Should I or Shouldn't I? Wrestling with Giving Genetic Tests as Gifts
How Neanderthal are You?
Genetic Tests: When No Means Maybe (Part 2)
Genetic Tests: When No Means Maybe (Part 1)
Genetic Testing or Recreational Genomics?
Sponsored
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the gift of a genetic test can be a tricky 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Barry Starr","firstName":"Dr. Barry","lastName":"Starr","slug":"dr-barry-starr","email":"bstarr@thetech.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Dr. Barry Starr (\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/geneticsboy\">@geneticsboy\u003c/a>) is a Geneticist-in-Residence at The Tech Museum of Innovation in San Jose, CA and runs their Stanford at The Tech program. The program is part of an ongoing collaboration between the \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.stanford.edu/\">Stanford Department of Genetics\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/\">The Tech Museum of Innovation\u003c/a>. Together these two partners created the \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/exhibits/permanent/index.php?sGalKey=gtwt&galKey=lt\">Genetics: Technology with a Twist\u003c/a> exhibition.\r\n\r\nYou can also see \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/author/dr-barry-starr/\">additional posts by Barry at KQED Science\u003c/a>, and read his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/dr-barry-starr/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4a5680e4c642ea0f0f3041af16018969?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"geneticsboy","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Dr. Barry Starr | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4a5680e4c642ea0f0f3041af16018969?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4a5680e4c642ea0f0f3041af16018969?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/dr-barry-starr"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_48104":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_48104","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"48104","score":null,"sort":[1356969608000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"should-i-or-shouldnt-i-wrestling-with-giving-genetic-tests-as-gifts","title":"Should I or Shouldn't I? Wrestling with Giving Genetic Tests as Gifts","publishDate":1356969608,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48105\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/31/should-i-or-shouldnt-i-wrestling-with-giving-genetic-tests-as-gifts/gift/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48105\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/Gift.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Gift\" width=\"640\" height=\"369\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48105\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/Gift.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/Gift-400x231.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Giving the gift of a genetic test can be a tricky business.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When \u003ca href=\"https://www.23andme.com/\">23andMe\u003c/a> offered their DNA test for just $99, I started to think about giving it for Christmas presents. It was an easy decision to send one to my dad (although I’ll be curious to see if he’ll do it). What was much trickier was deciding whether to give one to my 15 year old son.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a number of reasons I wanted to give away this test to my relatives. The first is that I want to see how the DNA got passed down from my dad to me. And how it got passed from me to my son.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might recall that we all have 23 pairs of chromosomes. We get one of each pair from our moms and one from our dads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we pass this DNA down to our kids, the DNA in each pair goes through a process called \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask435\">recombination\u003c/a>. This is where DNA is swapped between the two chromosomes in a pair. The end result is that the chromosome 1 that I got from my dad is a mix of his two chromosome 1’s. The same is true for the chromosome 2 that I got all the way through chromosome 22. (The Y I got \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask450\">passed pretty much unchanged\u003c/a>.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It would be so cool to see this in action with my own DNA. Seeing a concrete example of something that has largely been theoretical up to this point somehow makes it more real. Especially with my own DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48110\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/31/should-i-or-shouldnt-i-wrestling-with-giving-genetic-tests-as-gifts/africandna2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48110\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/AfricanDNA2.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"AfricanDNA2\" width=\"250\" height=\"313\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48110\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Look ma, I'm a little bit African! The pink at the end of one of my chromosome 11's indicates an African ancestry.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At least this was the case when I got the whole family tested for the gene responsible for most cases of red hair, MC1R. It was so satisfying to see that my wife and I were \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask44\">carriers for red hair\u003c/a>, that we each passed a red version of MC1R to our red haired son, that our older son got one copy and so was a carrier like us and that our daughter didn’t get a red MC1R gene. Even though I knew my wife and I were carriers and out red haired son had two red copies, it seemed more real once I saw the genetic results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The test can also tell us something about our ancestry. For example, it was cool to see that the tip of one of my chromosome 11’s actually comes from an African ancestor. I am 0.1% African. How cool is that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting my dad tested would tell me if I got that from him. Undoubtedly I did as his family is from Arkansas and my mother’s is from Berlin, Germany but still it would be nice to confirm. My dad’s DNA could also tell us whether an old family legend about us being related to the outlaw Sam Starr is true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See Sam Starr was half Native American which would mean we would have some Native American DNA too. As I talked about in a couple of previous blogs \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/09/14/genetic-tests-when-no-means-maybe-part-1/\">here \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/09/28/genetic-tests-when-no-means-maybe-part-2/\">here\u003c/a>, I couldn’t see Native American in my own DNA. One reason for this might be that I am one generation too far for the test to be able to see that DNA in mine. Maybe since my dad is one generation closer, we could see the Native American DNA in his.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OK, that was the fun stuff. Now on to why I might be hesitant to get my son tested. It has to do with what our DNA can and can’t tell us about our future health risks. And how these findings are packaged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the things you can quickly learn is whether you are a carrier for some deadly genetic disease like cystic fibrosis. They don’t test for every possible variant so a negative result may give a false sense of security. Still, it would be good to know about the common ones, right? I guess maybe…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This kind of knowledge is important for my son to know once he’s married but does he need to know about his genetic burden now? Is he ready for it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48121\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 182px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/31/should-i-or-shouldnt-i-wrestling-with-giving-genetic-tests-as-gifts/alzrisk/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48121\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/AlzRisk.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"AlzRisk\" width=\"182\" height=\"312\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48121\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Good news for me and my kids. I am at a lower risk for Alzheimer's and I will for sure pass at least some of that lowered risk to my kids. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And what about straight up genetic diseases? I found out I am a carrier for something called hemochromatosis. If my wife is one too then my son has a chance of getting the disease although even if he got the \"bad\" versions from my wife and me he still only has a chance at the disease. (Hemochromatosis is incompletely penetrant.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least with this one there is an easy remedy if you end up with it. You just have to give blood often and you are OK. But what about diseases you can’t do anything about?