Small Rewards: Tiny Frogs and Chameleons Find and Fill a Niche
Science on the SPOT: National Wildlife Health Center Investigates
Newt Migration
Producer's Newts: Briones Regional Park Exploration
Exploring Briones Regional Park
Producer's Notes: Disappearing Frogs
Sponsored
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She has written for the Berkeley Science Review and the UC Museum of Paleontology’s Understanding Evolution and Understanding Science websites.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/aef770c1852a70b094a8f4ef2c3107e6?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Jennifer Skene | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/aef770c1852a70b094a8f4ef2c3107e6?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/aef770c1852a70b094a8f4ef2c3107e6?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/jennifer-skene"},"andysoth":{"type":"authors","id":"10275","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10275","found":true},"name":"Andy Soth","firstName":"Andy","lastName":"Soth","slug":"andysoth","email":"andy.soth@wpt.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Andy Soth is a senior producer at Wisconsin Public Television based in Madison. His work has included environmental, technology and feature reporting for the magazine program, In Wisconsin, as well as numerous Web projects. He is content editor for WisconsinVote.org, which was recently named best election Web site by the Wisconsin Broadcasters Association. The WBA, along with the Milwaukee Press Club and the Northwest Broadcast News Association have frequently honored Soth’s television stories. In 1999, Soth shared in a national Emmy as segment producer for The :30 Second Candidate.\r\n\r\nSoth has an MS in Life Sciences Communication from the University of Wisconsin and graduated from Oberlin College with a degree in Art History. He has also attended the WETA Producers Academy and was recently selected a Fellow for the Institutes for Journalism & Natural Resources Asian Carp Institute.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/7f3cd71b53dbc48606fd3e143647367a?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["coordinator","edit_published_pages","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Andy Soth | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/7f3cd71b53dbc48606fd3e143647367a?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/7f3cd71b53dbc48606fd3e143647367a?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/andysoth"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_33846":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_33846","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"33846","score":null,"sort":[1333116039000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"life-aquatic-and-terrestrial-california-newts","title":"Life Aquatic and Terrestrial: California Newts","publishDate":1333116039,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/30/life-aquatic-and-terrestrial-california-newts/california_newt/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33854\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-33854\" title=\"California_Newt\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/California_Newt.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"484\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/California_Newt.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/California_Newt-400x303.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>California newts are migrating from land to water. Photo by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/30/life-aquatic-and-terrestrial-california-newts/\">Yostkr\u003c/a>.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last couple of weeks I've visited the seasonal ponds in the East Bay at \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/sibley\">Sibley Volcanic Preserve\u003c/a> and small creeks at \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/briones\">Briones Regional Park\u003c/a> and found California newts engaging in their spring rituals of courtship and mating. The long, dry winter and late, sporadic rains have likely made this less than a banner year for amphibians. Newts spend the Bay Area’s dry months of summer and fall “estivating,” holed up in underground burrows, gopher holes, or under logs and rocks, waiting for the rain. Wet weather calls them to action. Leaving their upland burrows, newts migrate, one slow, tiny step at a time, braving roads and other dangers. They gather in their natal ponds and streams to mate and lay their eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33857\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/30/life-aquatic-and-terrestrial-california-newts/newt-ball-sibley/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33857\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-33857 \" title=\"Newt Cluster Sibley\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Newt-Ball-Sibley-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Multiple males and females mating in a cluster at Sibley\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Their courtship rituals are ancient and complex. Drawn to the water, both males and females enter and begin the search for that special someone, or two, or many. Males undergo a physical transformation with their tails changing shape to allow for faster swimming and their front feet develop thickened, rough pads for grasping slippery females. When a male finds a willing female he grabs her from above. They glide around underwater together for hours or even days, surfacing to breathe and swimming through cattail and grassy forests. He rubs her forehead with his chin, waiting for her lift her head. If she’s not interested, she keeps her head down. Some newts play the numbers game and come together in clusters with multiple males and females.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33858\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/30/life-aquatic-and-terrestrial-california-newts/newt-courtship-sibley/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33858\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-33858 \" title=\"Newt Courtship Sibley\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Newt-Courtship-Sibley-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Male newt courting a female at Sibley\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mating success occurs when the male guides the female to the bottom of the pond where he deposits his sperm packet. It looks like a small, fantastic sculpture with the vital genetic material poised like an apostrophe at the top. She takes it into her body and holds it for some time before fertilizing eggs as she lays them. She may mate with multiple males. The female finds underwater plant stems to lay her clusters of eggs upon, encasing them in a gelatinous mass. She may lay as many as 300 eggs in a mating season. The embryos develop underwater until they're ready to hatch. Once mating is completed, most adults head back to their upland feeding and hibernation areas, leaving the young to fend for themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33859\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/30/life-aquatic-and-terrestrial-california-newts/newt-egg-case-sibley/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33859\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-33859\" title=\"Newt Egg Mass at Sibley\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Newt-Egg-Case-Sibley-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Newt egg mass on plant stem at Sibley pond\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The perpetuation of the California newt species hangs in the balance with many hazards. A dry winter can create a host of problems. Egg masses can become exposed as the pond evaporates and the young may not make it. After hatching, young newts breathe water through their gills before they transform into air-breathing adults. If their ponds dry up too soon, they’re out of luck. Predators abound in the ponds, too. Garter snakes have a long history with newts and have developed immunity to their toxic skin. Some years the ponds are full of both garter snakes and newts. Introduced animals like crayfish and mosquito fish, and a new \u003ca title=\"hybrid salamander eating native species from Discover Magazine blog\" href=\"http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/80beats/2009/06/30/invasive-salamander-carries-on-endangered-genes-while-killing-off-natives/\" target=\"_blank\">\"super hybrid\" species of salamander\u003c/a> eat young newts. The adult's trek from their burrows to ponds and streams can be fatal with cars, bikes, and cattle claiming the lives of some of these tiny travelers. Even toxic skin can’t save them from being small, easy to overlook, and dependent on seasonal water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additional Links:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Briones Regional Park\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/briones\" target=\"_blank\">Briones Regional Park website\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Sibley Regional Park\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/sibley\" target=\"_blank\">Sibley Regional Park website\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Newt photos and illustrations from the Oregon State University website\" href=\"http://people.oregonstate.edu/~arnoldst/NEWT%20WORLD.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Newt photos and illustrations\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED QUEST Science Hike at Briones \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Over the last couple of weeks I've visited the seasonal ponds in the East Bay at Sibley Volcanic Preserve and small creeks at Briones Regional Park and found California newts engaging in their spring rituals of courtship and mating.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443825377,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":641},"headData":{"title":"Life Aquatic and Terrestrial: California Newts | KQED","description":"Over the last couple of weeks I've visited the seasonal ponds in the East Bay at Sibley Volcanic Preserve and small creeks at Briones Regional Park and found California newts engaging in their spring rituals of courtship and mating.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Life Aquatic and Terrestrial: California Newts","datePublished":"2012-03-30T14:00:39.000Z","dateModified":"2015-10-02T22:36:17.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"33846 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=33846","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/30/life-aquatic-and-terrestrial-california-newts/","disqusTitle":"Life Aquatic and Terrestrial: California Newts","path":"/quest/33846/life-aquatic-and-terrestrial-california-newts","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/30/life-aquatic-and-terrestrial-california-newts/california_newt/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33854\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-33854\" title=\"California_Newt\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/California_Newt.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"484\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/California_Newt.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/California_Newt-400x303.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>California newts are migrating from land to water. Photo by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/30/life-aquatic-and-terrestrial-california-newts/\">Yostkr\u003c/a>.