we’ve not really had before is for many, many species, \u003ca href=\"http://www.conserveca.org/blog_multimedia/precision-conservation.xml\">we now can look week-by-week\u003c/a> at arrival patterns in California,” Reynolds says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In places that lack wetlands, the Nature Conservancy asked rice farmers to put up bids, pricing out how much it would cost to keep their fields flooded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group is paying farmers \u003ca href=\"http://www.conserveca.org/blog_multimedia/precision-conservation.xml\">to create about 10,000 acres\u003c/a> of these temporary wetlands in February and March. The bidding process is secret, but bids came in both above and below $45 per acre, the payments some farmers get from federal conservation programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66368\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 309px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Thomas1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-66368\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Thomas1.jpg\" alt=\"Rice farmer Douglas Thomas watches thousands of snow geese take flight. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"309\" height=\"283\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Thomas1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Thomas1-400x368.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 309px) 100vw, 309px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rice farmer Douglas Thomas watches thousands of snow geese take flight. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Thomas says his cost is largely labor. “It’ll push back our planting cycle,” he says. “We can’t get into our fields earlier. So we’re putting harder, longer hours on our tractor and our crew. We’re taking a greater risk doing this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thomas will keep two-to-four inches of water on his fields for four weeks. The water level is tailored for shorebirds, like long-billed dowitchers, sandpipers, and godwits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nature Conservancy economist Eric Hallstein says the payments help offset the farmers’ risks and are a cost-effective way to create habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The traditional model in conservation – it’s actually to permanently buy a piece of property or an easement,” Hallstein says. “It’s very expensive, prohibitively expensive. And also, we don’t want to displace farmers from that property.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Douglas Thomas sees a more personal upside. “Northern pintail is my favorite bird,” he says. “It’s such a graceful, amazing creature. And that we’re part of that annual cycle, that’s a neat, special thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By April, his fields will be dry and the birds will be on their way back north.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"As California's drought gets worse, farmers and conservationists are teaming up to create temporary wetlands for birds migrating on the Pacific Flyway.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442607140,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":28,"wordCount":938},"headData":{"title":"During Drought, Pop-Up Wetlands Give Birds a Break | KQED","description":"As California's drought gets worse, farmers and conservationists are teaming up to create temporary wetlands for birds migrating on the Pacific Flyway.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"64598 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=64598","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/01/27/during-drought-pop-up-wetlands-give-birds-a-break/","disqusTitle":"During Drought, Pop-Up Wetlands Give Birds a Break","path":"/quest/64598/during-drought-pop-up-wetlands-give-birds-a-break","audioUrl":"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Northern+California/Radio/Stream/Pop_up_wetlands_Jan_27_2014.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Northern+California/Radio/Stream/Pop_up_wetlands_Jan_27_2014.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/series/california-drought-watch/\">severe drought\u003c/a> is taking a toll on wildlife around the state. Millions of birds migrate through this time of year, but the waterways and wetlands they rely on are largely dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Sacramento Valley, one environmental group is working with farmers and citizen scientists to provide some help by creating temporary “pop-up” wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winter is always a busy bird season at Douglas Thomas’s rice farm in Olivehurst, California, about 40 miles north of Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those fields behind there will fill with geese,” he says. “It’s just so loud. You can’t sleep at night. The first couple nights are pretty rough and I’m actually cussing them even though I love them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent winter morning, Thomas watches as a young bald eagle dives at some 3,000 snow geese floating in the rice fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As soon as they start getting here, this is what I sit and do,” he says “I keep my binoculars in my truck.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66369\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 314px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/TNC-map.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-66369\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/TNC-map.jpg\" alt=\"The orange areas show where migratory birds are likely to be on March 17 in the Central Valley, based on citizen science observations from eBird. The blue shows available waterways and wetlands. Scientists used a series of these maps to look for areas where wetlands are lacking. (Source: Cornell eBird, Point Blue Conservation Science, The Nature Conservancy)\" width=\"314\" height=\"465\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The \u003cstrong>orange areas\u003c/strong> show where migratory birds are likely to be on March 17 in the Central Valley, based on citizen science data from eBird. The \u003cstrong>blue\u003c/strong> shows available water. Scientists used a series of these maps to look for areas where wetlands are lacking. (Source: Cornell eBird, Point Blue Conservation Science, The Nature Conservancy)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The birds come here because Thomas keeps his rice fields flooded in December and January. The water decomposes the rice straw leftover from last year’s harvest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normally, at the end of January, “we would let our water go and start trying to dry our fields out because the lake that’s in front of us has to be dry enough to drive a tractor in it and then we’ve got to seed it,” he says\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not this year. Thomas is leaving water on his fields a little longer as part of an experimental project with \u003ca href=\"http://www.conserveca.org/blog_multimedia/precision-conservation.xml\">The Nature Conservancy\u003c/a>, designed to provide extra habitat for the birds when they need it most.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thomas’s farm is in the middle of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-great-migration/\">Pacific Flyway\u003c/a>, a vast migration route that stretches from the Arctic to South America. The Central Valley is a key pit stop for millions of birds along the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California is really the linchpin of the Pacific Flyway,” says Nature Conservancy scientist Mark Reynolds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many of these species breed in the high Arctic and are coming down to spend the wintertime in southern latitudes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some birds, like snow geese, spend the winter in California. Others only stop briefly before continuing hundreds of miles south.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like stopping on a road trip so anywhere that they can find habitat and find things to eat to put on fat for their journey, they’ll stop,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But wetlands aren’t as abundant as they once were. Ninety percent of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/delta-map/\">Central Valley’s historic wetlands\u003c/a> have been filled in and dry years like this one make it even tougher.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"California is really the linchpin of the Pacific Flyway\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Many of these water bird species on the flyway have had long-term declining population trends,” Reynolds says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reynolds wanted to know where and when the birds need wetlands, so he turned to an \u003ca href=\"http://ebird.org/content/ebird/\">app called e-Bird\u003c/a>. Birders have used it to report tens of thousands of bird sightings, creating a detailed data set.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What it gives us that we’ve not really had before is for many, many species, \u003ca href=\"http://www.conserveca.org/blog_multimedia/precision-conservation.xml\">we now can look week-by-week\u003c/a> at arrival patterns in California,” Reynolds says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In places that lack wetlands, the Nature Conservancy asked rice farmers to put up bids, pricing out how much it would cost to keep their fields flooded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group is paying farmers \u003ca href=\"http://www.conserveca.org/blog_multimedia/precision-conservation.xml\">to create about 10,000 acres\u003c/a> of these temporary wetlands in February and March. The bidding process is secret, but bids came in both above and below $45 per acre, the payments some farmers get from federal conservation programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66368\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 309px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Thomas1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-66368\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Thomas1.jpg\" alt=\"Rice farmer Douglas Thomas watches thousands of snow geese take flight. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"309\" height=\"283\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Thomas1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Thomas1-400x368.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 309px) 100vw, 309px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rice farmer Douglas Thomas watches thousands of snow geese take flight. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Thomas says his cost is largely labor. “It’ll push back our planting cycle,” he says. “We can’t get into our fields earlier. So we’re putting harder, longer hours on our tractor and our crew. We’re taking a greater risk doing this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thomas will keep two-to-four inches of water on his fields for four weeks. The water level is tailored for shorebirds, like long-billed dowitchers, sandpipers, and godwits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nature Conservancy economist Eric Hallstein says the payments help offset the farmers’ risks and are a cost-effective way to create habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The traditional model in conservation – it’s actually to permanently buy a piece of property or an easement,” Hallstein says. “It’s very expensive, prohibitively expensive. And also, we don’t want to displace farmers from that property.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Douglas Thomas sees a more personal upside. “Northern pintail is my favorite bird,” he says. “It’s such a graceful, amazing creature. And that we’re part of that annual cycle, that’s a neat, special thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By April, his fields will be dry and the birds will be on their way back north.