The State of the Universe: Matter and Age Up, Dark Energy Down
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From 1996-99, he was Head Observer at the Naval Prototype Optical Interferometer program at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, AZ.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/ben-burress/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Ben Burress | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/ben-burress"},"gabriela-quiros":{"type":"authors","id":"6186","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6186","found":true},"name":"Gabriela Quirós","firstName":"Gabriela","lastName":"Quirós","slug":"gabriela-quiros","email":"gquiros@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":["science"],"title":"Video Producer and Reporter","bio":"Gabriela Quirós is a \u003cstrong>video producer and the coordinating producer for KQED's web science video series \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/deeplook\">Deep Look\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>. She joined KQED as a TV producer when its science series QUEST started in 2006 and has covered everything from Alzheimer’s to bee die-offs to dark energy.\r\n\r\nShe won a 2022 AAAS Kavli Science Journalism Award with a team of her Deep Look colleagues. She has won five regional Emmys as a video producer and has shared seven more as the coordinating producer of Deep Look. The episode she produced about \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/728086/how-mosquitoes-use-six-needles-to-suck-your-blood\">How Mosquitoes Use Six Needles to Suck Your Blood\u003c/a> won a Webby \"People's Voice\" award. She has also earned awards from the Jackson Hole Wildlife Film Festival, the Society of Professional Journalists and the Society of Environmental Journalists.\r\n\r\nHer videos for KQED have also aired on NOVA scienceNOW and the PBS NewsHour, and appeared on NPR.org.\r\n\r\nAs an independent filmmaker, she produced and directed the hour-long documentary \u003ca href=\"http://lpbp.org/beautiful-sin-qa-with-producer-gabriela-quiros/\">\u003cem>Beautiful Sin\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, about the surprising story of how Costa Rica became the only country in the world to outlaw in vitro fertilization. The film aired in 2015 on public television stations throughout the U.S., and in Costa Rica.\r\n\r\nShe started her journalism career as a newspaper reporter in Costa Rica, where she grew up. She won the National Science Journalism Award there for a series of articles about organic agriculture, and developed a life-long interest in health reporting. She moved to the Bay Area in 1996 to study documentary filmmaking at the University of California, Berkeley, where she received master’s degrees in journalism and Latin American studies.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"gabrielaquirosr","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["editor","ef_view_calendar","ef_view_story_budget"]}],"headData":{"title":"Gabriela Quirós | KQED","description":"Video Producer and Reporter","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/gabriela-quiros"},"quest":{"type":"authors","id":"10216","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10216","found":true},"name":"QUEST Staff","firstName":"QUEST","lastName":"Staff","slug":"quest","email":"quest@kqed.orgx","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"QUEST, an Emmy Award-winning multimedia science series, has a new focus on the science of sustainability.The half-hour magazine style episodes are produced by a collaboration of six public broadcasters around the country and explore a wide variety of sustainability issues related to food, energy, water, climate and biodiversity. The story segments featured in each show are introduced by on-camera host, environmental journalist \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/pssethi/\">Simran Sethi\u003c/a>. The series also includes half-hour specials that focus on a single topic.\r\n \r\nAll 2013-2014 television programs can be viewed online in their entirety or as individual segments by clicking on the titles and images listed below. The programs are also broadcast in each of our six PBS partner regions including \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/north-carolina/\">North Carolina\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/ohio/\">Ohio\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/nebraska/\">Nebraska\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/northern-california/\">Northern California\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/northwest/\">Pacific Northwest\u003c/a>. Check local listings for broadcast dates and times.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d3874a881a1fe56a99098a4feea236c8?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"QUEST Staff | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d3874a881a1fe56a99098a4feea236c8?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d3874a881a1fe56a99098a4feea236c8?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/quest"},"anneglausser":{"type":"authors","id":"10270","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10270","found":true},"name":"Anne Glausser","firstName":"Anne","lastName":"Glausser","slug":"anneglausser","email":"anne.glausser@ideastream.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Anne Glausser is the Coordinating Producer for QUEST Ohio. Before taking on this role, she was WCPN 90.3 FM & WVIZ/PBS ideastream’s health reporter and produced award-winning radio pieces. She’s spent time on both coasts (her college mascot was the banana slug!), but grew up in the Midwest and is happy to be back home. She got started in radio at PRI’s Living on Earth, and has also spent time as a researcher at the Harvard School of Public Health. Anne got her SM from MIT’s Graduate Program in Science Writing.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/cb2272efe9d1c6b409249b4273bcef1b?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["leadcoordinator","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Anne Glausser | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/cb2272efe9d1c6b409249b4273bcef1b?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/cb2272efe9d1c6b409249b4273bcef1b?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/anneglausser"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_17428":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_17428","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"17428","score":null,"sort":[1448460000000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"dark-energy","title":"Bringing Dark Energy to Light","publishDate":1448460000,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>There’s a mysterious force that makes up about two-thirds of the universe. And it has nothing to do with Star Wars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists call it dark energy, and it is believed to be causing galaxies to move away from each other faster and faster. Now, researchers who have been trying to figure it out for more than 20 years by studying supernovae – stars that exploded billions of years ago – are hoping to send a telescope into space, where they’ll be able to get a better look.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can see hundreds of times more sky at a time,” said Saul Perlmutter, a professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley. “And it’s also designed for just the wave length range, just the colors, where we need to study the supernovae and the other galaxies in order to study dark energy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new NASA telescope is known as \u003ca href=\"http://wfirst.gsfc.nasa.gov/\">WFIRST\u003c/a>, which stands for wide-field infrared survey telescope. If Congress approves initial development funds of $50 million to $100 million by the end of the year, WFIRST could launch sometime between 2022 and 2025.