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last couple of weeks I've visited the seasonal ponds in the East Bay at \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/sibley\">Sibley Volcanic Preserve\u003c/a> and small creeks at \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/briones\">Briones Regional Park\u003c/a> and found California newts engaging in their spring rituals of courtship and mating. The long, dry winter and late, sporadic rains have likely made this less than a banner year for amphibians. Newts spend the Bay Area’s dry months of summer and fall “estivating,” holed up in underground burrows, gopher holes, or under logs and rocks, waiting for the rain. Wet weather calls them to action. Leaving their upland burrows, newts migrate, one slow, tiny step at a time, braving roads and other dangers. They gather in their natal ponds and streams to mate and lay their eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33857\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/30/life-aquatic-and-terrestrial-california-newts/newt-ball-sibley/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33857\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-33857 \" title=\"Newt Cluster Sibley\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Newt-Ball-Sibley-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Multiple males and females mating in a cluster at Sibley\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Their courtship rituals are ancient and complex. Drawn to the water, both males and females enter and begin the search for that special someone, or two, or many. Males undergo a physical transformation with their tails changing shape to allow for faster swimming and their front feet develop thickened, rough pads for grasping slippery females. When a male finds a willing female he grabs her from above. They glide around underwater together for hours or even days, surfacing to breathe and swimming through cattail and grassy forests. He rubs her forehead with his chin, waiting for her lift her head. If she’s not interested, she keeps her head down. Some newts play the numbers game and come together in clusters with multiple males and females.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33858\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/30/life-aquatic-and-terrestrial-california-newts/newt-courtship-sibley/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33858\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-33858 \" title=\"Newt Courtship Sibley\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Newt-Courtship-Sibley-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Male newt courting a female at Sibley\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mating success occurs when the male guides the female to the bottom of the pond where he deposits his sperm packet. It looks like a small, fantastic sculpture with the vital genetic material poised like an apostrophe at the top. She takes it into her body and holds it for some time before fertilizing eggs as she lays them. She may mate with multiple males. The female finds underwater plant stems to lay her clusters of eggs upon, encasing them in a gelatinous mass. She may lay as many as 300 eggs in a mating season. The embryos develop underwater until they're ready to hatch. Once mating is completed, most adults head back to their upland feeding and hibernation areas, leaving the young to fend for themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33859\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/30/life-aquatic-and-terrestrial-california-newts/newt-egg-case-sibley/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33859\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-33859\" title=\"Newt Egg Mass at Sibley\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Newt-Egg-Case-Sibley-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Newt egg mass on plant stem at Sibley pond\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The perpetuation of the California newt species hangs in the balance with many hazards. A dry winter can create a host of problems. Egg masses can become exposed as the pond evaporates and the young may not make it. After hatching, young newts breathe water through their gills before they transform into air-breathing adults. If their ponds dry up too soon, they’re out of luck. Predators abound in the ponds, too. Garter snakes have a long history with newts and have developed immunity to their toxic skin. Some years the ponds are full of both garter snakes and newts. Introduced animals like crayfish and mosquito fish, and a new \u003ca title=\"hybrid salamander eating native species from Discover Magazine blog\" href=\"http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/80beats/2009/06/30/invasive-salamander-carries-on-endangered-genes-while-killing-off-natives/\" target=\"_blank\">\"super hybrid\" species of salamander\u003c/a> eat young newts. The adult's trek from their burrows to ponds and streams can be fatal with cars, bikes, and cattle claiming the lives of some of these tiny travelers. Even toxic skin can’t save them from being small, easy to overlook, and dependent on seasonal water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additional Links:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Briones Regional Park\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/briones\" target=\"_blank\">Briones Regional Park website\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Sibley Regional Park\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/sibley\" target=\"_blank\">Sibley Regional Park website\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Newt photos and illustrations from the Oregon State University website\" href=\"http://people.oregonstate.edu/~arnoldst/NEWT%20WORLD.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Newt photos and illustrations\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED QUEST Science Hike at Briones \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/33846/life-aquatic-and-terrestrial-california-newts","authors":["6328"],"categories":["quest_4"],"tags":["quest_148","quest_326","quest_10808","quest_10901","quest_3310","quest_13","quest_10902","quest_10025"],"featImg":"quest_33854","label":"quest"},"quest_33547":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_33547","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"33547","score":null,"sort":[1332375711000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"small-rewards-tiny-frogs-and-chameleons-find-and-fill-a-niche","title":"Small Rewards: Tiny Frogs and Chameleons Find and Fill a Niche ","publishDate":1332375711,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/21/small-rewards-tiny-frogs-and-chameleons-find-and-fill-a-niche/lizard-for-carousel-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33560\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-33560\" title=\"Brookesia micra\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/lizard-for-carousel1-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Brookesia micra\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent discoveries of a Lilliputian lizard and elfin amphibian, fascinating in their own right, highlight one of the most enduring questions in biology: what controls the evolution of body size? Why do some taxa grow smaller and smaller, while others grow larger and larger, as if they’d tumbled down the rabbit hole with Alice and devoured all the curious potions and cakes she found there?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question endures in large part because body size affects nearly every aspect of an organism’s existence, from physiology (temperature regulation and metabolism) to ecology (life history and foraging strategies) and evolution (reproductive success over time).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more than a century, biologists thought evolutionary taxa, or lineages, grew larger and larger over time, a phenomenon known as \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/GzpiPe\">Cope’s Rule\u003c/a>, illustrated most often by horse evolution. Modern equids, scientists believe, evolved from the diminutive \u003ca href=\"http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/natsci/vertpaleo/fhc/hyraco1.htm\">\u003cem>Hyracotherium\u003c/em> \u003c/a>(commonly known as eohippus, or “dawn horse”), which appeared in the fossil record some 55 million years ago. Many textbooks mistakenly liken \u003cem>Hydracotherium\u003c/em> to a fox terrier (think Asta of \u003cem>The Thin Man\u003c/em> movies), but the ancestral horse was more Lassie than Asta, as Stephen Jay Gould famously explained in his essay \"The Case of the Creeping Fox Terrier Clone.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33551\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 343px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/21/small-rewards-tiny-frogs-and-chameleons-find-and-fill-a-niche/hyracotheriumvasacciensislikehorse/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33551\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-33551\" title=\"Hyracotherium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/HyracotheriumVasacciensisLikeHorse-343x253.jpg\" alt=\"Hyracotherium, ancestral horse\" width=\"343\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A replica skeleton of Hydracotherium vasacciensis, the putative ancestral horse, at the Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C. (Photo: Jeff Kubina)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 1997, though, David Jablonski showed that (as usual) biology rarely follows hard and fast rules. In a 10-year review of fossils covering 16 million years and 1,000 species from 191 lineages of bivalves (clams and scallops) and gastropods (snails and slugs), Jablonski found that just as many taxa \u003ca href=\"http://chronicle.uchicago.edu/970123/jablonski.shtml\">decreased in body size\u003c/a> over time as increased. And even the horse example has come under fire. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~wayner/Principles%20of%20Ecology%20course/island%20morphological%20adaptation.pdf\">2004 study\u003c/a> analyzed horse fossils in light of recently resolved relationships among evolutionary groups and showed that while the lineage that gave rise to the modern horse grew larger, others shrank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, examples of lineages evolving toward larger body size abound, with \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/GBYvMe\">evidence \u003c/a> linking greater size to higher fitness (better survival and mating success for individuals). If you’re big (say, a lion or other large carnivore), it’s easier to catch prey, avoid predation (though elephants, like mammoths before them, may perish at the hands of human hunters), survive tough conditions, attract mates (silverback gorillas claim exclusive breeding rights to females), and claim more resources than your competitors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the advantages of size, one might think the tiny frog and chameleon are simply freaks, outliers among a field of giants. But the fossil record offers plenty of examples of large animals shrinking over millennia (known as “phyletic dwarfism”), often after winding up on islands or other restricted ranges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until about 10,000 years ago, dwarf elephants inhabited Crete and other Mediterranean islands, which favored smaller, nimbler forms that could survive on less food and manage the rocky terrain. Even dwarf mammoths (the oxymoron notwithstanding), dinosaurs, and hominids (\u003cem>Homo floresiensis\u003c/em>) once inhabited isolated islands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re small, you might reproduce quickly, offer too little reward for a predator’s effort, and maybe even prove too hard to see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33552\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/21/small-rewards-tiny-frogs-and-chameleons-find-and-fill-a-niche/paratype_of_paedophryne_amauensis_lsumz_95004/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33552\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-33552\" title=\"Paedophryne amauensis\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Paratype_of_Paedophryne_amauensis_LSUMZ_95004-253x253.png\" alt=\"Dwarf frog \" width=\"253\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Paedophryne amauensis, a minute frog found in Papua New Guinea, may be the smallest vertebrate on Earth. (Photo: PLoS ONE. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029797)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That seems to be the case for a pint-sized amphibian found, through no small effort, in the forests of Papua New Guinea, which its discoverers claimed as the “world’s smallest vertebrate.” Because the largest vertebrate, the blue whale, and (previously) smallest, a fish, are aquatic species, some biologists thought a water-based lifestyle may facilitate the evolution of extreme size. But, as the scientists argue in the \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/zgsaBs\">paper\u003c/a> describing the frog, this doesn’t explain how extreme miniaturization evolved at least 11 times in terrestrial frogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 7-8 millimeter frog, named \u003cem>Paedophryne amauensis,\u003c/em> is active mostly at dawn and dusk, sounding more like a cricket than a frog when it calls out to potential mates from the leafy detritus of the forest floor. (The authors dubbed the species “amauensis” after the region near Amau Village where it was found.) Leaf litter in tropical forests stays moist throughout the year, keeping the minute amphibian safe from desiccation and likely explaining the evolution of its life history: offspring bypass the tadpole stage, emerging fully formed, though even tinier, avoiding fish, insects, and other aquatic predators. Of course, teeny adults would be at higher risk from predators if they lived in the water, too, which might explain why the species carved out a niche in upland areas with a lower diversity of such threats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33573\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 281px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/21/small-rewards-tiny-frogs-and-chameleons-find-and-fill-a-niche/brookesia_micra_on_a_match_head-3/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33573\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-33573\" title=\"Brookesia micra\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Brookesia_micra_on_a_match_head2-281x169.jpg\" alt=\"Brookesia micra\" width=\"281\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brookesia micra, one of four dwarf leaf chameleon species found in Madagascar. (Photo: PLoS ONE. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031314)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And just last month, another group of researchers \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/GFDRgN\">reported\u003c/a> their discovery of four new species of dwarf chameleons, one so small it can balance on the tip of a match head. The mini chameleon, \u003cem>Brookesia micra,\u003c/em> measures a smidgen over an inch from snout to tail, and seems restricted to Nosy Hara, a small (naturally) island off the coast of Madagascar. An extensive survey of Nosy Hara and adjacent islands in 2007 failed to spot the little lizard, which scampers around limestone rocks and dry forest leaf litter during the day and roosts on low-lying branches a few inches above the ground at night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike their amphibian counterparts, the minuscule reptiles inhabit relatively dry tropical areas. Because small body size carries a higher risk of desiccation from the proportionally higher body surface area, it’s surprising the lizards live in a dry environment, the scientists explain in their report. It’s possible they’ve adapted to certain features of the landscape that retain moisture, like leaf-filled fissures in limestone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tiny frog and chameleons may or may not win the title for smallest of their kind, but the distinction is beside the point. The discovery of these new species offers a rare ray of hope amid ongoing reports of devastating declines in amphibian and reptile populations around the world, mostly due to habitat destruction. These dwarf species have likely benefited from minimal space and resource requirements, and being too tiny to spot. And for me, it’s no small comfort to know that we can still find wonders, both beautiful and strange, on this side of the looking glass.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Recent discoveries of a Lilliputian lizard and elfin amphibian, fascinating in their own right, highlight one of the most enduring questions in biology: what controls the evolution of body size? They also provide a rare bright spot amid the relentless reports of endangered and disappearing amphibian and reptile species around the world.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1366751017,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":1090},"headData":{"title":"Small Rewards: Tiny Frogs and Chameleons Find and Fill a Niche | KQED","description":"Recent discoveries of a Lilliputian lizard and elfin amphibian, fascinating in their own right, highlight one of the most enduring questions in biology: what controls the evolution of body size? They also provide a rare bright spot amid the relentless reports of endangered and disappearing amphibian and reptile species around the world.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Small Rewards: Tiny Frogs and Chameleons Find and Fill a Niche ","datePublished":"2012-03-22T00:21:51.000Z","dateModified":"2013-04-23T21:03:37.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"33547 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=33547","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/21/small-rewards-tiny-frogs-and-chameleons-find-and-fill-a-niche/","disqusTitle":"Small Rewards: Tiny Frogs and Chameleons Find and Fill a Niche ","path":"/quest/33547/small-rewards-tiny-frogs-and-chameleons-find-and-fill-a-niche","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/21/small-rewards-tiny-frogs-and-chameleons-find-and-fill-a-niche/lizard-for-carousel-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33560\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-33560\" title=\"Brookesia micra\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/lizard-for-carousel1-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Brookesia micra\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent discoveries of a Lilliputian lizard and elfin amphibian, fascinating in their own right, highlight one of the most enduring questions in biology: what controls the evolution of body size? Why do some taxa grow smaller and smaller, while others grow larger and larger, as if they’d tumbled down the rabbit hole with Alice and devoured all the curious potions and cakes she found there?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question endures in large part because body size affects nearly every aspect of an organism’s existence, from physiology (temperature regulation and metabolism) to ecology (life history and foraging strategies) and evolution (reproductive success over time).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more than a century, biologists thought evolutionary taxa, or lineages, grew larger and larger over time, a phenomenon known as \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/GzpiPe\">Cope’s Rule\u003c/a>, illustrated most often by horse evolution. Modern equids, scientists believe, evolved from the diminutive \u003ca href=\"http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/natsci/vertpaleo/fhc/hyraco1.htm\">\u003cem>Hyracotherium\u003c/em> \u003c/a>(commonly known as eohippus, or “dawn horse”), which appeared in the fossil record some 55 million years ago. Many textbooks mistakenly liken \u003cem>Hydracotherium\u003c/em> to a fox terrier (think Asta of \u003cem>The Thin Man\u003c/em> movies), but the ancestral horse was more Lassie than Asta, as Stephen Jay Gould famously explained in his essay \"The Case of the Creeping Fox Terrier Clone.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33551\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 343px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/21/small-rewards-tiny-frogs-and-chameleons-find-and-fill-a-niche/hyracotheriumvasacciensislikehorse/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33551\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-33551\" title=\"Hyracotherium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/HyracotheriumVasacciensisLikeHorse-343x253.jpg\" alt=\"Hyracotherium, ancestral horse\" width=\"343\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A replica skeleton of Hydracotherium vasacciensis, the putative ancestral horse, at the Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C. (Photo: Jeff Kubina)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 1997, though, David Jablonski showed that (as usual) biology rarely follows hard and fast rules. In a 10-year review of fossils covering 16 million years and 1,000 species from 191 lineages of bivalves (clams and scallops) and gastropods (snails and slugs), Jablonski found that just as many taxa \u003ca href=\"http://chronicle.uchicago.edu/970123/jablonski.shtml\">decreased in body size\u003c/a> over time as increased. And even the horse example has come under fire. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~wayner/Principles%20of%20Ecology%20course/island%20morphological%20adaptation.pdf\">2004 study\u003c/a> analyzed horse fossils in light of recently resolved relationships among evolutionary groups and showed that while the lineage that gave rise to the modern horse grew larger, others shrank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, examples of lineages evolving toward larger body size abound, with \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/GBYvMe\">evidence \u003c/a> linking greater size to higher fitness (better survival and mating success for individuals). If you’re big (say, a lion or other large carnivore), it’s easier to catch prey, avoid predation (though elephants, like mammoths before them, may perish at the hands of human hunters), survive tough conditions, attract mates (silverback gorillas claim exclusive breeding rights to females), and claim more resources than your competitors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the advantages of size, one might think the tiny frog and chameleon are simply freaks, outliers among a field of giants. But the fossil record offers plenty of examples of large animals shrinking over millennia (known as “phyletic dwarfism”), often after winding up on islands or other restricted ranges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until about 10,000 years ago, dwarf elephants inhabited Crete and other Mediterranean islands, which favored smaller, nimbler forms that could survive on less food and manage the rocky terrain. Even dwarf mammoths (the oxymoron notwithstanding), dinosaurs, and hominids (\u003cem>Homo floresiensis\u003c/em>) once inhabited isolated islands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re small, you might reproduce quickly, offer too little reward for a predator’s effort, and maybe even prove too hard to see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33552\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/21/small-rewards-tiny-frogs-and-chameleons-find-and-fill-a-niche/paratype_of_paedophryne_amauensis_lsumz_95004/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33552\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-33552\" title=\"Paedophryne amauensis\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Paratype_of_Paedophryne_amauensis_LSUMZ_95004-253x253.png\" alt=\"Dwarf frog \" width=\"253\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Paedophryne amauensis, a minute frog found in Papua New Guinea, may be the smallest vertebrate on Earth. (Photo: PLoS ONE. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029797)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That seems to be the case for a pint-sized amphibian found, through no small effort, in the forests of Papua New Guinea, which its discoverers claimed as the “world’s smallest vertebrate.” Because the largest vertebrate, the blue whale, and (previously) smallest, a fish, are aquatic species, some biologists thought a water-based lifestyle may facilitate the evolution of extreme size. But, as the scientists argue in the \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/zgsaBs\">paper\u003c/a> describing the frog, this doesn’t explain how extreme miniaturization evolved at least 11 times in terrestrial frogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 7-8 millimeter frog, named \u003cem>Paedophryne amauensis,\u003c/em> is active mostly at dawn and dusk, sounding more like a cricket than a frog when it calls out to potential mates from the leafy detritus of the forest floor. (The authors dubbed the species “amauensis” after the region near Amau Village where it was found.) Leaf litter in tropical forests stays moist throughout the year, keeping the minute amphibian safe from desiccation and likely explaining the evolution of its life history: offspring bypass the tadpole stage, emerging fully formed, though even tinier, avoiding fish, insects, and other aquatic predators. Of course, teeny adults would be at higher risk from predators if they lived in the water, too, which might explain why the species carved out a niche in upland areas with a lower diversity of such threats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33573\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 281px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/21/small-rewards-tiny-frogs-and-chameleons-find-and-fill-a-niche/brookesia_micra_on_a_match_head-3/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33573\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-33573\" title=\"Brookesia micra\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Brookesia_micra_on_a_match_head2-281x169.jpg\" alt=\"Brookesia micra\" width=\"281\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brookesia micra, one of four dwarf leaf chameleon species found in Madagascar. (Photo: PLoS ONE. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031314)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And just last month, another group of researchers \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/GFDRgN\">reported\u003c/a> their discovery of four new species of dwarf chameleons, one so small it can balance on the tip of a match head. The mini chameleon, \u003cem>Brookesia micra,\u003c/em> measures a smidgen over an inch from snout to tail, and seems restricted to Nosy Hara, a small (naturally) island off the coast of Madagascar. An extensive survey of Nosy Hara and adjacent islands in 2007 failed to spot the little lizard, which scampers around limestone rocks and dry forest leaf litter during the day and roosts on low-lying branches a few inches above the ground at night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike their amphibian counterparts, the minuscule reptiles inhabit relatively dry tropical areas. Because small body size carries a higher risk of desiccation from the proportionally higher body surface area, it’s surprising the lizards live in a dry environment, the scientists explain in their report. It’s possible they’ve adapted to certain features of the landscape that retain moisture, like leaf-filled fissures in limestone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tiny frog and chameleons may or may not win the title for smallest of their kind, but the distinction is beside the point. The discovery of these new species offers a rare ray of hope amid ongoing reports of devastating declines in amphibian and reptile populations around the world, mostly due to habitat destruction. These dwarf species have likely benefited from minimal space and resource requirements, and being too tiny to spot. And for me, it’s no small comfort to know that we can still find wonders, both beautiful and strange, on this side of the looking glass.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/33547/small-rewards-tiny-frogs-and-chameleons-find-and-fill-a-niche","authors":["6322"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_148","quest_326","quest_3309","quest_921","quest_980","quest_1033","quest_1049","quest_10859","quest_3351","quest_3307","quest_2349","quest_13202","quest_2415"],"featImg":"quest_33553","label":"quest"},"quest_27785":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_27785","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"27785","score":null,"sort":[1322092179000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"science-on-the-spot-national-wildlife-health-center-investigates","title":"Science on the SPOT: National Wildlife Health Center Investigates","publishDate":1322092179,"format":"video","headTitle":"Science on the SPOT | QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":3296,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>The setting could almost pass for a peaceful wildlife refuge, but for the daily rumbling of the Fed-Ex truck on the winding gravel road. It’s the sylvan campus of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/\">USGS National Wildlife Health Center\u003c/a> in Madison, Wisconsin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The National Wildlife Health Center is sort of what it says. We're a national center and we receive carcasses from refuges and state management areas all around the country, usually from state biologists, federal biologists, tribal biologists,” says disease investigation chief \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/staff/scott_wright.jsp\">Dr. Scott Wright\u003c/a>. Those carcasses shipped overnight to the center are most often samples taken from large animal die-offs. It’s the job of the center to determine the cause of death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Much like the CDC would do for human health, or the USDA would do for agricultural animals, for livestock and so forth, that's the role we play for wildlife,” says Wright.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the heart of the center is a level 3 bio-safety lab where the animal samples are processed and examined through necropsy, the animal version of an autopsy. “Every case that comes in is a potential real challenge,” says veterinary pathologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/staff/david_green.jsp\">Dr. David Green\u003c/a>. “I sit down and look at all of these different lab results; the toxicology, the poison tests, the virus cultures, the bacterial cultures. And I have to put all of these pieces of information together to determine why was that animal sick, why did that animal die or why did 500 birds die at this site.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/04/us/04beebe.html\">5000 red winged blackbirds dying in a small Arkansas town\u003c/a> on New Year’s Eve 2010 that briefly thrust the work of the Center into the national spotlight. “Oh there were just all sorts of clever names applied to the event,” remembers Green. “'\u003ca href=\"http://www.csmonitor.com/Science/2011/0107/Aflockalypse-now-Turns-out-mass-bird-deaths-are-quite-common\">Aflockolypse\u003c/a>' was, I think, the cleverest.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harbinger of the end times, covert military testing, magnetic disruption, all manner of strange theories were applied to the event. The intense interest surprised the NWHC staff, says Wright. “There were people calling me at my home at night, on weekends wanting to know what was going on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cause of death, determined after numerous bird necropsies, was much more banal than the theories. “All of the tests and cultures that we did for infectious diseases and parasites and chemicals came back negative,” says Green. “Basically it came down to, we couldn't find anything other than physical injuries, what we call blunt force trauma in the birds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those necropsy findings, combined with field reports of New Year’s fireworks, and the fact that blackbirds are terrible night flyers came together to paint a picture of startled birds flying into each other and stationary objects and succumbing to traumatic injury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This most plausible explanation didn’t satisfy the most dedicated conspiracy-theorists according to Wright. “It really sort of floored us. We didn't expect that. We didn't expect to be not believed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s something that Dr. Wright, who is soon to retire from the Center, finds a troubling omen for the future of science and public understanding. “Science is not being believed,” he says. “That's not a good sign, because there's too much important stuff coming that we need to be stepping up and telling everybody, ‘This is what's going on.’ And they hopefully will believe us.” \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The USGS National Wildlife Health Center investigates animal die-offs and threats to endangered species through on-site investigation and necropsies--animal autopsy--at its headquarters in Madison, Wisconsin.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1486516290,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":586},"headData":{"title":"Science on the SPOT: National Wildlife Health Center Investigates | KQED","description":"The USGS National Wildlife Health Center investigates animal die-offs and threats to endangered species through on-site investigation and necropsies--animal autopsy--at its headquarters in Madison, Wisconsin.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Science on the SPOT: National Wildlife Health Center Investigates","datePublished":"2011-11-23T23:49:39.000Z","dateModified":"2017-02-08T01:11:30.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"27785 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=videos&p=27785","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/23/science-on-the-spot-national-wildlife-health-center-investigates/","disqusTitle":"Science on the SPOT: National Wildlife Health Center Investigates","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2N50uNKpBMc","path":"/quest/27785/science-on-the-spot-national-wildlife-health-center-investigates","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The setting could almost pass for a peaceful wildlife refuge, but for the daily rumbling of the Fed-Ex truck on the winding gravel road. It’s the sylvan campus of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/\">USGS National Wildlife Health Center\u003c/a> in Madison, Wisconsin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The National Wildlife Health Center is sort of what it says. We're a national center and we receive carcasses from refuges and state management areas all around the country, usually from state biologists, federal biologists, tribal biologists,” says disease investigation chief \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/staff/scott_wright.jsp\">Dr. Scott Wright\u003c/a>. Those carcasses shipped overnight to the center are most often samples taken from large animal die-offs. It’s the job of the center to determine the cause of death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Much like the CDC would do for human health, or the USDA would do for agricultural animals, for livestock and so forth, that's the role we play for wildlife,” says Wright.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the heart of the center is a level 3 bio-safety lab where the animal samples are processed and examined through necropsy, the animal version of an autopsy. “Every case that comes in is a potential real challenge,” says veterinary pathologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/staff/david_green.jsp\">Dr. David Green\u003c/a>. “I sit down and look at all of these different lab results; the toxicology, the poison tests, the virus cultures, the bacterial cultures. And I have to put all of these pieces of information together to determine why was that animal sick, why did that animal die or why did 500 birds die at this site.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/04/us/04beebe.html\">5000 red winged blackbirds dying in a small Arkansas town\u003c/a> on New Year’s Eve 2010 that briefly thrust the work of the Center into the national spotlight. “Oh there were just all sorts of clever names applied to the event,” remembers Green. “'\u003ca href=\"http://www.csmonitor.com/Science/2011/0107/Aflockalypse-now-Turns-out-mass-bird-deaths-are-quite-common\">Aflockolypse\u003c/a>' was, I think, the cleverest.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harbinger of the end times, covert military testing, magnetic disruption, all manner of strange theories were applied to the event. The intense interest surprised the NWHC staff, says Wright. “There were people calling me at my home at night, on weekends wanting to know what was going on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cause of death, determined after numerous bird necropsies, was much more banal than the theories. “All of the tests and cultures that we did for infectious diseases and parasites and chemicals came back negative,” says Green. “Basically it came down to, we couldn't find anything other than physical injuries, what we call blunt force trauma in the birds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those necropsy findings, combined with field reports of New Year’s fireworks, and the fact that blackbirds are terrible night flyers came together to paint a picture of startled birds flying into each other and stationary objects and succumbing to traumatic injury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This most plausible explanation didn’t satisfy the most dedicated conspiracy-theorists according to Wright. “It really sort of floored us. We didn't expect that. We didn't expect to be not believed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s something that Dr. Wright, who is soon to retire from the Center, finds a troubling omen for the future of science and public understanding. “Science is not being believed,” he says. “That's not a good sign, because there's too much important stuff coming that we need to be stepping up and telling everybody, ‘This is what's going on.’ And they hopefully will believe us.” \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/27785/science-on-the-spot-national-wildlife-health-center-investigates","authors":["10275"],"series":["quest_3296"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_148","quest_10494","quest_10495","quest_1148","quest_3351","quest_1961","quest_10457","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_12355","quest_10496","quest_3321","quest_3048","quest_10497","quest_10498"],"featImg":"quest_27787","label":"quest_3296"},"quest_10114":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_10114","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"10114","score":null,"sort":[1288628164000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"newt-migration","title":"Newt Migration","publishDate":1288628164,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/roughskinned-newt.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Rough-skinned newt. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/otterlove/sets/72157600033674744/\">ap\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The newts are on the move again. Each fall, after the rains start, the newts of Berkeley’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/tilden\">Tilden Park\u003c/a> start migrating from the woods to waters of Wildcat Creek, where they mate and lay their eggs. South Park Drive, popular with cyclists and Sunday drivers, crosses their migratory path. Each year from November 1 to April 1 the road is closed to cars, to prevent the newts from getting squished. (How did the newt cross the road? Not by being run over, that’s for sure.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more--> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The newts in question are the California newt, \u003ca href=\"http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi-bin/amphib_query?query_src=aw_search_index&where-genus=Taricha&where-species=torosa&rel-genus=equals&rel-species=equals\">Taricha torosa\u003c/a>, brown with a yellow/orange belly, and the rough-skinned newt, \u003ca href=\"http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi-bin/amphib_query?query_src=aw_search_index&where-genus=Taricha&where-species=granulosa&rel-genus=equals&rel-species=equals\">Taricha granulosa\u003c/a>, which also has an orange belly and, as its name suggests, has rough, brown skin. The newts’ orange bellies are warning signs to predators—both species produce tetrodotoxin, a powerful neurotoxin. However, the rough-skinned newt’s toxin is ten times more powerful than the California newt’s toxin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/eggmasses.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Newts lay egg masses, like these, in ponds and slow-flowing streams. Photo: Jennifer Skene.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>While these two species are not technically threatened, their habitat has been impacted in recent years: their forests and fields have become our neighborhoods, roads have chopped their remaining habitat into fragments, and the streams and ponds where they lay their eggs have been degraded. The least we can do at this point is refrain from running them over!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newts are \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibian\">amphibians\u003c/a>, animals that spend the early part of their life in the water, and their adult life on land. Amphibians are going extinct at an alarming rate; their decline has been referred to as the world’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/08/080811195627.htm\">Sixth Mass Extinction\u003c/a>. Habitat destruction is playing a role, but the main problem is an infectious fungus, called chitrid. San Francisco State professor Vance Vredenburg studies yellow-legged frogs in the high altitude lakes of the Sierra Nevada Mountains. He has seen hundreds of frog populations die out because of chitrid. Learn more about Vance’s work and amphibian declines in QUEST’s TV story, \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/894\">Disappearing Frogs\u003c/a>, and in a recent New York Times \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/05/science/05frog.html\">article\u003c/a> and accompanying \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2010/10/01/science/20101005-frogs/index.html?ref=science\">audio slide show\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chitrid hasn’t affected the newts in Tilden, but the closure of South Park Drive reminds us that amphibians worldwide face some serious threats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.883758 -122.228064\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The newts are on the move again. Each fall, after the rains start, the newts of Berkeley’s Tilden Park start migrating from the woods to waters of Wildcat Creek, where they mate and lay their eggs. South Park Drive, popular with cyclists and Sunday drivers, crosses their migratory path. Each year from November 1 to April 1 the road is closed to cars, to prevent the newts from getting squished. (How did the newt cross the road? Not by being run over, that’s for sure.)","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1288628164,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":397},"headData":{"title":"Newt Migration | KQED","description":"The newts are on the move again. Each fall, after the rains start, the newts of Berkeley’s Tilden Park start migrating from the woods to waters of Wildcat Creek, where they mate and lay their eggs. South Park Drive, popular with cyclists and Sunday drivers, crosses their migratory path. Each year from November 1 to April 1 the road is closed to cars, to prevent the newts from getting squished. (How did the newt cross the road? Not by being run over, that’s for sure.)","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Newt Migration","datePublished":"2010-11-01T16:16:04.000Z","dateModified":"2010-11-01T16:16:04.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"10114 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=10114","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/11/01/newt-migration/","disqusTitle":"Newt Migration","path":"/quest/10114/newt-migration","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/roughskinned-newt.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Rough-skinned newt. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/otterlove/sets/72157600033674744/\">ap\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The newts are on the move again. Each fall, after the rains start, the newts of Berkeley’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/tilden\">Tilden Park\u003c/a> start migrating from the woods to waters of Wildcat Creek, where they mate and lay their eggs. South Park Drive, popular with cyclists and Sunday drivers, crosses their migratory path. Each year from November 1 to April 1 the road is closed to cars, to prevent the newts from getting squished. (How did the newt cross the road? Not by being run over, that’s for sure.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more--> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The newts in question are the California newt, \u003ca href=\"http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi-bin/amphib_query?query_src=aw_search_index&where-genus=Taricha&where-species=torosa&rel-genus=equals&rel-species=equals\">Taricha torosa\u003c/a>, brown with a yellow/orange belly, and the rough-skinned newt, \u003ca href=\"http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi-bin/amphib_query?query_src=aw_search_index&where-genus=Taricha&where-species=granulosa&rel-genus=equals&rel-species=equals\">Taricha granulosa\u003c/a>, which also has an orange belly and, as its name suggests, has rough, brown skin. The newts’ orange bellies are warning signs to predators—both species produce tetrodotoxin, a powerful neurotoxin. However, the rough-skinned newt’s toxin is ten times more powerful than the California newt’s toxin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/eggmasses.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Newts lay egg masses, like these, in ponds and slow-flowing streams. Photo: Jennifer Skene.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>While these two species are not technically threatened, their habitat has been impacted in recent years: their forests and fields have become our neighborhoods, roads have chopped their remaining habitat into fragments, and the streams and ponds where they lay their eggs have been degraded. The least we can do at this point is refrain from running them over!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newts are \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibian\">amphibians\u003c/a>, animals that spend the early part of their life in the water, and their adult life on land. Amphibians are going extinct at an alarming rate; their decline has been referred to as the world’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/08/080811195627.htm\">Sixth Mass Extinction\u003c/a>. Habitat destruction is playing a role, but the main problem is an infectious fungus, called chitrid. San Francisco State professor Vance Vredenburg studies yellow-legged frogs in the high altitude lakes of the Sierra Nevada Mountains. He has seen hundreds of frog populations die out because of chitrid. Learn more about Vance’s work and amphibian declines in QUEST’s TV story, \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/894\">Disappearing Frogs\u003c/a>, and in a recent New York Times \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/05/science/05frog.html\">article\u003c/a> and accompanying \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2010/10/01/science/20101005-frogs/index.html?ref=science\">audio slide show\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chitrid hasn’t affected the newts in Tilden, but the closure of South Park Drive reminds us that amphibians worldwide face some serious threats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.883758 -122.228064\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/10114/newt-migration","authors":["10200"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_147","quest_148","quest_453","quest_586","quest_912","quest_1049","quest_1155","quest_1291","quest_1989","quest_1990","quest_2455","quest_2943"],"label":"quest"},"quest_612":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_612","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"612","score":null,"sort":[1211483055000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"producers-newts-briones-regional-park-exploration","title":"Producer's Newts: Briones Regional Park Exploration","publishDate":1211483055,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/exploration/view/944\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/canewt.jpg\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>It's entirely possible to spend years living in the Bay Area and never encounter a California Newt. This tiny amphibian spends most of its time living in burrows and holes. But once year, the newts make an epic migration (at least for them) to nearby ponds for mating season. It's incredible to see dozens of these animals making their slow, deliberate pilgrimage through the grass and underbrush.