QUEST TV - Keeping it Cool: Sea Otters, New Cars and Old Forests
Fish Earbones Provide a Rare Glimpse into the Past and Future of Fisheries
On the Elephant Seal Dating Scene, It’s All About Bravado
Rethinking Reproductive Biology
Science Fair for the Rest of Us
Feeling Biocurious? How To Get Your DIY Bio On
The Open Science Movement
Sponsored
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The story segments featured in each show are introduced by on-camera host, environmental journalist \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/pssethi/\">Simran Sethi\u003c/a>. The series also includes half-hour specials that focus on a single topic.\r\n \r\nAll 2013-2014 television programs can be viewed online in their entirety or as individual segments by clicking on the titles and images listed below. The programs are also broadcast in each of our six PBS partner regions including \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/north-carolina/\">North Carolina\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/ohio/\">Ohio\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/nebraska/\">Nebraska\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/northern-california/\">Northern California\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/northwest/\">Pacific Northwest\u003c/a>. Check local listings for broadcast dates and times.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d3874a881a1fe56a99098a4feea236c8?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"QUEST Staff | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d3874a881a1fe56a99098a4feea236c8?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d3874a881a1fe56a99098a4feea236c8?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/quest"},"cathybritt":{"type":"authors","id":"10240","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10240","found":true},"name":"Cathy Britt","firstName":"Cathy","lastName":"Britt","slug":"cathybritt","email":"cbritt@KCTS9.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Cathy Britt is the Digital Communications Specialist at the Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, where she oversees social media, web projects, and digital content creation. Before coming to the Burke, she worked in marketing for KCTS 9. In her spare time, Cathy is pursuing a Master in Communication in Digital Media (MCDM) degree from the University of Washington and enjoys practicing photography and traveling.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/5ae7f1e677ff11199a8dd42a2677f129?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Cathy Britt | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/5ae7f1e677ff11199a8dd42a2677f129?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/5ae7f1e677ff11199a8dd42a2677f129?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/cathybritt"},"llaffitte":{"type":"authors","id":"10443","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10443","found":true},"name":"Lucy Laffitte","firstName":"Lucy","lastName":"Laffitte","slug":"llaffitte","email":"llaffitte@unctv.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Lucy B. Laffitte, PhD has been a science communicator and environmental educator for over thirty years. She has produced in-class and on-line instructional design, curriculum development, and certificate programs to a variety of conservation organizations, including the Oregon Museum of Natural History, Tall Timbers Research Station, North Carolina Museum of Natural Science, Salt River Project, New England Wildflower Society, Rachel Carson Institute, and Nicholas School of the Environment. She has published in print and on air—writing a nature column for The Cape Codder and was the founding radio producer for the environmental program the Allegheny Front. She has a bachelor’s degree in natural science, from the University of Oregon, a Master’s in adult education and graphic design and a PhD in environmental resources from North Carolina State University. She has been science education consultant for UNCTV working on QUEST and NC Science Now since April 2013.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f786421b3099140394e99e97ca061fd3?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["coordinator","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Lucy Laffitte | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f786421b3099140394e99e97ca061fd3?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f786421b3099140394e99e97ca061fd3?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/llaffitte"},"abrocious":{"type":"authors","id":"10465","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10465","found":true},"name":"Ariana Brocious","firstName":"Ariana","lastName":"Brocious","slug":"abrocious","email":"abrocious@netnebraska.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Ariana Brocious is the Reporter/Morning Host at NET Radio in Nebraska, where she covers energy, water, culture and Latino issues. A native of the Southwest and graduate of the University of Arizona, she traces her interest in the environment—and how humans interact with it—to her time living in Western Colorado, where she worked as News Director for KVNF Radio, and at High Country News magazine. In her non-working hours she enjoys getting outside, coaxing her vegetable garden along, and experimenting in the kitchen.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f9ff308f4dcc2ef1df5848ee85f8295a?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["coordinator","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Ariana Brocious | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f9ff308f4dcc2ef1df5848ee85f8295a?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f9ff308f4dcc2ef1df5848ee85f8295a?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/abrocious"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_68169":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_68169","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"68169","score":null,"sort":[1397138445000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"getting-up-close-with-cranes","title":"Getting Up Close with Cranes","publishDate":1397138445,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/gettingupclosewithcranes3_20_14web01.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Central Nebraska may look like nothing but flat cornfields from a car speeding down Interstate 80, but it’s an incredibly important stopover point for millions of migrating birds, whose wings and cries fill the skies each spring. One of the most studied and iconic of these species is the sandhill crane, which has been making this annual migration for centuries. Roughly 500,000 cranes travel through Nebraska in the spring, where they descend upon the shallow Platte River, its sandbars, and nearby wetlands to rest and feed before continuing north to breed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68966\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-68966 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/DSC_0226-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Cranes use these wet meadows to feed, bathe and rest during their spring migration. Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News.\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cranes use these wet meadows to feed, bathe, and rest during their spring migration. Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Much of the ground was still frozen on a March afternoon on Mormon Island in central Nebraska. This “island” runs for several miles between two channels of the Platte River. Mary Harner, director of science at the \u003ca href=\"http://cranetrust.org/\">Crane Trust\u003c/a>, led the way to a wet meadow: low-lying, undulating grasslands near the Platte, carved by older flows of the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Standing on an ice-covered portion of the slough roughly 20 feet across, Harner explained that once the ice melts, this area will have flowing water. These aptly named wet meadows are closely connected to the groundwater just below the surface, and they're usually marsh-like in spring and summer. Their moist soil makes it easier for birds to find bugs and plants to eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have studied crane migration for decades, but they're now using cameras to get an up-close view of how the birds use this critical habitat. Last spring, Harner and other researchers set up 10 game cameras over multiple sites in the meadow. The small, camouflaged cameras were programmed to take pictures every half hour or when they detected motion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68967\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 304px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-68967 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/DSC_0221-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"These small, remote, camouflaged cameras are placed two to three feet off the ground to capture crane behavior. Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News. \" width=\"304\" height=\"202\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These small, remote, camouflaged cameras are placed two to three feet off the ground to capture crane behavior. Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We had cameras paired between the low wet areas and the nearby drier areas going from south to north across this island,” Harner said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though this habitat is critical for cranes and other migratory birds, during the last century much of it disappeared as the land was developed for agriculture or towns and cities. The Crane Trust is one of several organizations working on conserving what remains along the central Platte, using methods that mimic historic forces on this river habitat, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/02/25/bison-and-cranes-reunited-to-support-habitat-restoration/\">like prescribed fire and grazing with cattle and bison\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These wet meadow habitats are very rare. They’re one of the first habitats to be lost when river flows are diminished and floodplains are converted from their natural state. So we’re here to first and foremost protect the remaining grasslands and meadows like this,” Harner said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68970\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 228px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-68970 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/DSC_0239-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Mary Harner is director of science at the Crane Trust. Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News. \" width=\"228\" height=\"152\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mary Harner is director of science at the Crane Trust. Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Harner and her colleagues think these cameras might help them learn more about how and why the birds use these areas, which will help their conservation work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul Johnsgard, a renowned ornithologist and retired biology professor at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, has spent his career studying cranes and other birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Spring biology of cranes is really important because these six weeks or so that the birds spend in the Platte Valley are critically important for them to acquire the amount of fat -- energy -- that they need for the rest of their spring and summer activities. So it really is important to get this kind of data,” Johnsgard said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crane video cameras have been around for a while, but most of the data on cranes has come from aerial surveys, thermal imaging, and people watching from wildlife blinds. Using the cameras to get thousands of up-close images offers a different way to study sandhill crane biology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69099\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 331px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-69099 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/CraneTrust2-331x253.jpg\" alt=\"Wet meadow habitat is critical for cranes during their annual spring migration. Photo courtesy of the Crane Trust.\" width=\"331\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wet meadow habitat is critical for cranes during their annual spring migration. Photo courtesy of the Crane Trust\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“You get an enormous sample of thousands of data points and from that you can look at them statistically and figure out exactly what percentage of time birds are doing different things. It gives a set of real data instead of general perceptions,” Johnsgard said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That data would be almost impossible to get without human presence affecting crane behavior, according to Greg Wright, wildlife biologist at the Crane Trust. He noted that part of the initial study involved figuring out where to put the cameras. “We didn’t know exactly how they would respond to these cameras being out there. The camera is small and fairly discreet, and it’s camouflaged, but still, in a grassland anything sticks out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wright said their time-lapse photography approach builds on previous wildlife studies, and cranes make ideal subjects for this kind of technology because of their “fidelity” to the Platte River, where they’ve returned year after year for centuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The nature of cameras, when you can’t move them, you need a bird that has some sort of fidelity to a site. Other than nests, there’s not too many places that birds return to again and again in a way that you’d have enough images to be able to discover a pattern. Cranes fit that bill,” Wright said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea for the study came from existing collaboration with the \u003ca href=\"http://p-b-t.net/\">Platte Basin Timelapse\u003c/a> project, a public/private partnership of the University of Nebraska, NET Television, and Michael Forsberg Photography, which has been collecting time-lapse images across the river system for the past three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69021\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-69021 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/DSC_0219-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Crane Trust Wildlife Biologist Greg Wright checks a camera that was left in place year-round, eleveated and fenced to protect it from cattle. Now that it's spring, he'll remove the fence and drop the camera height so that it can once again capture images of cranes. Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News. \" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Crane Trust Wildlife Biologist Greg Wright checks a camera that was left in place year-round, eleveated and fenced to protect it from cattle. Now that it's spring, he'll remove the fence and drop the camera height so that it can once again capture images of cranes. Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Harner said changing technology has recently made these kinds of studies much cheaper and easier for researchers. Photos and videos are also more accessible for the general public than papers or graphs, Harner said, “being able show how the groundwater is pulsing and how these grasslands are essentially breathing … it just brings it to life in ways that are nearly impossible to visualize otherwise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Student interns helped classify more than 67,000 unique behaviors from tens of thousands of images collected last March and April. Wright said their initial findings show cranes tend to congregate in the wetter parts of the meadows, where they did more bathing and resting, compared to drier upland areas, where they mostly ate and moved around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69022\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-69022 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/DSC_0284-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"After spending the day eating and socializing in nearby fields and wetlands, cranes typically return to the Platte River at night to protect themselves from predators. Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News. \" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">After spending the day eating and socializing in nearby fields and wetlands, cranes typically return to the Platte River at night to protect themselves from predators. Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I think we were surprised that there were these strong differences between the uplands and the sloughs -- the water areas,” Wright said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Camera data also offered rare glimpses of birds spending the night in the meadows rather than returning to the river as they normally do. Wright said that this spring the Crane Trust will use the cameras to study nighttime behavior of cranes on the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know what the birds are necessarily doing. We know they stay on the river. But to be able to have a camera right there on the roost and see those birds throughout the night… We’ll be able to see their activity pattern through the night,” Wright said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project should help researchers and the public alike learn more about Nebraska’s annual winged travelers and their spring visits along the central Platte.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"For decades, scientists have studied the annual migration of sandhill cranes through central Nebraska. A new project is using time-lapse cameras to capture and study crane behavior.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442694770,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":24,"wordCount":1325},"headData":{"title":"Getting Up Close with Cranes | KQED","description":"For decades, scientists have studied the annual migration of sandhill cranes through central Nebraska. A new project is using time-lapse cameras to capture and study crane behavior.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"68169 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=68169","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/04/10/getting-up-close-with-cranes/","disqusTitle":"Getting Up Close with Cranes","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/68169/getting-up-close-with-cranes","audioUrl":"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/gettingupclosewithcranes3_20_14web01.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/gettingupclosewithcranes3_20_14web01.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Central Nebraska may look like nothing but flat cornfields from a car speeding down Interstate 80, but it’s an incredibly important stopover point for millions of migrating birds, whose wings and cries fill the skies each spring. One of the most studied and iconic of these species is the sandhill crane, which has been making this annual migration for centuries. Roughly 500,000 cranes travel through Nebraska in the spring, where they descend upon the shallow Platte River, its sandbars, and nearby wetlands to rest and feed before continuing north to breed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68966\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-68966 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/DSC_0226-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Cranes use these wet meadows to feed, bathe and rest during their spring migration. Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News.\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cranes use these wet meadows to feed, bathe, and rest during their spring migration. Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Much of the ground was still frozen on a March afternoon on Mormon Island in central Nebraska. This “island” runs for several miles between two channels of the Platte River. Mary Harner, director of science at the \u003ca href=\"http://cranetrust.org/\">Crane Trust\u003c/a>, led the way to a wet meadow: low-lying, undulating grasslands near the Platte, carved by older flows of the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Standing on an ice-covered portion of the slough roughly 20 feet across, Harner explained that once the ice melts, this area will have flowing water. These aptly named wet meadows are closely connected to the groundwater just below the surface, and they're usually marsh-like in spring and summer. Their moist soil makes it easier for birds to find bugs and plants to eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have studied crane migration for decades, but they're now using cameras to get an up-close view of how the birds use this critical habitat. Last spring, Harner and other researchers set up 10 game cameras over multiple sites in the meadow. The small, camouflaged cameras were programmed to take pictures every half hour or when they detected motion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68967\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 304px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-68967 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/DSC_0221-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"These small, remote, camouflaged cameras are placed two to three feet off the ground to capture crane behavior. Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News. \" width=\"304\" height=\"202\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These small, remote, camouflaged cameras are placed two to three feet off the ground to capture crane behavior. Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We had cameras paired between the low wet areas and the nearby drier areas going from south to north across this island,” Harner said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though this habitat is critical for cranes and other migratory birds, during the last century much of it disappeared as the land was developed for agriculture or towns and cities. The Crane Trust is one of several organizations working on conserving what remains along the central Platte, using methods that mimic historic forces on this river habitat, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/02/25/bison-and-cranes-reunited-to-support-habitat-restoration/\">like prescribed fire and grazing with cattle and bison\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These wet meadow habitats are very rare. They’re one of the first habitats to be lost when river flows are diminished and floodplains are converted from their natural state. So we’re here to first and foremost protect the remaining grasslands and meadows like this,” Harner said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68970\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 228px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-68970 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/DSC_0239-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Mary Harner is director of science at the Crane Trust. Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News. \" width=\"228\" height=\"152\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mary Harner is director of science at the Crane Trust. Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Harner and her colleagues think these cameras might help them learn more about how and why the birds use these areas, which will help their conservation work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul Johnsgard, a renowned ornithologist and retired biology professor at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, has spent his career studying cranes and other birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Spring biology of cranes is really important because these six weeks or so that the birds spend in the Platte Valley are critically important for them to acquire the amount of fat -- energy -- that they need for the rest of their spring and summer activities. So it really is important to get this kind of data,” Johnsgard said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crane video cameras have been around for a while, but most of the data on cranes has come from aerial surveys, thermal imaging, and people watching from wildlife blinds. Using the cameras to get thousands of up-close images offers a different way to study sandhill crane biology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69099\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 331px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-69099 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/CraneTrust2-331x253.jpg\" alt=\"Wet meadow habitat is critical for cranes during their annual spring migration. Photo courtesy of the Crane Trust.\" width=\"331\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wet meadow habitat is critical for cranes during their annual spring migration. Photo courtesy of the Crane Trust\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“You get an enormous sample of thousands of data points and from that you can look at them statistically and figure out exactly what percentage of time birds are doing different things. It gives a set of real data instead of general perceptions,” Johnsgard said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That data would be almost impossible to get without human presence affecting crane behavior, according to Greg Wright, wildlife biologist at the Crane Trust. He noted that part of the initial study involved figuring out where to put the cameras. “We didn’t know exactly how they would respond to these cameras being out there. The camera is small and fairly discreet, and it’s camouflaged, but still, in a grassland anything sticks out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wright said their time-lapse photography approach builds on previous wildlife studies, and cranes make ideal subjects for this kind of technology because of their “fidelity” to the Platte River, where they’ve returned year after year for centuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The nature of cameras, when you can’t move them, you need a bird that has some sort of fidelity to a site. Other than nests, there’s not too many places that birds return to again and again in a way that you’d have enough images to be able to discover a pattern. Cranes fit that bill,” Wright said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea for the study came from existing collaboration with the \u003ca href=\"http://p-b-t.net/\">Platte Basin Timelapse\u003c/a> project, a public/private partnership of the University of Nebraska, NET Television, and Michael Forsberg Photography, which has been collecting time-lapse images across the river system for the past three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69021\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-69021 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/DSC_0219-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Crane Trust Wildlife Biologist Greg Wright checks a camera that was left in place year-round, eleveated and fenced to protect it from cattle. Now that it's spring, he'll remove the fence and drop the camera height so that it can once again capture images of cranes. Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News. \" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Crane Trust Wildlife Biologist Greg Wright checks a camera that was left in place year-round, eleveated and fenced to protect it from cattle. Now that it's spring, he'll remove the fence and drop the camera height so that it can once again capture images of cranes. Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Harner said changing technology has recently made these kinds of studies much cheaper and easier for researchers. Photos and videos are also more accessible for the general public than papers or graphs, Harner said, “being able show how the groundwater is pulsing and how these grasslands are essentially breathing … it just brings it to life in ways that are nearly impossible to visualize otherwise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Student interns helped classify more than 67,000 unique behaviors from tens of thousands of images collected last March and April. Wright said their initial findings show cranes tend to congregate in the wetter parts of the meadows, where they did more bathing and resting, compared to drier upland areas, where they mostly ate and moved around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69022\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-69022 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/DSC_0284-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"After spending the day eating and socializing in nearby fields and wetlands, cranes typically return to the Platte River at night to protect themselves from predators. Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News. \" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">After spending the day eating and socializing in nearby fields and wetlands, cranes typically return to the Platte River at night to protect themselves from predators. Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I think we were surprised that there were these strong differences between the uplands and the sloughs -- the water areas,” Wright said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Camera data also offered rare glimpses of birds spending the night in the meadows rather than returning to the river as they normally do. Wright said that this spring the Crane Trust will use the cameras to study nighttime behavior of cranes on the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know what the birds are necessarily doing. We know they stay on the river. But to be able to have a camera right there on the roost and see those birds throughout the night… We’ll be able to see their activity pattern through the night,” Wright said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project should help researchers and the public alike learn more about Nebraska’s annual winged travelers and their spring visits along the central Platte.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/68169/getting-up-close-with-cranes","authors":["10465"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_304","quest_326","quest_13193","quest_340","quest_12775","quest_12646","quest_12269","quest_12774","quest_12773","quest_1819","quest_12520","quest_12777","quest_12782","quest_12491","quest_12354","quest_12645","quest_12348"],"featImg":"quest_69098","label":"source_quest_68169"},"quest_69039":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_69039","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"69039","score":null,"sort":[1397066417000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-system-of-surface-water","title":"The System of Surface Water","publishDate":1397066417,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>The physical channels of interconnected headwaters, streams, and rivers on earth support and are supported by a complex web of life, active above and below the water line. Working together, the river basin systems are able to trap floodwaters, recharge groundwater supplies, remove pollution, feed downstream waters, and provide abundant niches for fish and wildlife. Rivers and their watershed systems are the only “corporations” on earth that manufacture clean water every day, and for free. This infographic is part of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/water/\">Water \u003c/a>series.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Introductory Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Where does your drinking water come from: surface water, private well, public well, or rainwater?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How many rivers in the U.S. do you think are in good health?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Discussion Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Why do streams and rivers wiggle around so much? Watch the three-minute video \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencefriday.com/video/10/02/2009/recipe-for-a-river.html\">Recipe for a River\u003c/a> from \u003cem>Science Friday\u003c/em> to find out.