The Large Hadron Collider: The Who, What and Where of the Why Machine
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Burress","firstName":"Ben","lastName":"Burress","slug":"ben-burress","email":"bburress@chabotspace.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> has been a staff astronomer at Chabot Space & Science Center since July 1999. He graduated from Sonoma State University in 1985 with a bachelor’s degree in physics (and minor in astronomy), after which he signed on for a two-year stint in the Peace Corps, where he taught physics and mathematics in the African nation of Cameroon. From 1989-96 he served on the crew of NASA’s Kuiper Airborne Observatory at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, CA. From 1996-99, he was Head Observer at the Naval Prototype Optical Interferometer program at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, AZ.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/ben-burress/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Ben Burress | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/ben-burress"},"jennifer-skene":{"type":"authors","id":"10200","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10200","found":true},"name":"Jennifer Skene","firstName":"Jennifer","lastName":"Skene","slug":"jennifer-skene","email":"jen@skene.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Jennifer Skene develops curriculum on climate change and ocean sciences at the Lawrence Hall of Science and teaches biology and science communication at Mills College and the University of California Berkeley. She has a degree in biology from Brown University and a Ph.D. in Integrative Biology from UC Berkeley. She started working with QUEST in 2008 as an intern. She has written for the Berkeley Science Review and the UC Museum of Paleontology’s Understanding Evolution and Understanding Science websites.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/aef770c1852a70b094a8f4ef2c3107e6?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Jennifer Skene | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/aef770c1852a70b094a8f4ef2c3107e6?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/aef770c1852a70b094a8f4ef2c3107e6?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/jennifer-skene"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_48585":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_48585","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"48585","score":null,"sort":[1357948877000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-stars-go-for-the-gold","title":"The Stars Go For the Gold","publishDate":1357948877,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48587\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/11/the-stars-go-for-the-gold/starsgoforgold/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48587\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/starsgoforgold.jpg\" alt=\"The Stars Go For Gold\" title=\"The Stars Go For Gold\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48587\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/starsgoforgold.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/starsgoforgold-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Stars Go For Gold\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The middle-aged adage that we are made from stardust, made popular by Carl Sagan back in the 1970s, pops up in my thoughts now and then. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I'm looking at my wedding ring right now, feeling the weight of this bit of gold and using it as a mental peephole back in time, to before our solar system even existed. Though most of the chemical elements that make up the Earth and the solar system at large have similar long lineage, coming from the mixture of gases in the interstellar cloud that the sun and planets condensed from, the atoms of gold have a special distinction. These atoms, as well as other atomic nuclei heavier than the element iron, could only have been forged in the core of a super massive star at the end of its life. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was a long winded way of saying, \"Cool! And I get to wear that stuff around my finger!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fast-rewinding a bit, about 13.7 billion years to when the universe began with a \u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/what-powered-the-big-bang/\" title=\"The Big Bang\" target=\"_blank\">Big Bang\u003c/a>, the first, and for a while only, chemical elements to form out of the seething, expanding ball of energy that was our early universe were hydrogen and helium—and relatively small amounts of lithium and beryllium. Though we're still working out what exactly energy and matter are, we've known for some time now that they are interchangeable: matter can be converted into energy and from energy can come matter -- subatomic particles, like protons, neutrons, electrons, and the like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the early universe was a vast expanding ball of super-hot, hot hydrogen and helium gas. What next? Still no gold to be found anywhere, even where you find it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What came next were stars and galaxies —- though we're still working out which came first (a variation on the chicken and egg problem). Did galaxies begin as vast condensing swirls of hydrogen and helium, possibly aided by the gravitational forces of primordial super-massive black holes? Did stars then condense within this concentrated gas environment? Or did stars form first in smaller clusters and groups which over time were assembled into galaxies? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's relevant here is that the stars did begin to form, condensing from gases into tighter and denser blobs, until finally the pressure at their cores was high enough for the process of \u003ca href=\"http://helios.gsfc.nasa.gov/nucleo.html\" title=\"Nucleosynthesis\" target=\"_blank\">nuclear fusion\u003c/a> to take place. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, hydrogen atoms fused to form heavier hydrogen isotopes like deuterium and tritium, and those isotopes fused to make helium atoms, adding to the universe's inventory of the latter while using up some of the former. Each time nuclei are fused a bit of energy is released in the process, the energy source that powers a star. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, further magic at the cores of stars worked to forge nuclei that had never existed before, like carbon, sulfur, magnesium, and iron. Each time the core of a star would run out of a fusionable fuel it would begin to collapse under its own gravity, thus increasing its core pressure and enabling it to fuse heavier nuclei into even heavier ones—in effect burning the \"ashes\" of the fuel it had burned. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most massive stars —- more massive than our sun -- would eventually build up a core of iron and go no further. A star can only re-burn atomic \"ashes\" as long as it can release some energy in the process. But fusion of iron into heavier elements does not release energy; instead it requires energy. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a point of crisis, the massive iron core of the old super-massive star suddenly has no more fuel to burn, and collapses. And this is when the doomed star suddenly finds a source of energy with which to fuse its stubborn iron into heavier elements: its own powerful gravitation, which draws the core together and raises the internal temperature and pressure to enormous levels. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the star explodes as a supernova, blasting into space its outer layers of lighter chemicals as well as the iron, gold, uranium, and other heavy elements it has newly fused. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And to make a long story short, those materials mixed with the interstellar clouds from which our sun and the planets formed, providing the materials necessary to make planets like Earth possible. And, of course, the gold that now makes up my wedding ring. How cool is that?\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The middle-aged adage that we are made from stardust, made popular by Carl Sagan back in the 1970s, pops up in my thoughts now and then. Not just pretty words; it's the literal truth!","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1370998141,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":741},"headData":{"title":"The Stars Go For the Gold | KQED","description":"The middle-aged adage that we are made from stardust, made popular by Carl Sagan back in the 1970s, pops up in my thoughts now and then. Not just pretty words; it's the literal truth!","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Stars Go For the Gold","datePublished":"2013-01-12T00:01:17.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T00:49:01.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"48585 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=48585","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/11/the-stars-go-for-the-gold/","disqusTitle":"The Stars Go For the Gold","path":"/quest/48585/the-stars-go-for-the-gold","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48587\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/11/the-stars-go-for-the-gold/starsgoforgold/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48587\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/starsgoforgold.jpg\" alt=\"The Stars Go For Gold\" title=\"The Stars Go For Gold\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48587\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/starsgoforgold.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/starsgoforgold-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Stars Go For Gold\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The middle-aged adage that we are made from stardust, made popular by Carl Sagan back in the 1970s, pops up in my thoughts now and then. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I'm looking at my wedding ring right now, feeling the weight of this bit of gold and using it as a mental peephole back in time, to before our solar system even existed. Though most of the chemical elements that make up the Earth and the solar system at large have similar long lineage, coming from the mixture of gases in the interstellar cloud that the sun and planets condensed from, the atoms of gold have a special distinction. These atoms, as well as other atomic nuclei heavier than the element iron, could only have been forged in the core of a super massive star at the end of its life. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was a long winded way of saying, \"Cool! And I get to wear that stuff around my finger!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fast-rewinding a bit, about 13.7 billion years to when the universe began with a \u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/what-powered-the-big-bang/\" title=\"The Big Bang\" target=\"_blank\">Big Bang\u003c/a>, the first, and for a while only, chemical elements to form out of the seething, expanding ball of energy that was our early universe were hydrogen and helium—and relatively small amounts of lithium and beryllium. Though we're still working out what exactly energy and matter are, we've known for some time now that they are interchangeable: matter can be converted into energy and from energy can come matter -- subatomic particles, like protons, neutrons, electrons, and the like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the early universe was a vast expanding ball of super-hot, hot hydrogen and helium gas. What next? Still no gold to be found anywhere, even where you find it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What came next were stars and galaxies —- though we're still working out which came first (a variation on the chicken and egg problem). Did galaxies begin as vast condensing swirls of hydrogen and helium, possibly aided by the gravitational forces of primordial super-massive black holes? Did stars then condense within this concentrated gas environment? Or did stars form first in smaller clusters and groups which over time were assembled into galaxies? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's relevant here is that the stars did begin to form, condensing from gases into tighter and denser blobs, until finally the pressure at their cores was high enough for the process of \u003ca href=\"http://helios.gsfc.nasa.gov/nucleo.html\" title=\"Nucleosynthesis\" target=\"_blank\">nuclear fusion\u003c/a> to take place. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, hydrogen atoms fused to form heavier hydrogen isotopes like deuterium and tritium, and those isotopes fused to make helium atoms, adding to the universe's inventory of the latter while using up some of the former. Each time nuclei are fused a bit of energy is released in the process, the energy source that powers a star. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, further magic at the cores of stars worked to forge nuclei that had never existed before, like carbon, sulfur, magnesium, and iron. Each time the core of a star would run out of a fusionable fuel it would begin to collapse under its own gravity, thus increasing its core pressure and enabling it to fuse heavier nuclei into even heavier ones—in effect burning the \"ashes\" of the fuel it had burned. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most massive stars —- more massive than our sun -- would eventually build up a core of iron and go no further. A star can only re-burn atomic \"ashes\" as long as it can release some energy in the process. But fusion of iron into heavier elements does not release energy; instead it requires energy. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a point of crisis, the massive iron core of the old super-massive star suddenly has no more fuel to burn, and collapses. And this is when the doomed star suddenly finds a source of energy with which to fuse its stubborn iron into heavier elements: its own powerful gravitation, which draws the core together and raises the internal temperature and pressure to enormous levels. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the star explodes as a supernova, blasting into space its outer layers of lighter chemicals as well as the iron, gold, uranium, and other heavy elements it has newly fused. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And to make a long story short, those materials mixed with the interstellar clouds from which our sun and the planets formed, providing the materials necessary to make planets like Earth possible. And, of course, the gold that now makes up my wedding ring. How cool is that?\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/48585/the-stars-go-for-the-gold","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_316","quest_544","quest_1232","quest_11565","quest_13202","quest_2780","quest_2837"],"label":"quest"},"quest_33721":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_33721","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"33721","score":null,"sort":[1332519929000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"in-search-of-the-oldest-stuff","title":"In Search of the Oldest Stuff: Rocks of Ages","publishDate":1332519929,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33722\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/23/in-search-of-the-oldest-stuff/mosaiccanyon/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33722\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/mosaiccanyon.jpg\" alt=\"Precambrian Noonday deposit in Mosaic Canyon, Death Valley\" title=\"Precambrian Noonday deposit in Mosaic Canyon, Death Valley\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33722\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/mosaiccanyon.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/mosaiccanyon-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Precambrian Noonday deposit in Mosaic Canyon, Death Valley\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What's the oldest stuff you’ve ever seen, or better still, touched? Have you ever felt awe from contact with something of great antiquity? How old can stuff be? These are questions that have ravaged my mind since childhood. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I've always loved things of antiquity—antique objects, artifacts, fossils, and rocks. \"Like.\" But what's that got to do with astronomy and space? Well, that's where all the oldest stuff originally comes from...but I'll get to that in a moment. First, an anecdote about old stuff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In search of the oldest stuff, there I was at Badwater, in Death Valley, the lowest point in the continental US (the place where you crane your neck and strain your eyes to make out the words \"Sea Level\" on the sign \u003ca href=\"http://images.californiathroughmylens.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/badwater-below-sea-level.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">waaaay up the cliff\u003c/a>). Not far off, to the south, an alluvial fan slouched off into the salt pan, issuing from an unseen but obviously existent canyon in the mountains that make up the east wall of the valley. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I had learned at the visitor center that those mountains (the Black Mountains) are made of some \u003ca href=\"http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/parks/deva/ftbad1.html\" target=\"_blank\">very old rock\u003c/a>: Precambrian rock that was originally laid down about 1.7 billion years ago!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, up the alluvial fan I scramble, turn left, and up the deep, narrow canyon that the alluvium betrayed…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>…to the base of a dry waterfall…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>…to a wall of raw, exposed rock, the very bones of the Black Mountains…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>…and reach out a hand, pressing palm and fingers firmly to the stuff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ahh….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1.7 billion years old; that rock I touched had been rock (albeit slowly transforming) for over a third of Earth's existence, and over a tenth the age of the universe itself. I don't know about you, but I find that awesome! And I had my hand right on it! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we talk about the age of a rock, it is measured from the time the rock solidified (\"aggregated\"), either with the cooling of molten lava or magma, or the solidification of sediment. Finding really old rocks on Earth is complicated by weather and geologic processes, which continually transform, bury, and \"disaggregate\" them. Even so, very old rock can be found in certain places, like Greenland, Canada, Australia, and Africa. We're talking about ages between 2.5 and 3.8 billion years, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/09/080925144624.htm\" target=\"_blank\">maybe more\u003c/a>. I'd like to get my hand on some of that!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Get away from Earth and its rock-disaggregating processes and you can find some much older stuff. On the Moon, pretty much all of the material you find lying about is \u003ca href=\"http://www.moonzoo.org/Lunar_Geology\" target=\"_blank\">at least twice as old\u003c/a> as that stuff I put my hand on at the base of the Black Mountains. On the Moon, significant surface activity (volcanism, bombardment by asteroids) ended some 3 billion years ago, and since then the crust has remained more or less unchanged, other than alterations caused by the occasional meteorite impact. The youngest rocks on the Moon are about the same age as most of the Earth's oldest stuff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We even have a piece of that old stuff at Chabot: a chunk of 3.3 billion year old basalt brought back by Apollo 15 astronauts--and the only things that separate my hand from its speckly gray surface are two panes of glass and some nitrogen gas. Alas!