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/64598/during-drought-pop-up-wetlands-give-birds-a-break","authors":["239"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_6","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_85","quest_252","quest_326","quest_340","quest_438","quest_533","quest_684","quest_1073","quest_12269","quest_1819","quest_2102","quest_13","quest_3108","quest_3155"],"featImg":"quest_66367","label":"quest"},"quest_52760":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_52760","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"52760","score":null,"sort":[1382137235000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"road-kill-or-road-crossing-california-slow-to-protect-wildlife","title":"Road Kill or Road Crossing: California Slow to Protect Wildlife","publishDate":1382137235,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Most drivers have had this experience: it’s late at night and out of nowhere an animal darts across the road. Thousands of animals are hit every year in California, taking a toll on both wildlife and drivers. Nationwide, wildlife collisions are estimated to cause $1 billion in damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several western states have built infrastructure to help wildlife cross under highways safely—projects known as “wildlife corridors.” Some experts say that while California officials know about the extent of the problem, the state is way behind in solving it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dangers have recently become clear in the Santa Cruz Mountains, where mountain lions are crossing Highway 17, a winding, four-lane highway. The population is being studied by the \u003ca href=\"http://santacruzpumas.org/\">Santa Cruz Puma Project\u003c/a>, run out of the University of California-Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a sunny, late-spring afternoon, field biologist Paul Houghtaling meets up with Dan Tichenor, a volunteer from California Houndsmen for Conservation, and his hound dogs. They tracked the scent of a mountain lion, now in a tree to avoid the barking dogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He’s looking at us,” Houghtaling says, looking up at the lion. “He’s interested in us but just a little while ago he had his head down on the branch. He’s gonna wait us out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62748\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/280-deer.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-62748\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/280-deer.jpg\" alt=\" Deer crossing under I-280 in the Bay Area, as captured by a wildlife camera. Scientists say fencing could help direct animals to these spots. (Photo: UC Davis Road Ecology Center)\" width=\"400\" height=\"330\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Deer crossing under I-280 in the Bay Area, as captured by a wildlife camera. Scientists say fencing could help direct animals to these spots. (Photo: UC Davis Road Ecology Center)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Houghtaling intends to put a radio and GPS tracking collar on the lion. The data will feed into a five-year project to document mountain lion movements in the area and study how they live around people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve had several lions that have crossed Highway 17 down near Santa Cruz many times,” he says. “One of them was hit and killed about a week before she was going to give birth to a single kitten.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four other lions have been killed on Highway 17 in the last few years. Houghtaling says the data show that most of them are trying to cross the highway at the same places, which makes those locations good candidates for wildlife corridor projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Circle of Death”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know it’s a problem and we know how to fix it,” said Fraser Shilling, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://roadecology.ucdavis.edu/\">Road Ecology Center\u003c/a> at UC Davis. “Almost every place you have a highway near an open space area, we have hotspots. So it’s sort of a circle of death around the Bay Area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area’s highway network fragments wildlife habitat, either forcing animals to cross freeways or isolating them in “islands” of habitat. Scientists say connecting habitat will be increasingly important with climate change, as animals and plants need to move with shifting conditions. A recent effort by conservation groups \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayarealands.org/next-steps/linkages.php\">identified 14 places \u003c/a>where preserving land would connect the Bay Area's open spaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.wildlifecrossing.net/california/\">Citizen scientists have documented\u003c/a> around 7,000 dead animals on Bay Area roads over the last four years, which Shilling says represents a fraction of the total number.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62746\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 278px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/hotspot-map.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-62746\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/hotspot-map-278x360.jpg\" alt=\"Bay Area wildlife collision hotspots.\" width=\"278\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bay Area wildlife collision hotspots (\u003cstrong>click to enlarge\u003c/strong>).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another road-kill hotspot is Interstate 280, a commuter favorite heading south out of San Francisco. The multi-lane freeway opens to rolling, grassy hills on either side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shilling \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2012/07/30/103810/study_tracks_deer_movement_on_interstate_280?category=science\">tracked deer behavior around the freeway\u003c/a> for six months. “They’ll come right up to the edge of highway,” he says. “They’ll also try to cross the highway and because it’s so busy, they really can’t make it. They’ll get hit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Collisions at freeway speeds are often fatal for the deer, and sometimes for the driver. Every year, drivers hit about 40 deer along I-280, but Shilling found some deer are going under the freeway through culverts and underpasses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a report he’s drafting for Caltrans, Shilling recommends putting up wildlife fencing that would funnel deer to the underpasses, keeping them off the freeway. Those underpasses could be made more attractive to wildlife by creating separate pathways for people and animals to use. Animals tend to avoid areas that are heavily used by people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Building fences can be expensive—up to $100,000 per mile—but Shilling compares that to cost of collisions from vehicle damage and injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On Interstate 280, there are places where the cost is about $10,000–40,000 per mile from collisions per year,” he says. “So when you add that up and say: what is that over ten years and would it be cost-effective to do something? Certainly, it would save society money.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other western states like Colorado and Montana have put in fences and built underpasses on major highways, and the projects have proven effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shilling says California is lagging behind. “We build about one wildlife underpass per year and the scale of the problem here is huge,” he says. “Because this is framed as an environmental issue, Caltrans seems to ignore it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Waiting for Report\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is a problem,” says Bob Haus, spokesman for Caltrans District 4, representing the Bay Area. “It’s very difficult for humans and wildlife to mix. If we can cut down on human injuries and wildlife injuries, then we’ll do anything we can to do that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Haus says Caltrans is building a culvert for wildlife near Napa \u003ca href=\"http://www.dot.ca.gov/dist4/12jamesoncanyon/\">as Highway 12 is widened\u003c/a>. But that’s only one of five projects being built or designed specifically for wildlife in the Bay Area that Caltrans could name.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62750\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 360px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Hwy-101-Tick-Creek-Bobcat.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-62750\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Hwy-101-Tick-Creek-Bobcat.jpg\" alt=\"A bobcat uses an existing culvert under Highway 152, the site of a wildlife corridor research project by the Nature Conservancy (Photo: The Nature Conservancy Pajaro Connectivity Study).\" width=\"360\" height=\"262\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bobcat uses an existing culvert under Highway 152, the site of a wildlife corridor research project by the Nature Conservancy (Photo: The Nature Conservancy Pajaro Connectivity Study).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The agency also remains skeptical about using fencing as a guide path. “So, say if you have fencing that’s specifically designed for a deer, it might harm other species,” Haus says. “So if there’s anyway at all to avoid the fencing, we try to do that right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Haus says his district has commissioned a report from UC Davis about Bay Area collision hotspots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It really depends on what they recommend. If it requires any changes to what our projects already are, we’ll go from there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fraser Shilling wants to see legislation that requires Caltrans to make all highway projects more wildlife-safe. “The agency, Caltrans, has known about this problem for a long time,” he says. “They’ve heard about it from Fish and Game. They’ve heard about it from their peers. They’re not doing it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I believe there’s a lot more that can be done in California to make habitats more connected for wildlife, particularly across roads and other kinds of barriers,” says David Wright, who works on the Resource Assessment Program at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/\">California Department of Fish and Wildlife\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that if we starting thinking about every project as it comes up and trying to make sure that we include something that improves connectivity for wildlife, then I think we’ll start seeing better habitat and more wildlife in our state,\" Wright says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Progress on Highway 17\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in the Santa Cruz mountains, Paul Houghtaling loads his rifle with a dart to sedate the mountain lion in the tree above us. He takes aim and the dart hits square in the thigh. The mountain lion leaps down and runs by at full speed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He catches up with her (turns out it’s a “she”) as she’s failing asleep under some bushes. Houghtaling takes her vitals and fits her with a radio collar, giving her the name \"\u003ca href=\"http://santacruzpumas.org/2013/05/30/meet-38f/\">38F\u003c/a>\" as the 38th mountain lion in the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Things could be looking up for the Santa Cruz lion population. Local land trusts, including the Midpeninsula Regional Open Space District, the Land Trust of Santa Cruz County, and the Peninsula Open Space Trust, are working with another Caltrans district, District 5, to improve highway 17 by expanding culverts and putting up fencing in two locations. The group is using cameras to study animal movement in those corridors and is currently applying for state funding to complete the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>See the mountain lion capture in KQED's \"Science on the SPOT: Chasing Pumas\":\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aQyh13LOmnM&noredirect=1\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Drivers hit thousands of animals every year on California freeways, often killing the wildlife, and sometimes killing or injuring the human, too. Several western states have built fencing and other infrastructure to help wildlife cross freeways safely, and critics say California could be doing a lot more of the same.