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A telescope like it has been in the works for more than 15 years, at one point developed by a Joint Dark Energy Mission made up of NASA and the Department of Energy. Now the project is back in NASA’s hands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the project’s bumpy history, Perlmutter is optimistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At this point things are sounding good,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1929, astronomer Edwin Hubble discovered that the universe is expanding, with galaxies moving away from each other. Before Hubble’s discovery, even Albert Einstein believed that the universe was static.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eighty years later, in 2011, Perlmutter, who also is an astrophysicist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, shared the Nobel Prize in physics for his contributions to the discovery that the expansion of the universe started to accelerate seven billion years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just imagine that you are living here on a galaxy, and there’s galaxies forever going in all directions, nothing but galaxies, no end,” said Perlmutter gesturing with his arms. “And the only thing I mean when I’m saying that the universe is expanding is that we’re sort of pumping extra space between the galaxies. And when we say it’s accelerating, we just mean that that extra pumping is happening faster and faster and the distances are growing bigger and bigger more and more quickly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To figure out that the expansion was accelerating, Perlmutter and his team used the light from supernovae – stars that exploded billions of years ago – to plot out the history of the universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A particular kind of supernova stars, called Type 1a, explode in a very similar way every time, brightening like fireworks and then fading away. And they reach the same peak brightness every time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their predictability makes these exploding stars what researchers call “standard candles.” Their initial brightness is constant and grows fainter with distance. Since researchers know light always travels at 186,000 miles per second, they’re able to calculate how long ago these supernovae exploded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a supernova explodes, the light starts spreading out in all directions, much like the ripples on the water spread out when you drop a pebble into a lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The supernovae Perlmutter studies exploded billions of years ago. As the light from their explosions was traveling toward our galaxy, our solar system had time to develop, dinosaurs had a chance to come and go, and humans made their grand entrance and had time to build telescopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_99168\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Saul-Perlmutter.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-99168\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Saul-Perlmutter-800x450.jpg\" alt='Saul Perlmutter, of the University of California, Berkeley, studies dark energy, the mysterious \"something\" that is making galaxies move away from each other faster and faster. ' width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Saul-Perlmutter-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Saul-Perlmutter-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Saul-Perlmutter-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Saul-Perlmutter-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Saul-Perlmutter-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Saul Perlmutter, of the University of California, Berkeley, studies dark energy, the mysterious \"something\" that is making galaxies move away from each other faster and faster. \u003ccite>(Jenny Oh/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“While the light is traveling to us through the universe, the universe is expanding. And everything in the universe that’s not nailed down expands with the universe,” said Perlmutter. “That includes the very wavelengths of the photons of light that are traveling to us from the supernova.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the light is moving away from the observer, it appears red, in a phenomenon known as “redshift.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now with these two ingredients – the brightness of the supernova and how much the light has been shifted towards the red in its appearance – you now can just read off the history of the expansion of the universe,” said Perlmutter, “because the brightness tells you how far back in time any given supernova event occurred, and the red shift tells us how much the universe has expanded since that time. And now we just do this for five, ten, 20, 40 supernovae at different times back in history and they, one after another, tell us for each time in history how much the universe has stretched since that time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With WFIRST, astronomers plan to study supernovae that are farther away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The telescope, which would be launched to space on a satellite, would also include technology to study dark energy in other ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One new technique called Baryon Acoustic Oscillations, or BAO for short, allows scientists to refine their history of the universe by comparing the average distance between galaxies at different points in time with the distances between the hot and cold spots just after the Big Bang. The hotter spots were denser and gave rise to more galaxies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Congress were to move forward with WFIRST, it would be an exciting step for scientists trying to figure out what dark energy might be, said Perlmutter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You really would be able to probe into the history of the expansion of the universe in a way that we’ve never done before,” he said. “This would be the big chance of finding out what dark energy is in our lifetime.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Congress could approve funding for a space telescope that would help scientists investigate dark energy.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1448917547,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":1001},"headData":{"title":"Bringing Dark Energy to Light | KQED","description":"Congress could approve funding for a space telescope that would help scientists investigate dark energy.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"17428 http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/dark-energy/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/11/25/dark-energy/","disqusTitle":"Bringing Dark Energy to Light","videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/6AMthlVpdds","source":"Astronomy","path":"/quest/17428/dark-energy","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>There’s a mysterious force that makes up about two-thirds of the universe. And it has nothing to do with Star Wars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists call it dark energy, and it is believed to be causing galaxies to move away from each other faster and faster. Now, researchers who have been trying to figure it out for more than 20 years by studying supernovae – stars that exploded billions of years ago – are hoping to send a telescope into space, where they’ll be able to get a better look.