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Get out to an asteroid or a comet and you may very well be setting foot on stuff that's over 4.5 billion years old, unchanged since the formation of our solar system! Within our solar system, that's about as old as stuff gets, but venture beyond it, perhaps to a planetary system that is older than ours, and you'll undoubtedly find older stuff! (This blog post is beginning to ring of George Carlin material.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what's the oldest stuff? I can't give you a rock of age beyond a certain point in time, because it took the early universe some time to develop the elements needed to build rocks-as-we-know-them, through nucleosynthesis in the cores of stars. Before that time, the only \"stuff\" around (at least that we would recognize as stuff; we won't go into dark stuff right now) was hydrogen and helium, which cannot by themselves a rock make. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that primordial hydrogen and helium, the original building blocks of all material substances, has been around almost from the beginning of time, 13.7 billion years ago, soon after the Big Bang burst forth on the scene (whatever scene that may have been). Hydrogen, found in every water molecule in every glass of water you drink, in vast abundance within the oceans and waterways of the Earth, and through and through your own body, head to toe, is stuff we live and breathe, and is as old as the universe itself! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don't know about you, but I find that spine-tingling.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"What's the oldest stuff you've ever seen, or better still, touched? Have you felt awe from contact with something of great antiquity? How old can stuff be? ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1370999073,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":847},"headData":{"title":"In Search of the Oldest Stuff: Rocks of Ages | KQED","description":"What's the oldest stuff you've ever seen, or better still, touched? Have you felt awe from contact with something of great antiquity? How old can stuff be? ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"In Search of the Oldest Stuff: Rocks of Ages","datePublished":"2012-03-23T16:25:29.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T01:04:33.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"33721 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=33721","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/23/in-search-of-the-oldest-stuff/","disqusTitle":"In Search of the Oldest Stuff: Rocks of Ages","path":"/quest/33721/in-search-of-the-oldest-stuff","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33722\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/23/in-search-of-the-oldest-stuff/mosaiccanyon/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33722\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/mosaiccanyon.jpg\" alt=\"Precambrian Noonday deposit in Mosaic Canyon, Death Valley\" title=\"Precambrian Noonday deposit in Mosaic Canyon, Death Valley\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33722\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/mosaiccanyon.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/mosaiccanyon-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Precambrian Noonday deposit in Mosaic Canyon, Death Valley\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What's the oldest stuff you’ve ever seen, or better still, touched? Have you ever felt awe from contact with something of great antiquity? How old can stuff be? These are questions that have ravaged my mind since childhood. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I've always loved things of antiquity—antique objects, artifacts, fossils, and rocks. \"Like.\" But what's that got to do with astronomy and space? Well, that's where all the oldest stuff originally comes from...but I'll get to that in a moment. First, an anecdote about old stuff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In search of the oldest stuff, there I was at Badwater, in Death Valley, the lowest point in the continental US (the place where you crane your neck and strain your eyes to make out the words \"Sea Level\" on the sign \u003ca href=\"http://images.californiathroughmylens.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/badwater-below-sea-level.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">waaaay up the cliff\u003c/a>). Not far off, to the south, an alluvial fan slouched off into the salt pan, issuing from an unseen but obviously existent canyon in the mountains that make up the east wall of the valley. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I had learned at the visitor center that those mountains (the Black Mountains) are made of some \u003ca href=\"http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/parks/deva/ftbad1.html\" target=\"_blank\">very old rock\u003c/a>: Precambrian rock that was originally laid down about 1.7 billion years ago!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, up the alluvial fan I scramble, turn left, and up the deep, narrow canyon that the alluvium betrayed…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>…to the base of a dry waterfall…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>…to a wall of raw, exposed rock, the very bones of the Black Mountains…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>…and reach out a hand, pressing palm and fingers firmly to the stuff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ahh….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1.7 billion years old; that rock I touched had been rock (albeit slowly transforming) for over a third of Earth's existence, and over a tenth the age of the universe itself. I don't know about you, but I find that awesome! And I had my hand right on it! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we talk about the age of a rock, it is measured from the time the rock solidified (\"aggregated\"), either with the cooling of molten lava or magma, or the solidification of sediment. Finding really old rocks on Earth is complicated by weather and geologic processes, which continually transform, bury, and \"disaggregate\" them. Even so, very old rock can be found in certain places, like Greenland, Canada, Australia, and Africa. We're talking about ages between 2.5 and 3.8 billion years, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/09/080925144624.htm\" target=\"_blank\">maybe more\u003c/a>. I'd like to get my hand on some of that!