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1450491597,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":36,"wordCount":1453},"headData":{"title":"Road Kill or Road Crossing: California Slow to Protect Wildlife | KQED","description":"Drivers hit thousands of animals every year on California freeways, often killing the wildlife, and sometimes killing or injuring the human, too. Several western states have built fencing and other infrastructure to help wildlife cross freeways safely, and critics say California could be doing a lot more of the same.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"52760 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=52760","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/10/18/road-kill-or-road-crossing-california-slow-to-protect-wildlife/","disqusTitle":"Road Kill or Road Crossing: California Slow to Protect Wildlife","source":"Biology","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/biology/","audioUrl":"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Northern+California/Radio/Wildlife+Corridors/Stream/Wildlife_corridors_radio_story.mp3","path":"/quest/52760/road-kill-or-road-crossing-california-slow-to-protect-wildlife","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Most drivers have had this experience: it’s late at night and out of nowhere an animal darts across the road. Thousands of animals are hit every year in California, taking a toll on both wildlife and drivers. Nationwide, wildlife collisions are estimated to cause $1 billion in damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several western states have built infrastructure to help wildlife cross under highways safely—projects known as “wildlife corridors.” Some experts say that while California officials know about the extent of the problem, the state is way behind in solving it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dangers have recently become clear in the Santa Cruz Mountains, where mountain lions are crossing Highway 17, a winding, four-lane highway. The population is being studied by the \u003ca href=\"http://santacruzpumas.org/\">Santa Cruz Puma Project\u003c/a>, run out of the University of California-Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a sunny, late-spring afternoon, field biologist Paul Houghtaling meets up with Dan Tichenor, a volunteer from California Houndsmen for Conservation, and his hound dogs. They tracked the scent of a mountain lion, now in a tree to avoid the barking dogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He’s looking at us,” Houghtaling says, looking up at the lion. “He’s interested in us but just a little while ago he had his head down on the branch. He’s gonna wait us out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62748\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/280-deer.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-62748\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/280-deer.jpg\" alt=\" Deer crossing under I-280 in the Bay Area, as captured by a wildlife camera. Scientists say fencing could help direct animals to these spots. (Photo: UC Davis Road Ecology Center)\" width=\"400\" height=\"330\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Deer crossing under I-280 in the Bay Area, as captured by a wildlife camera. Scientists say fencing could help direct animals to these spots. (Photo: UC Davis Road Ecology Center)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Houghtaling intends to put a radio and GPS tracking collar on the lion. The data will feed into a five-year project to document mountain lion movements in the area and study how they live around people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve had several lions that have crossed Highway 17 down near Santa Cruz many times,” he says. “One of them was hit and killed about a week before she was going to give birth to a single kitten.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four other lions have been killed on Highway 17 in the last few years. Houghtaling says the data show that most of them are trying to cross the highway at the same places, which makes those locations good candidates for wildlife corridor projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Circle of Death”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know it’s a problem and we know how to fix it,” said Fraser Shilling, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://roadecology.ucdavis.edu/\">Road Ecology Center\u003c/a> at UC Davis. “Almost every place you have a highway near an open space area, we have hotspots. So it’s sort of a circle of death around the Bay Area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area’s highway network fragments wildlife habitat, either forcing animals to cross freeways or isolating them in “islands” of habitat. Scientists say connecting habitat will be increasingly important with climate change, as animals and plants need to move with shifting conditions. A recent effort by conservation groups \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayarealands.org/next-steps/linkages.php\">identified 14 places \u003c/a>where preserving land would connect the Bay Area's open spaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.wildlifecrossing.net/california/\">Citizen scientists have documented\u003c/a> around 7,000 dead animals on Bay Area roads over the last four years, which Shilling says represents a fraction of the total number.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62746\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 278px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/hotspot-map.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-62746\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/hotspot-map-278x360.jpg\" alt=\"Bay Area wildlife collision hotspots.\" width=\"278\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bay Area wildlife collision hotspots (\u003cstrong>click to enlarge\u003c/strong>).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another road-kill hotspot is Interstate 280, a commuter favorite heading south out of San Francisco. The multi-lane freeway opens to rolling, grassy hills on either side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shilling \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2012/07/30/103810/study_tracks_deer_movement_on_interstate_280?category=science\">tracked deer behavior around the freeway\u003c/a> for six months. “They’ll come right up to the edge of highway,” he says. “They’ll also try to cross the highway and because it’s so busy, they really can’t make it. They’ll get hit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Collisions at freeway speeds are often fatal for the deer, and sometimes for the driver. Every year, drivers hit about 40 deer along I-280, but Shilling found some deer are going under the freeway through culverts and underpasses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a report he’s drafting for Caltrans, Shilling recommends putting up wildlife fencing that would funnel deer to the underpasses, keeping them off the freeway. Those underpasses could be made more attractive to wildlife by creating separate pathways for people and animals to use. Animals tend to avoid areas that are heavily used by people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Building fences can be expensive—up to $100,000 per mile—but Shilling compares that to cost of collisions from vehicle damage and injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On Interstate 280, there are places where the cost is about $10,000–40,000 per mile from collisions per year,” he says. “So when you add that up and say: what is that over ten years and would it be cost-effective to do something? Certainly, it would save society money.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other western states like Colorado and Montana have put in fences and built underpasses on major highways, and the projects have proven effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shilling says California is lagging behind. “We build about one wildlife underpass per year and the scale of the problem here is huge,” he says. “Because this is framed as an environmental issue, Caltrans seems to ignore it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Waiting for Report\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is a problem,” says Bob Haus, spokesman for Caltrans District 4, representing the Bay Area. “It’s very difficult for humans and wildlife to mix. If we can cut down on human injuries and wildlife injuries, then we’ll do anything we can to do that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Haus says Caltrans is building a culvert for wildlife near Napa \u003ca href=\"http://www.dot.ca.gov/dist4/12jamesoncanyon/\">as Highway 12 is widened\u003c/a>. But that’s only one of five projects being built or designed specifically for wildlife in the Bay Area that Caltrans could name.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62750\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 360px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Hwy-101-Tick-Creek-Bobcat.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-62750\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Hwy-101-Tick-Creek-Bobcat.jpg\" alt=\"A bobcat uses an existing culvert under Highway 152, the site of a wildlife corridor research project by the Nature Conservancy (Photo: The Nature Conservancy Pajaro Connectivity Study).\" width=\"360\" height=\"262\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bobcat uses an existing culvert under Highway 152, the site of a wildlife corridor research project by the Nature Conservancy (Photo: The Nature Conservancy Pajaro Connectivity Study).