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Rivers.pdf\">Click for a pdf\u003c/a> of the map of rivers and explore the pattern of waterways in the U.S. Can you draw watershed boundaries of the major watersheds?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Locate your county on the EPA’s \u003ca href=\"http://water.epa.gov/type/rsl/drinkingwatermap.cfm\" target=\"_blank\">Drinking Water Map\u003c/a>. Approximately how many people in your county get their drinking water from streams?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If one in three people in the U.S. obtains drinking water from stream water, from where do the other two out of three people get their drinking water?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Follow-up Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What makes freshwater unsafe for drinking?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Is your drinking water treated? If so, where and how is it treated?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Who pays to keep freshwater safe for drinking?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Extension Activity\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Investigate the costs and benefits of drinking only bottled water at home.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Links to Learn More\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/ket09.sci.ess.water.wshed/what-is-a-watershed/\" target=\"_blank\">What is a Watershed?\u003c/a>, Kentucky Educational Television (available through PBS LearningMedia)\u003cbr>\nA two-minute video illustrating the watershed concept\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://cfpub.epa.gov/surf/locate/index.cfm\">Surf Your Watershed\u003c/a>, EPA\u003cbr>\nA portal to links about every watershed in the U.S, including environmental information, USGS data, citizen monitoring groups, and assessments of the watershed's health\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.stroudcenter.org/education/nytrek2007/video.shtm\" target=\"_blank\">Mountaintop to Tap\u003c/a>, Stroud Water Research Center\u003cbr>\nWatch twelve lively teenagers hike, camp, explore, take photographs, learn, and dance their way along the path of New York City’s water supply system -- from mountaintop to tap -- in this 37-minute video.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>NGSS Correlations\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation:\u003c/strong> Plan and conduct an investigation of the properties of water and its effects on Earth materials and surface processes. \u003cstrong>HS-ESS2-5\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea:\u003c/strong> The abundance of liquid water on Earth’s surface and its unique combination of physical and chemical properties are central to the planet’s dynamics. \u003cstrong>ESS2.C\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Crosscutting Concept:\u003c/strong> Stability and change\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Engineering Practice:\u003c/strong> Planning and carrying out investigations\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Explore the ribbons of rivers that crisscross the U.S. and deliver drinking water to more than 117 million people every day. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1444786950,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":3,"wordCount":436},"headData":{"title":"The System of Surface Water | KQED","description":"Explore the ribbons of rivers that crisscross the U.S. and deliver drinking water to more than 117 million people every day. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"69039 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=69039","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/04/09/the-system-of-surface-water/","disqusTitle":"The System of Surface Water","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/69039/the-system-of-surface-water","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The physical channels of interconnected headwaters, streams, and rivers on earth support and are supported by a complex web of life, active above and below the water line. Working together, the river basin systems are able to trap floodwaters, recharge groundwater supplies, remove pollution, feed downstream waters, and provide abundant niches for fish and wildlife. Rivers and their watershed systems are the only “corporations” on earth that manufacture clean water every day, and for free. This infographic is part of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/water/\">Water \u003c/a>series.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Introductory Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Where does your drinking water come from: surface water, private well, public well, or rainwater?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How many rivers in the U.S. do you think are in good health?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Discussion Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Why do streams and rivers wiggle around so much? Watch the three-minute video \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencefriday.com/video/10/02/2009/recipe-for-a-river.html\">Recipe for a River\u003c/a> from \u003cem>Science Friday\u003c/em> to find out.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Rivers.pdf\">Click for a pdf\u003c/a> of the map of rivers and explore the pattern of waterways in the U.S. Can you draw watershed boundaries of the major watersheds?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Locate your county on the EPA’s \u003ca href=\"http://water.epa.gov/type/rsl/drinkingwatermap.cfm\" target=\"_blank\">Drinking Water Map\u003c/a>. Approximately how many people in your county get their drinking water from streams?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If one in three people in the U.S. obtains drinking water from stream water, from where do the other two out of three people get their drinking water?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Follow-up Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What makes freshwater unsafe for drinking?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Is your drinking water treated? If so, where and how is it treated?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Who pays to keep freshwater safe for drinking?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Extension Activity\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Investigate the costs and benefits of drinking only bottled water at home.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Links to Learn More\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/ket09.sci.ess.water.wshed/what-is-a-watershed/\" target=\"_blank\">What is a Watershed?\u003c/a>, Kentucky Educational Television (available through PBS LearningMedia)\u003cbr>\nA two-minute video illustrating the watershed concept\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://cfpub.epa.gov/surf/locate/index.cfm\">Surf Your Watershed\u003c/a>, EPA\u003cbr>\nA portal to links about every watershed in the U.S, including environmental information, USGS data, citizen monitoring groups, and assessments of the watershed's health\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.stroudcenter.org/education/nytrek2007/video.shtm\" target=\"_blank\">Mountaintop to Tap\u003c/a>, Stroud Water Research Center\u003cbr>\nWatch twelve lively teenagers hike, camp, explore, take photographs, learn, and dance their way along the path of New York City’s water supply system -- from mountaintop to tap -- in this 37-minute video.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>NGSS Correlations\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation:\u003c/strong> Plan and conduct an investigation of the properties of water and its effects on Earth materials and surface processes. \u003cstrong>HS-ESS2-5\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea:\u003c/strong> The abundance of liquid water on Earth’s surface and its unique combination of physical and chemical properties are central to the planet’s dynamics. \u003cstrong>ESS2.C\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Crosscutting Concept:\u003c/strong> Stability and change\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Engineering Practice:\u003c/strong> Planning and carrying out investigations\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/69039/the-system-of-surface-water","authors":["10443"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_13193","quest_13196","quest_12779","quest_12780","quest_10427","quest_3108"],"collections":["quest_12824"],"featImg":"quest_69279","label":"source_quest_69039"},"quest_69317":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_69317","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"69317","score":null,"sort":[1397052008000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"quest-tv-keeping-it-cool-sea-otters-new-cars-and-old-forests","title":"QUEST TV - Keeping it Cool: Sea Otters, New Cars and Old Forests","publishDate":1397052008,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003ch2>Episode Description\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Meet biologists in Washington state exploring the surprising connection between sea otters and climate change; take a test drive in California with some new hydrogen-powered cars that only emit water vapor; and find out how scientists in Wisconsin are working to build a more resilient forest. Also, discover how some Galapagos penguins are surviving warmer temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Segment Details\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Watch the full 1/2 hour television episode above or watch individual segments and read accompanying articles:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"Sea Otters v. Climate Change\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/sea-otters-urchins-kelp-climate-change/\">Sea Otters v. Climate Change\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"Highway to Hydrogen\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/highway-to-hydrogen-fuel-cell-vehicles/\">Highway to Hydrogen\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"Building Better Forests\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/building-better-forests/\">Building Better Forests\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"Penguin Sentinels\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/penguin-sentinels/\">Penguin Sentinels\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Discover how sea otters, hydrogen-powered cars and old-growth forests are helping to battle climate change. Also, learn how some Galapagos penguins are surviving warmer temperatures.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457556289,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":4,"wordCount":93},"headData":{"title":"QUEST TV - Keeping it Cool: Sea Otters, New Cars and Old Forests | KQED","description":"Discover how sea otters, hydrogen-powered cars and old-growth forests are helping to battle climate change. Also, learn how some Galapagos penguins are surviving warmer temperatures.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"69317 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=videos&p=69317","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/04/09/quest-tv-keeping-it-cool-sea-otters-new-cars-and-old-forests/","disqusTitle":"QUEST TV - Keeping it Cool: Sea Otters, New Cars and Old Forests","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Z--dVTF0ck","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/69317/quest-tv-keeping-it-cool-sea-otters-new-cars-and-old-forests","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003ch2>Episode Description\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Meet biologists in Washington state exploring the surprising connection between sea otters and climate change; take a test drive in California with some new hydrogen-powered cars that only emit water vapor; and find out how scientists in Wisconsin are working to build a more resilient forest. Also, discover how some Galapagos penguins are surviving warmer temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Segment Details\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Watch the full 1/2 hour television episode above or watch individual segments and read accompanying articles:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"Sea Otters v. Climate Change\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/sea-otters-urchins-kelp-climate-change/\">Sea Otters v. Climate Change\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"Highway to Hydrogen\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/highway-to-hydrogen-fuel-cell-vehicles/\">Highway to Hydrogen\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"Building Better Forests\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/building-better-forests/\">Building Better Forests\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"Penguin Sentinels\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/penguin-sentinels/\">Penguin Sentinels\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/69317/quest-tv-keeping-it-cool-sea-otters-new-cars-and-old-forests","authors":["10216"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_6","quest_11765","quest_9","quest_3422","quest_3233","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_326","quest_13193","quest_499","quest_621","quest_984","quest_12803","quest_1132","quest_1151","quest_12269","quest_1161","quest_1425","quest_10014","quest_12804","quest_12805","quest_2046","quest_2149","quest_2349","quest_12550","quest_2893","quest_2983","quest_3071"],"featImg":"quest_69324","label":"source_quest_69317"},"quest_51445":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_51445","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"51445","score":null,"sort":[1369321251000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"fish-flight-recorders-aid-in-sustainability-efforts","title":"Fish Earbones Provide a Rare Glimpse into the Past and Future of Fisheries","publishDate":1369321251,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_55023\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 628px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/22/fish-flight-recorders-aid-in-sustainability-efforts/3067134212_b217e2bd81_z-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-55023\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-55023\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/3067134212_b217e2bd81_z-e1369175284273.jpg\" alt=\"The rings on an otolith Photo courtesy of Flickr user Eustatic Creative Commons license\" width=\"628\" height=\"358\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/3067134212_b217e2bd81_z-e1369175284273.jpg 628w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/3067134212_b217e2bd81_z-e1369175284273-400x228.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 628px) 100vw, 628px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The rings on an otolith: photo courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/eustatic/3067134212/\">Eustatic\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ccode>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/code>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">Field Notes\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">\u003cstrong>:\u003c/strong> \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">Cathy Britt, The Burke Museum\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From salmon steaks and sushi, to fish nuggets and crab cakes, the world’s fisheries provide three billion people with nearly 15 percent of their average animal protein intake. The numerous fish, crab, shrimp, and shellfish that live in these cold, productive waters make Alaska and the Pacific Northwest essentially the biggest seafood market in the world. Pollock from the Bering Sea is a staple, found in fish sticks and fillets for fast-food sandwiches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To ensure that future generations will continue to enjoy the benefits of these fisheries, they must be sustainably managed. This is where science and management come into play.