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Get away from Earth and its rock-disaggregating processes and you can find some much older stuff. On the Moon, pretty much all of the material you find lying about is \u003ca href=\"http://www.moonzoo.org/Lunar_Geology\" target=\"_blank\">at least twice as old\u003c/a> as that stuff I put my hand on at the base of the Black Mountains. On the Moon, significant surface activity (volcanism, bombardment by asteroids) ended some 3 billion years ago, and since then the crust has remained more or less unchanged, other than alterations caused by the occasional meteorite impact. The youngest rocks on the Moon are about the same age as most of the Earth's oldest stuff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We even have a piece of that old stuff at Chabot: a chunk of 3.3 billion year old basalt brought back by Apollo 15 astronauts--and the only things that separate my hand from its speckly gray surface are two panes of glass and some nitrogen gas. Alas!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Get out to an asteroid or a comet and you may very well be setting foot on stuff that's over 4.5 billion years old, unchanged since the formation of our solar system! Within our solar system, that's about as old as stuff gets, but venture beyond it, perhaps to a planetary system that is older than ours, and you'll undoubtedly find older stuff! (This blog post is beginning to ring of George Carlin material.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what's the oldest stuff? I can't give you a rock of age beyond a certain point in time, because it took the early universe some time to develop the elements needed to build rocks-as-we-know-them, through nucleosynthesis in the cores of stars. Before that time, the only \"stuff\" around (at least that we would recognize as stuff; we won't go into dark stuff right now) was hydrogen and helium, which cannot by themselves a rock make. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that primordial hydrogen and helium, the original building blocks of all material substances, has been around almost from the beginning of time, 13.7 billion years ago, soon after the Big Bang burst forth on the scene (whatever scene that may have been). Hydrogen, found in every water molecule in every glass of water you drink, in vast abundance within the oceans and waterways of the Earth, and through and through your own body, head to toe, is stuff we live and breathe, and is as old as the universe itself! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don't know about you, but I find that spine-tingling.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/33721/in-search-of-the-oldest-stuff","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_233","quest_316","quest_10895","quest_544","quest_658","quest_782","quest_1425","quest_10894","quest_13202","quest_2447","quest_3034"],"featImg":"quest_33722","label":"quest"},"quest_14592":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_14592","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"14592","score":null,"sort":[1305910857000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"dark-endeavours","title":"Dark Endeavours","publishDate":1305910857,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/AMSonISSbig.jpg\">\u003cem>Artist concept of AMS-2 mounted on the ISS.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>When NASA's \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0YBWaFIs1Rc\">Space Shuttle Endeavour lifted off \u003c/a>on its 25th and final mission to space on Monday morning, it carried in its cargo bay more than just supplies for the International Space Station. Alongside the containers of TV dinners, oxygen bottles, water tanks, and other various and sundry necessities was a bus-sized, two billion dollar observatory that will probe some of our Universe's deepest, darkest secrets: dark matter, and the unaccounted antimatter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://ams.nasa.gov/about.html\">Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer 2 (AMS-2)\u003c/a>, like other space-borne observatory satellites, will make its observations outside of Earth's atmosphere, attached to the International Space Station—but unlike \"conventional\" satellite observatories such as the \u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/\">Hubble Space Telescope\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/main/index.html\">Kepler\u003c/a>, and the \u003ca href=\"http://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/\">Solar Dynamics Observatory\u003c/a>, AMS-2 will not observe electromagnetic radiation (light), but rather cosmic rays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cosmic rays are energetic, electrically charged subatomic particles whizzing through space, originating from various places such as the Sun, distant stars and supernovae, and other high-energy sources from the most distant reaches of the known Universe. Most cosmic rays are simply high-speed protons (hydrogen nuclei) and alpha particles (helium nuclei). Less than 1% of cosmic rays are heavier atomic nuclei, and electrons. All of these particles are things familiar to us on Earth, the main differences being their exotic origins and their extremely high speeds—often approaching the speed of light. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A tiny fraction of cosmic rays are exotic particles indeed: antimatter, in the form of positrons (the positively charged antimatter counterpart of electrons) and anti-protons. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is AMS-2 looking for? In a nutshell, it's looking for what we cannot see…. Only about 5% of the Universe is composed of \"ordinary\" matter—the stuff we are made of, and which we can see with telescopes out in the universe by virtue of the light it emits: stars, galaxies, nebulae, giant molecular clouds, and more. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An estimated 95% of the Universe's bulk is made up of \"dark\" stuff—\u003ca href=\"http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/dark_matter.html\">dark matter \u003c/a>(about 20%) and dark energy. Some of this dark matter may be accounted for by massive objects that we can't see, such as black holes, but the primary constituent probably consists of exotic particles that defy direct detection. A number of particles that fit this bill have been theorized, like neutrinos, and more recently \u003ca href=\"http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2010/01/hold-on-higgs-now-its-neutralinos-.html\">neutralinos\u003c/a>. In theory, interactions between neutralinos should produce charged particles in the form of cosmic rays that AMS-2 should be able to detect. If it does, then we'll have observational evidence for the existence of this exotic particle, which would shed some light onto some of the Universe's dark mystery….