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The agency also remains skeptical about using fencing as a guide path. “So, say if you have fencing that’s specifically designed for a deer, it might harm other species,” Haus says. “So if there’s anyway at all to avoid the fencing, we try to do that right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Haus says his district has commissioned a report from UC Davis about Bay Area collision hotspots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It really depends on what they recommend. If it requires any changes to what our projects already are, we’ll go from there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fraser Shilling wants to see legislation that requires Caltrans to make all highway projects more wildlife-safe. “The agency, Caltrans, has known about this problem for a long time,” he says. “They’ve heard about it from Fish and Game. They’ve heard about it from their peers. They’re not doing it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I believe there’s a lot more that can be done in California to make habitats more connected for wildlife, particularly across roads and other kinds of barriers,” says David Wright, who works on the Resource Assessment Program at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/\">California Department of Fish and Wildlife\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that if we starting thinking about every project as it comes up and trying to make sure that we include something that improves connectivity for wildlife, then I think we’ll start seeing better habitat and more wildlife in our state,\" Wright says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Progress on Highway 17\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in the Santa Cruz mountains, Paul Houghtaling loads his rifle with a dart to sedate the mountain lion in the tree above us. He takes aim and the dart hits square in the thigh. The mountain lion leaps down and runs by at full speed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He catches up with her (turns out it’s a “she”) as she’s failing asleep under some bushes. Houghtaling takes her vitals and fits her with a radio collar, giving her the name \"\u003ca href=\"http://santacruzpumas.org/2013/05/30/meet-38f/\">38F\u003c/a>\" as the 38th mountain lion in the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Things could be looking up for the Santa Cruz lion population. Local land trusts, including the Midpeninsula Regional Open Space District, the Land Trust of Santa Cruz County, and the Peninsula Open Space Trust, are working with another Caltrans district, District 5, to improve highway 17 by expanding culverts and putting up fencing in two locations. The group is using cameras to study animal movement in those corridors and is currently applying for state funding to complete the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>See the mountain lion capture in KQED's \"Science on the SPOT: Chasing Pumas\":\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/aQyh13LOmnM'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/aQyh13LOmnM'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/52760/road-kill-or-road-crossing-california-slow-to-protect-wildlife","authors":["239"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_17"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_326","quest_438","quest_499","quest_684","quest_12269","quest_1880","quest_13","quest_12373","quest_10696","quest_2983","quest_3155"],"featImg":"quest_62743","label":"source_quest_52760"},"quest_60697":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_60697","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"60697","score":null,"sort":[1381759204000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"lake-tahoe-can-we-save-it","title":"Lake Tahoe: Can We Save It?","publishDate":1381759204,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST Sustainability Science – TV series | QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":11767,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Lake Tahoe’s famously blue waters – which make it the clearest lake of its size in the United States – attract three million visitors to California and Nevada each year. But decades of development, and now climate change, threaten this national treasure. This QUEST half-hour documentary takes you behind the scenes with the scientists working to keep the lake pristine and protect it for generations to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Lake Tahoe isn’t the only body of water that comes to mind when we think about America’s most treasured lakes. The Great Lakes, an interconnected set of five lakes which include lakes Erie, Superior, Huron, Michigan and Ontario, hold 18% of the water on the face of the Earth. Both Lake Tahoe and the Great Lakes face environmental challenges, but are differently equipped to handle them because of their particular characteristics.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Similarities between Lake Tahoe and the Great Lakes\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Potable Water Sources\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62237\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Tahoe-dam.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-62237\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Tahoe-dam-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Tahoe dam\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lake Tahoe delivers millions of gallons of water every day for residents and farmers along the Truckee River. The Tahoe dam was built in 1909. Photo: Arwen Curry / QUEST Northern California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Both the Great Lakes and Lake Tahoe provide potable water to surrounding populations, though at very different scales. The Great Lakes deliver 43 billion gallons per day, hundreds of times more than Lake Tahoe. Lake Michigan alone provides drinking water to 12 million residents. Around three quarters of the water taken from the Great Lakes is used to cool down power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Climate Change Impacts\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62207\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Beach-scene-at-Lake-Tahoe.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-62207\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Beach-scene-at-Lake-Tahoe.jpg\" alt=\"Visitors at Lake Tahoe's Sand Harbor.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Beach-scene-at-Lake-Tahoe.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Beach-scene-at-Lake-Tahoe-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Warmer temperatures are nice for visitors, like these at Lake Tahoe's Sand Harbor, in Nevada. But they could lead the lake to move away from its famous indigo blue and more towards green. Photo: Arwen Curry / QUEST Northern California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lake Tahoe and the Great Lakes are warming up, just like all lakes around the world. “We’ve had some summers where the surface temperature is very, very warm, compared to 20, 25 years ago,” said Brant Allen, of the University of California-Davis’ Tahoe Environmental Research Center. Although it’s nice for visitors, heat encourages the growth of microscopic algae that scatter the light off the lake’s surface and make it appear cloudy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up north, intense spring rains that washed fertilizer into Lake Erie, coupled with a warm summer, contributed to a 2011 algae bloom that covered the surface of the lake’s western basin with a bright green scum. “All of the factors that happened in 2011 are the types of factors that we expect to see more commonly in the future,” said Anna Michalak, a Great Lakes researcher at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Invasive Species\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62212\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/NPS_mussels_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-62212\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/NPS_mussels_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Quagga mussels attached to pipes in Lake Mead\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Quagga mussels clog pipes, like these in Nevada's Lake Mead. Authorities are working hard to keep the mussels out of Lake Tahoe. Photo: National Park Service.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Zebra mussels and quagga mussels have invaded the Great Lakes, damaging sport fisheries and clogging intake pipes with their hard shells, to the tune of $1 billion per year. The mussels have hitched rides out west on recreational boats. But so far they haven’t reached Lake Tahoe, and authorities there are fighting hard to keep them out by inspecting every boat before it goes into the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At first, I thought the public would be very resistant to the idea of paying fees for boat inspections,” said Geoff Schladow, director of the University of California-Davis’ Tahoe Environmental Research Center. “But the more people I talk to, they’re very accepting of the need for it.” Lake Tahoe is already dealing with \u003ca title=\"Information on Asian clams on UC Davis TERC's page\" href=\"http://terc.ucdavis.edu/research/aquaticinvasives.html\">the invasive Asian clam\u003c/a>, which produces algae mats that wash up on its beaches, and an aquatic plant called milfoil, which sticks to boats’ propellers.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Differences between Lake Tahoe and the Great Lakes\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Depth v. Width\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62228\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Eagle-Falls-over-Emerald-Bay.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-62228\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Eagle-Falls-over-Emerald-Bay.jpg\" alt=\"Eagle Falls over Emerald Bay\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Eagle-Falls-over-Emerald-Bay.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Eagle-Falls-over-Emerald-Bay-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The water pouring into Lake Tahoe doesn't carry many of the nutrients that algae feed on. This is one of the reasons why the lake is so clear. Eagle Falls flows into Emerald Bay, one of Lake Tahoe's most iconic spots on the California side of the lake. Photo: Gabriela Quirós / QUEST Northern California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lake Tahoe is the eleventh \u003cem>deepest \u003c/em>lake in the world. Lake Erie is the tenth \u003cem>largest \u003c/em>lake in the world. At its deepest point, Lake Tahoe plunges to 1,645 feet – which makes it deeper than the Empire State building is tall. And this depth helps the lake stay clear, since its 39 trillion gallons of water are able to dilute the tiny dirt particles and nitrogen and phosphorus that threaten its transparency. By contrast, Lake Erie’s deepest point is only about 200 feet deep. With less water to dilute the nutrients that algae feed off, \u003ca title=\"Battling the Bloom: Lake Erie \" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/battling-the-bloom-lake-erie/\">Lake Erie is particularly vulnerable to algae blooms.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Watershed Size\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Lake Tahoe is fortunate in that its watershed is small and the soil around it is relatively nutrient-poor. The 63 rivers that feed Lake Tahoe travel through an area about the size of the lake itself. Most lakes have watersheds many times bigger, which give tributaries more of a chance to pick up pollutants as they flow towards the lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Farmers Fight Back Against Toxic Algal Blooms\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/farmers-fight-back-against-toxic-algal-blooms/\">Lake Erie has suffered from a steady flow of phosphorus from agriculture\u003c/a>, which has contributed to bad algae blooms. Corn is planted widely in the Plains – partly to produce ethanol for use as a biofuel – and requires a lot of fertilizer. “The national biofuels program is what’s pushing more corn production,” said Stanford scientist Anna Michalak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62224\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/BMP-installation-at-Brad-Kohler-home.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-62224\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/BMP-installation-at-Brad-Kohler-home.jpg\" alt=\"Homeowners around Lake Tahoe are required to keep dirt from flowing into the lake.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/BMP-installation-at-Brad-Kohler-home.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/BMP-installation-at-Brad-Kohler-home-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Homeowners around Lake Tahoe are required to keep dirt from flowing into the lake. Brad Kohler watches as workers install a channel and sediment trap at the bottom of his driveway in Tahoe City, California. When it rains, this mechanism will trap dirt particles. Photo: Arwen Curry / QUEST Northern California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To keep their watersheds from becoming sources of pollutants, authorities at Lake Tahoe and the Great Lakes have efforts underway to prevent dirt from running into nearby rivers (Tahoe), and reduce the amount of fertilizer used on crops (Great Lakes).\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"UC Davis Tahoe Environmental Research Center\" href=\"http://terc.ucdavis.edu\">University of California-Davis Tahoe Environmental Research Center (TERC)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Tahoe Boat Inspections\" href=\"http://tahoeboatinspections.com/welcome-to-tahoe-boat-inspections/\">Tahoe Boat Inspections\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Go behind the scenes with the scientists working to keep Lake Tahoe pristine and protect it for generations to come.