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As graduate researcher Jeremy Harris puts it, “We know what can happen to fish with too much fishing, but I want to learn if we can spot this when it’s first starting to happen and set limits and regulations that prevent it.” Harris, a University of Washington graduate researcher, is turning to a collection of pollock otoliths (A.K.A ear bones) at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.burkemuseum.org/\">Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture\u003c/a> for insights into how much fishing is too much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Finding Answers in Unexpected Places\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/22/fish-flight-recorders-aid-in-sustainability-efforts/jeremyholdingotolith/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54276\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-54276 alignleft\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/JeremyHoldingOtolith-e1368141930563-292x253.jpg\" alt=\"JeremyHoldingOtolith\" width=\"182\" height=\"157\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many people wonder why natural history museums hold onto \"all that old stuff\" in their research collections. Well sometimes, all that old stuff can hold information critical to understanding our world. It's just a question of waiting until science matures enough to decode the information they hold. The Burke Museum’s collection of pollock otoliths is a great example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Otoliths Archive Ocean Data\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Video Player Inline II\" mediaid=\"65346\"]\u003cbr>\nSimilar to the rings in a tree, otolith layers form rings that can be counted and measured to determine the fish’s age and growth over the years of its life. Most fish have three otoliths, commonly referred to as ear bones, at the rear of their skull to aid in balance, orientation and hearing. Otoliths are actually stone-like composites that develop layers of proteins and calcium carbonate from the fish’s birth until its death – offering a record of age, growth rate and reproductive age, as well as information about water conditions and climate change the fish experienced. Some fish, like rockfish, can live more than 100 years, giving researchers a rare glimpse into environments from more than a century ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/22/fish-flight-recorders-aid-in-sustainability-efforts/oldestotolith/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54481\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-54481\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/OldestOtolith-e1368141494119-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Oldest Otolith\" width=\"304\" height=\"202\">\u003c/a>Thomas Helser, program director at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.afsc.noaa.gov/default.htm\">NOAA’s Alaska Fisheries Science Center\u003c/a> (AFSC) \u003ca href=\"http://www.afsc.noaa.gov/REFM/Age/\">Age and Growth Program\u003c/a>, leads a team of experts in accessing the data within these fish “flight recorders,” as he describes them. Helser and his staff are collaborating with numerous governmental and academic colleagues in the fields of ecology, geology, evolutionary biology and archeology to explore cutting edge technologies that shed light on critical issues like climate change and overfishing. The team processes some otolith samples intensively for geochemical data. Others they cut in half, polish and lightly burn to enhance the rings, then count the rings to estimate age. Annual growth widths are measured to examine changes in growth over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Man-made evolution\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Video Player Inline II\" mediaid=\"65350\"]\u003cbr>\nFor his research into sustainable fishing levels, Jeremy plans to sample more than 500 Alaska pollock otoliths collected as far back as the 1960s to look for changes in age, growth rate and reproductive age of the fish over time. Overfishing can cause fish to mature faster and reproduce at a younger age as a means to compensate for loss of reproductive capacity. This may eventually cause an evolutionary change through removing genetic traits associated with older, larger, more valuable fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeremy will pair what he learns from the otolith collection with population and environmental data collected by a range of people and organizations, to gain a deeper understanding of the relationship between the size and age of mature fish, and the volume of fishing happening at the time. “I hope to put this issue on the radar so people start thinking about longer-term evolutionary impacts of fishing,” says Jeremy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thanks to a grant from the National Science Foundation, Jeremy is also helping to transfer more than two million otoliths collected by NOAA over the past 50 years to their new, permanent home as part of the Burke Museum’s fish collection. There they will be held safely, until the day that science finds a new way to unlock their precious data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/22/fish-flight-recorders-aid-in-sustainability-efforts/jeremyincollection/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54277\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-54277\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/JeremyInCollection-e1369175893578.jpg\" alt=\"Jeremy In Collection\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/JeremyInCollection-e1369175893578.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/JeremyInCollection-e1369175893578-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Archiving artifacts from the sea, a natural history museum preserves precious data for scientists.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1387578489,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":764},"headData":{"title":"Fish Earbones Provide a Rare Glimpse into the Past and Future of Fisheries | KQED","description":"Archiving artifacts from the sea, a natural history museum preserves precious data for scientists.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"51445 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=51445","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/23/fish-flight-recorders-aid-in-sustainability-efforts/","disqusTitle":"Fish Earbones Provide a Rare Glimpse into the Past and Future of Fisheries","path":"/quest/51445/fish-flight-recorders-aid-in-sustainability-efforts","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_55023\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 628px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/22/fish-flight-recorders-aid-in-sustainability-efforts/3067134212_b217e2bd81_z-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-55023\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-55023\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/3067134212_b217e2bd81_z-e1369175284273.jpg\" alt=\"The rings on an otolith Photo courtesy of Flickr user Eustatic Creative Commons license\" width=\"628\" height=\"358\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/3067134212_b217e2bd81_z-e1369175284273.jpg 628w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/3067134212_b217e2bd81_z-e1369175284273-400x228.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 628px) 100vw, 628px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The rings on an otolith: photo courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/eustatic/3067134212/\">Eustatic\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ccode>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/code>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">Field Notes\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">\u003cstrong>:\u003c/strong> \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">Cathy Britt, The Burke Museum\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From salmon steaks and sushi, to fish nuggets and crab cakes, the world’s fisheries provide three billion people with nearly 15 percent of their average animal protein intake. The numerous fish, crab, shrimp, and shellfish that live in these cold, productive waters make Alaska and the Pacific Northwest essentially the biggest seafood market in the world. Pollock from the Bering Sea is a staple, found in fish sticks and fillets for fast-food sandwiches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To ensure that future generations will continue to enjoy the benefits of these fisheries, they must be sustainably managed. This is where science and management come into play.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As graduate researcher Jeremy Harris puts it, “We know what can happen to fish with too much fishing, but I want to learn if we can spot this when it’s first starting to happen and set limits and regulations that prevent it.” Harris, a University of Washington graduate researcher, is turning to a collection of pollock otoliths (A.K.A ear bones) at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.burkemuseum.org/\">Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture\u003c/a> for insights into how much fishing is too much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Finding Answers in Unexpected Places\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/22/fish-flight-recorders-aid-in-sustainability-efforts/jeremyholdingotolith/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54276\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-54276 alignleft\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/JeremyHoldingOtolith-e1368141930563-292x253.jpg\" alt=\"JeremyHoldingOtolith\" width=\"182\" height=\"157\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many people wonder why natural history museums hold onto \"all that old stuff\" in their research collections. Well sometimes, all that old stuff can hold information critical to understanding our world. It's just a question of waiting until science matures enough to decode the information they hold. The Burke Museum’s collection of pollock otoliths is a great example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Otoliths Archive Ocean Data\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Video Player Inline II\" mediaid=\"65346\"]\u003cbr>\nSimilar to the rings in a tree, otolith layers form rings that can be counted and measured to determine the fish’s age and growth over the years of its life. Most fish have three otoliths, commonly referred to as ear bones, at the rear of their skull to aid in balance, orientation and hearing. Otoliths are actually stone-like composites that develop layers of proteins and calcium carbonate from the fish’s birth until its death – offering a record of age, growth rate and reproductive age, as well as information about water conditions and climate change the fish experienced. Some fish, like rockfish, can live more than 100 years, giving researchers a rare glimpse into environments from more than a century ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/22/fish-flight-recorders-aid-in-sustainability-efforts/oldestotolith/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54481\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-54481\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/OldestOtolith-e1368141494119-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Oldest Otolith\" width=\"304\" height=\"202\">\u003c/a>Thomas Helser, program director at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.afsc.noaa.gov/default.htm\">NOAA’s Alaska Fisheries Science Center\u003c/a> (AFSC) \u003ca href=\"http://www.afsc.noaa.gov/REFM/Age/\">Age and Growth Program\u003c/a>, leads a team of experts in accessing the data within these fish “flight recorders,” as he describes them. Helser and his staff are collaborating with numerous governmental and academic colleagues in the fields of ecology, geology, evolutionary biology and archeology to explore cutting edge technologies that shed light on critical issues like climate change and overfishing. The team processes some otolith samples intensively for geochemical data. Others they cut in half, polish and lightly burn to enhance the rings, then count the rings to estimate age. Annual growth widths are measured to examine changes in growth over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Man-made evolution\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Video Player Inline II\" mediaid=\"65350\"]\u003cbr>\nFor his research into sustainable fishing levels, Jeremy plans to sample more than 500 Alaska pollock otoliths collected as far back as the 1960s to look for changes in age, growth rate and reproductive age of the fish over time. Overfishing can cause fish to mature faster and reproduce at a younger age as a means to compensate for loss of reproductive capacity. This may eventually cause an evolutionary change through removing genetic traits associated with older, larger, more valuable fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeremy will pair what he learns from the otolith collection with population and environmental data collected by a range of people and organizations, to gain a deeper understanding of the relationship between the size and age of mature fish, and the volume of fishing happening at the time. “I hope to put this issue on the radar so people start thinking about longer-term evolutionary impacts of fishing,” says Jeremy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thanks to a grant from the National Science Foundation, Jeremy is also helping to transfer more than two million otoliths collected by NOAA over the past 50 years to their new, permanent home as part of the Burke Museum’s fish collection. There they will be held safely, until the day that science finds a new way to unlock their precious data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/22/fish-flight-recorders-aid-in-sustainability-efforts/jeremyincollection/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54277\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-54277\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/JeremyInCollection-e1369175893578.jpg\" alt=\"Jeremy In Collection\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/JeremyInCollection-e1369175893578.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/JeremyInCollection-e1369175893578-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/51445/fish-flight-recorders-aid-in-sustainability-efforts","authors":["10240"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_6","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_12010","quest_326","quest_13193","quest_12007","quest_13317","quest_13195","quest_12012","quest_12008","quest_12013","quest_2001","quest_12009","quest_12005","quest_3324","quest_12014","quest_12011","quest_3288","quest_2846"],"featImg":"quest_55024","label":"quest"},"quest_49466":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_49466","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"49466","score":null,"sort":[1360369661000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"on-the-elephant-seal-dating-scene-its-all-about-bravado","title":"On the Elephant Seal Dating Scene, It’s All About Bravado","publishDate":1360369661,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Love is in the air on California beaches this time of year, when northern elephant seals arrive by the thousands for breeding season. Males make plenty of noise at \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=1115\">Ano Nuevo State Reserve\u003c/a>, north of Santa Cruz, but it sounds more like a chorus of motorcycles than the melodious sounds of Barry White.