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can see hundreds of times more sky at a time,” said Saul Perlmutter, a professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley. “And it’s also designed for just the wave length range, just the colors, where we need to study the supernovae and the other galaxies in order to study dark energy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new NASA telescope is known as \u003ca href=\"http://wfirst.gsfc.nasa.gov/\">WFIRST\u003c/a>, which stands for wide-field infrared survey telescope. If Congress approves initial development funds of $50 million to $100 million by the end of the year, WFIRST could launch sometime between 2022 and 2025.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A telescope like it has been in the works for more than 15 years, at one point developed by a Joint Dark Energy Mission made up of NASA and the Department of Energy. Now the project is back in NASA’s hands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the project’s bumpy history, Perlmutter is optimistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At this point things are sounding good,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1929, astronomer Edwin Hubble discovered that the universe is expanding, with galaxies moving away from each other. Before Hubble’s discovery, even Albert Einstein believed that the universe was static.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eighty years later, in 2011, Perlmutter, who also is an astrophysicist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, shared the Nobel Prize in physics for his contributions to the discovery that the expansion of the universe started to accelerate seven billion years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just imagine that you are living here on a galaxy, and there’s galaxies forever going in all directions, nothing but galaxies, no end,” said Perlmutter gesturing with his arms. “And the only thing I mean when I’m saying that the universe is expanding is that we’re sort of pumping extra space between the galaxies. And when we say it’s accelerating, we just mean that that extra pumping is happening faster and faster and the distances are growing bigger and bigger more and more quickly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To figure out that the expansion was accelerating, Perlmutter and his team used the light from supernovae – stars that exploded billions of years ago – to plot out the history of the universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A particular kind of supernova stars, called Type 1a, explode in a very similar way every time, brightening like fireworks and then fading away. And they reach the same peak brightness every time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their predictability makes these exploding stars what researchers call “standard candles.” Their initial brightness is constant and grows fainter with distance. Since researchers know light always travels at 186,000 miles per second, they’re able to calculate how long ago these supernovae exploded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a supernova explodes, the light starts spreading out in all directions, much like the ripples on the water spread out when you drop a pebble into a lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The supernovae Perlmutter studies exploded billions of years ago. As the light from their explosions was traveling toward our galaxy, our solar system had time to develop, dinosaurs had a chance to come and go, and humans made their grand entrance and had time to build telescopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_99168\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Saul-Perlmutter.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-99168\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Saul-Perlmutter-800x450.jpg\" alt='Saul Perlmutter, of the University of California, Berkeley, studies dark energy, the mysterious \"something\" that is making galaxies move away from each other faster and faster. ' width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Saul-Perlmutter-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Saul-Perlmutter-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Saul-Perlmutter-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Saul-Perlmutter-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Saul-Perlmutter-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Saul Perlmutter, of the University of California, Berkeley, studies dark energy, the mysterious \"something\" that is making galaxies move away from each other faster and faster. \u003ccite>(Jenny Oh/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“While the light is traveling to us through the universe, the universe is expanding. And everything in the universe that’s not nailed down expands with the universe,” said Perlmutter. “That includes the very wavelengths of the photons of light that are traveling to us from the supernova.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the light is moving away from the observer, it appears red, in a phenomenon known as “redshift.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now with these two ingredients – the brightness of the supernova and how much the light has been shifted towards the red in its appearance – you now can just read off the history of the expansion of the universe,” said Perlmutter, “because the brightness tells you how far back in time any given supernova event occurred, and the red shift tells us how much the universe has expanded since that time. And now we just do this for five, ten, 20, 40 supernovae at different times back in history and they, one after another, tell us for each time in history how much the universe has stretched since that time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With WFIRST, astronomers plan to study supernovae that are farther away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The telescope, which would be launched to space on a satellite, would also include technology to study dark energy in other ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One new technique called Baryon Acoustic Oscillations, or BAO for short, allows scientists to refine their history of the universe by comparing the average distance between galaxies at different points in time with the distances between the hot and cold spots just after the Big Bang. The hotter spots were denser and gave rise to more galaxies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Congress were to move forward with WFIRST, it would be an exciting step for scientists trying to figure out what dark energy might be, said Perlmutter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You really would be able to probe into the history of the expansion of the universe in a way that we’ve never done before,” he said. “This would be the big chance of finding out what dark energy is in our lifetime.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/17428/dark-energy","authors":["6186"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_16","quest_3422"],"tags":["quest_767","quest_1626","quest_2349","quest_13392","quest_2837","quest_3071","quest_13423"],"featImg":"quest_81279","label":"source_quest_17428"},"quest_72559":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_72559","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"72559","score":null,"sort":[1418742038000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"silicon-valley-goes-to-space","title":"Silicon Valley Goes to Space","publishDate":1418742038,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>A new generation of entrepreneurs - sprung from the high-risk, high-tech culture of Silicon Valley - is launching private, for-profit ventures to open up space for tourism, transportation, rapid earth imaging and even mining the moon. It's a far cry from the early days of space exploration, where \u003ca href=\"http://nasa.gov\">NASA\u003c/a> led the way, culminating in Neil Armstrong's first bold steps on the moon in July 1969.