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457564813,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":1040},"headData":{"title":"Lake Tahoe: Can We Save It? | KQED","description":"Go behind the scenes with the scientists working to keep Lake Tahoe pristine and protect it for generations to come.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"60697 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=60697","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/10/14/lake-tahoe-can-we-save-it/","disqusTitle":"Lake Tahoe: Can We Save It?","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t_cWUC__0Vg","path":"/quest/60697/lake-tahoe-can-we-save-it","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Lake Tahoe’s famously blue waters – which make it the clearest lake of its size in the United States – attract three million visitors to California and Nevada each year. But decades of development, and now climate change, threaten this national treasure. This QUEST half-hour documentary takes you behind the scenes with the scientists working to keep the lake pristine and protect it for generations to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Lake Tahoe isn’t the only body of water that comes to mind when we think about America’s most treasured lakes. The Great Lakes, an interconnected set of five lakes which include lakes Erie, Superior, Huron, Michigan and Ontario, hold 18% of the water on the face of the Earth. Both Lake Tahoe and the Great Lakes face environmental challenges, but are differently equipped to handle them because of their particular characteristics.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Similarities between Lake Tahoe and the Great Lakes\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Potable Water Sources\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62237\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Tahoe-dam.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-62237\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Tahoe-dam-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Tahoe dam\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lake Tahoe delivers millions of gallons of water every day for residents and farmers along the Truckee River. The Tahoe dam was built in 1909. Photo: Arwen Curry / QUEST Northern California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Both the Great Lakes and Lake Tahoe provide potable water to surrounding populations, though at very different scales. The Great Lakes deliver 43 billion gallons per day, hundreds of times more than Lake Tahoe. Lake Michigan alone provides drinking water to 12 million residents. Around three quarters of the water taken from the Great Lakes is used to cool down power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Climate Change Impacts\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62207\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Beach-scene-at-Lake-Tahoe.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-62207\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Beach-scene-at-Lake-Tahoe.jpg\" alt=\"Visitors at Lake Tahoe's Sand Harbor.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Beach-scene-at-Lake-Tahoe.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Beach-scene-at-Lake-Tahoe-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Warmer temperatures are nice for visitors, like these at Lake Tahoe's Sand Harbor, in Nevada. But they could lead the lake to move away from its famous indigo blue and more towards green. Photo: Arwen Curry / QUEST Northern California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lake Tahoe and the Great Lakes are warming up, just like all lakes around the world. “We’ve had some summers where the surface temperature is very, very warm, compared to 20, 25 years ago,” said Brant Allen, of the University of California-Davis’ Tahoe Environmental Research Center. Although it’s nice for visitors, heat encourages the growth of microscopic algae that scatter the light off the lake’s surface and make it appear cloudy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up north, intense spring rains that washed fertilizer into Lake Erie, coupled with a warm summer, contributed to a 2011 algae bloom that covered the surface of the lake’s western basin with a bright green scum. “All of the factors that happened in 2011 are the types of factors that we expect to see more commonly in the future,” said Anna Michalak, a Great Lakes researcher at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Invasive Species\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62212\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/NPS_mussels_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-62212\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/NPS_mussels_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Quagga mussels attached to pipes in Lake Mead\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Quagga mussels clog pipes, like these in Nevada's Lake Mead. Authorities are working hard to keep the mussels out of Lake Tahoe. Photo: National Park Service.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Zebra mussels and quagga mussels have invaded the Great Lakes, damaging sport fisheries and clogging intake pipes with their hard shells, to the tune of $1 billion per year. The mussels have hitched rides out west on recreational boats. But so far they haven’t reached Lake Tahoe, and authorities there are fighting hard to keep them out by inspecting every boat before it goes into the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At first, I thought the public would be very resistant to the idea of paying fees for boat inspections,” said Geoff Schladow, director of the University of California-Davis’ Tahoe Environmental Research Center. “But the more people I talk to, they’re very accepting of the need for it.” Lake Tahoe is already dealing with \u003ca title=\"Information on Asian clams on UC Davis TERC's page\" href=\"http://terc.ucdavis.edu/research/aquaticinvasives.html\">the invasive Asian clam\u003c/a>, which produces algae mats that wash up on its beaches, and an aquatic plant called milfoil, which sticks to boats’ propellers.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Differences between Lake Tahoe and the Great Lakes\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Depth v. Width\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62228\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Eagle-Falls-over-Emerald-Bay.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-62228\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Eagle-Falls-over-Emerald-Bay.jpg\" alt=\"Eagle Falls over Emerald Bay\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Eagle-Falls-over-Emerald-Bay.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Eagle-Falls-over-Emerald-Bay-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The water pouring into Lake Tahoe doesn't carry many of the nutrients that algae feed on. This is one of the reasons why the lake is so clear. Eagle Falls flows into Emerald Bay, one of Lake Tahoe's most iconic spots on the California side of the lake. Photo: Gabriela Quirós / QUEST Northern California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lake Tahoe is the eleventh \u003cem>deepest \u003c/em>lake in the world. Lake Erie is the tenth \u003cem>largest \u003c/em>lake in the world. At its deepest point, Lake Tahoe plunges to 1,645 feet – which makes it deeper than the Empire State building is tall. And this depth helps the lake stay clear, since its 39 trillion gallons of water are able to dilute the tiny dirt particles and nitrogen and phosphorus that threaten its transparency. By contrast, Lake Erie’s deepest point is only about 200 feet deep. With less water to dilute the nutrients that algae feed off, \u003ca title=\"Battling the Bloom: Lake Erie \" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/battling-the-bloom-lake-erie/\">Lake Erie is particularly vulnerable to algae blooms.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Watershed Size\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Lake Tahoe is fortunate in that its watershed is small and the soil around it is relatively nutrient-poor. The 63 rivers that feed Lake Tahoe travel through an area about the size of the lake itself. Most lakes have watersheds many times bigger, which give tributaries more of a chance to pick up pollutants as they flow towards the lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Farmers Fight Back Against Toxic Algal Blooms\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/farmers-fight-back-against-toxic-algal-blooms/\">Lake Erie has suffered from a steady flow of phosphorus from agriculture\u003c/a>, which has contributed to bad algae blooms. Corn is planted widely in the Plains – partly to produce ethanol for use as a biofuel – and requires a lot of fertilizer. “The national biofuels program is what’s pushing more corn production,” said Stanford scientist Anna Michalak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62224\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/BMP-installation-at-Brad-Kohler-home.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-62224\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/BMP-installation-at-Brad-Kohler-home.jpg\" alt=\"Homeowners around Lake Tahoe are required to keep dirt from flowing into the lake.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/BMP-installation-at-Brad-Kohler-home.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/BMP-installation-at-Brad-Kohler-home-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Homeowners around Lake Tahoe are required to keep dirt from flowing into the lake. Brad Kohler watches as workers install a channel and sediment trap at the bottom of his driveway in Tahoe City, California. When it rains, this mechanism will trap dirt particles. Photo: Arwen Curry / QUEST Northern California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To keep their watersheds from becoming sources of pollutants, authorities at Lake Tahoe and the Great Lakes have efforts underway to prevent dirt from running into nearby rivers (Tahoe), and reduce the amount of fertilizer used on crops (Great Lakes).\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"UC Davis Tahoe Environmental Research Center\" href=\"http://terc.ucdavis.edu\">University of California-Davis Tahoe Environmental Research Center (TERC)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Tahoe Boat Inspections\" href=\"http://tahoeboatinspections.com/welcome-to-tahoe-boat-inspections/\">Tahoe Boat Inspections\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/60697/lake-tahoe-can-we-save-it","authors":["6186"],"series":["quest_11767"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_6","quest_9","quest_3422","quest_3233","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_438","quest_621","quest_12269","quest_10201","quest_1489","quest_3351","quest_10174","quest_12331","quest_12334","quest_12330","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_13","quest_12333","quest_12335","quest_2893","quest_12332","quest_3022","quest_3071","quest_3108"],"featImg":"quest_62263","label":"quest_11767"},"quest_53462":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_53462","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"53462","score":null,"sort":[1367938834000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"exploring-caves-in-californi-an-otherworldly-experience","title":"Exploring Caves in California: An Otherworldly Experience","publishDate":1367938834,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53477\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/07/exploring-caves-in-californi-an-otherworldly-experience/cave1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53477\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-53477\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave1.jpg\" alt=\"A tour group explores California Cavern.