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, researchers at the University of California Santa Cruz are decoding this complex communication system and learning how males use it to boost their reputation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elephant seals spend most of the year alone in the Pacific Ocean, so there’s plenty of action packed into the two months they’re on land every winter. “That’s mating behavior,” says naturalist Lisa Wolfklain, pointing at two elephant seals in a sea of hundreds of males, females and pups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003ciframe style=\"border: 0px none;overflow: hidden;float: right;margin: 10px\" src=\"http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/elephant_seals/elephantseals.html\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"270\" height=\"700\">\u003c/iframe> The unique calls of three male elephants seals: X579, 1C and GL (top to bottom). (Photos and recordings: C. Reichmuth and University of California-Santa Cruz NMFS Permit No. 14636)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Male elephant seals are the size of an SUV -- fifteen feet long and 4,000 pounds. They’re known for their proboscis, the huge, fleshy nose that hangs over their mouth. There are plenty of available females this time of year, but most males will strike out. The dating scene is controlled by alpha males.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The alpha strategy is to be dominant over a group of females, the harem,\" says Wolfklain. \"And they want to have the first right to mate.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can spot the alpha males right in the middle of their groups of 10 to 100 females. The other males, known as betas, are on the outskirts, just watching, waiting for their chance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So this guy's coming in,” says Wolfklain, pointing at one beta male moving quickly toward a female. The alpha male perks up and snorts a warning with customary bravado. Sometimes the fight ends there, but not this one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ooh, now they’re hitting with their heads,” the commentary continues, as the two lunge at each others' chests. A few strikes seem to be enough for the beta male and he retreats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These fights can be bloody and all the while, other males are taking advantage and sneaking in. It adds up to a very stressful time for male elephant seals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It's All About Reputation\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not advantageous for males to fight all the time,” says Caroline Casey, a researcher at the UC Santa Cruz. She says fights can be risky. “Sometimes they can result in death and we’ve seen that,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elephant seals also don’t eat while on land, so they need to conserve energy. Casey says, as with humans, one way to avoid fighting is communication. But until now, no one was really sure what the males were saying to each other. So, she and her colleagues have been studying a patch of beach with about 50 males.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have come up with this ranking system where we assign each male a score,” she says. It’s similar to systems used in professional sports, where the males win or lose points with every fight. Casey and her team also recorded the males’ calls and found remarkable differences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One beta male, X579, has a call that ends in a flourish. “His call, to me, is my favorite. He always has this really lovely note at the end of it,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>X579 was a beta male with a lot of competition. “He tends to vocalize and challenge everybody right when he gets there,” Casey says. He challenged GL, an alpha male with a very short, staccato call.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That is what’s so incredible. All of the animals sound completely different from one another,” Casey says. What’s more, Casey's team found that each male seems to use the same call year after year, whether he has a harem or not. It’s their signature call – and they flaunt it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49521\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 308px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/elephantsealfemale.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-49521\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/elephantsealfemale.jpg\" alt=\"A female and pup at Ano Nuevo State Preserve. (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"308\" height=\"207\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A female and pup at Ano Nuevo State Preserve. (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“A larger, more dominant animal will come up to a smaller animal, maybe beat him up a little bit, call at him before and after, like, ‘Hey, this is me. I’m Bob. Don’t mess with me,'” says Casey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s all about spreading your reputation around. “That’s called associative learning and that’s very unique among marine mammals, Casey explains. \"That means that every male has the potential to be learning every other male based on their acoustic signature at that site.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These complex communication systems have been studied in songbirds and other animals, but Casey says less is known about marine species. “I think it’s just a piece of larger puzzle in understanding how these animals breed and how they’re going to survive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A century ago, elephant seals were hunted to near extinction for their blubber. Fewer than 100 lingered off the coast of Mexico. With protective laws in place, today there are 170,000 northern elephant seals and growing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s good news for Casey’s loner elephant seal X579. This year, he’s an alpha male for the first time. As for the others, there’s always next year.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"They may sound like faulty plumbing, but male northern elephant seals have a unique communication system that's all about reputation.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1450493545,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/elephant_seals/elephantseals.html"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":24,"wordCount":913},"headData":{"title":"On the Elephant Seal Dating Scene, It’s All About Bravado | KQED","description":"They may sound like faulty plumbing, but male northern elephant seals have a unique communication system that's all about reputation.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"49466 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=audio_reports&p=49466","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/08/on-the-elephant-seal-dating-scene-its-all-about-bravado/","disqusTitle":"On the Elephant Seal Dating Scene, It’s All About Bravado","source":"Biology","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/biology/","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2013/02/20130211science.mp3","WpOldSlug":"west-coast-a-test-bed-for-ocean-acidification-2","path":"/quest/49466/on-the-elephant-seal-dating-scene-its-all-about-bravado","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Love is in the air on California beaches this time of year, when northern elephant seals arrive by the thousands for breeding season. Males make plenty of noise at \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=1115\">Ano Nuevo State Reserve\u003c/a>, north of Santa Cruz, but it sounds more like a chorus of motorcycles than the melodious sounds of Barry White.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, researchers at the University of California Santa Cruz are decoding this complex communication system and learning how males use it to boost their reputation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elephant seals spend most of the year alone in the Pacific Ocean, so there’s plenty of action packed into the two months they’re on land every winter. “That’s mating behavior,” says naturalist Lisa Wolfklain, pointing at two elephant seals in a sea of hundreds of males, females and pups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003ciframe style=\"border: 0px none;overflow: hidden;float: right;margin: 10px\" src=\"http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/elephant_seals/elephantseals.html\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"270\" height=\"700\">\u003c/iframe> The unique calls of three male elephants seals: X579, 1C and GL (top to bottom). (Photos and recordings: C. Reichmuth and University of California-Santa Cruz NMFS Permit No. 14636)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Male elephant seals are the size of an SUV -- fifteen feet long and 4,000 pounds. They’re known for their proboscis, the huge, fleshy nose that hangs over their mouth. There are plenty of available females this time of year, but most males will strike out. The dating scene is controlled by alpha males.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The alpha strategy is to be dominant over a group of females, the harem,\" says Wolfklain. \"And they want to have the first right to mate.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can spot the alpha males right in the middle of their groups of 10 to 100 females. The other males, known as betas, are on the outskirts, just watching, waiting for their chance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So this guy's coming in,” says Wolfklain, pointing at one beta male moving quickly toward a female. The alpha male perks up and snorts a warning with customary bravado. Sometimes the fight ends there, but not this one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ooh, now they’re hitting with their heads,” the commentary continues, as the two lunge at each others' chests. A few strikes seem to be enough for the beta male and he retreats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These fights can be bloody and all the while, other males are taking advantage and sneaking in. It adds up to a very stressful time for male elephant seals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It's All About Reputation\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not advantageous for males to fight all the time,” says Caroline Casey, a researcher at the UC Santa Cruz. She says fights can be risky. “Sometimes they can result in death and we’ve seen that,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elephant seals also don’t eat while on land, so they need to conserve energy. Casey says, as with humans, one way to avoid fighting is communication. But until now, no one was really sure what the males were saying to each other. So, she and her colleagues have been studying a patch of beach with about 50 males.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have come up with this ranking system where we assign each male a score,” she says. It’s similar to systems used in professional sports, where the males win or lose points with every fight. Casey and her team also recorded the males’ calls and found remarkable differences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One beta male, X579, has a call that ends in a flourish. “His call, to me, is my favorite. He always has this really lovely note at the end of it,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>X579 was a beta male with a lot of competition. “He tends to vocalize and challenge everybody right when he gets there,” Casey says. He challenged GL, an alpha male with a very short, staccato call.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That is what’s so incredible. All of the animals sound completely different from one another,” Casey says. What’s more, Casey's team found that each male seems to use the same call year after year, whether he has a harem or not. It’s their signature call – and they flaunt it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49521\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 308px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/elephantsealfemale.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-49521\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/elephantsealfemale.jpg\" alt=\"A female and pup at Ano Nuevo State Preserve. (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"308\" height=\"207\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A female and pup at Ano Nuevo State Preserve. (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“A larger, more dominant animal will come up to a smaller animal, maybe beat him up a little bit, call at him before and after, like, ‘Hey, this is me. I’m Bob. Don’t mess with me,'” says Casey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s all about spreading your reputation around. “That’s called associative learning and that’s very unique among marine mammals, Casey explains. \"That means that every male has the potential to be learning every other male based on their acoustic signature at that site.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These complex communication systems have been studied in songbirds and other animals, but Casey says less is known about marine species. “I think it’s just a piece of larger puzzle in understanding how these animals breed and how they’re going to survive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A century ago, elephant seals were hunted to near extinction for their blubber. Fewer than 100 lingered off the coast of Mexico. With protective laws in place, today there are 170,000 northern elephant seals and growing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s good news for Casey’s loner elephant seal X579. This year, he’s an alpha male for the first time. As for the others, there’s always next year.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/49466/on-the-elephant-seal-dating-scene-its-all-about-bravado","authors":["239"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_17"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_11725","quest_13193","quest_11488","quest_665","quest_962","quest_11194","quest_1743","quest_13203","quest_2034","quest_2209"],"featImg":"quest_49513","label":"source_quest_49466"},"quest_41733":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_41733","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"41733","score":null,"sort":[1344265244000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"making-new-eggs","title":"Rethinking Reproductive Biology","publishDate":1344265244,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_41736\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/06/making-new-eggs/ovary/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41736\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Ovary.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Ovary\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-41736\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Ovary.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Ovary-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ovaries like this one have a few cells that still have the potential to become eggs.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Everyone knows that women are born with all the eggs they can ever make, right? Well, a recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22366948\">study \u003c/a>shows that everyone just might be wrong. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This doesn’t just change how we think about reproductive biology. It has real world implications for lots of infertile women too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A woman makes all of her eggs while she is still in the womb. The way it works is that a group of cells called germ cells divides until they are nearly mature. These 400,000 or so cells then wait around until the woman is born and enters puberty. Then, around one cell per month matures and is released. By menopause, the average woman has released about 400 mature eggs. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists thought for a long time that once ovaries made their batch of immature eggs, they lost this ability forever. They were mistaken. This study showed that a woman’s ovaries still have a few cells that retain their potential to become eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These researchers not only identified these oogonial stem cells (or OSCs), but also managed to collect a few and to coax them into becoming immature oocytes in a petri dish. They then matured these immature oocytes in a mouse’s ovary. These scientists had created new eggs from cells found in a woman’s ovaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they didn’t stop there. These scientists showed that mouse OSCs created the same way were capable of being fertilized and growing into healthy pups. The eggs made from these OSCs appear to be fully functional and like eggs in every way. (At least the mouse ones are.