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Companies such as \u003ca href=\"http://virgingalactic.com\">Virgin Galactic\u003c/a>, which bills itself as the world's first commercial spaceliner, and rocket maker \u003ca href=\"http://spacex.com\">SpaceX\u003c/a>, which in 2012 became the first private company to deliver cargo to the International Space Station, are rapidly creating new commercial opportunities in an arena long believed to be out of reach to private companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But opening up space to lucrative, ambitious commercial ventures carries not only rewards, but also risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On October 31, Virgin Galactic’s SpaceShipTwo crashed during a test flight 25 miles north of the Mojave Air and Space Port, killing one of the two pilots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Space is hard and today was a tough day,” said Virgin Galactic CEO George Whitesides at a press conference held a few hours later. \"Our future rests in many ways on hard days like this, but we believe we owe it to the folks who were flying these vehicles as well as the folks who have been working so hard on them to understand this and move forward,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just days earlier, an unmanned rocket owned by another company, Orbital Sciences, and re-supplying the International Space Station, exploded in Virginia shortly after takeoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Space industry leaders say the industry will rebound, and already has significant accomplishments in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 700 people have put down deposits for a $250,000 rocketship ride into the edge of space with Virgin Galactic that had been expected as soon as 2015, for example. In September, SpaceX completed its fourth successful resupply mission to the space station, returning with nearly 4,000 pounds of science experiments and cargo. The company hopes to eventually transport astronauts to the space station, for considerably cheaper than the $70 million NASA has had to pay the Russians for astronaut transport since the retirement of the Space Shuttle. Other entrepreneurs have announced plans to land on the moon or even Mars in the coming decades.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In this video story, learn how commercial space ventures are taking off, from mining the moon to space tourism. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442628247,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":391},"headData":{"title":"Silicon Valley Goes to Space | KQED","description":"In this video story, learn how commercial space ventures are taking off, from mining the moon to space tourism. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"72559 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=72559","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/12/16/silicon-valley-goes-to-space/","disqusTitle":"Silicon Valley Goes to Space","videoEmbed":"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rBjC53sBnuI?feature=player_embedded","source":"Astronomy","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/astronomy/","path":"/quest/72559/silicon-valley-goes-to-space","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A new generation of entrepreneurs - sprung from the high-risk, high-tech culture of Silicon Valley - is launching private, for-profit ventures to open up space for tourism, transportation, rapid earth imaging and even mining the moon. It's a far cry from the early days of space exploration, where \u003ca href=\"http://nasa.gov\">NASA\u003c/a> led the way, culminating in Neil Armstrong's first bold steps on the moon in July 1969.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Companies such as \u003ca href=\"http://virgingalactic.com\">Virgin Galactic\u003c/a>, which bills itself as the world's first commercial spaceliner, and rocket maker \u003ca href=\"http://spacex.com\">SpaceX\u003c/a>, which in 2012 became the first private company to deliver cargo to the International Space Station, are rapidly creating new commercial opportunities in an arena long believed to be out of reach to private companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But opening up space to lucrative, ambitious commercial ventures carries not only rewards, but also risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On October 31, Virgin Galactic’s SpaceShipTwo crashed during a test flight 25 miles north of the Mojave Air and Space Port, killing one of the two pilots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Space is hard and today was a tough day,” said Virgin Galactic CEO George Whitesides at a press conference held a few hours later. \"Our future rests in many ways on hard days like this, but we believe we owe it to the folks who were flying these vehicles as well as the folks who have been working so hard on them to understand this and move forward,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just days earlier, an unmanned rocket owned by another company, Orbital Sciences, and re-supplying the International Space Station, exploded in Virginia shortly after takeoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Space industry leaders say the industry will rebound, and already has significant accomplishments in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 700 people have put down deposits for a $250,000 rocketship ride into the edge of space with Virgin Galactic that had been expected as soon as 2015, for example. In September, SpaceX completed its fourth successful resupply mission to the space station, returning with nearly 4,000 pounds of science experiments and cargo. The company hopes to eventually transport astronauts to the space station, for considerably cheaper than the $70 million NASA has had to pay the Russians for astronaut transport since the retirement of the Space Shuttle. Other entrepreneurs have announced plans to land on the moon or even Mars in the coming decades.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/72559/silicon-valley-goes-to-space","authors":["6176"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_8"],"tags":["quest_12269","quest_3620","quest_13031","quest_12317","quest_1918","quest_13","quest_12318","quest_13030","quest_12264","quest_2893","quest_3071","quest_12316","quest_13029"],"featImg":"quest_72560","label":"source_quest_72559"},"quest_73619":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_73619","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"73619","score":null,"sort":[1418228632000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"is-it-ethical-to-colonize-mars","title":"Is It Ethical to Colonize Mars?","publishDate":1418228632,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"education"},"content":"\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/2014/12/09/is-it-ethical-to-colonize-mars/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Is It Ethical to Colonize Mars?\">DoNow Science\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"From KQED Education Do Now: In a mission where the lines between reality and fantasy seem to be blurred, the Mars One team is planning to launch an expedition to establish a human settlement on the red planet. Is it ethical to colonize Mars or other planets?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1418228632,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":3,"wordCount":5},"headData":{"title":"Is It Ethical to Colonize Mars? | KQED","description":"From KQED Education Do Now: In a mission where the lines between reality and fantasy seem to be blurred, the Mars One team is planning to launch an expedition to establish a human settlement on the red planet. Is it ethical to colonize Mars or other planets?