\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave1-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Rachael Rufino\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While most people are out enjoying the warmer weather spring offers, there are some who cannot wait to make their way underground. With the rainy season behind us, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Caverns\" target=\"_blank\">California Caverns\u003c/a> are opening up for those who aren't afraid of the dark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tour guides interpret the eerie speleothems (cave formations), created by water droplets and mineral deposits. Most of the formations follow the laws of gravity. Stalactites appear to grow downward as water droplets following down the same path leave minerals behind. Stalagmites on the other hand, appear to grow upward, as water droplets fall and land in the same place depositing minerals over time. Helictite crystals, however, actually defy gravity. Although their formation is not fully understood, water pressure and capillary forces are said to play a key role. This results in one of the most delicate, extraterrestrial-looking speleothems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53476\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/07/exploring-caves-in-californi-an-otherworldly-experience/cave3/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53476\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-53476\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave3.jpg\" alt=\"Helictite formations at Black Chasm Cavern.\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave3.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave3-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Rachael Rufino\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Simpler formation names inspired by more familiar objects include \"soda straws,\" \"angel wings,\" and \"bacon.\" Their formation is so slow, a speleothem that is a couple inches long can be several hundred years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53475\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/07/exploring-caves-in-californi-an-otherworldly-experience/cave4/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53475\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-53475\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave4.jpg\" alt='\"Angel Wing\" formations are created by mineral deposits as water droplets flow down cave walls.' width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave4.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave4-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Rachael Rufino\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Although bats are an iconic cave inhabitant, you won't find them here. Small crustaceans are one of the few residents confirmed living in this isolated environment. One species is endemic to Black Chasm Cavern, meaning, the entire population exists only in that cave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An environment that is so secluded means that the slightest disturbance can throw its ecosystem off balance. Algae has unnaturally began to grow in the caves because of the heat given off by light bulbs. When touring, it is important to observe the formations without touching them, as the oils from our skin can degrade the fragile speleothems. To help preserve these chambers, tour guides will immediately turn lights off when leaving, and in California Cavern, a pristine chamber called the \"Jungle Room\" is only shown to visitors who have demonstrated respect for the cave and its rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53478\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/07/exploring-caves-in-californi-an-otherworldly-experience/cave2-1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53478\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-53478\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave2-1.jpg\" alt=\"A flood in California Cavern makes a wonderful habitat for small invertebrates.\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave2-1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave2-1-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Rachael Rufino\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Located just 3 hours from San Francisco, exploring \u003ca href=\"http://www.caverntours.com/BlackRt.htm\">Black Chasm Cavern\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.caverntours.com/CalifRt.htm\">California Cavern\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.caverntours.com/MoCavRt.htm\">Moaning Cavern\u003c/a> is a fascinating way to spend the weekend for all ages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"While most people are out enjoying the warmer weather spring offers, there are some who cannot wait to make their way underground. With the rainy season behind us, California Caverns are opening up for those who aren't afraid of the dark.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1368565477,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":8,"wordCount":362},"headData":{"title":"Exploring Caves in California: An Otherworldly Experience | KQED","description":"While most people are out enjoying the warmer weather spring offers, there are some who cannot wait to make their way underground. With the rainy season behind us, California Caverns are opening up for those who aren't afraid of the dark.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"53462 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=53462","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/07/exploring-caves-in-californi-an-otherworldly-experience/","disqusTitle":"Exploring Caves in California: An Otherworldly Experience","path":"/quest/53462/exploring-caves-in-californi-an-otherworldly-experience","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53477\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/07/exploring-caves-in-californi-an-otherworldly-experience/cave1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53477\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-53477\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave1.jpg\" alt=\"A tour group explores California Cavern.\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave1-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Rachael Rufino\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While most people are out enjoying the warmer weather spring offers, there are some who cannot wait to make their way underground. With the rainy season behind us, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Caverns\" target=\"_blank\">California Caverns\u003c/a> are opening up for those who aren't afraid of the dark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tour guides interpret the eerie speleothems (cave formations), created by water droplets and mineral deposits. Most of the formations follow the laws of gravity. Stalactites appear to grow downward as water droplets following down the same path leave minerals behind. Stalagmites on the other hand, appear to grow upward, as water droplets fall and land in the same place depositing minerals over time. Helictite crystals, however, actually defy gravity. Although their formation is not fully understood, water pressure and capillary forces are said to play a key role. This results in one of the most delicate, extraterrestrial-looking speleothems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53476\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/07/exploring-caves-in-californi-an-otherworldly-experience/cave3/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53476\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-53476\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave3.jpg\" alt=\"Helictite formations at Black Chasm Cavern.\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave3.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave3-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Rachael Rufino\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Simpler formation names inspired by more familiar objects include \"soda straws,\" \"angel wings,\" and \"bacon.\" Their formation is so slow, a speleothem that is a couple inches long can be several hundred years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53475\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/07/exploring-caves-in-californi-an-otherworldly-experience/cave4/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53475\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-53475\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave4.jpg\" alt='\"Angel Wing\" formations are created by mineral deposits as water droplets flow down cave walls.' width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave4.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave4-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Rachael Rufino\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Although bats are an iconic cave inhabitant, you won't find them here. Small crustaceans are one of the few residents confirmed living in this isolated environment. One species is endemic to Black Chasm Cavern, meaning, the entire population exists only in that cave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An environment that is so secluded means that the slightest disturbance can throw its ecosystem off balance. Algae has unnaturally began to grow in the caves because of the heat given off by light bulbs. When touring, it is important to observe the formations without touching them, as the oils from our skin can degrade the fragile speleothems. To help preserve these chambers, tour guides will immediately turn lights off when leaving, and in California Cavern, a pristine chamber called the \"Jungle Room\" is only shown to visitors who have demonstrated respect for the cave and its rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53478\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/07/exploring-caves-in-californi-an-otherworldly-experience/cave2-1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53478\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-53478\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave2-1.jpg\" alt=\"A flood in California Cavern makes a wonderful habitat for small invertebrates.\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave2-1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave2-1-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Rachael Rufino\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Located just 3 hours from San Francisco, exploring \u003ca href=\"http://www.caverntours.com/BlackRt.htm\">Black Chasm Cavern\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.caverntours.com/CalifRt.htm\">California Cavern\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.caverntours.com/MoCavRt.htm\">Moaning Cavern\u003c/a> is a fascinating way to spend the weekend for all ages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/53462/exploring-caves-in-californi-an-otherworldly-experience","authors":["6409"],"categories":["quest_9"],"tags":["quest_438","quest_11611","quest_11937","quest_11960","quest_1370","quest_11518","quest_3307","quest_11958","quest_11959"],"featImg":"quest_53476","label":"quest"},"quest_47375":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_47375","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"47375","score":null,"sort":[1354305997000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"growing-pains-for-californias-electric-car-charging-network","title":"Growing Pains for California's Electric Car Charging Network","publishDate":1354305997,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Clean Car Diaries | QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":10636,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/12/20121203science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47607\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 636px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/bishop-ranch.