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine he finds he has two copies of the APOE4 version of the APOE gene. These people are much more likely to end up with Alzheimer’s later in life. Should a 15 year old be subjected to that worry for the rest of his life?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that one is only theoretical. Because \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/25/better-left-unknown/\">I have two copies of the “good” version\u003c/a> of APOE, APOE2, I know at worst he’d have a good and a bad version (APOE3 is the neutral version). Of course then my wife would know she probably carries at least one APOE4 and now she can start to worry. And maybe feel bad that she passed it on to her son…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The list of issues like this goes on and on. I haven’t even dealt with things like DNA differences that led to a 1.5 fold increase in prostate cancer or macular degeneration or who knows what else. Is he ready to get that kind of information and, more importantly, to understand the limitations of the information? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, just because he has a marker that more people who ended up with prostate cancer had, that doesn’t mean that the marker means the same thing in him. His genetics are his own and everyone will have a different risk for these sorts of multi-gene traits. And even if he is twice as likely to get brain cancer, does he know what those numbers mean? Or will his lack of understanding make him depressed because he thinks he will most likely end up with brain cancer? Yikes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To test out how ready he was, I decided to share some of my results with him while my eleven year old daughter listened in. First I showed them the ancestry and traits like lactose intolerance. They thought these were very cool (and they were right). I also showed them how my DNA showed that my blood type probably was A+ and that I was a carrier for O and Rh negative blood type. We got into a nice discussion about what that means for them. Neat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then I moved onto the disease section. This is where things started to get ugly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48126\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 200px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/31/should-i-or-shouldnt-i-wrestling-with-giving-genetic-tests-as-gifts/decriskconf/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48126\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/DecRiskConf.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"DecRiskConf\" width=\"200\" height=\"225\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48126\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">What does it all mean?\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I learned pretty quickly that my daughter did not have the right personality for these sorts of tests (at least not yet). She focused in on the various diseases, learning all the ways I could one day die and started to get very worried. I tried to use my understanding of genetics to tell her that these are just risks, they aren’t a for sure thing but I was getting nowhere. She tends to worry a lot and this simply gave her more to worry about. Hopefully she will forget about this and move on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My son was a different matter. He was very interested in things without worrying too much but he was taking some of the health things too literally. For example, my results showed a significantly increased risk for late age macular degeneration (a nasty eye problem). Scary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Except that again, this is the average risk of lots of people with varying genes who share this marker. My own risk is my own and is dependent on lots of other genes (and the environment!) besides this one. So basically I take these results with a grain of salt, waiting for more data to see if it is meaningful or not. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he homed in on these results and decided they were set in stone. He saw a bunch of yellow stars that indicated that 23andMe was very confident in this result and so assumed that that meant they were very confident that I had the chance for this disease they quoted. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I explained that this is not the case. 23andMe has a great deal of confidence in the study itself but not necessarily in its predictions as they related specifically to me. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end I didn’t get my son the 23andMe test. I wish they offered some way to just look at some of the data and not all of it at once. Then I might have given this as a gift to my son and maybe even my daughter.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"When 23andMe offered their DNA test for just $99, I started to think about giving it for Christmas presents.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1360964710,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":28,"wordCount":1571},"headData":{"title":"Should I or Shouldn't I? Wrestling with Giving Genetic Tests as Gifts | KQED","description":"When 23andMe offered their DNA test for just $99, I started to think about giving it for Christmas presents.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"48104 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=48104","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/31/should-i-or-shouldnt-i-wrestling-with-giving-genetic-tests-as-gifts/","disqusTitle":"Should I or Shouldn't I? Wrestling with Giving Genetic Tests as Gifts","path":"/quest/48104/should-i-or-shouldnt-i-wrestling-with-giving-genetic-tests-as-gifts","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48105\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/31/should-i-or-shouldnt-i-wrestling-with-giving-genetic-tests-as-gifts/gift/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48105\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/Gift.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Gift\" width=\"640\" height=\"369\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48105\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/Gift.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/Gift-400x231.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Giving the gift of a genetic test can be a tricky business.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When \u003ca href=\"https://www.23andme.com/\">23andMe\u003c/a> offered their DNA test for just $99, I started to think about giving it for Christmas presents. It was an easy decision to send one to my dad (although I’ll be curious to see if he’ll do it). What was much trickier was deciding whether to give one to my 15 year old son.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a number of reasons I wanted to give away this test to my relatives. The first is that I want to see how the DNA got passed down from my dad to me. And how it got passed from me to my son.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might recall that we all have 23 pairs of chromosomes. We get one of each pair from our moms and one from our dads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we pass this DNA down to our kids, the DNA in each pair goes through a process called \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask435\">recombination\u003c/a>. This is where DNA is swapped between the two chromosomes in a pair. The end result is that the chromosome 1 that I got from my dad is a mix of his two chromosome 1’s. The same is true for the chromosome 2 that I got all the way through chromosome 22. (The Y I got \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask450\">passed pretty much unchanged\u003c/a>.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It would be so cool to see this in action with my own DNA. Seeing a concrete example of something that has largely been theoretical up to this point somehow makes it more real. Especially with my own DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48110\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/31/should-i-or-shouldnt-i-wrestling-with-giving-genetic-tests-as-gifts/africandna2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48110\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/AfricanDNA2.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"AfricanDNA2\" width=\"250\" height=\"313\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48110\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Look ma, I'm a little bit African! The pink at the end of one of my chromosome 11's indicates an African ancestry.