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"73619 http://science.kqed.org/quest?p=73619&preview_id=73619","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/12/10/is-it-ethical-to-colonize-mars/","disqusTitle":"Is It Ethical to Colonize Mars?","redirect":{"type":"external","url":"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/2014/12/09/is-it-ethical-to-colonize-mars/"},"rssmiSourceLink":"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/2014/12/09/is-it-ethical-to-colonize-mars/","path":"/quest/73619/is-it-ethical-to-colonize-mars","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/2014/12/09/is-it-ethical-to-colonize-mars/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Is It Ethical to Colonize Mars?\">DoNow Science\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/2014/12/09/is-it-ethical-to-colonize-mars/","authors":["10216"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_12269"],"featImg":"quest_73620","label":"quest"},"quest_21110":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_21110","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"21110","score":null,"sort":[1417014024000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"millie-hughes-fulford-scientist-in-space","title":"Millie Hughes-Fulford: Scientist in Space","publishDate":1417014024,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>This video and article, originally posted on July 26, 2011, were updated on Nov. 26, 2014.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73277\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Millie_Hughes-Fulford_in_lab_2011.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73277 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Millie_Hughes-Fulford_in_lab_2011-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Millie Hughes-Fulford in her lab at the San Francisco VA Medical Center in March 2011.<br /> (Michael Goode/KQED)\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Millie Hughes-Fulford in her lab at the San Francisco VA Medical Center in March 2011.\u003cbr> (Michael Goode/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When SpaceX sends its next spacecraft to resupply the International Space Station on Dec. 16, along with M&M’s and khaki pants for the six astronauts, the rocket will also carry some 40 experiments. Among them will be a cooler with several vials of human cells, sent up by University of California-San Francisco molecular biologist and former astronaut Millie Hughes-Fulford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hughes-Fulford hopes to figure out why the human immune system takes a beating in space. Her research could help astronauts stay healthy during the months or years it might take to reach Mars. Her findings could also help aging people here on Earth stay healthy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our hope is that we can apply the new knowledge across the board to anyone who has an immune problem,” said Hughes-Fulford, \u003ca href=\"http://www.hughesfulfordlab.com/index.html\">whose lab is at the San Francisco VA Medical Center\u003c/a> and who is employed by the Veterans Health Research Institute. The longtime Marin County resident recently moved to Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Space is a useful place to study the human aging process, because in space the immune suppression process is sped up, said Camille Alleyne, assistant program scientist for the International Space Station (ISS).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73278\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Millie_Hughes-Fulford_in_space_head_gear.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73278 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Millie_Hughes-Fulford_in_space_head_gear-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"In 1991, Millie Hughes-Fulford traveled to space on the Space Shuttle Columbia as a payload specialist responsible for carrying out experiments for other scientists. She was the first woman to travel into space as a working scientist. (Courtesy of NASA)\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In 1991, Millie Hughes-Fulford traveled to space on the shuttle Columbia as a payload specialist responsible for carrying out experiments for other scientists. She was the first woman to travel into space as a working scientist. (Courtesy of NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In Hughes-Fulford’s experiment, which is funded by the National Institutes of Health, human immune cells will remain at the ISS for one month, exposed to microgravity – the technical term used to describe the lack of gravity experienced in space. After 30 days, the cells will return to Earth on board the same SpaceX spacecraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1991, Hughes-Fulford was the first woman to travel to space as a working scientist, when she spent nine days on board the Space Shuttle Columbia during its first mission dedicated exclusively to the medical sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During that mission, Hughes-Fulford conducted experiments for scientists from around the world, including one with rats that investigated why space travelers become sick. The study found that, in space, cells called T-cells, which regulate the entire immune system, don’t send out the signals they’re supposed to. As a result, space travelers can become sick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now we believe it’s gravity that’s causing the changes, the T-cell needing gravity in order to function properly,” said Hughes-Fulford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73279\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Tara_Candelario_holds_blood.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73279 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Tara_Candelario_holds_blood-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Tara Candelario held up a vial with human blood at Millie Hughes-Fulford’s lab at the San Francisco VA Medical Center, in March 2011. Candelario, who is still with the lab, is currently extracting immune cells from human blood to send up to the International Space Station on Dec. 16, 2014.<br /> (Michael Goode/KQED)\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tara Candelario held up a vial with human blood at Millie Hughes-Fulford’s lab at the San Francisco VA Medical Center, in March 2011. Candelario is currently extracting immune cells from human blood to send up to the International Space Station on Dec. 16, 2014. (Michael Goode/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With her new experiment, and another one that went up on SpaceX in April, Hughes-Fulford’s goal is to understand which specific genes malfunction in space and what causes them to fail. The experiment will be one of the last things to be loaded onto the spacecraft, and one of the first to be unloaded once it docks with the ISS, said Alleyne. This is because the human cells need to be in a controlled temperature environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other experiments traveling to the ISS in December include NASA’s Cloud Aerosol Transport System (CATS), a device that will use lasers to identify sea salt, carbon, water vapor and particulates in the atmosphere. With CATS, scientists are trying to understand what’s happening in the Earth and atmosphere, to inform climate change models, said Alleyne.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The resupply mission will leave Cape Canaveral, Florida.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The medical animation in this video was produced by Nucleus Media, which holds the copyright.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You may also be interested in the QUEST documentary \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/video/silicon-valley-goes-to-space/\">Silicon Valley Goes to Space.