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was one of the things we wanted to document when we began our exploration of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/briones\" target=\"_blank\">Briones Regional Park\u003c/a>, just east of Berkeley. This park is a favorite spot for locals, but is also home to some amazing wildlife. With the help of East Bay Regional Parks naturalist Meg Platt, we put together a science hike where you can see some of the amazing things the park has to offer. But you'll also notice on the map that we didn't pinpoint exactly where the newts live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Meg described, this is a fragile species and thanks to Parks District's work, the newts are able to thrive in Briones and several other East Bay parks. But it's important for hikers and park users to give this species plenty of space, especially during mating season. Make sure to keep dogs out of the park's ponds. Luckily, the East Bay Regional Parks district puts together programs for the public so everyone can safely discover this amazing species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Check out the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/exploration/view/944\">interactive map of the Briones exploration\u003c/a> online, and watch our \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/951\">audio slide show\u003c/a> about California Newts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_lsommer.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Lauren Sommer\u003c/strong> is an Associate Media Producer for QUEST.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.9275 -122.15554\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371080644,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":8,"wordCount":272},"headData":{"title":"Producer's Newts: Briones Regional Park Exploration | KQED","description":"It's entirely possible to spend years living in the Bay Area and never encounter a California Newt. This tiny amphibian spends most of its time living in burrows and holes. But once year, the newts make an epic migration (at least for them) to nearby ponds for mating season. It's incredible to see dozens of","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Producer's Newts: Briones Regional Park Exploration","datePublished":"2008-05-22T19:04:15.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T23:44:04.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"612 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2008/05/22/producers-newts-briones-regional-park-exploration/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/05/22/producers-newts-briones-regional-park-exploration/","disqusTitle":"Producer's Newts: Briones Regional Park Exploration","path":"/quest/612/producers-newts-briones-regional-park-exploration","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/exploration/view/944\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/canewt.jpg\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>It's entirely possible to spend years living in the Bay Area and never encounter a California Newt. This tiny amphibian spends most of its time living in burrows and holes. But once year, the newts make an epic migration (at least for them) to nearby ponds for mating season. It's incredible to see dozens of these animals making their slow, deliberate pilgrimage through the grass and underbrush.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was one of the things we wanted to document when we began our exploration of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/briones\" target=\"_blank\">Briones Regional Park\u003c/a>, just east of Berkeley. This park is a favorite spot for locals, but is also home to some amazing wildlife. With the help of East Bay Regional Parks naturalist Meg Platt, we put together a science hike where you can see some of the amazing things the park has to offer. But you'll also notice on the map that we didn't pinpoint exactly where the newts live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Meg described, this is a fragile species and thanks to Parks District's work, the newts are able to thrive in Briones and several other East Bay parks. But it's important for hikers and park users to give this species plenty of space, especially during mating season. Make sure to keep dogs out of the park's ponds. Luckily, the East Bay Regional Parks district puts together programs for the public so everyone can safely discover this amazing species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Check out the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/exploration/view/944\">interactive map of the Briones exploration\u003c/a> online, and watch our \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/951\">audio slide show\u003c/a> about California Newts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_lsommer.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Lauren Sommer\u003c/strong> is an Associate Media Producer for QUEST.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.9275 -122.15554\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/612/producers-newts-briones-regional-park-exploration","authors":["239"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_148","quest_389","quest_912","quest_1040","quest_1133","quest_1369","quest_3351","quest_1729","quest_1989","quest_2530","quest_2974"],"label":"quest"},"quest_15130":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_15130","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"15130","score":null,"sort":[1211419974000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"briones-regional-park-exploration","title":"Exploring Briones Regional Park","publishDate":1211419974,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.everytrail.com/guide/briones-regional-park-exploration/map?%20embed=true\" width=\"980\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just a 10-minute drive from Berkeley, Briones Regional Park is a 6,117 acre park in Contra Costa County. With rolling hills and narrow valleys, the park can be accessed from Lafayette, Orinda, and Pleasant Hill. Its home to plentiful East Bay wildlife, including birds, snakes and newts. In some areas, it's still used as grazing land by local herds, part of a cattle ranching history that's more than 100 years old. The park's ridge tops offer stunning views of Mount Diablo and the San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Location\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Alhambra Staging Area \u003ca href=\"http://maps.google.com/maps?f=d&hl=en&geocode=&view=map&saddr=37.927545,-122.156296&daddr=&mra=mi&mrsp=0&sz=13&sll=37.934585,-122.154408&sspn=0.063092,0.132523&ie=UTF8&z=13\">[Map]\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n2537 Reliez Valley Road Martinez, CA\u003cbr>\nPhone: 925-370-3020\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The park is open from 8am-10pm\u003cbr>\nThere is a $3 parking fee at most staging areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/briones\">Download a trail map\u003c/a> and more about the park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Special thanks to Megan Platt and Rosemary Cameron of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org\">East Bay Regional Parks District\u003c/a> for their participation.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Lauren Sommer contributed to this Exploration.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003ch2>California Newts\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/2436286491/\" title=\"10a. California Newt by kqedquest, on Flickr\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3064/2436286491_c85cd7cdd2_m.jpg\" width=\"240\" height=\"144\" alt=\"10a. California Newt\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>One of the most unique species found in Briones Regional Park is the California Newt (\u003cem>Taricha torosa\u003c/em>). With a brown dorsal and bright orange belly, they look almost exactly the same as another amphibian found in the park, the rough-skinned newt (\u003cem>Taricha granulosa\u003c/em>). Their coloring isn't just for decoration. California newts are actually poisonous. They contain tetrodotoxin, or TTX, the same neurotoxin found in pufferfish. The toxin acts as a deterrent against predators, but recently, scientists discovered that one predator, the garter snake, had found an advantage. Charles T. Hanifin, an evolutionary biologist at Stanford, and colleagues studied 20,000 garter snakes and 500 newts in habitats along the Pacific Coast. They discovered in four areas, garter snakes had developed a resistance to the newts' poison. One of the areas is Briones Reservoir, directly next to Briones Regional Park. This toxic arms race between species is known as \"co-evolution.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Newt Migration\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/2435084928/\" title=\"2a. Oaks by kqedquest, on Flickr\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3135/2435084928_931aef2ac1_m.jpg\" width=\"240\" height=\"160\" alt=\"2a. Oaks\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>As amphibians, California newts spend their lives both on land and in the water. Every year, beginning in December or January, the newts leave their dwellings on land and make a migration to ponds or bodies of water for mating season. During this time of year, newts can be seen on trails and roads in many parks throughout the East Bay. In fact, South Park drive in Tilden Regional Park is closed each year during newt mating season. Local rangers found that so many newts were being crushed by cars while migrating, they recommended closing the road between November and April.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Newt Love\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/2435012390/\" title=\"8e. Newt Egg Cluster by kqedquest, on Flickr\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2081/2435012390_200773caa3_m.jpg\" width=\"240\" height=\"160\" alt=\"8e. Newt Egg Cluster\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Once they arrive in the ponds, the newts mate and females lay their eggs in a tight ball. It may seems surprising that newts spend this part of their lives in stock ponds - ponds that were created for and are used by cattle. In a recent study though, biologists found that stock ponds are actually more ideal habitats for some amphibians like tiger salamanders, also found in East Bay parks. The cattle keep dense brush from forming on the edges of the ponds, which can be difficult for the small salamanders to get through. Cattle also stir up the pond waters, making them murkier. This can actually protect young salamanders and newts, often preyed upon by giant water bugs (also known as toe-biters). The muddy water provides useful cover for the larval amphibians.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Park's History\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In the 1800's, most of Briones was working ranchland. In 1829, Felipe Briones built a homestead in Briones on the cattle ranch known as Rancho Boca de la Canada del Pinole. When Briones was killed in 1840, and his widow, Maria Manuela Valencia Briones, petitioned California Governor Alvarado for a land grant in her name. California was then part of Mexico, and when it became a state, Maria Briones' grant was called into question. The US Supreme Court finally upheld her grant in 1860.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the subsequent decades, Briones continued as a ranch under several owners who developed orchards and cultivated fruit, as much of Contra Costa County was used in that time. Around the turn of the century, the People's Water Company (later acquired by the East Bay Municipal Utility District) purchased Briones. The nearby San Pablo Dam was constructed in 1923. The East Bay Regional Parks District later acquired Briones and opened the park in 1967. Even today, parts of Briones are still used by cattle herds for grazing. With summer heat and dry grasses, fire danger is a major concern for the park district. Through managed grazing with both cattle and goats, park managers are able to keep this fuel load down.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Hiking Tips\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>With its rolling hills and narrow creeks, Briones Regional Park is nestled in the East Bay Hills. The park is home to a broad range of wildlife, from squirrels and dear, to turkey vultures, red-tailed hawks and California Newts. Hikes should also be aware of rattlesnakes and the occasional mountain lion. There are six species of native oak trees in the park, from Valley Oaks to the more rare Blue Oaks. As a transitional area, Briones is home to species from both the California coastal habitats and the interior habitats of the Central Valley and Sierra foothills.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Events in Briones Regional Park\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The East Bay Regional Park District offers a number of activities in Briones Regional Park and many other nearby parks. \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/briones\">Check out their website for guided hikes, events, and classes\u003c/a> to sharpen your outdoor skills.