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At least this was the case when I got the whole family tested for the gene responsible for most cases of red hair, MC1R. It was so satisfying to see that my wife and I were \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask44\">carriers for red hair\u003c/a>, that we each passed a red version of MC1R to our red haired son, that our older son got one copy and so was a carrier like us and that our daughter didn’t get a red MC1R gene. Even though I knew my wife and I were carriers and out red haired son had two red copies, it seemed more real once I saw the genetic results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The test can also tell us something about our ancestry. For example, it was cool to see that the tip of one of my chromosome 11’s actually comes from an African ancestor. I am 0.1% African. How cool is that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting my dad tested would tell me if I got that from him. Undoubtedly I did as his family is from Arkansas and my mother’s is from Berlin, Germany but still it would be nice to confirm. My dad’s DNA could also tell us whether an old family legend about us being related to the outlaw Sam Starr is true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See Sam Starr was half Native American which would mean we would have some Native American DNA too. As I talked about in a couple of previous blogs \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/09/14/genetic-tests-when-no-means-maybe-part-1/\">here \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/09/28/genetic-tests-when-no-means-maybe-part-2/\">here\u003c/a>, I couldn’t see Native American in my own DNA. One reason for this might be that I am one generation too far for the test to be able to see that DNA in mine. Maybe since my dad is one generation closer, we could see the Native American DNA in his.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OK, that was the fun stuff. Now on to why I might be hesitant to get my son tested. It has to do with what our DNA can and can’t tell us about our future health risks. And how these findings are packaged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the things you can quickly learn is whether you are a carrier for some deadly genetic disease like cystic fibrosis. They don’t test for every possible variant so a negative result may give a false sense of security. Still, it would be good to know about the common ones, right? I guess maybe…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This kind of knowledge is important for my son to know once he’s married but does he need to know about his genetic burden now? Is he ready for it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48121\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 182px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/31/should-i-or-shouldnt-i-wrestling-with-giving-genetic-tests-as-gifts/alzrisk/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48121\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/AlzRisk.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"AlzRisk\" width=\"182\" height=\"312\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48121\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Good news for me and my kids. I am at a lower risk for Alzheimer's and I will for sure pass at least some of that lowered risk to my kids. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And what about straight up genetic diseases? I found out I am a carrier for something called hemochromatosis. If my wife is one too then my son has a chance of getting the disease although even if he got the \"bad\" versions from my wife and me he still only has a chance at the disease. (Hemochromatosis is incompletely penetrant.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least with this one there is an easy remedy if you end up with it. You just have to give blood often and you are OK. But what about diseases you can’t do anything about?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine he finds he has two copies of the APOE4 version of the APOE gene. These people are much more likely to end up with Alzheimer’s later in life. Should a 15 year old be subjected to that worry for the rest of his life?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that one is only theoretical. Because \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/25/better-left-unknown/\">I have two copies of the “good” version\u003c/a> of APOE, APOE2, I know at worst he’d have a good and a bad version (APOE3 is the neutral version). Of course then my wife would know she probably carries at least one APOE4 and now she can start to worry. And maybe feel bad that she passed it on to her son…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The list of issues like this goes on and on. I haven’t even dealt with things like DNA differences that led to a 1.5 fold increase in prostate cancer or macular degeneration or who knows what else. Is he ready to get that kind of information and, more importantly, to understand the limitations of the information? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, just because he has a marker that more people who ended up with prostate cancer had, that doesn’t mean that the marker means the same thing in him. His genetics are his own and everyone will have a different risk for these sorts of multi-gene traits. And even if he is twice as likely to get brain cancer, does he know what those numbers mean? Or will his lack of understanding make him depressed because he thinks he will most likely end up with brain cancer? Yikes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To test out how ready he was, I decided to share some of my results with him while my eleven year old daughter listened in. First I showed them the ancestry and traits like lactose intolerance. They thought these were very cool (and they were right). I also showed them how my DNA showed that my blood type probably was A+ and that I was a carrier for O and Rh negative blood type. We got into a nice discussion about what that means for them. Neat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then I moved onto the disease section. This is where things started to get ugly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48126\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 200px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/31/should-i-or-shouldnt-i-wrestling-with-giving-genetic-tests-as-gifts/decriskconf/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48126\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/DecRiskConf.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"DecRiskConf\" width=\"200\" height=\"225\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48126\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">What does it all mean?\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I learned pretty quickly that my daughter did not have the right personality for these sorts of tests (at least not yet). She focused in on the various diseases, learning all the ways I could one day die and started to get very worried. I tried to use my understanding of genetics to tell her that these are just risks, they aren’t a for sure thing but I was getting nowhere. She tends to worry a lot and this simply gave her more to worry about. Hopefully she will forget about this and move on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My son was a different matter. He was very interested in things without worrying too much but he was taking some of the health things too literally. For example, my results showed a significantly increased risk for late age macular degeneration (a nasty eye problem). Scary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Except that again, this is the average risk of lots of people with varying genes who share this marker. My own risk is my own and is dependent on lots of other genes (and the environment!) besides this one. So basically I take these results with a grain of salt, waiting for more data to see if it is meaningful or not. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he homed in on these results and decided they were set in stone. He saw a bunch of yellow stars that indicated that 23andMe was very confident in this result and so assumed that that meant they were very confident that I had the chance for this disease they quoted. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I explained that this is not the case. 23andMe has a great deal of confidence in the study itself but not necessarily in its predictions as they related specifically to me. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end I didn’t get my son the 23andMe test. I wish they offered some way to just look at some of the data and not all of it at once. Then I might have given this as a gift to my son and maybe even my daughter.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/48104/should-i-or-shouldnt-i-wrestling-with-giving-genetic-tests-as-gifts","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_159","quest_11660","quest_3545","quest_11183","quest_11658","quest_13202","quest_3319","quest_11659"],"featImg":"quest_48105","label":"quest"},"quest_23256":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_23256","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"23256","score":null,"sort":[1314633398000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-neanderthal-are-you","title":"How Neanderthal are You?","publishDate":1314633398,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23286\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/29/how-neanderthal-are-you/percneanderthal/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23286\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/PercNeanderthal.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"PercNeanderthal\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23286\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/PercNeanderthal.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/PercNeanderthal-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These results from the \"Interpretome\" tool show that there is a bit of a Neanderthal in me.