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-47607\" title=\"Bishop Ranch, San Ramon Fast Charger\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/bishop-ranch.jpg\" alt=\"Bishop Ranch, San Ramon Fast Charger\" width=\"636\" height=\"358\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/bishop-ranch.jpg 636w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/bishop-ranch-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 636px) 100vw, 636px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bishop Ranch, San Ramon Fast Charger\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Imagine pulling up to a gas station and finding out that the pumps aren’t working or that you have to be a subscriber to fill up. Those are just a couple of the challenges that drivers of electric cars face as public charging stations slowly roll out. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/alisonvandiggelen/\">Alison van Diggelen\u003c/a>, herself an early adopter, explores the growing pains of building an electric car charging network and the fledgling new industry rising up to meet the challenge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>________ \u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Range Anxiety - A Short Leash\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47412\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-47412 \" style=\"margin-top: 5px;margin-bottom: 5px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 7px\" title=\"KQED's Alison van Diggelen gets a fast charge with Ecotality's Blink network, at Intuit Campus, Menlo Park\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/Ali-charging-at-blink-fastcharger-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Alison van Diggelen gets a fast charge with Ecotality's Blink network, Intuit Campus, Menlo Park\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Electric vehicles are a popular and \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/11/electric-cars_n_2115124.html\">growing trend\u003c/a> in California. But it can take hours to charge them, and there are \u003cem>only a handful\u003c/em> of fast chargers in the whole state. I recently visited one of California’s fast chargers at a Silicon Valley software company’s parking lot in Menlo Park, eager to get a charge for my all-electric Nissan Leaf. I’d traveled over 35 miles (that’s 70 round trip) from my home charger, and range anxiety had kicked in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, I did make it home, but only after bypassing another fast charger that required I swipe a membership card which I don’t have. I used \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/plugshare/id421788217?mt=8\">an app\u003c/a> on my phone to find the charger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John O'Dell, Senior Editor \u003ca href=\"http://www.edmunds.com/about/authors/john-odell.html\">at Edmunds.com\u003c/a> says for electric cars to catch on it's vital to have a reliable charging network.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Public charging infrastructure is critical to the widespread acceptance of plug-in and particularly battery electric vehicles. Because without public chargers you basically have a fairly short leash on your vehicle and you are not going to be willing to drive it long distances.”\u003cem> \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although most driving and charging takes place within 40 miles of home, the lack of freedom to go much further has become a roadblock to purchasing electric cars for many Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Loosening the Leash\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Terry O’Day, with New Jersey-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrgenergy.com/about/index.html\">energy company NRG\u003c/a>, is hoping to loosen the leash on electric cars. I caught up with him at a charger at a San Francisco parking garage. As part of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.greencarcongress.com/2012/11/cpuc-20121106.html\">settlement\u003c/a> over claims stemming from California’s energy crisis, NRG will install 200 fast-chargers and wiring for 10,000 standard chargers statewide by 2016. NRG is calling its fast chargers, “Freedom stations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re not tethered to a radius…this is much more like a gasoline fueling infrastructure where you can fast fill anywhere you need to go,” says O’Day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47423\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 274px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-47423\" title=\"Terry O'Day heads NRG's California charger roll out\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/Terry-ODay-heads-NRGs-CA-charger-rollout1-274x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"274\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Terry O'Day heads NRG's California charger roll out\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Fast chargers can give fifty miles of driving range in fifteen minutes. But because there are only a few, drivers usually opt for a standard charger, which can take more than three hours to get the same driving range.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fast Charger Challenges\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are looking for a well distributed network, like a cell phone network. It’s a small “d” democratic network that provides freedom to move within a region,” says O’Day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, a multitude of challenges face NRG and other charging companies, like Bay Area-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.chargepoint.com/\">ChargePoint\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ecotality.com/\">Ecotality\u003c/a>. Fast chargers produce very high voltage. They require complicated permitting. And they cost upward of $40,000 each.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, the financials don’t add up says NRG’s Terry O’Day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The public charging infrastructure is extraordinarily expensive and there aren’t enough cars right now so there isn’t an effective business model to make the investment work,” he says.\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how many companies does it take to install a comprehensive network of electric vehicle chargers?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not as simple as changing a light bulb,”\u003cem> \u003c/em>says\u003cem> \u003c/em>Ravi Brar, CEO of Ecotality, in San Francisco. \u003cem> \u003c/em>“It takes some effort, cooperation and coordination. It’s a sea change… a revolution in transportation. The biggest challenge might be that there are a hundred little challenges.”\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But to date, there hasn’t been much coordination. There are \u003ca href=\"http://green.autoblog.com/2012/10/17/sae-sets-standards-for-dc-combo-fast-charging/\">two different standards\u003c/a> for fast chargers: one US-European, one Japanese. It’s much like the format war between VHS and Betamax. One of them will likely lose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47417\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-47417\" title=\"Japanese CHAdeMO fast charger and standard port on Nissan Leaf\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/Japanese-CHAdeMO-fastcharger-and-standard-port-on-Nissan-Leaf-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Japanese CHAdeMO fast charger and standard port on a Nissan Leaf\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And to complicate matters, Tesla Motors, a leading electric car company, is building a \u003ca href=\"http://www.teslamotors.com/supercharger\">proprietary network \u003c/a>of fast chargers, which won’t work with either standard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pat Romano, CEO of ChargePoint in Silicon Valley, describes the current state of electric car charging as “somewhat of a mess,” but he’s optimistic the fast charger standards will get sorted out in time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Second Inning\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Romano takes a long view and uses a baseball analogy, describing 2009 as the “first inning,” when modern chargers were first going in and electric cars were just being announced by car makers. Today, he says we are solidly in the second inning.\u003cem>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nTo date, about 50,000 plug-in cars have been sold in the U.S. About one third of those sales were made in California, thanks to \u003ca href=\"http://www.afdc.energy.gov/laws/state_summary/CA\">pioneering state rules\u003c/a> that include rebates and carpool privileges for drivers of electric cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are over 1000 public chargers in California today. Romano predicts a tipping point by the end of 2014, when he expects to see hundreds of thousands of electric cars on the road and lots more chargers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we hit about the 5th or 6th inning the mass market is really taking it up,” says Romano.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For early adopters like Terry O’Day, of NRG, it’s not surprising the demand is growing for electric vehicles.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s quick off the line, unexpectedly fast, it’s quiet. You feel like you’re part of a revolution when you’re in the seat of an EV,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like many enthusiasts, he believes more chargers will help boost electric car sales. Under the NRG mandate, fast chargers alone are set to quadruple in California in the next year. And just as all eyes were on California as the state launched its \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/cap-and-trade-101-how-californias-carbon-market-works/\">Cap-and-Trade program\u003c/a>, the world will be watching to see if this public charger roll out helps jump start electric car sales in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>____\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More resources on Electric Driving and Charging\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/clean-car-diaries/\">Clean Car Diaries\u003c/a> - over 25 stories from the Quest team on driving electric cars\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/electricity.html\">Alternative Fuels Data Center\u003c/a> - Dept. of Energy Resource for EV Charging, locations and incentives\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://drivingelectric.org/\">Driving Electric\u003c/a> - Online community for plug-in drivers\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.facebook.com/groups/BayLeafs/\">San Francisco BayLEAFs\u003c/a> - Facebook community for Nissan Leaf drivers\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.plugshare.com/\">Map of Charger Locations \u003c/a>- Locations and reviews of all charger types, public and private, nationwide\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"KQED Science explores the growing pains of building an electric car charging network and the fledgling new industry rising up to meet the challenge.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443824318,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":38,"wordCount":1194},"headData":{"title":"Growing Pains for California's Electric Car Charging Network | KQED","description":"KQED Science explores the growing pains of building an electric car charging network and the fledgling new industry rising up to meet the challenge.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"47375 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=audio_reports&p=47375","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/30/growing-pains-for-californias-electric-car-charging-network/","disqusTitle":"Growing Pains for California's Electric Car Charging Network","path":"/quest/47375/growing-pains-for-californias-electric-car-charging-network","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/12/20121203science.