\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Former astronaut Millie Hughes-Fulford is sending an experiment into space that could one day help travelers going to Mars and aging people here on Earth. She seeks to understand how a lack of gravity impacts our immune system.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442631729,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":685},"headData":{"title":"Millie Hughes-Fulford: Scientist in Space | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"21110 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=videos&p=21110","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/11/26/millie-hughes-fulford-scientist-in-space/","disqusTitle":"Millie Hughes-Fulford: Scientist in Space","videoEmbed":"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XQ6OlOAtzR4?feature=player_detailpage","source":"Biology","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/biology/","path":"/quest/21110/millie-hughes-fulford-scientist-in-space","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>This video and article, originally posted on July 26, 2011, were updated on Nov. 26, 2014.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73277\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Millie_Hughes-Fulford_in_lab_2011.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73277 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Millie_Hughes-Fulford_in_lab_2011-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Millie Hughes-Fulford in her lab at the San Francisco VA Medical Center in March 2011.<br /> (Michael Goode/KQED)\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Millie Hughes-Fulford in her lab at the San Francisco VA Medical Center in March 2011.\u003cbr> (Michael Goode/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When SpaceX sends its next spacecraft to resupply the International Space Station on Dec. 16, along with M&M’s and khaki pants for the six astronauts, the rocket will also carry some 40 experiments. Among them will be a cooler with several vials of human cells, sent up by University of California-San Francisco molecular biologist and former astronaut Millie Hughes-Fulford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hughes-Fulford hopes to figure out why the human immune system takes a beating in space. Her research could help astronauts stay healthy during the months or years it might take to reach Mars. Her findings could also help aging people here on Earth stay healthy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our hope is that we can apply the new knowledge across the board to anyone who has an immune problem,” said Hughes-Fulford, \u003ca href=\"http://www.hughesfulfordlab.com/index.html\">whose lab is at the San Francisco VA Medical Center\u003c/a> and who is employed by the Veterans Health Research Institute. The longtime Marin County resident recently moved to Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Space is a useful place to study the human aging process, because in space the immune suppression process is sped up, said Camille Alleyne, assistant program scientist for the International Space Station (ISS).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73278\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Millie_Hughes-Fulford_in_space_head_gear.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73278 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Millie_Hughes-Fulford_in_space_head_gear-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"In 1991, Millie Hughes-Fulford traveled to space on the Space Shuttle Columbia as a payload specialist responsible for carrying out experiments for other scientists. She was the first woman to travel into space as a working scientist. (Courtesy of NASA)\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In 1991, Millie Hughes-Fulford traveled to space on the shuttle Columbia as a payload specialist responsible for carrying out experiments for other scientists. She was the first woman to travel into space as a working scientist. (Courtesy of NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In Hughes-Fulford’s experiment, which is funded by the National Institutes of Health, human immune cells will remain at the ISS for one month, exposed to microgravity – the technical term used to describe the lack of gravity experienced in space. After 30 days, the cells will return to Earth on board the same SpaceX spacecraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1991, Hughes-Fulford was the first woman to travel to space as a working scientist, when she spent nine days on board the Space Shuttle Columbia during its first mission dedicated exclusively to the medical sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During that mission, Hughes-Fulford conducted experiments for scientists from around the world, including one with rats that investigated why space travelers become sick. The study found that, in space, cells called T-cells, which regulate the entire immune system, don’t send out the signals they’re supposed to. As a result, space travelers can become sick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now we believe it’s gravity that’s causing the changes, the T-cell needing gravity in order to function properly,” said Hughes-Fulford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73279\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Tara_Candelario_holds_blood.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73279 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Tara_Candelario_holds_blood-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Tara Candelario held up a vial with human blood at Millie Hughes-Fulford’s lab at the San Francisco VA Medical Center, in March 2011. Candelario, who is still with the lab, is currently extracting immune cells from human blood to send up to the International Space Station on Dec. 16, 2014.<br /> (Michael Goode/KQED)\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tara Candelario held up a vial with human blood at Millie Hughes-Fulford’s lab at the San Francisco VA Medical Center, in March 2011. Candelario is currently extracting immune cells from human blood to send up to the International Space Station on Dec. 16, 2014. (Michael Goode/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With her new experiment, and another one that went up on SpaceX in April, Hughes-Fulford’s goal is to understand which specific genes malfunction in space and what causes them to fail. The experiment will be one of the last things to be loaded onto the spacecraft, and one of the first to be unloaded once it docks with the ISS, said Alleyne. This is because the human cells need to be in a controlled temperature environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other experiments traveling to the ISS in December include NASA’s Cloud Aerosol Transport System (CATS), a device that will use lasers to identify sea salt, carbon, water vapor and particulates in the atmosphere. With CATS, scientists are trying to understand what’s happening in the Earth and atmosphere, to inform climate change models, said Alleyne.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The resupply mission will leave Cape Canaveral, Florida.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The medical animation in this video was produced by Nucleus Media, which holds the copyright.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You may also be interested in the QUEST documentary \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/video/silicon-valley-goes-to-space/\">Silicon Valley Goes to Space.