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Asking someone if they were a Neanderthal used to be an insult but is now kind of a valid question. If you have any Europeans, Asians or Native Americans in your family tree, odds are there is a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/05/24/my-3000th-great-grandpa-was-a-neanderthal/\">bit of Neanderthal\u003c/a> in there as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As one of the whitest people on the planet, I almost certainly have mostly European ancestors. And if I had any doubts, my 23andMe ancestry results confirm the obvious…I am European through and through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This means there is almost certainly some Neanderthal DNA squirreled away in my genome. But how much? I decided to try to find out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First I asked \u003ca href=\"https://www.23andme.com/\">23andMe\u003c/a>. They quickly replied that they didn’t do that, sorry. So as often happens, I needed to take my genome on a jaunt through the internet to find a tool that could give me the answer I was looking for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I first went to my favorite, \u003ca href=\"http://www.snpedia.com/index.php/SNPedia\">SNPedia\u003c/a>. No luck though. Just a piece about the \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=67\">Neanderthal red hair version of the MC1R gene\u003c/a> that hasn’t yet been found in humans. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then I remembered a discussion at Stanford about which professor was genetically the most Neanderthal. Obviously they must have a way of figuring this out. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So I contacted Dr. Mike Snyder and he led me to Konrad Karczewski, a graduate student at Stanford. And he directed me to a tool called the \u003ca href=\"http://esquilax.stanford.edu/#start\">Interpretome \u003c/a>that he and some other Stanford folks had developed for their \u003ca href=\"http://stanford.edu/class/gene210/web/html/welcome.html\">personalized medicine class\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This tool has a lot of cool features (feel free to explore) but I headed straight for the Neanderthal section. I plugged in my 23andMe raw data and out popped my results. There are definitely some Neanderthals in my family tree!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The site looks at 42 different markers and since we have two copies of each, there are 84 possible Neanderthal hits. I scored a 7 out of 84.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, since I don’t know if that is a lot, I asked Konrad about the kinds of ranges he sees. He said the average European has a score of around 7-10 which puts me at the lower end of average. He also said that someone in an online forum had reported a 26 but the highest Konrad had ever seen with his own eyes was 20. And that the lowest he has seen for Europeans or Asians was around 3-5.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So there you have it. I am on the low end of Neanderthalness for someone of European descent using these 42 \u003ca href=\"https://www.23andme.com/gen101/snps/\">SNPs\u003c/a>. And less Neanderthal than a number of Stanford professors!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How cool are genetics when it lets me figure out that I am definitely a bit Neanderthal but not as Neanderthal as certain unnamed Stanford professors? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More Information\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=128\">Neanderthals and you.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Graduate students at Stanford have created a tool called the Interpretome that lets you plug in your genome so you can figure out how Neanderthal you are.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1314731355,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":483},"headData":{"title":"How Neanderthal are You? | KQED","description":"Graduate students at Stanford have created a tool called the Interpretome that lets you plug in your genome so you can figure out how Neanderthal you are.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"23256 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=23256","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/29/how-neanderthal-are-you/","disqusTitle":"How Neanderthal are You?","path":"/quest/23256/how-neanderthal-are-you","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23286\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/29/how-neanderthal-are-you/percneanderthal/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23286\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/PercNeanderthal.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"PercNeanderthal\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23286\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/PercNeanderthal.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/PercNeanderthal-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These results from the \"Interpretome\" tool show that there is a bit of a Neanderthal in me.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Asking someone if they were a Neanderthal used to be an insult but is now kind of a valid question. If you have any Europeans, Asians or Native Americans in your family tree, odds are there is a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/05/24/my-3000th-great-grandpa-was-a-neanderthal/\">bit of Neanderthal\u003c/a> in there as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As one of the whitest people on the planet, I almost certainly have mostly European ancestors. And if I had any doubts, my 23andMe ancestry results confirm the obvious…I am European through and through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This means there is almost certainly some Neanderthal DNA squirreled away in my genome. But how much? I decided to try to find out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First I asked \u003ca href=\"https://www.23andme.com/\">23andMe\u003c/a>. They quickly replied that they didn’t do that, sorry. So as often happens, I needed to take my genome on a jaunt through the internet to find a tool that could give me the answer I was looking for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I first went to my favorite, \u003ca href=\"http://www.snpedia.com/index.php/SNPedia\">SNPedia\u003c/a>. No luck though. Just a piece about the \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=67\">Neanderthal red hair version of the MC1R gene\u003c/a> that hasn’t yet been found in humans. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then I remembered a discussion at Stanford about which professor was genetically the most Neanderthal. Obviously they must have a way of figuring this out. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So I contacted Dr. Mike Snyder and he led me to Konrad Karczewski, a graduate student at Stanford. And he directed me to a tool called the \u003ca href=\"http://esquilax.stanford.edu/#start\">Interpretome \u003c/a>that he and some other Stanford folks had developed for their \u003ca href=\"http://stanford.edu/class/gene210/web/html/welcome.html\">personalized medicine class\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This tool has a lot of cool features (feel free to explore) but I headed straight for the Neanderthal section. I plugged in my 23andMe raw data and out popped my results. There are definitely some Neanderthals in my family tree!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The site looks at 42 different markers and since we have two copies of each, there are 84 possible Neanderthal hits. I scored a 7 out of 84.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, since I don’t know if that is a lot, I asked Konrad about the kinds of ranges he sees. He said the average European has a score of around 7-10 which puts me at the lower end of average. He also said that someone in an online forum had reported a 26 but the highest Konrad had ever seen with his own eyes was 20. And that the lowest he has seen for Europeans or Asians was around 3-5.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So there you have it. I am on the low end of Neanderthalness for someone of European descent using these 42 \u003ca href=\"https://www.23andme.com/gen101/snps/\">SNPs\u003c/a>. And less Neanderthal than a number of Stanford professors!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How cool are genetics when it lets me figure out that I am definitely a bit Neanderthal but not as Neanderthal as certain unnamed Stanford professors? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More Information\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=128\">Neanderthals and you.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/23256/how-neanderthal-are-you","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_4"],"tags":["quest_159","quest_1197","quest_1198","quest_10035","quest_10034","quest_13202","quest_2684","quest_3768","quest_10036","quest_3319"],"featImg":"quest_23286","label":"quest"},"quest_3737":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_3737","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"3737","score":null,"sort":[1254172690000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"genetic-tests-when-no-means-maybe-part-2","title":"Genetic Tests: When No Means Maybe (Part 2)","publishDate":1254172690,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/09/SamBelleStarr.jpg\">\u003cem>Are they related to me? I still don't know...