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This changes how we think about egg biology. And more importantly, about how we might treat infertility in women in the near future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many women are infertile because there is something wrong with their eggs. Except in a few \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask70\">rare cases\u003c/a>, this has meant that these women could not have children that shared their DNA. This new finding gives them hope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If scientists can somehow get OSCs from an infertile woman, they will be able to turn it into an egg. Then a doctor would just follow the standard protocols of in vitro fertilization and nine months later, a baby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since these cells won’t be easy to get, an even better possibility would be to somehow encourage the cells into becoming eggs within the woman’s ovaries. Now she’d just be making eggs like she used to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This might also help older women conceive. Older women’s eggs tend to have lower quality DNA which makes getting pregnant more difficult. If OSCs suffer less DNA damage, then perhaps this technique can be used to give older women a better chance at getting pregnant.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Everyone knows that women are born with all the eggs they can ever make, right? Well, a recent study shows that everyone just might be wrong. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1346781979,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":478},"headData":{"title":"Rethinking Reproductive Biology | KQED","description":"Everyone knows that women are born with all the eggs they can ever make, right? Well, a recent study shows that everyone just might be wrong. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"41733 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=41733","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/06/making-new-eggs/","disqusTitle":"Rethinking Reproductive Biology","path":"/quest/41733/making-new-eggs","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_41736\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/06/making-new-eggs/ovary/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41736\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Ovary.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Ovary\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-41736\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Ovary.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Ovary-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ovaries like this one have a few cells that still have the potential to become eggs.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Everyone knows that women are born with all the eggs they can ever make, right? Well, a recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22366948\">study \u003c/a>shows that everyone just might be wrong. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This doesn’t just change how we think about reproductive biology. It has real world implications for lots of infertile women too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A woman makes all of her eggs while she is still in the womb. The way it works is that a group of cells called germ cells divides until they are nearly mature. These 400,000 or so cells then wait around until the woman is born and enters puberty. Then, around one cell per month matures and is released. By menopause, the average woman has released about 400 mature eggs. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists thought for a long time that once ovaries made their batch of immature eggs, they lost this ability forever. They were mistaken. This study showed that a woman’s ovaries still have a few cells that retain their potential to become eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These researchers not only identified these oogonial stem cells (or OSCs), but also managed to collect a few and to coax them into becoming immature oocytes in a petri dish. They then matured these immature oocytes in a mouse’s ovary. These scientists had created new eggs from cells found in a woman’s ovaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they didn’t stop there. These scientists showed that mouse OSCs created the same way were capable of being fertilized and growing into healthy pups. The eggs made from these OSCs appear to be fully functional and like eggs in every way. (At least the mouse ones are.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This changes how we think about egg biology. And more importantly, about how we might treat infertility in women in the near future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many women are infertile because there is something wrong with their eggs. Except in a few \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask70\">rare cases\u003c/a>, this has meant that these women could not have children that shared their DNA. This new finding gives them hope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If scientists can somehow get OSCs from an infertile woman, they will be able to turn it into an egg. Then a doctor would just follow the standard protocols of in vitro fertilization and nine months later, a baby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since these cells won’t be easy to get, an even better possibility would be to somehow encourage the cells into becoming eggs within the woman’s ovaries. Now she’d just be making eggs like she used to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This might also help older women conceive. Older women’s eggs tend to have lower quality DNA which makes getting pregnant more difficult. If OSCs suffer less DNA damage, then perhaps this technique can be used to give older women a better chance at getting pregnant.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/41733/making-new-eggs","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_13193","quest_939","quest_11332","quest_11329","quest_11331","quest_11330","quest_11333","quest_11328","quest_13202","quest_10752","quest_3319"],"featImg":"quest_41736","label":"quest"},"quest_30025":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_30025","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"30025","score":null,"sort":[1328546979000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"science-fair-for-the-rest-of-us","title":"Science Fair for the Rest of Us","publishDate":1328546979,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30026\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/06/science-fair-for-the-rest-of-us/schmahlsciencemural/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30026\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/SchmahlScienceMural.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"SchmahlScienceMural\" width=\"640\" height=\"359\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30026\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/SchmahlScienceMural.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/SchmahlScienceMural-400x224.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These are just some of the beautiful murals adorn the outside of the labs at Schmahl Science headquarters.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Let’s say you’re a student who wants to do a biology experiment for a science fair. Maybe you want to figure out how a certain cancer works or engineer a drought-resistant plant or any other sort of higher level experiment. How in the world do you get started and then do the necessary experiments?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you know a biologist, then you can get them to help you. Unfortunately most folks don’t know any scientists let alone biologists. What interested people usually have to do is start cold-calling institutions and universities, hoping to find someone willing to help. This is rarely successful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you’re in the South Bay, there is another possibility – \u003ca href=\"http://prod.schmahlscience.org/schmahl_new/ps_ASRP\">Schmahl Science\u003c/a>. For around $40/hour, you can do your experiment with the help of a mentor in the lab facilities at Schmahl Science headquarters. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The price is a bargain by science standards but still ain’t cheap. For example, a cancer project can end up costing upwards of $3000! There are scholarships available and there is a sliding scale based on family income, but it will still definitely cost you. However, if you’re interested in doing a top notch science fair project and learning more about science as a career, you can’t beat it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I recently had the chance to take a tour of the facilities and chat with the executive director, Belinda Schmahl. My first impression of the place was that it was a bit ramshackle. It seemed to have been cobbled together from various spare parts into a Frankenstein sort of creation. This is because it was.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They are able to keep prices so low (and really, they are low) by using other people’s castoffs in a location that is a bit off the beaten track. What it lacks in finish, though, it more than makes up for in personnel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was incredibly impressed with the mentors I spoke with. They were knowledgeable and very excited about their students’ projects. And I can see why.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One student I saw there was working on a biochemical experiment to test how well various sunscreens actually protect people from harmful ultraviolet light. One mentor told me about a successful experiment a student had done to generate electricity from bay mudflats. Another mentor told me about a student’s project that was exploring how houseflies were able to fly. Still another told me about a student’s project on the effects of the herbicide RoundUp on certain bacteria rice needs to grow. And so on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the 100 students mentored for the Synopsys science fair last year, 78 received some sort of award. This gives you some idea as to the quality of the work and the guidance each student receives. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are incredibly interesting and important experiments that the students would not be able to do on their own. What a great service this organization provides for the community. I hope one day it can be cloned over and over again so more students can experience the thrill and excitement of science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://brochures.schmahlscience.org/Fall_2011/ASRP%20Data%20Sheet_2011%20CMS%20edits_2.pdf\">More information on the program\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://sites.google.com/site/synopsyschampionship/201intel-isef-winners\">Recent winners of the Synopsys Science Fair. Wow.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"If you want to do a science fair project, one of the best places to do one in the South Bay is at Schmahl Science.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1329183827,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":558},"headData":{"title":"Science Fair for the Rest of Us | KQED","description":"If you want to do a science fair project, one of the best places to do one in the South Bay is at Schmahl Science.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"30025 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=30025","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/06/science-fair-for-the-rest-of-us/","disqusTitle":"Science Fair for the Rest of Us","path":"/quest/30025/science-fair-for-the-rest-of-us","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30026\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/06/science-fair-for-the-rest-of-us/schmahlsciencemural/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30026\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/SchmahlScienceMural.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"SchmahlScienceMural\" width=\"640\" height=\"359\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30026\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/SchmahlScienceMural.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/SchmahlScienceMural-400x224.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These are just some of the beautiful murals adorn the outside of the labs at Schmahl Science headquarters.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Let’s say you’re a student who wants to do a biology experiment for a science fair. Maybe you want to figure out how a certain cancer works or engineer a drought-resistant plant or any other sort of higher level experiment. How in the world do you get started and then do the necessary experiments?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you know a biologist, then you can get them to help you. Unfortunately most folks don’t know any scientists let alone biologists. What interested people usually have to do is start cold-calling institutions and universities, hoping to find someone willing to help. This is rarely successful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you’re in the South Bay, there is another possibility – \u003ca href=\"http://prod.schmahlscience.org/schmahl_new/ps_ASRP\">Schmahl Science\u003c/a>. For around $40/hour, you can do your experiment with the help of a mentor in the lab facilities at Schmahl Science headquarters. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The price is a bargain by science standards but still ain’t cheap. For example, a cancer project can end up costing upwards of $3000! There are scholarships available and there is a sliding scale based on family income, but it will still definitely cost you. However, if you’re interested in doing a top notch science fair project and learning more about science as a career, you can’t beat it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I recently had the chance to take a tour of the facilities and chat with the executive director, Belinda Schmahl. My first impression of the place was that it was a bit ramshackle. It seemed to have been cobbled together from various spare parts into a Frankenstein sort of creation. This is because it was.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They are able to keep prices so low (and really, they are low) by using other people’s castoffs in a location that is a bit off the beaten track. What it lacks in finish, though, it more than makes up for in personnel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was incredibly impressed with the mentors I spoke with. They were knowledgeable and very excited about their students’ projects. And I can see why.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One student I saw there was working on a biochemical experiment to test how well various sunscreens actually protect people from harmful ultraviolet light. One mentor told me about a successful experiment a student had done to generate electricity from bay mudflats. Another mentor told me about a student’s project that was exploring how houseflies were able to fly. Still another told me about a student’s project on the effects of the herbicide RoundUp on certain bacteria rice needs to grow. And so on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the 100 students mentored for the Synopsys science fair last year, 78 received some sort of award. This gives you some idea as to the quality of the work and the guidance each student receives. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are incredibly interesting and important experiments that the students would not be able to do on their own. What a great service this organization provides for the community. I hope one day it can be cloned over and over again so more students can experience the thrill and excitement of science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://brochures.schmahlscience.org/Fall_2011/ASRP%20Data%20Sheet_2011%20CMS%20edits_2.pdf\">More information on the program\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://sites.google.com/site/synopsyschampionship/201intel-isef-winners\">Recent winners of the Synopsys Science Fair. Wow.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/30025/science-fair-for-the-rest-of-us","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_4"],"tags":["quest_13193","quest_13202","quest_10662","quest_2535","quest_3319"],"featImg":"quest_30026","label":"quest"},"quest_29466":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_29466","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"29466","score":null,"sort":[1327335443000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"getting-your-bio-on","title":"Feeling Biocurious? How To Get Your DIY Bio On","publishDate":1327335443,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29467\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/23/getting-your-bio-on/biocurious2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29467\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/Biocurious2.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Biocurious2\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29467\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/Biocurious2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/Biocurious2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Do-it-yourself biology at Biocurious. Photo credit: Maria Chavez.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Let’s say you want to do a little “do-it-yourself” biological tinkering. Maybe you have an idea to make bacteria that can sense or even break down mercury in the environment. Or you want to attract funding for your start up with a few choice experiments. Or you just always wanted to do some biology. Where can you turn?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For people like me, it’s easy. I work for Stanford’s \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.stanford.edu/\">Department of Genetics\u003c/a> and so if I were so inclined, I’d have access to the labs there. But this obviously isn’t a typical situation. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For everyone else (at least here in the Bay Area), there is an organization called \u003ca href=\"http://biocurious.org/\">Biocurious\u003c/a>. They are an open lab located in Sunnyvale where you can go and do some biology experiments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a monthly fee (currently around $100/month for a year subscription) they provide the equipment, a lab bench and office space. You also get free classes from experts to help you get started.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This lab space is great for folks with some previous lab experience and/or who have an idea of their own they’d like to get started on. The equipment is all there for them to get started and they even get 15% discounts on any reagents they need. Stuff like restriction enzymes, Taq polymerase, nucleotides, etc.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But at least for right now, the space/concept isn’t as useful for the uninitiated. If you just want to come and play, it can be hard to know what to do. Sort of like wanting to design a mobile app but having no experience and having never used one!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thought I had was maybe membership can come with an optional, relatively simple project that can be done to get the member’s feet wet. Maybe using the mixable and matchable bits of DNA from \u003ca href=\"http://biobricks.org/\">BioBricks \u003c/a>to create a unique, artificial gene. That way the member could create something new but not have it be some cookbook, high school experiment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was just one idea off the top of my head. The folks at Biocurious know this is a problem and are brainstorming solutions. Can you think of ways that might help a newbie get started? What would it take to entice you to come join the fun?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MyY9Rj7XhLc]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Great interview with Eri Gentry, founder of Biocurious\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Maybe you have an idea to make bacteria that can sense or even break down mercury in the environment. Or you just always wanted to do some biology. Where can you turn?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1329183748,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":421},"headData":{"title":"Feeling Biocurious? How To Get Your DIY Bio On | KQED","description":"Maybe you have an idea to make bacteria that can sense or even break down mercury in the environment. Or you just always wanted to do some biology. Where can you turn?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"29466 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=29466","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/23/getting-your-bio-on/","disqusTitle":"Feeling Biocurious? How To Get Your DIY Bio On","path":"/quest/29466/getting-your-bio-on","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29467\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/23/getting-your-bio-on/biocurious2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29467\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/Biocurious2.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Biocurious2\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29467\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/Biocurious2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/Biocurious2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Do-it-yourself biology at Biocurious. Photo credit: Maria Chavez.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Let’s say you want to do a little “do-it-yourself” biological tinkering. Maybe you have an idea to make bacteria that can sense or even break down mercury in the environment. Or you want to attract funding for your start up with a few choice experiments. Or you just always wanted to do some biology. Where can you turn?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For people like me, it’s easy. I work for Stanford’s \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.stanford.edu/\">Department of Genetics\u003c/a> and so if I were so inclined, I’d have access to the labs there. But this obviously isn’t a typical situation. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For everyone else (at least here in the Bay Area), there is an organization called \u003ca href=\"http://biocurious.org/\">Biocurious\u003c/a>. They are an open lab located in Sunnyvale where you can go and do some biology experiments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a monthly fee (currently around $100/month for a year subscription) they provide the equipment, a lab bench and office space. You also get free classes from experts to help you get started.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This lab space is great for folks with some previous lab experience and/or who have an idea of their own they’d like to get started on. The equipment is all there for them to get started and they even get 15% discounts on any reagents they need. Stuff like restriction enzymes, Taq polymerase, nucleotides, etc.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But at least for right now, the space/concept isn’t as useful for the uninitiated. If you just want to come and play, it can be hard to know what to do. Sort of like wanting to design a mobile app but having no experience and having never used one!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thought I had was maybe membership can come with an optional, relatively simple project that can be done to get the member’s feet wet. Maybe using the mixable and matchable bits of DNA from \u003ca href=\"http://biobricks.org/\">BioBricks \u003c/a>to create a unique, artificial gene. That way the member could create something new but not have it be some cookbook, high school experiment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was just one idea off the top of my head. The folks at Biocurious know this is a problem and are brainstorming solutions. Can you think of ways that might help a newbie get started? What would it take to entice you to come join the fun?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/MyY9Rj7XhLc'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/MyY9Rj7XhLc'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Great interview with Eri Gentry, founder of Biocurious\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/29466/getting-your-bio-on","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_4"],"tags":["quest_10629","quest_13193","quest_847","quest_850","quest_1039","quest_1592","quest_10628","quest_13202","quest_3319"],"featImg":"quest_29467","label":"quest"},"quest_24759":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_24759","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"24759","score":null,"sort":[1317058237000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-open-science-movement","title":"The Open Science Movement","publishDate":1317058237,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24762\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/26/the-open-science-movement/foldit/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-24762\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/FoldIt.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"FoldIt\" width=\"640\" height=\"368\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24762\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/FoldIt.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/FoldIt-400x230.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Citizen scientists solved the structure of a viral protein that had been stumping scientists for a decade using the video game Foldit.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As I have talked about previously, science is a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/14/secretive-openness/\">pretty closed system\u003c/a>. Scientists do all the work pretty much in secrecy until they are ready to present a polished story. They then present their results to each other in a language only they can understand. Everyone else then has to count on the media to provide updates on what scientists have discovered. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now don’t get me wrong, the system works very well. It \u003ca href=\"http://www.economist.com/node/21528593?fsrc=scn/fb/wl/ar/anarrayoferrors\">isn’t perfect\u003c/a> especially as results are based on more complex data but it is self correcting and important discoveries are made all the time. But would it be even better if we opened things up a bit?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A recent \u003ca href=\"http://the-scientist.com/2011/09/18/public-solves-protein-structure/\">story \u003c/a>about how gamers solved a scientific riddle that had eluded scientists for ten years suggests that more transparent science might be better science. And this is the goal of the Open Science movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I had the opportunity to interview Joseph Jackson about this open science movement and about his upcoming conference, the Open Science Summit. Joseph is a philosopher, entrepreneur, and activist in the Open Science movement. He is the founder of the \u003ca href=\"http://opensciencesummit.com/\">Open Science Summit\u003c/a>, which occurs for the second time on October 22-23, 2011 in Mountain View and co-founder of \u003ca href=\"http://biocurious.org/\">BioCurious\u003c/a>, the Bay Area biology lab for citizen scientists. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below is an email interview I did with him where I ask about his upcoming summit, what the open science movement hopes to achieve and how someone can get involved if they are interested. Enjoy!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is the Open Science Summit?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24767\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/JosephJackson.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/JosephJackson.jpg\" alt=\"Joseph Jackson\" title=\"Joseph Jackson at his lab in Menlo Park, CA. May 17, 2011\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24767\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Joseph Jackson at his lab in Menlo Park, CA. May 17, 2011\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://opensciencesummit.com/\">Open Science Summit\u003c/a> gathers a broad coalition of individuals and organizations striving to transform our science and innovation system to be radically more effective. We examine the biggest opportunities for distributed collaboration and problem solving, while considering the barriers and obstacles standing in the way of the transition to a more fully Open Science paradigm. This year's Summit covers many topics including the future of scientific publishing and peer review (Open Access), data sharing and the future of data driven science, the effects of the patent system on innovation, personal genomics, collaborative (Open Source) models for drug discovery, and new transparent models for clinical trials. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is the Open Science movement trying to achieve that the current scientific system can't?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>By definition, to function, science is supposed to be Open. Indeed, science is arguably humanity's greatest achievement, our most successful, Open Process, for discovering the truths about our universe and then harnessing that knowledge for the benefit of all mankind. In contrast to other human processes (politics, which is an intrinsically contentious undertaking focused on controlling and distributing scarce resources), Science is supposed to be an objective, essentially collaborative endeavor, in which, even when competing, all participants are building on the efforts of one another to improve our collective understanding of reality. In practice, of course science has always been subject to manipulations, government or corporate agendas, distortions, human biases, and other messy realities. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the 1980's a series of extremely troubling trends have converged to threaten the very foundations of science and innovation at precisely the time when we need to harness the power of distributed collaboration to solve global problems. There has been an unprecedented explosion of patenting (and the advent of patents for software and biological materials and processes that were never considered patentable subject matter). There has been an erosion of public trust in science, and the institutions of science are under increasing strain (be they government funding agencies like the NIH whose budgets are shrinking, or major research universities which appear increasingly schizophrenic as they struggle to reconcile their ostensible public benefit missions with intense pressure to commercialize technologies developed largely with public funds). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have the chance to adopt new models and build new institutions better suited to conducting distributed, massively data driven, collaborative science in the 21st century. This means we have to change the incentive structures and reputation systems that govern science; moving away from old metrics like impact factor (which has a near death grip on scientist's career prospects) and toward new ways of measuring reputation that reward participation in other kinds of scientific activity that are new of critical importance (commenting on articles after publication,scientific blogging and communication to the public, data curation, and more). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do you see Open Science replacing the current system or complementing it?