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Learn More About Wildlife\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>If you're interested in learning more about the wildlife of the East Bay, the Tilden Nature Area programs offers many options in Berkeley's \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/tilden\" target=\"_blank\">Tilden Regional Park\u003c/a>. Take a guided hike with a naturalist to search for the local flora and fauna, including the local California Newts. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Volunteer in Briones\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Briones Regional Park and many others rely on local volunteers to maintain the trails and do habitat restoration. There are even opportunities in their wildlife program. \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/about/getinvolved/volunteer\" target=\"_top\">Learn more about how to volunteer\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Latest Visitor Photos\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Join the \u003ca href=\"http://flickr.com/groups/751547@N21\">Briones Regional Park photo group on Flickr\u003c/a> to share your photos of this amazing place.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.amphibiaweb.org/cgi-bin/amphib_query?where-genus=Taricha&where-species=torosa\">AmphibiaWeb: California Newt\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.amphibiaweb.org/cgi-bin/amphib_query?where-genus=Taricha&where-species=granulosa\">AmphibiaWeb: Rough Skinned Newt\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.californiaherps.com/index.html\">More about California Amphibians\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Just a 10-minute drive from Berkeley, Briones Regional Park is home to plentiful East Bay wildlife, including birds, snakes and newts. The park's ridge tops offer stunning views of Mount Diablo and the San Francisco Bay.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1450469053,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["http://www.everytrail.com/guide/briones-regional-park-exploration/map"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":1022},"headData":{"title":"Exploring Briones Regional Park | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Exploring Briones Regional Park","datePublished":"2008-05-22T01:32:54.000Z","dateModified":"2015-12-18T20:04:13.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"15130 http://science.kqed.org/quest/science-hike/briones-regional-park-exploration/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/05/21/briones-regional-park-exploration/","disqusTitle":"Exploring Briones Regional Park","source":"Science Hike","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/tag/science-hike/","path":"/quest/15130/briones-regional-park-exploration","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.everytrail.com/guide/briones-regional-park-exploration/map?%20embed=true\" width=\"980\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just a 10-minute drive from Berkeley, Briones Regional Park is a 6,117 acre park in Contra Costa County. With rolling hills and narrow valleys, the park can be accessed from Lafayette, Orinda, and Pleasant Hill. Its home to plentiful East Bay wildlife, including birds, snakes and newts. In some areas, it's still used as grazing land by local herds, part of a cattle ranching history that's more than 100 years old. The park's ridge tops offer stunning views of Mount Diablo and the San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Location\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Alhambra Staging Area \u003ca href=\"http://maps.google.com/maps?f=d&hl=en&geocode=&view=map&saddr=37.927545,-122.156296&daddr=&mra=mi&mrsp=0&sz=13&sll=37.934585,-122.154408&sspn=0.063092,0.132523&ie=UTF8&z=13\">[Map]\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n2537 Reliez Valley Road Martinez, CA\u003cbr>\nPhone: 925-370-3020\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The park is open from 8am-10pm\u003cbr>\nThere is a $3 parking fee at most staging areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/briones\">Download a trail map\u003c/a> and more about the park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Special thanks to Megan Platt and Rosemary Cameron of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org\">East Bay Regional Parks District\u003c/a> for their participation.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Lauren Sommer contributed to this Exploration.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003ch2>California Newts\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/2436286491/\" title=\"10a. California Newt by kqedquest, on Flickr\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3064/2436286491_c85cd7cdd2_m.jpg\" width=\"240\" height=\"144\" alt=\"10a. California Newt\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>One of the most unique species found in Briones Regional Park is the California Newt (\u003cem>Taricha torosa\u003c/em>). With a brown dorsal and bright orange belly, they look almost exactly the same as another amphibian found in the park, the rough-skinned newt (\u003cem>Taricha granulosa\u003c/em>). Their coloring isn't just for decoration. California newts are actually poisonous. They contain tetrodotoxin, or TTX, the same neurotoxin found in pufferfish. The toxin acts as a deterrent against predators, but recently, scientists discovered that one predator, the garter snake, had found an advantage. Charles T. Hanifin, an evolutionary biologist at Stanford, and colleagues studied 20,000 garter snakes and 500 newts in habitats along the Pacific Coast. They discovered in four areas, garter snakes had developed a resistance to the newts' poison. One of the areas is Briones Reservoir, directly next to Briones Regional Park. This toxic arms race between species is known as \"co-evolution.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Newt Migration\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/2435084928/\" title=\"2a. Oaks by kqedquest, on Flickr\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3135/2435084928_931aef2ac1_m.jpg\" width=\"240\" height=\"160\" alt=\"2a. Oaks\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>As amphibians, California newts spend their lives both on land and in the water. Every year, beginning in December or January, the newts leave their dwellings on land and make a migration to ponds or bodies of water for mating season. During this time of year, newts can be seen on trails and roads in many parks throughout the East Bay. In fact, South Park drive in Tilden Regional Park is closed each year during newt mating season. Local rangers found that so many newts were being crushed by cars while migrating, they recommended closing the road between November and April.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Newt Love\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/2435012390/\" title=\"8e. Newt Egg Cluster by kqedquest, on Flickr\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2081/2435012390_200773caa3_m.jpg\" width=\"240\" height=\"160\" alt=\"8e. Newt Egg Cluster\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Once they arrive in the ponds, the newts mate and females lay their eggs in a tight ball. It may seems surprising that newts spend this part of their lives in stock ponds - ponds that were created for and are used by cattle. In a recent study though, biologists found that stock ponds are actually more ideal habitats for some amphibians like tiger salamanders, also found in East Bay parks. The cattle keep dense brush from forming on the edges of the ponds, which can be difficult for the small salamanders to get through. Cattle also stir up the pond waters, making them murkier. This can actually protect young salamanders and newts, often preyed upon by giant water bugs (also known as toe-biters). The muddy water provides useful cover for the larval amphibians.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Park's History\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In the 1800's, most of Briones was working ranchland. In 1829, Felipe Briones built a homestead in Briones on the cattle ranch known as Rancho Boca de la Canada del Pinole. When Briones was killed in 1840, and his widow, Maria Manuela Valencia Briones, petitioned California Governor Alvarado for a land grant in her name. California was then part of Mexico, and when it became a state, Maria Briones' grant was called into question. The US Supreme Court finally upheld her grant in 1860.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the subsequent decades, Briones continued as a ranch under several owners who developed orchards and cultivated fruit, as much of Contra Costa County was used in that time. Around the turn of the century, the People's Water Company (later acquired by the East Bay Municipal Utility District) purchased Briones. The nearby San Pablo Dam was constructed in 1923. The East Bay Regional Parks District later acquired Briones and opened the park in 1967. Even today, parts of Briones are still used by cattle herds for grazing. With summer heat and dry grasses, fire danger is a major concern for the park district. Through managed grazing with both cattle and goats, park managers are able to keep this fuel load down.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Hiking Tips\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>With its rolling hills and narrow creeks, Briones Regional Park is nestled in the East Bay Hills. The park is home to a broad range of wildlife, from squirrels and dear, to turkey vultures, red-tailed hawks and California Newts. Hikes should also be aware of rattlesnakes and the occasional mountain lion. There are six species of native oak trees in the park, from Valley Oaks to the more rare Blue Oaks. As a transitional area, Briones is home to species from both the California coastal habitats and the interior habitats of the Central Valley and Sierra foothills.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Events in Briones Regional Park\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The East Bay Regional Park District offers a number of activities in Briones Regional Park and many other nearby parks. \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/briones\">Check out their website for guided hikes, events, and classes\u003c/a> to sharpen your outdoor skills.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Learn More About Wildlife\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>If you're interested in learning more about the wildlife of the East Bay, the Tilden Nature Area programs offers many options in Berkeley's \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/tilden\" target=\"_blank\">Tilden Regional Park\u003c/a>. Take a guided hike with a naturalist to search for the local flora and fauna, including the local California Newts. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Volunteer in Briones\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Briones Regional Park and many others rely on local volunteers to maintain the trails and do habitat restoration. There are even opportunities in their wildlife program. \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/about/getinvolved/volunteer\" target=\"_top\">Learn more about how to volunteer\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Latest Visitor Photos\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Join the \u003ca href=\"http://flickr.com/groups/751547@N21\">Briones Regional Park photo group on Flickr\u003c/a> to share your photos of this amazing place.