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AMS-2 will also look for antimatter. The Big Bang theory (the \u003cstrong>theory\u003c/strong>, not the TV show) of the formation of the Universe suggests that there should be equal parts matter and its counterpart antimatter, but so far we've mostly seen only the former. While there are positrons and anti-protons flying about that can be accounted for by processes involving nuclear interactions, if AMS-2 can detect a more complex anti-particle, like an anti-helium nucleus (an atom composed of two anti-protons, two anti-neutrons, and two positrons), then we'll have an example of antimatter that formed by more complex processes than a random nuclear collision or decay. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AMS-2's \"lens\" is not made of glass, but of magnetic fields. Conventional telescopes bend and focus light with glass lenses or curved mirrors, but AMS-2 will observe electrically charged cosmic rays, which can be collected and sorted with magnetic force. AMS-2 will count cosmic rays, determine what types of particles they are, and how much energy they possess (how fast they are moving). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From Earth's surface observing cosmic rays is nearly impossible, at best. The particles interact with the nuclei of atoms in our atmosphere, forming a different subatomic particle and a burst of \"secondary\" cosmic radiation—which can be detected by ground-based instruments, but only as \"second hand\" news. In fact, it is cosmic ray interactions with ordinary carbon (carbon 12) in Earth's atmosphere that transform them into the radioisotope carbon 14, which scientists take advantage of to determine how long a sample of formerly living material has been dead (as in carbon dating). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, stay tuned for news on what scientists discover as they peer into the very dark darkness of a currently unknown realm of existence. Should be exciting….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"When NASA's Space Shuttle Endeavour lifted off on its 25th and final mission to space on Monday morning, it carried a bus-sized, two billion dollar observatory that will probe some of our Universe's deepest, darkest secrets: dark matter, and the unaccounted antimatter.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1305910857,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":760},"headData":{"title":"Dark Endeavours | KQED","description":"When NASA's Space Shuttle Endeavour lifted off on its 25th and final mission to space on Monday morning, it carried a bus-sized, two billion dollar observatory that will probe some of our Universe's deepest, darkest secrets: dark matter, and the unaccounted antimatter.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Dark Endeavours","datePublished":"2011-05-20T17:00:57.000Z","dateModified":"2011-05-20T17:00:57.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"14592 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=14592","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/05/20/dark-endeavours/","disqusTitle":"Dark Endeavours","path":"/quest/14592/dark-endeavours","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/AMSonISSbig.jpg\">\u003cem>Artist concept of AMS-2 mounted on the ISS.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>When NASA's \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0YBWaFIs1Rc\">Space Shuttle Endeavour lifted off \u003c/a>on its 25th and final mission to space on Monday morning, it carried in its cargo bay more than just supplies for the International Space Station. Alongside the containers of TV dinners, oxygen bottles, water tanks, and other various and sundry necessities was a bus-sized, two billion dollar observatory that will probe some of our Universe's deepest, darkest secrets: dark matter, and the unaccounted antimatter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://ams.nasa.gov/about.html\">Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer 2 (AMS-2)\u003c/a>, like other space-borne observatory satellites, will make its observations outside of Earth's atmosphere, attached to the International Space Station—but unlike \"conventional\" satellite observatories such as the \u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/\">Hubble Space Telescope\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/main/index.html\">Kepler\u003c/a>, and the \u003ca href=\"http://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/\">Solar Dynamics Observatory\u003c/a>, AMS-2 will not observe electromagnetic radiation (light), but rather cosmic rays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cosmic rays are energetic, electrically charged subatomic particles whizzing through space, originating from various places such as the Sun, distant stars and supernovae, and other high-energy sources from the most distant reaches of the known Universe. Most cosmic rays are simply high-speed protons (hydrogen nuclei) and alpha particles (helium nuclei). Less than 1% of cosmic rays are heavier atomic nuclei, and electrons. All of these particles are things familiar to us on Earth, the main differences being their exotic origins and their extremely high speeds—often approaching the speed of light. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A tiny fraction of cosmic rays are exotic particles indeed: antimatter, in the form of positrons (the positively charged antimatter counterpart of electrons) and anti-protons. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is AMS-2 looking for? In a nutshell, it's looking for what we cannot see…. Only about 5% of the Universe is composed of \"ordinary\" matter—the stuff we are made of, and which we can see with telescopes out in the universe by virtue of the light it emits: stars, galaxies, nebulae, giant molecular clouds, and more. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An estimated 95% of the Universe's bulk is made up of \"dark\" stuff—\u003ca href=\"http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/dark_matter.html\">dark matter \u003c/a>(about 20%) and dark energy. Some of this dark matter may be accounted for by massive objects that we can't see, such as black holes, but the primary constituent probably consists of exotic particles that defy direct detection. A number of particles that fit this bill have been theorized, like neutrinos, and more recently \u003ca href=\"http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2010/01/hold-on-higgs-now-its-neutralinos-.html\">neutralinos\u003c/a>. In theory, interactions between neutralinos should produce charged particles in the form of cosmic rays that AMS-2 should be able to detect. If it does, then we'll have observational evidence for the existence of this exotic particle, which would shed some light onto some of the Universe's dark mystery….