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>In the long run, Open Science will transform the way science is done, enhancing the best aspects of science, while helping correct potential abuses and distortions. There are many interrelated components of Open Science, and I don't expect everyone to embrace every part of the vision. Rather, there is a continuum of openness and we're exploring how to improve each dimension of our innovation system by increasing collaboration where and when we can. Quite often, people seize on one aspect or particular argument about Open Science and may have a defensive reaction. They may have a very strongly held or even instinctive position about the role of the patent system or the sanctity of peer review and protest that \"X\" reform will never work because of \"Y and Z\" when in fact, all of these components are evolving together: Open Science isn't naively proposing that we abolish a particular institution while holding everything else constant...of course this won't happen overnight. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is immense inertia surrounding the way science is conducted, measured, and rewarded. Many understand that it is time to embrace change; let's just hope that we don't reprove Max Planck's dictum once again in this context: \"Science advances one funeral at a time.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do you see as the dangers of having people able to do biological experiments in their garage? The benefits?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The idea of garage biology has received tremendous media attention in recent years, as journalists conjure overhyped images both positive and negative ( garage hobbyist as economic savior creating the next billion dollar enterprise or curing cancer vs. the crazed \"biohacker\" terrorist unleashing a pandemic). \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reality is that we are experiencing a profound shift in humanity's relationship to technology of all kinds, and biotechnology is no exception. Tremendous economic benefits are unlocked when technologies become accessible to a wide pool of innovators and users who can develop new applications with them and ultimately build new products and services. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Freedom of scientific inquiry is vital to our society and economy. As terrifying as the thought of garage biology gone wrong is, it is unlikely that regulation is the solution to this concern. Instead, restricting the ability of responsible individuals and groups of independent citizen scientists to conduct research, will not make us safer; though it will make us poorer, both intellectually and materially. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How can your organization help people do science on their own if they are interested?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>We're holding a \u003ca href=\"http://biocurious.org/classes/\">series of classes\u003c/a> to introduce the public to the fundamentals of modern biotechnology. Certain activities are best done in a group setting, especially when you are first starting out. We're also able to take care of proper disposal of any waste that may be generated. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Biological experiments are expensive. What resources are available for people who want to do this on the cheap?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Of course, I'll say the best way is for you to come on down to \u003ca href=\"http://biocurious.org/\">BioCurious\u003c/a> in Sunnyvale, where we have everything you need to get started. Additionally, there are a number of great science education companies that sell kits that can help you get started. In San Jose, for example is \u003ca href=\"http://www.scienceshopusa.com/\">The Science Shop\u003c/a>. \u003ca href=\"http://www.carolina.com/\">Carolina Biology\u003c/a> is one of the oldest education companies in the US and more recently, one of our own BioCurious team has launched \u003ca href=\"http://cofactorbio.com/\">cofactor bio\u003c/a>, a store aimed at the hobbyist biologist.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Scientists do all the work pretty much in secrecy until they are ready to present a polished story. They then present their results to each other in a language only they can understand. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1317061675,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":24,"wordCount":1339},"headData":{"title":"The Open Science Movement | KQED","description":"Scientists do all the work pretty much in secrecy until they are ready to present a polished story. They then present their results to each other in a language only they can understand. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"24759 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=24759","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/26/the-open-science-movement/","disqusTitle":"The Open Science Movement","path":"/quest/24759/the-open-science-movement","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24762\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/26/the-open-science-movement/foldit/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-24762\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/FoldIt.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"FoldIt\" width=\"640\" height=\"368\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24762\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/FoldIt.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/FoldIt-400x230.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Citizen scientists solved the structure of a viral protein that had been stumping scientists for a decade using the video game Foldit.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As I have talked about previously, science is a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/14/secretive-openness/\">pretty closed system\u003c/a>. Scientists do all the work pretty much in secrecy until they are ready to present a polished story. They then present their results to each other in a language only they can understand. Everyone else then has to count on the media to provide updates on what scientists have discovered. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now don’t get me wrong, the system works very well. It \u003ca href=\"http://www.economist.com/node/21528593?fsrc=scn/fb/wl/ar/anarrayoferrors\">isn’t perfect\u003c/a> especially as results are based on more complex data but it is self correcting and important discoveries are made all the time. But would it be even better if we opened things up a bit?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A recent \u003ca href=\"http://the-scientist.com/2011/09/18/public-solves-protein-structure/\">story \u003c/a>about how gamers solved a scientific riddle that had eluded scientists for ten years suggests that more transparent science might be better science. And this is the goal of the Open Science movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I had the opportunity to interview Joseph Jackson about this open science movement and about his upcoming conference, the Open Science Summit. Joseph is a philosopher, entrepreneur, and activist in the Open Science movement. He is the founder of the \u003ca href=\"http://opensciencesummit.com/\">Open Science Summit\u003c/a>, which occurs for the second time on October 22-23, 2011 in Mountain View and co-founder of \u003ca href=\"http://biocurious.org/\">BioCurious\u003c/a>, the Bay Area biology lab for citizen scientists. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below is an email interview I did with him where I ask about his upcoming summit, what the open science movement hopes to achieve and how someone can get involved if they are interested. Enjoy!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is the Open Science Summit?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24767\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/JosephJackson.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/JosephJackson.jpg\" alt=\"Joseph Jackson\" title=\"Joseph Jackson at his lab in Menlo Park, CA. May 17, 2011\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24767\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Joseph Jackson at his lab in Menlo Park, CA. May 17, 2011\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://opensciencesummit.com/\">Open Science Summit\u003c/a> gathers a broad coalition of individuals and organizations striving to transform our science and innovation system to be radically more effective. We examine the biggest opportunities for distributed collaboration and problem solving, while considering the barriers and obstacles standing in the way of the transition to a more fully Open Science paradigm. This year's Summit covers many topics including the future of scientific publishing and peer review (Open Access), data sharing and the future of data driven science, the effects of the patent system on innovation, personal genomics, collaborative (Open Source) models for drug discovery, and new transparent models for clinical trials. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is the Open Science movement trying to achieve that the current scientific system can't?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>By definition, to function, science is supposed to be Open. Indeed, science is arguably humanity's greatest achievement, our most successful, Open Process, for discovering the truths about our universe and then harnessing that knowledge for the benefit of all mankind. In contrast to other human processes (politics, which is an intrinsically contentious undertaking focused on controlling and distributing scarce resources), Science is supposed to be an objective, essentially collaborative endeavor, in which, even when competing, all participants are building on the efforts of one another to improve our collective understanding of reality. In practice, of course science has always been subject to manipulations, government or corporate agendas, distortions, human biases, and other messy realities. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the 1980's a series of extremely troubling trends have converged to threaten the very foundations of science and innovation at precisely the time when we need to harness the power of distributed collaboration to solve global problems. There has been an unprecedented explosion of patenting (and the advent of patents for software and biological materials and processes that were never considered patentable subject matter). There has been an erosion of public trust in science, and the institutions of science are under increasing strain (be they government funding agencies like the NIH whose budgets are shrinking, or major research universities which appear increasingly schizophrenic as they struggle to reconcile their ostensible public benefit missions with intense pressure to commercialize technologies developed largely with public funds). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have the chance to adopt new models and build new institutions better suited to conducting distributed, massively data driven, collaborative science in the 21st century. This means we have to change the incentive structures and reputation systems that govern science; moving away from old metrics like impact factor (which has a near death grip on scientist's career prospects) and toward new ways of measuring reputation that reward participation in other kinds of scientific activity that are new of critical importance (commenting on articles after publication,scientific blogging and communication to the public, data curation, and more). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do you see Open Science replacing the current system or complementing it?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>In the long run, Open Science will transform the way science is done, enhancing the best aspects of science, while helping correct potential abuses and distortions. There are many interrelated components of Open Science, and I don't expect everyone to embrace every part of the vision. Rather, there is a continuum of openness and we're exploring how to improve each dimension of our innovation system by increasing collaboration where and when we can. Quite often, people seize on one aspect or particular argument about Open Science and may have a defensive reaction. They may have a very strongly held or even instinctive position about the role of the patent system or the sanctity of peer review and protest that \"X\" reform will never work because of \"Y and Z\" when in fact, all of these components are evolving together: Open Science isn't naively proposing that we abolish a particular institution while holding everything else constant...of course this won't happen overnight. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is immense inertia surrounding the way science is conducted, measured, and rewarded. Many understand that it is time to embrace change; let's just hope that we don't reprove Max Planck's dictum once again in this context: \"Science advances one funeral at a time.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do you see as the dangers of having people able to do biological experiments in their garage? The benefits?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The idea of garage biology has received tremendous media attention in recent years, as journalists conjure overhyped images both positive and negative ( garage hobbyist as economic savior creating the next billion dollar enterprise or curing cancer vs. the crazed \"biohacker\" terrorist unleashing a pandemic). \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reality is that we are experiencing a profound shift in humanity's relationship to technology of all kinds, and biotechnology is no exception. Tremendous economic benefits are unlocked when technologies become accessible to a wide pool of innovators and users who can develop new applications with them and ultimately build new products and services. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Freedom of scientific inquiry is vital to our society and economy. As terrifying as the thought of garage biology gone wrong is, it is unlikely that regulation is the solution to this concern. Instead, restricting the ability of responsible individuals and groups of independent citizen scientists to conduct research, will not make us safer; though it will make us poorer, both intellectually and materially. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How can your organization help people do science on their own if they are interested?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>We're holding a \u003ca href=\"http://biocurious.org/classes/\">series of classes\u003c/a> to introduce the public to the fundamentals of modern biotechnology. Certain activities are best done in a group setting, especially when you are first starting out. We're also able to take care of proper disposal of any waste that may be generated. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Biological experiments are expensive. What resources are available for people who want to do this on the cheap?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Of course, I'll say the best way is for you to come on down to \u003ca href=\"http://biocurious.org/\">BioCurious\u003c/a> in Sunnyvale, where we have everything you need to get started. Additionally, there are a number of great science education companies that sell kits that can help you get started. In San Jose, for example is \u003ca href=\"http://www.scienceshopusa.com/\">The Science Shop\u003c/a>. \u003ca href=\"http://www.carolina.com/\">Carolina Biology\u003c/a> is one of the oldest education companies in the US and more recently, one of our own BioCurious team has launched \u003ca href=\"http://cofactorbio.com/\">cofactor bio\u003c/a>, a store aimed at the hobbyist biologist.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/24759/the-open-science-movement","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_4"],"tags":["quest_10184","quest_13193","quest_10185","quest_10186","quest_2071","quest_2073","quest_13202","quest_3319"],"featImg":"quest_24762","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. 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