\u003c/em>\u003c/span>When last I left you, I was searching for my great-great grandmother’s DNA in my own DNA. Remember, legend has it she was Cherokee and I wanted to confirm the legend with a genetic test from a company called 23andMe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/09/14/genetic-tests-when-no-means-maybe-part-1/\">In my last blog post\u003c/a>, I showed how the two most powerful ancestry tests, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and Y chromosome, were useless to me in my hunt. Now I want look at the rest of my DNA. So here we go!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Y chromosome and mtDNA are a small fraction of my DNA—something like 0.8% of the total DNA in one of my cells. But they are incredibly useful because they change very little from generation to generation. The mtDNA I got from my mom is probably exactly like hers. Same with most of the Y I got from my dad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other 99.2% of my DNA is a lot trickier to look at from an ancestry perspective because it has changed a lot from generation to generation over time. For example, the chromosomes I inherited from my parents are not the same as the ones they have. I got a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/08/03/why-we-will-never-see-another-einstein/\">mix of their chromosomes\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, my mom had two copies of chromosome 1 (and two copies of her other 22 chromosomes too). As you know, she passed one chromosome 1 to me (my dad gave me my other one). But, through a process called recombination, her two copies of chromosome 1 swapped DNA so that I got a hybrid of her two copies. I inherited a unique chromosome never before seen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is all well and good from a survival of the species point of view, but it is a problem for ancestry testing. Imagine that instead of my mom, we look at my Cherokee great-great grandmother. She has just had a child who inherited a mix of her chromosome 1’s. This chromosome will look Native American and the child would appear half Native American.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Actually, the test isn’t perfect yet and so there isn’t yet a “Native American” set \u003cem>per se\u003c/em>. Instead, here is how 23andMe describes Native American DNA in their tests:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“…people who identify themselves as Native American exhibit fairly consistent Ancestry Painting proportions of about 75% Asian and 25% European, plus or minus 10%.” \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This means the chromosomes the child got from his or her mom won’t look Native American but instead will look 75% Asian and 25% European. (See \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=41\">a realted post of mine elsewhere\u003c/a> for why it looks like this.) Now imagine that this half Native American child grows up and has my grandfather as his or her son.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My grandpa will inherit a mix of his parents’ DNA too. In this case the Native American DNA will mix with the European DNA to create a hybrid. On average, you would now see something along the lines of 37.5% Asian (this is a simplification but it gets us into the ballpark of the number we might expect).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each generation would see, on average, a continued dilution of this Asian part. My dad would have 18% Asian, I would have 9%, etc. Here are my ancestry results (click the image to enlarge):\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/AncestryPainting.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/09/AncestryPainting.jpg\" alt=\"AncestryPainting\" title=\"AncestryPainting\" width=\"600\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-3738\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not a hint of Asian. Looks like my great-great grandma wasn't Cherokee. Or was she?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are lots of ways she could still be Cherokee. First off, I don’t know how solid the 75% number is for all Native Americans. I don’t know how many Native Americans are in their database. I also don’t know how much variation there will be tribe to tribe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Secondly, you may have noticed that I was very careful to always say, “on average.” This is because the recombinations don’t have to be a 50-50 swap. It is true that if you look at a large number of recombination events, the average will be 50%. But individual recombination events can be biased towards one or more chromosomes. Occasionally you’ll get mostly one chromosome and sometimes mostly the other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sort of like flipping a coin—do it enough and you’ll get pretty close to half heads and half tails. But if you flip a coin twice, you might get one head and one tail. And you might not. Half the time you’ll get two heads or two tails.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is less a problem than you might think with our chromosomes since the recombination is spread over 23 pairs with each pair being independent of the others. But it can still throw a monkey wrench into the works. 23andMe actually has a nice chart that hints at this by giving the most likely range of possibilities. Unfortunately, this chart didn’t come up with my results and I had to stumble on it while I was playing around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using the chart, I can see that the bottom end of my expected results in 0.24% “Native American” (if I am reading the chart correctly). That is pretty low and it seems like a pretty minor mistaken assumption at the beginning might knock this down to zero.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So where am I after this? Still in the dark. This is actually how many genetic tests end up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The positive result tells you a lot. Had there been Native American DNA, that would have been a slam dunk. (This isn’t always the case with genetic tests but it would be here.) But there wasn’t. Which means, given that I was on the edge of detection, that she may or may not have been Cherokee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, this isn’t 23andMe’s fault. The test itself couldn’t be conclusive given how far back we need to go and the DNA tests that 23andMe offers. In fact, 23andMe does an excellent job of presenting the data. There are pretty chromosome paintings, graphs superimposed on world maps, etc. All very nice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I am still worried that the explanations that go along with these images assume an awful lot of knowledge that most people might not have. Without that knowledge, it can be hard to assess the significance of a certain result. Next blog that’ll become even more important as I tackle health conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.33161018170129 -121.89019918441772\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In my last blog post, I showed how the two most powerful ancestry tests, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and Y chromosome, were useless to me in my hunt. Now I want look at the rest of my DNA. So here we go!","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1316920939,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":1139},"headData":{"title":"Genetic Tests: When No Means Maybe (Part 2) | KQED","description":"In my last blog post, I showed how the two most powerful ancestry tests, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and Y chromosome, were useless to me in my hunt. Now I want look at the rest of my DNA. So here we go!","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"3737 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=3737","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/09/28/genetic-tests-when-no-means-maybe-part-2/","disqusTitle":"Genetic Tests: When No Means Maybe (Part 2)","path":"/quest/3737/genetic-tests-when-no-means-maybe-part-2","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/09/SamBelleStarr.jpg\">\u003cem>Are they related to me? I still don't know...\u003c/em>\u003c/span>When last I left you, I was searching for my great-great grandmother’s DNA in my own DNA. Remember, legend has it she was Cherokee and I wanted to confirm the legend with a genetic test from a company called 23andMe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/09/14/genetic-tests-when-no-means-maybe-part-1/\">In my last blog post\u003c/a>, I showed how the two most powerful ancestry tests, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and Y chromosome, were useless to me in my hunt. Now I want look at the rest of my DNA. So here we go!