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"audioLink","attributes":{"named":{"src":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/12/20121203science.mp3"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47607\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 636px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/bishop-ranch.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-47607\" title=\"Bishop Ranch, San Ramon Fast Charger\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/bishop-ranch.jpg\" alt=\"Bishop Ranch, San Ramon Fast Charger\" width=\"636\" height=\"358\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/bishop-ranch.jpg 636w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/bishop-ranch-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 636px) 100vw, 636px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bishop Ranch, San Ramon Fast Charger\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Imagine pulling up to a gas station and finding out that the pumps aren’t working or that you have to be a subscriber to fill up. Those are just a couple of the challenges that drivers of electric cars face as public charging stations slowly roll out. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/alisonvandiggelen/\">Alison van Diggelen\u003c/a>, herself an early adopter, explores the growing pains of building an electric car charging network and the fledgling new industry rising up to meet the challenge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>________ \u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Range Anxiety - A Short Leash\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47412\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-47412 \" style=\"margin-top: 5px;margin-bottom: 5px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 7px\" title=\"KQED's Alison van Diggelen gets a fast charge with Ecotality's Blink network, at Intuit Campus, Menlo Park\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/Ali-charging-at-blink-fastcharger-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Alison van Diggelen gets a fast charge with Ecotality's Blink network, Intuit Campus, Menlo Park\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Electric vehicles are a popular and \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/11/electric-cars_n_2115124.html\">growing trend\u003c/a> in California. But it can take hours to charge them, and there are \u003cem>only a handful\u003c/em> of fast chargers in the whole state. I recently visited one of California’s fast chargers at a Silicon Valley software company’s parking lot in Menlo Park, eager to get a charge for my all-electric Nissan Leaf. I’d traveled over 35 miles (that’s 70 round trip) from my home charger, and range anxiety had kicked in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, I did make it home, but only after bypassing another fast charger that required I swipe a membership card which I don’t have. I used \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/plugshare/id421788217?mt=8\">an app\u003c/a> on my phone to find the charger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John O'Dell, Senior Editor \u003ca href=\"http://www.edmunds.com/about/authors/john-odell.html\">at Edmunds.com\u003c/a> says for electric cars to catch on it's vital to have a reliable charging network.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Public charging infrastructure is critical to the widespread acceptance of plug-in and particularly battery electric vehicles. Because without public chargers you basically have a fairly short leash on your vehicle and you are not going to be willing to drive it long distances.”\u003cem> \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although most driving and charging takes place within 40 miles of home, the lack of freedom to go much further has become a roadblock to purchasing electric cars for many Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Loosening the Leash\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Terry O’Day, with New Jersey-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrgenergy.com/about/index.html\">energy company NRG\u003c/a>, is hoping to loosen the leash on electric cars. I caught up with him at a charger at a San Francisco parking garage. As part of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.greencarcongress.com/2012/11/cpuc-20121106.html\">settlement\u003c/a> over claims stemming from California’s energy crisis, NRG will install 200 fast-chargers and wiring for 10,000 standard chargers statewide by 2016. NRG is calling its fast chargers, “Freedom stations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re not tethered to a radius…this is much more like a gasoline fueling infrastructure where you can fast fill anywhere you need to go,” says O’Day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47423\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 274px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-47423\" title=\"Terry O'Day heads NRG's California charger roll out\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/Terry-ODay-heads-NRGs-CA-charger-rollout1-274x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"274\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Terry O'Day heads NRG's California charger roll out\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Fast chargers can give fifty miles of driving range in fifteen minutes. But because there are only a few, drivers usually opt for a standard charger, which can take more than three hours to get the same driving range.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fast Charger Challenges\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are looking for a well distributed network, like a cell phone network. It’s a small “d” democratic network that provides freedom to move within a region,” says O’Day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, a multitude of challenges face NRG and other charging companies, like Bay Area-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.chargepoint.com/\">ChargePoint\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ecotality.com/\">Ecotality\u003c/a>. Fast chargers produce very high voltage. They require complicated permitting. And they cost upward of $40,000 each.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, the financials don’t add up says NRG’s Terry O’Day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The public charging infrastructure is extraordinarily expensive and there aren’t enough cars right now so there isn’t an effective business model to make the investment work,” he says.\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how many companies does it take to install a comprehensive network of electric vehicle chargers?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not as simple as changing a light bulb,”\u003cem> \u003c/em>says\u003cem> \u003c/em>Ravi Brar, CEO of Ecotality, in San Francisco. \u003cem> \u003c/em>“It takes some effort, cooperation and coordination. It’s a sea change… a revolution in transportation. The biggest challenge might be that there are a hundred little challenges.”\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But to date, there hasn’t been much coordination. There are \u003ca href=\"http://green.autoblog.com/2012/10/17/sae-sets-standards-for-dc-combo-fast-charging/\">two different standards\u003c/a> for fast chargers: one US-European, one Japanese. It’s much like the format war between VHS and Betamax. One of them will likely lose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47417\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-47417\" title=\"Japanese CHAdeMO fast charger and standard port on Nissan Leaf\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/Japanese-CHAdeMO-fastcharger-and-standard-port-on-Nissan-Leaf-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Japanese CHAdeMO fast charger and standard port on a Nissan Leaf\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And to complicate matters, Tesla Motors, a leading electric car company, is building a \u003ca href=\"http://www.teslamotors.com/supercharger\">proprietary network \u003c/a>of fast chargers, which won’t work with either standard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pat Romano, CEO of ChargePoint in Silicon Valley, describes the current state of electric car charging as “somewhat of a mess,” but he’s optimistic the fast charger standards will get sorted out in time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Second Inning\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Romano takes a long view and uses a baseball analogy, describing 2009 as the “first inning,” when modern chargers were first going in and electric cars were just being announced by car makers. Today, he says we are solidly in the second inning.\u003cem>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nTo date, about 50,000 plug-in cars have been sold in the U.S. About one third of those sales were made in California, thanks to \u003ca href=\"http://www.afdc.energy.gov/laws/state_summary/CA\">pioneering state rules\u003c/a> that include rebates and carpool privileges for drivers of electric cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are over 1000 public chargers in California today. Romano predicts a tipping point by the end of 2014, when he expects to see hundreds of thousands of electric cars on the road and lots more chargers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we hit about the 5th or 6th inning the mass market is really taking it up,” says Romano.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For early adopters like Terry O’Day, of NRG, it’s not surprising the demand is growing for electric vehicles.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s quick off the line, unexpectedly fast, it’s quiet. You feel like you’re part of a revolution when you’re in the seat of an EV,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like many enthusiasts, he believes more chargers will help boost electric car sales. Under the NRG mandate, fast chargers alone are set to quadruple in California in the next year. And just as all eyes were on California as the state launched its \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/cap-and-trade-101-how-californias-carbon-market-works/\">Cap-and-Trade program\u003c/a>, the world will be watching to see if this public charger roll out helps jump start electric car sales in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>____\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More resources on Electric Driving and Charging\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/clean-car-diaries/\">Clean Car Diaries\u003c/a> - over 25 stories from the Quest team on driving electric cars\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/electricity.html\">Alternative Fuels Data Center\u003c/a> - Dept. of Energy Resource for EV Charging, locations and incentives\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://drivingelectric.org/\">Driving Electric\u003c/a> - Online community for plug-in drivers\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.facebook.com/groups/BayLeafs/\">San Francisco BayLEAFs\u003c/a> - Facebook community for Nissan Leaf drivers\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.plugshare.com/\">Map of Charger Locations \u003c/a>- Locations and reviews of all charger types, public and private, nationwide\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/47375/growing-pains-for-californias-electric-car-charging-network","authors":["10333"],"series":["quest_10636"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_8","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_438","quest_11281","quest_554","quest_10988","quest_11624","quest_10850","quest_1076","quest_11194","quest_13203","quest_1996","quest_11623","quest_2904"],"featImg":"quest_47515","label":"quest_10636"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. 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Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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