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AMS-2 will also look for antimatter. The Big Bang theory (the \u003cstrong>theory\u003c/strong>, not the TV show) of the formation of the Universe suggests that there should be equal parts matter and its counterpart antimatter, but so far we've mostly seen only the former. While there are positrons and anti-protons flying about that can be accounted for by processes involving nuclear interactions, if AMS-2 can detect a more complex anti-particle, like an anti-helium nucleus (an atom composed of two anti-protons, two anti-neutrons, and two positrons), then we'll have an example of antimatter that formed by more complex processes than a random nuclear collision or decay. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AMS-2's \"lens\" is not made of glass, but of magnetic fields. Conventional telescopes bend and focus light with glass lenses or curved mirrors, but AMS-2 will observe electrically charged cosmic rays, which can be collected and sorted with magnetic force. AMS-2 will count cosmic rays, determine what types of particles they are, and how much energy they possess (how fast they are moving). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From Earth's surface observing cosmic rays is nearly impossible, at best. The particles interact with the nuclei of atoms in our atmosphere, forming a different subatomic particle and a burst of \"secondary\" cosmic radiation—which can be detected by ground-based instruments, but only as \"second hand\" news. In fact, it is cosmic ray interactions with ordinary carbon (carbon 12) in Earth's atmosphere that transform them into the radioisotope carbon 14, which scientists take advantage of to determine how long a sample of formerly living material has been dead (as in carbon dating). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, stay tuned for news on what scientists discover as they peer into the very dark darkness of a currently unknown realm of existence. Should be exciting….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/14592/dark-endeavours","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_3453","quest_3456","quest_183","quest_13192","quest_316","quest_3534","quest_767","quest_768","quest_3561","quest_3620","quest_1918","quest_3680","quest_3775"],"featImg":"quest_14596","label":"quest"},"quest_826":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_826","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"826","score":null,"sort":[1221268345000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-large-hadron-collider-the-who-what-and-where-of-the-why-machine","title":"The Large Hadron Collider: The Who, What and Where of the Why Machine","publishDate":1221268345,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/09/lhc.jpg\">\u003cem>Magnets in the LHC. Photo copyright \u003ca href=\"http://public.web.cern.ch/public/\">CERN\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Unless you live in another dimension, you've heard about the \u003ca href=\"http://lhc.web.cern.ch/lhc/\">Large Hadron Collider\u003c/a> -- a 17-mile underground raceway where, just this week, physicists flipped the ON switch and sent protons looping from France to Switzerland and back again. News coverage has been everywhere: newspapers, magazines, and even an amazingly accurate \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j50ZssEojtM\">rap video\u003c/a> on YouTube. Here's an overview of some good articles and web content about the Large Hadron Collider, to get you up to speed on particle physics. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When protons smash together at velocities approaching the speed of light, tiny short-lived particles are produced. If we can see these particles and learn how they behave, we can answer some pretty important physics questions -- like what, exactly, is mass? The \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/\">Exploratorium\u003c/a> has a great website that explains physics' \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/origins/cern/ideas/index.html\">Standard Model\u003c/a> -- what matter is made of, and how the different components of matter interact. In his \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/12/opinion/12greene.html?_r=1&ref=opinion&oref=slogin\">op-ed piece\u003c/a> in the New York Times, Columbia University physicist Brian Greene describes the particles that physicists are looking for: the \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/origins/cern/ideas/higgs.html\">Higgs boson\u003c/a>, the supersymmetric particles, and the transdimensional particles. Is there really a fourth dimension? Or a fifth or sixth? We may soon find out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest nickname for the LHC is \"the why machine.\" That moniker originated on the physics blog \u003ca href=\"http://cosmicvariance.com/2008/09/09/live-blogging-the-lhc-startup/\">Cosmic Variance\u003c/a>. Hopefully this feat of engineering will explain why E=mc2. Or, say some, just open up a microscopic black hole that will swallow the entire universe. This is exceedingly unlikely, but, says the \u003ca href=\"http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/main.jhtml?xml=/earth/2008/09/08/scicern108.xml\">Telegraph\u003c/a>, some scientists have still received death threats from folks concerned about the impending end of the universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These mysterious particles may or may not be linked to the end of the universe, but they were certainly abundant at the beginning, with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/origins/cern/ideas/bang.html\">Big Bang\u003c/a>. To learn more about the Big Bang and the evidence for its occurrence, check out QUEST's \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/251\">interview\u003c/a> with Berkeley physicist George Smoot -- he won the Nobel Prize for detecting and analyzing the Big Bang's leftover radiation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parts of the Large Hadron Collider were designed and constructed by scientists here in the Bay Area. Scientists from the \u003ca href=\"http://lbl.gov/\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a> designed the LHC’s \u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.lbl.gov/feature-stories/2008/06/12/firing-up-the-lhc/\">distribution feed boxes\u003c/a>, which connect electrical power to the focusing magnets. And scientist from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.slac.stanford.edu/\">Stanford Linear Accelerator Center\u003c/a> designed the \u003ca href=\"http://today.slac.stanford.edu/feature/2008/slac-lhc-pixel.asp\">ATLAS pixel detector\u003c/a>, which, like a giant digital camera, records what happens after particles collide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're more interested in pictures than particles, then check out National Geographic's \u003ca href=\"http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/03/god-particle/achenbach-text\">photos\u003c/a> of the LHC –- it is a beautiful machine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.762611 -122.409719\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Here's an overview of some good articles and web content about the Large Hadron Collider, to get you up to speed on particle physics.