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Y chromosome and mtDNA are a small fraction of my DNA—something like 0.8% of the total DNA in one of my cells. But they are incredibly useful because they change very little from generation to generation. The mtDNA I got from my mom is probably exactly like hers. Same with most of the Y I got from my dad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other 99.2% of my DNA is a lot trickier to look at from an ancestry perspective because it has changed a lot from generation to generation over time. For example, the chromosomes I inherited from my parents are not the same as the ones they have. I got a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/08/03/why-we-will-never-see-another-einstein/\">mix of their chromosomes\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, my mom had two copies of chromosome 1 (and two copies of her other 22 chromosomes too). As you know, she passed one chromosome 1 to me (my dad gave me my other one). But, through a process called recombination, her two copies of chromosome 1 swapped DNA so that I got a hybrid of her two copies. I inherited a unique chromosome never before seen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is all well and good from a survival of the species point of view, but it is a problem for ancestry testing. Imagine that instead of my mom, we look at my Cherokee great-great grandmother. She has just had a child who inherited a mix of her chromosome 1’s. This chromosome will look Native American and the child would appear half Native American.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Actually, the test isn’t perfect yet and so there isn’t yet a “Native American” set \u003cem>per se\u003c/em>. Instead, here is how 23andMe describes Native American DNA in their tests:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“…people who identify themselves as Native American exhibit fairly consistent Ancestry Painting proportions of about 75% Asian and 25% European, plus or minus 10%.” \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This means the chromosomes the child got from his or her mom won’t look Native American but instead will look 75% Asian and 25% European. (See \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=41\">a realted post of mine elsewhere\u003c/a> for why it looks like this.) Now imagine that this half Native American child grows up and has my grandfather as his or her son.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My grandpa will inherit a mix of his parents’ DNA too. In this case the Native American DNA will mix with the European DNA to create a hybrid. On average, you would now see something along the lines of 37.5% Asian (this is a simplification but it gets us into the ballpark of the number we might expect).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each generation would see, on average, a continued dilution of this Asian part. My dad would have 18% Asian, I would have 9%, etc. Here are my ancestry results (click the image to enlarge):\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/AncestryPainting.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/09/AncestryPainting.jpg\" alt=\"AncestryPainting\" title=\"AncestryPainting\" width=\"600\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-3738\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not a hint of Asian. Looks like my great-great grandma wasn't Cherokee. Or was she?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are lots of ways she could still be Cherokee. First off, I don’t know how solid the 75% number is for all Native Americans. I don’t know how many Native Americans are in their database. I also don’t know how much variation there will be tribe to tribe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Secondly, you may have noticed that I was very careful to always say, “on average.” This is because the recombinations don’t have to be a 50-50 swap. It is true that if you look at a large number of recombination events, the average will be 50%. But individual recombination events can be biased towards one or more chromosomes. Occasionally you’ll get mostly one chromosome and sometimes mostly the other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sort of like flipping a coin—do it enough and you’ll get pretty close to half heads and half tails. But if you flip a coin twice, you might get one head and one tail. And you might not. Half the time you’ll get two heads or two tails.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is less a problem than you might think with our chromosomes since the recombination is spread over 23 pairs with each pair being independent of the others. But it can still throw a monkey wrench into the works. 23andMe actually has a nice chart that hints at this by giving the most likely range of possibilities. Unfortunately, this chart didn’t come up with my results and I had to stumble on it while I was playing around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using the chart, I can see that the bottom end of my expected results in 0.24% “Native American” (if I am reading the chart correctly). That is pretty low and it seems like a pretty minor mistaken assumption at the beginning might knock this down to zero.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So where am I after this? Still in the dark. This is actually how many genetic tests end up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The positive result tells you a lot. Had there been Native American DNA, that would have been a slam dunk. (This isn’t always the case with genetic tests but it would be here.) But there wasn’t. Which means, given that I was on the edge of detection, that she may or may not have been Cherokee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, this isn’t 23andMe’s fault. The test itself couldn’t be conclusive given how far back we need to go and the DNA tests that 23andMe offers. In fact, 23andMe does an excellent job of presenting the data. There are pretty chromosome paintings, graphs superimposed on world maps, etc. All very nice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I am still worried that the explanations that go along with these images assume an awful lot of knowledge that most people might not have. Without that knowledge, it can be hard to assess the significance of a certain result. Next blog that’ll become even more important as I tackle health conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.33161018170129 -121.89019918441772\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/3737/genetic-tests-when-no-means-maybe-part-2","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_43","quest_159","quest_563","quest_848","quest_1192","quest_1197","quest_1844","quest_1890","quest_2383","quest_3195"],"label":"quest"},"quest_3620":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_3620","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"3620","score":null,"sort":[1252948244000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"genetic-tests-when-no-means-maybe-part-1","title":"Genetic Tests: When No Means Maybe (Part 1)","publishDate":1252948244,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/09/23andMe-web.jpg\">\u003cem>Genetic tests often don’t give as much information as you might think.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>In a previous blog I talked about \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/07/20/taking-the-plunge-diving-into-my-dna/\">getting my DNA tested with 23andMe\u003c/a>. Well, I got the email the other day saying that my results were ready. So I logged on and up popped this screen pictured to the left.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All sorts of goodies to try out! I feel like a kid at Christmas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first thing I thought I’d do is check out my ancestry. My grandfather’s grandmother was supposedly Native American and so I wanted to find out if I could see that in my DNA. (This relates to my supposed relationship with the outlaw Sam Starr but that is a different story.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.23andme.com\">23andMe\u003c/a> has this Native American testing app in their 23andMe Labs section. I clicked on my data and up popped this result:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Recent Native American ancestry is unlikely\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Has it all been lies? My great, great grandma wasn’t Native American? Not so fast...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A “no” answer on a genetics test doesn’t necessarily tell you a lot. (And sometimes, the “yes” answer isn’t so helpful either!) Now as a geneticist, I know the drawbacks of ancestry tests like these. What I wanted to see was if 23andMe did a good job of explaining them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I first checked out my \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA\">mitochondrial\u003c/a> DNA (mtDNA) and my Y chromosome data. These DNA don’t change a lot from generation to generation and so are really good at tracing ancestry many generations back. Their downside for me is how they are passed down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Y chromosome passes from father to sons. My great, great grandma didn’t have a Y to pass on so of course my Y chromosome data wouldn’t show that she was Native American.