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.amphibiaweb.org/cgi-bin/amphib_query?where-genus=Taricha&where-species=torosa\">AmphibiaWeb: California Newt\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.amphibiaweb.org/cgi-bin/amphib_query?where-genus=Taricha&where-species=granulosa\">AmphibiaWeb: Rough Skinned Newt\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.californiaherps.com/index.html\">More about California Amphibians\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/15130/briones-regional-park-exploration","authors":["6166"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_148","quest_3310","quest_915","quest_1370","quest_3351","quest_1990","quest_2093","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_13","quest_2455","quest_2486","quest_2530","quest_13434"],"featImg":"quest_15137","label":"source_quest_15130"},"quest_574":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_574","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"574","score":null,"sort":[1210113136000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"producers-notes-disappearing-frogs","title":"Producer's Notes: Disappearing Frogs","publishDate":1210113136,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>When I was growing up in the Bay Area the chirping croaks of native tree frogs often serenaded us to sleep. The sound of those little Pacific Chorus frogs calling to each other was always familiar background music to long summer nights. Those were days of catching pollywogs down at the creek and finding Western Toads in our backyard garden. My brother and I knew exactly where the toads liked to sit during the hot summer afternoons. And like most young boys it was nearly impossible to resist picking them up and interrupting the poor animals' siestas. Of course the toads always expressed their irritation in the same way, leading us to immediately put them back down in gleeful disgust. This was a wonderful part of each summer's routine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I'm sad to say my daughter probably won't share those same experiences I had. I could say it's because we live in San Francisco and cities aren't as amphibian-friendly as the suburbs. But my parents still live in the same house where I grew up. Unfortunately, it has been years since we've seen toads in the garden there. And the quiet singing of the tree frogs seems much lonelier today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amphibian decline is happening all over the world. And as depressing as it is not to have those fun childhood experiences of catching, playing with and hearing frogs in the garden, there is a much more serious problem going on. This can have some serious consequences to local food webs. It is also an alarming sign that there is something really unusual happening with the world's environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are many reasons for the decline in the world's amphibian populations. And it seems that each region of the globe, and maybe even each species, may have its own ticking time bomb. Some places may be experiencing rapid habitat decline. There is pollution in the rainwater and chemical run-off in lakes and streams. Some places are seeing a \u003ca href=\"http://www.yosemite.org/naturenotes/SteckelChytrid1.htm\" target=\"_blank\">sharp increase in parasites and diseases\u003c/a>. Scientists are even looking at increased UV radiation. Or maybe it's a combination of multiple factors. The result is part of what some scientists are now calling the \u003ca href=\"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3667300.stm\" target=\"_blank\">\"sixth wave of extinction.\"\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a lot of doom and gloom. Luckily, scientists are racing to understand this decline and hopefully may come up with a means of curbing it before it is too late. We were fortunate to meet some of the best. We joined herpetologists Karen Swaim and Vance Vredenburg out into the field to learn more about what is happening to our local \u003ca href=\"http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi-bin/amphib_query?where-genus=Rana&where-species=draytonii\" target=\"_blank\">California red-legged frogs\u003c/a>. We also visited the laboratory of Professor Tyrone Hayes at UC Berkeley to learn what his team is discovering about the connection between agricultural pesticides and frog decline. (See our additional \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/901\">web-only interview with Professor Hayes\u003c/a>) You can \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/895\">test your amphibian knowledge\u003c/a> by taking our QUEST quiz. Do you know why my brother and I always put down those toads?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Amphibian decline is happening all over the world.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457888663,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":7,"wordCount":505},"headData":{"title":"Producer's Notes: Disappearing Frogs | KQED","description":"Amphibian decline is happening all over the world.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Producer's Notes: Disappearing Frogs","datePublished":"2008-05-06T22:32:16.000Z","dateModified":"2016-03-13T17:04:23.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"574 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2008/05/06/producers-notes-disappearing-frogs/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/05/06/producers-notes-disappearing-frogs/","disqusTitle":"Producer's Notes: Disappearing Frogs","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b3V04D3C4Lg","path":"/quest/574/producers-notes-disappearing-frogs","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When I was growing up in the Bay Area the chirping croaks of native tree frogs often serenaded us to sleep. The sound of those little Pacific Chorus frogs calling to each other was always familiar background music to long summer nights. Those were days of catching pollywogs down at the creek and finding Western Toads in our backyard garden. My brother and I knew exactly where the toads liked to sit during the hot summer afternoons. And like most young boys it was nearly impossible to resist picking them up and interrupting the poor animals' siestas. Of course the toads always expressed their irritation in the same way, leading us to immediately put them back down in gleeful disgust. This was a wonderful part of each summer's routine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I'm sad to say my daughter probably won't share those same experiences I had. I could say it's because we live in San Francisco and cities aren't as amphibian-friendly as the suburbs. But my parents still live in the same house where I grew up. Unfortunately, it has been years since we've seen toads in the garden there. And the quiet singing of the tree frogs seems much lonelier today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amphibian decline is happening all over the world. And as depressing as it is not to have those fun childhood experiences of catching, playing with and hearing frogs in the garden, there is a much more serious problem going on. This can have some serious consequences to local food webs. It is also an alarming sign that there is something really unusual happening with the world's environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are many reasons for the decline in the world's amphibian populations. And it seems that each region of the globe, and maybe even each species, may have its own ticking time bomb. Some places may be experiencing rapid habitat decline. There is pollution in the rainwater and chemical run-off in lakes and streams. Some places are seeing a \u003ca href=\"http://www.yosemite.org/naturenotes/SteckelChytrid1.htm\" target=\"_blank\">sharp increase in parasites and diseases\u003c/a>. Scientists are even looking at increased UV radiation. Or maybe it's a combination of multiple factors. The result is part of what some scientists are now calling the \u003ca href=\"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3667300.stm\" target=\"_blank\">\"sixth wave of extinction.\"\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a lot of doom and gloom. Luckily, scientists are racing to understand this decline and hopefully may come up with a means of curbing it before it is too late. We were fortunate to meet some of the best. We joined herpetologists Karen Swaim and Vance Vredenburg out into the field to learn more about what is happening to our local \u003ca href=\"http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi-bin/amphib_query?where-genus=Rana&where-species=draytonii\" target=\"_blank\">California red-legged frogs\u003c/a>. We also visited the laboratory of Professor Tyrone Hayes at UC Berkeley to learn what his team is discovering about the connection between agricultural pesticides and frog decline. (See our additional \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/901\">web-only interview with Professor Hayes\u003c/a>) You can \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/895\">test your amphibian knowledge\u003c/a> by taking our QUEST quiz. Do you know why my brother and I always put down those toads?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/574/producers-notes-disappearing-frogs","authors":["10169"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_148","quest_326","quest_979","quest_1147","quest_3351","quest_2391","quest_2893"],"featImg":"quest_575","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. 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Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Consider-This-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png","officialWebsiteLink":"http://freakonomics.com/","airtime":"SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"WNYC"},"link":"/radio/program/freakonomics-radio","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/","rss":"https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"}},"fresh-air":{"id":"fresh-air","title":"Fresh Air","info":"Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.","airtime":"MON-FRI 7pm-8pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Fresh-Air-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/fresh-air","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Fresh-Air-p17/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"}},"here-and-now":{"id":"here-and-now","title":"Here & Now","info":"A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.","airtime":"MON-THU 11am-12pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Here-And-Now-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"http://www.wbur.org/hereandnow","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/here-and-now","subsdcribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=426698661","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Here--Now-p211/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"}},"how-i-built-this":{"id":"how-i-built-this","title":"How I Built This with Guy Raz","info":"Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this","airtime":"SUN 7:30pm-8pm","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/how-i-built-this","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/Arts--Culture-Podcasts/How-I-Built-This-p910896/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"}},"inside-europe":{"id":"inside-europe","title":"Inside Europe","info":"Inside Europe, a one-hour weekly news magazine hosted by Helen Seeney and Keith Walker, explores the topical issues shaping the continent. No other part of the globe has experienced such dynamic political and social change in recent years.","airtime":"SAT 3am-4am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Inside-Europe-Podcast-Tile-300x300-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Deutsche Welle"},"link":"/radio/program/inside-europe","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/inside-europe/id80106806?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Inside-Europe-p731/","rss":"https://partner.dw.com/xml/podcast_inside-europe"}},"latino-usa":{"id":"latino-usa","title":"Latino USA","airtime":"MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm","info":"Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"http://latinousa.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/latino-usa","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/xtTd","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Latino-USA-p621/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"}},"live-from-here-highlights":{"id":"live-from-here-highlights","title":"Live from Here Highlights","info":"Chris Thile steps to the mic as the host of Live from Here (formerly A Prairie Home Companion), a live public radio variety show. 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Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3am-9am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/morning-edition"},"onourwatch":{"id":"onourwatch","title":"On Our Watch","tagline":"Police secrets, unsealed","info":"For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. 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