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1221268345,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":9,"wordCount":431},"headData":{"title":"The Large Hadron Collider: The Who, What and Where of the Why Machine | KQED","description":"Here's an overview of some good articles and web content about the Large Hadron Collider, to get you up to speed on particle physics.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Large Hadron Collider: The Who, What and Where of the Why Machine","datePublished":"2008-09-13T01:12:25.000Z","dateModified":"2008-09-13T01:12:25.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"826 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=826","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/09/12/the-large-hadron-collider-the-who-what-and-where-of-the-why-machine/","disqusTitle":"The Large Hadron Collider: The Who, What and Where of the Why Machine","path":"/quest/826/the-large-hadron-collider-the-who-what-and-where-of-the-why-machine","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/09/lhc.jpg\">\u003cem>Magnets in the LHC. Photo copyright \u003ca href=\"http://public.web.cern.ch/public/\">CERN\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Unless you live in another dimension, you've heard about the \u003ca href=\"http://lhc.web.cern.ch/lhc/\">Large Hadron Collider\u003c/a> -- a 17-mile underground raceway where, just this week, physicists flipped the ON switch and sent protons looping from France to Switzerland and back again. News coverage has been everywhere: newspapers, magazines, and even an amazingly accurate \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j50ZssEojtM\">rap video\u003c/a> on YouTube. Here's an overview of some good articles and web content about the Large Hadron Collider, to get you up to speed on particle physics. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When protons smash together at velocities approaching the speed of light, tiny short-lived particles are produced. If we can see these particles and learn how they behave, we can answer some pretty important physics questions -- like what, exactly, is mass? The \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/\">Exploratorium\u003c/a> has a great website that explains physics' \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/origins/cern/ideas/index.html\">Standard Model\u003c/a> -- what matter is made of, and how the different components of matter interact. In his \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/12/opinion/12greene.html?_r=1&ref=opinion&oref=slogin\">op-ed piece\u003c/a> in the New York Times, Columbia University physicist Brian Greene describes the particles that physicists are looking for: the \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/origins/cern/ideas/higgs.html\">Higgs boson\u003c/a>, the supersymmetric particles, and the transdimensional particles. Is there really a fourth dimension? Or a fifth or sixth? We may soon find out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest nickname for the LHC is \"the why machine.\" That moniker originated on the physics blog \u003ca href=\"http://cosmicvariance.com/2008/09/09/live-blogging-the-lhc-startup/\">Cosmic Variance\u003c/a>. Hopefully this feat of engineering will explain why E=mc2. Or, say some, just open up a microscopic black hole that will swallow the entire universe. This is exceedingly unlikely, but, says the \u003ca href=\"http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/main.jhtml?xml=/earth/2008/09/08/scicern108.xml\">Telegraph\u003c/a>, some scientists have still received death threats from folks concerned about the impending end of the universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These mysterious particles may or may not be linked to the end of the universe, but they were certainly abundant at the beginning, with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/origins/cern/ideas/bang.html\">Big Bang\u003c/a>. To learn more about the Big Bang and the evidence for its occurrence, check out QUEST's \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/251\">interview\u003c/a> with Berkeley physicist George Smoot -- he won the Nobel Prize for detecting and analyzing the Big Bang's leftover radiation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parts of the Large Hadron Collider were designed and constructed by scientists here in the Bay Area. Scientists from the \u003ca href=\"http://lbl.gov/\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a> designed the LHC’s \u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.lbl.gov/feature-stories/2008/06/12/firing-up-the-lhc/\">distribution feed boxes\u003c/a>, which connect electrical power to the focusing magnets. And scientist from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.slac.stanford.edu/\">Stanford Linear Accelerator Center\u003c/a> designed the \u003ca href=\"http://today.slac.stanford.edu/feature/2008/slac-lhc-pixel.asp\">ATLAS pixel detector\u003c/a>, which, like a giant digital camera, records what happens after particles collide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're more interested in pictures than particles, then check out National Geographic's \u003ca href=\"http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/03/god-particle/achenbach-text\">photos\u003c/a> of the LHC –- it is a beautiful machine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.762611 -122.409719\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/826/the-large-hadron-collider-the-who-what-and-where-of-the-why-machine","authors":["10200"],"categories":["quest_16"],"tags":["quest_316","quest_1204","quest_3351","quest_1611","quest_1624","quest_2130","quest_13205","quest_2349","quest_2772"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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