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>mtDNA passes from mom to her children. At first this sounds promising since we are talking about my great, great grandma until we realize that I am related to this woman through my grandfather. His mtDNA died with him (except for his female relatives and their descendants) so that is lost to me as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here is what 23andMe has written under interpretation of my mtDNA and Y chromosome results:\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>This mitochondrial DNA haplogroup is inconsistent with Native American ancestry along the maternal (mother's mother's mother's ...) line. \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>This Y chromosome haplogroup is inconsistent with Native American ancestry along the paternal (father's father's father's ...) line.\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I suppose this says what I just said but I am not sure how many people would really appreciate the limitations of mtDNA and Y chromosome data from this explanation. There wasn’t a link to a more explicit discussion of the limitations of this sort of testing and there wasn’t anything I could see from a quick glance at the ancestry part of the site either. An explicit explanation would be good or maybe a figure like this one:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/gene-tree.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/09/gene-tree.jpg\" alt=\"gene-tree\" title=\"gene-tree\" width=\"400\" height=\"150\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-3621\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To me, this drives home the point that there is a whole lot of missing ancestry. It might help if they had some sort of family tree app where you could indicate as much as you know about family relationships. Once you’ve inputted the data, it would spit out what tests results would be useful to look at.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the mtDNA and Y chromosome test results are of little use to me in this quest. (And of little use to me in general as it confirms my pasty whiteness.) Next blog I’ll deal with the rest of my DNA and what that can and can’t tell me about my great, great grandma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.33161018170129 -121.89019918441772\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Genetic tests often don’t give as much information as you might think.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1316920901,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":649},"headData":{"title":"Genetic Tests: When No Means Maybe (Part 1) | KQED","description":"Genetic tests often don’t give as much information as you might think.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"3620 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=3620","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/09/14/genetic-tests-when-no-means-maybe-part-1/","disqusTitle":"Genetic Tests: When No Means Maybe (Part 1)","path":"/quest/3620/genetic-tests-when-no-means-maybe-part-1","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/09/23andMe-web.jpg\">\u003cem>Genetic tests often don’t give as much information as you might think.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>In a previous blog I talked about \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/07/20/taking-the-plunge-diving-into-my-dna/\">getting my DNA tested with 23andMe\u003c/a>. Well, I got the email the other day saying that my results were ready. So I logged on and up popped this screen pictured to the left.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All sorts of goodies to try out! I feel like a kid at Christmas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first thing I thought I’d do is check out my ancestry. My grandfather’s grandmother was supposedly Native American and so I wanted to find out if I could see that in my DNA. (This relates to my supposed relationship with the outlaw Sam Starr but that is a different story.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.23andme.com\">23andMe\u003c/a> has this Native American testing app in their 23andMe Labs section. I clicked on my data and up popped this result:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Recent Native American ancestry is unlikely\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Has it all been lies? My great, great grandma wasn’t Native American? Not so fast...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A “no” answer on a genetics test doesn’t necessarily tell you a lot. (And sometimes, the “yes” answer isn’t so helpful either!) Now as a geneticist, I know the drawbacks of ancestry tests like these. What I wanted to see was if 23andMe did a good job of explaining them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I first checked out my \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA\">mitochondrial\u003c/a> DNA (mtDNA) and my Y chromosome data. These DNA don’t change a lot from generation to generation and so are really good at tracing ancestry many generations back. Their downside for me is how they are passed down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Y chromosome passes from father to sons. My great, great grandma didn’t have a Y to pass on so of course my Y chromosome data wouldn’t show that she was Native American.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>mtDNA passes from mom to her children. At first this sounds promising since we are talking about my great, great grandma until we realize that I am related to this woman through my grandfather. His mtDNA died with him (except for his female relatives and their descendants) so that is lost to me as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here is what 23andMe has written under interpretation of my mtDNA and Y chromosome results:\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>This mitochondrial DNA haplogroup is inconsistent with Native American ancestry along the maternal (mother's mother's mother's ...) line. \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>This Y chromosome haplogroup is inconsistent with Native American ancestry along the paternal (father's father's father's ...) line.\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I suppose this says what I just said but I am not sure how many people would really appreciate the limitations of mtDNA and Y chromosome data from this explanation. There wasn’t a link to a more explicit discussion of the limitations of this sort of testing and there wasn’t anything I could see from a quick glance at the ancestry part of the site either. An explicit explanation would be good or maybe a figure like this one:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/gene-tree.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/09/gene-tree.jpg\" alt=\"gene-tree\" title=\"gene-tree\" width=\"400\" height=\"150\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-3621\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To me, this drives home the point that there is a whole lot of missing ancestry. It might help if they had some sort of family tree app where you could indicate as much as you know about family relationships. Once you’ve inputted the data, it would spit out what tests results would be useful to look at.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the mtDNA and Y chromosome test results are of little use to me in this quest. (And of little use to me in general as it confirms my pasty whiteness.) Next blog I’ll deal with the rest of my DNA and what that can and can’t tell me about my great, great grandma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.33161018170129 -121.89019918441772\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/3620/genetic-tests-when-no-means-maybe-part-1","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_43","quest_159","quest_686","quest_848","quest_1197","quest_1890","quest_2907","quest_3195"],"label":"quest"},"quest_664":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_664","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"664","score":null,"sort":[1214254095000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"genetic-testing-or-recreational-genomics","title":"Genetic Testing or Recreational Genomics?","publishDate":1214254095,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do you have a note from your doctor?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/06/blog_array11.jpg\">\u003cem>So much information, so little understanding\u003c/em>\u003c/span>On June 9, the California Department of Public Health (CDPH) \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2008/06/16/financial/f153128D68.DTL\">sent letters\u003c/a> to 13 different direct-to-consumer genetic testing companies telling them that they were not in compliance with California laws and needed to stop providing testing. The two main issues appear to be:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1. The testing facilities were not licensed correctly.\u003cbr>\n2. The tests were ordered without the request or counsel of a doctor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This seems to me to be the opening salvo in an upcoming war between the government and these companies about DNA testing. The government wants to protect the consumer from getting incorrect results and/or misinterpreting the results they get. The companies want to provide people with information about their own DNA. I have to say I am unsure where I stand on this one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the one hand, there are some companies out there selling snake oil. For example, anyone claiming that they can provide a set of nutritional products based on your genetic test results almost certainly should be shut down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And I would guess that the CDPH is not going after purely recreational companies like those involved in ancestry. I can't imagine why a doctor would order that kind of test. If these letters target ancestry companies, then whatever laws are involved should be changed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are also companies that comply with the current California laws. One of the most prominent is \u003ca href=\"http://www.dnadirect.com/\">DNA Direct\u003c/a>. This company follows all of the rules of the state, only offers well validated tests that are performed in a CLIA lab, and provides genetic counseling so people can understand the results they get.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what about the companies between DNA Direct and ancestry testing services? Although we don't know for sure, the CDPH seems to have targeted many newer companies that look at hundreds of thousands or even millions of DNA differences at once throughout a person's DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The three main companies that I know about that are in this gray region are \u003ca href=\"http://www.navigenics.com/\">Navigenics\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.23andme.com/\">23andMe\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.decodeme.com/\">deCODEme\u003c/a>. Navigenics is a different sort of beast from the other two in that it only provides information on DNA differences that have a well established link to a disease and they also provide genetic counseling. The other two can really be thought more of as recreational genomics at this point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>23andMe and deCODEme give a client all of their information and then tell the client what is known about each DNA difference. They offer ancestry, trait, and disease information bundled up in a single 1000 dollar test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These companies count on the consumer being able to digest all of that data and recognize what is a strong and/or important correlation and what is not. This is the point where a group that includes the government, doctors, and many academics differ with these companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once we make sure that the testing is done well, the question really boils down to whether or not the consumer can handle all of the information*. Can consumers interpret these kinds of results and know when to seek help and when not to?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer is that \u003cstrong>some can and some can't\u003c/strong>. So how do we protect those who can't but still allow people access to their own DNA? Or should we protect consumers at all from their own DNA information?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>*There is also the stipulation about a doctor ordering the test but frankly I don't get that one and am not sure it should be part of any consumer protection.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://blog.wired.com/wiredscience/files/madrigal.PDF\">Copy of the letter from Wired Science\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.332 -121.903\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1309999243,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":609},"headData":{"title":"Genetic Testing or Recreational Genomics? | KQED","description":"Do you have a note from your doctor? So much information, so little understandingOn June 9, the California Department of Public Health (CDPH) sent letters to 13 different direct-to-consumer genetic testing companies telling them that they were not in compliance with California laws and needed to stop providing testing. The two main issues appear to","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"664 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=664","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/06/23/genetic-testing-or-recreational-genomics/","disqusTitle":"Genetic Testing or Recreational Genomics?","path":"/quest/664/genetic-testing-or-recreational-genomics","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do you have a note from your doctor?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/06/blog_array11.jpg\">\u003cem>So much information, so little understanding\u003c/em>\u003c/span>On June 9, the California Department of Public Health (CDPH) \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2008/06/16/financial/f153128D68.DTL\">sent letters\u003c/a> to 13 different direct-to-consumer genetic testing companies telling them that they were not in compliance with California laws and needed to stop providing testing. The two main issues appear to be:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1. The testing facilities were not licensed correctly.\u003cbr>\n2. The tests were ordered without the request or counsel of a doctor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This seems to me to be the opening salvo in an upcoming war between the government and these companies about DNA testing. The government wants to protect the consumer from getting incorrect results and/or misinterpreting the results they get. The companies want to provide people with information about their own DNA. I have to say I am unsure where I stand on this one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the one hand, there are some companies out there selling snake oil. For example, anyone claiming that they can provide a set of nutritional products based on your genetic test results almost certainly should be shut down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And I would guess that the CDPH is not going after purely recreational companies like those involved in ancestry. I can't imagine why a doctor would order that kind of test. If these letters target ancestry companies, then whatever laws are involved should be changed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are also companies that comply with the current California laws. One of the most prominent is \u003ca href=\"http://www.dnadirect.com/\">DNA Direct\u003c/a>. This company follows all of the rules of the state, only offers well validated tests that are performed in a CLIA lab, and provides genetic counseling so people can understand the results they get.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what about the companies between DNA Direct and ancestry testing services? Although we don't know for sure, the CDPH seems to have targeted many newer companies that look at hundreds of thousands or even millions of DNA differences at once throughout a person's DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The three main companies that I know about that are in this gray region are \u003ca href=\"http://www.navigenics.com/\">Navigenics\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.23andme.com/\">23andMe\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.decodeme.com/\">deCODEme\u003c/a>. Navigenics is a different sort of beast from the other two in that it only provides information on DNA differences that have a well established link to a disease and they also provide genetic counseling. The other two can really be thought more of as recreational genomics at this point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>23andMe and deCODEme give a client all of their information and then tell the client what is known about each DNA difference. They offer ancestry, trait, and disease information bundled up in a single 1000 dollar test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These companies count on the consumer being able to digest all of that data and recognize what is a strong and/or important correlation and what is not. This is the point where a group that includes the government, doctors, and many academics differ with these companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once we make sure that the testing is done well, the question really boils down to whether or not the consumer can handle all of the information*. Can consumers interpret these kinds of results and know when to seek help and when not to?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer is that \u003cstrong>some can and some can't\u003c/strong>. So how do we protect those who can't but still allow people access to their own DNA? Or should we protect consumers at all from their own DNA information?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>*There is also the stipulation about a doctor ordering the test but frankly I don't get that one and am not sure it should be part of any consumer protection.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://blog.wired.com/wiredscience/files/madrigal.PDF\">Copy of the letter from Wired Science\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.332 -121.903\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/664/genetic-testing-or-recreational-genomics","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_159","quest_522","quest_838","quest_848","quest_1188","quest_1197","quest_3351","quest_2349","quest_2907"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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