\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/21110/millie-hughes-fulford-scientist-in-space","authors":["6186"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_4","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_83","quest_544","quest_12269","quest_1451","quest_3620","quest_3351","quest_9909","quest_1918","quest_2349","quest_13","quest_12264","quest_13096","quest_2893","quest_3071"],"featImg":"quest_73276","label":"source_quest_21110"},"quest_73360":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_73360","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"73360","score":null,"sort":[1416963251000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"should-we-fund-space-exploration","title":"Should We Fund Space Exploration?","publishDate":1416963251,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"education"},"content":"\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/2014/11/25/should-we-fund-space-exploration/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Should We Fund Space Exploration?\">DoNow Science\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"From KQED Education Do Now: Human space travel has long been a subject of fascination and scientific inquiry. Should we fund space exploration, or would the money be better spent elsewhere? ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1416963251,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":3,"wordCount":5},"headData":{"title":"Should We Fund Space Exploration? | KQED","description":"From KQED Education Do Now: Human space travel has long been a subject of fascination and scientific inquiry. Should we fund space exploration, or would the money be better spent elsewhere? ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"73360 http://science.kqed.org/quest?p=73360&preview_id=73360","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/11/25/should-we-fund-space-exploration/","disqusTitle":"Should We Fund Space Exploration?","redirect":{"type":"external","url":"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/2014/11/25/should-we-fund-space-exploration/"},"rssmiSourceLink":"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/2014/11/25/should-we-fund-space-exploration/","path":"/quest/73360/should-we-fund-space-exploration","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/2014/11/25/should-we-fund-space-exploration/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Should We Fund Space Exploration?\">DoNow Science\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/2014/11/25/should-we-fund-space-exploration/","authors":["10216"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_12269"],"featImg":"quest_73363","label":"quest"},"quest_72510":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_72510","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"72510","score":null,"sort":[1416409247000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"searching-for-life-on-mars-2","title":"Searching for Life on Mars","publishDate":1416409247,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>More than two years after its precisely calibrated landing on the floor of a Martian crater in August 2012, NASA’s one ton, SUV-sized Curiosity rover has traveled more than five miles across the rocky, massive Gale crater to the base of an 18,000-foot mountain, Mount Sharp. The rover is the crowning achievement of the \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/\">Mars Science Laboratory\u003c/a>, a NASA mission managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72515\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/NASA_JPL_Caltech_2_pia16239_c-full.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72515 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/NASA_JPL_Caltech_2_pia16239_c-full-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"The Curiosity rover 's Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI) tool was used to create this self-portrait of the rover on Mars. Image courtesy NASA / JPL - Caltech\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Curiosity rover 's Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI) tool was used to create this self-portrait of the rover on Mars. Image courtesy NASA / JPL - Caltech\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Nathalie Cabrol, a planetary scientist at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/home/index.html#.VE7KjPl4rYg\">NASA Ames Research Center \u003c/a>in Mountain View, California, called Curiosity “the Swiss Army knife” of Mars rovers. It’s an apt metaphor, considering that Curiosity is the most advanced scientific laboratory ever deployed on the Red Planet. Its suite of 11 scientific instruments, including cameras that are capable of capturing stunning high-definition photos of the Martian landscape, have already yielded more data than all previous Mars rover missions combined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of Curiosity’s biggest findings so far was announced last year, when scientists unveiled images taken by the rover of an ancient streambed, where gravelly rocks provided proof that water once flowed on Mars and could have actually supported life millions or billions of years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity continues to make sophisticated measurements of the geological and chemical composition of Mars. In late September 2014, Curiosity drilled into the base of Mount Sharp and analyzed the sample to unearth clues about how the towering peak formed in the center of Gale crater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Curiosity drills into Martian rock, it probes the powdery sample with an x-ray beam. The diffraction or scattering of the x-rays reveal the sample’s structure and composition. The data is then relayed to an orbiting satellite and eventually reaches a team of NASA scientists who meticulously comb through the rover’s measurements and observations. Already, Curiosity’s data has revealed the presence of oxygen, water, carbon and sulfides – elements that are necessary to support life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72516\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/NASA_JPL_Caltech_2_PIA16925_right-full.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-72516\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/NASA_JPL_Caltech_2_PIA16925_right-full.jpg\" alt=\"This image was taken by Curiosity's Navigation Camera (Navcam), with Mount Sharp visible on the southern horizon. Image courtesy NASA / JPL - Caltech\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/NASA_JPL_Caltech_2_PIA16925_right-full.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/NASA_JPL_Caltech_2_PIA16925_right-full-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This image was taken by Curiosity's Navigation Camera (Navcam), with Mount Sharp visible on the southern horizon. Image courtesy NASA / JPL - Caltech\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Although Curiosity cannot detect signs of current life on Mars, astrobiologists such as Christopher McKay of NASA Ames Research Center say they are excited to see Curiosity’s observations which are painting a fuller, more complex picture of the habitability of our closest planetary neighbor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mars is really interesting for the search for life, because it’s a world which we know at one time had an Earth-like period,” McKay said, adding that if there was life on Mars it could have represented “a separate origin of life, a second Genesis” that was different from the evolution of life on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, an international race to explore Mars is heating up, with news in September 2014 that the \u003ca href=\"http://www.isro.org/mars/payload.aspx\">Indian Space Research Organization\u003c/a> had succeeded – on its first attempt – in launching a spacecraft into the orbit of Mars where it began mapping the Martian surface. NASA has already announced a new mission, \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mars2020/\">Mars 2020\u003c/a>, with a successor to the Curiosity rover that will have several goals, including testing new technology to pave the way for a human mission to Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, Hollywood has offered up fanciful, even absurd sci-fi scenarios of what a human mission to Mars would look like, often with catastrophic results for the astronauts. But now, the road to a human exploration of Mars finally looks real, paved by the observations and measurements of dutiful robotic rovers blazing new trails of scientific discovery and wonder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This video story was originally produced by Rachel Silverman and updated by Sheraz Sadiq. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 style=\"color: #586b73\">\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul style=\"color: #666666\">\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yU7tpi0Qooc\">Watch the full episode of QUEST.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Watch how the NASA Curiosity rover is the most sophisticated rover ever deployed on Mars. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442632327,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":656},"headData":{"title":"Searching for Life on Mars | KQED","description":"Watch how the NASA Curiosity rover is the most sophisticated rover ever deployed on Mars. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"72510 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=72510","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/11/19/searching-for-life-on-mars-2/","disqusTitle":"Searching for Life on Mars","videoEmbed":"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LHMQyQ_YwL8?feature=player_embedded","source":"Astronomy","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/astronomy/","path":"/quest/72510/searching-for-life-on-mars-2","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>More than two years after its precisely calibrated landing on the floor of a Martian crater in August 2012, NASA’s one ton, SUV-sized Curiosity rover has traveled more than five miles across the rocky, massive Gale crater to the base of an 18,000-foot mountain, Mount Sharp. The rover is the crowning achievement of the \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/\">Mars Science Laboratory\u003c/a>, a NASA mission managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72515\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/NASA_JPL_Caltech_2_pia16239_c-full.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72515 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/NASA_JPL_Caltech_2_pia16239_c-full-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"The Curiosity rover 's Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI) tool was used to create this self-portrait of the rover on Mars. Image courtesy NASA / JPL - Caltech\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Curiosity rover 's Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI) tool was used to create this self-portrait of the rover on Mars. Image courtesy NASA / JPL - Caltech\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Nathalie Cabrol, a planetary scientist at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/home/index.html#.VE7KjPl4rYg\">NASA Ames Research Center \u003c/a>in Mountain View, California, called Curiosity “the Swiss Army knife” of Mars rovers. It’s an apt metaphor, considering that Curiosity is the most advanced scientific laboratory ever deployed on the Red Planet. Its suite of 11 scientific instruments, including cameras that are capable of capturing stunning high-definition photos of the Martian landscape, have already yielded more data than all previous Mars rover missions combined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of Curiosity’s biggest findings so far was announced last year, when scientists unveiled images taken by the rover of an ancient streambed, where gravelly rocks provided proof that water once flowed on Mars and could have actually supported life millions or billions of years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity continues to make sophisticated measurements of the geological and chemical composition of Mars. In late September 2014, Curiosity drilled into the base of Mount Sharp and analyzed the sample to unearth clues about how the towering peak formed in the center of Gale crater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Curiosity drills into Martian rock, it probes the powdery sample with an x-ray beam. The diffraction or scattering of the x-rays reveal the sample’s structure and composition. The data is then relayed to an orbiting satellite and eventually reaches a team of NASA scientists who meticulously comb through the rover’s measurements and observations. Already, Curiosity’s data has revealed the presence of oxygen, water, carbon and sulfides – elements that are necessary to support life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72516\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/NASA_JPL_Caltech_2_PIA16925_right-full.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-72516\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/NASA_JPL_Caltech_2_PIA16925_right-full.jpg\" alt=\"This image was taken by Curiosity's Navigation Camera (Navcam), with Mount Sharp visible on the southern horizon. Image courtesy NASA / JPL - Caltech\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/NASA_JPL_Caltech_2_PIA16925_right-full.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/NASA_JPL_Caltech_2_PIA16925_right-full-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This image was taken by Curiosity's Navigation Camera (Navcam), with Mount Sharp visible on the southern horizon. Image courtesy NASA / JPL - Caltech\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Although Curiosity cannot detect signs of current life on Mars, astrobiologists such as Christopher McKay of NASA Ames Research Center say they are excited to see Curiosity’s observations which are painting a fuller, more complex picture of the habitability of our closest planetary neighbor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mars is really interesting for the search for life, because it’s a world which we know at one time had an Earth-like period,” McKay said, adding that if there was life on Mars it could have represented “a separate origin of life, a second Genesis” that was different from the evolution of life on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, an international race to explore Mars is heating up, with news in September 2014 that the \u003ca href=\"http://www.isro.org/mars/payload.aspx\">Indian Space Research Organization\u003c/a> had succeeded – on its first attempt – in launching a spacecraft into the orbit of Mars where it began mapping the Martian surface. NASA has already announced a new mission, \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mars2020/\">Mars 2020\u003c/a>, with a successor to the Curiosity rover that will have several goals, including testing new technology to pave the way for a human mission to Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, Hollywood has offered up fanciful, even absurd sci-fi scenarios of what a human mission to Mars would look like, often with catastrophic results for the astronauts. But now, the road to a human exploration of Mars finally looks real, paved by the observations and measurements of dutiful robotic rovers blazing new trails of scientific discovery and wonder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This video story was originally produced by Rachel Silverman and updated by Sheraz Sadiq. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 style=\"color: #586b73\">\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul style=\"color: #666666\">\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yU7tpi0Qooc\">Watch the full episode of QUEST.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/72510/searching-for-life-on-mars-2","authors":["6176"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_8"],"tags":["quest_13023","quest_3537","quest_12269","quest_13022","quest_1751","quest_3647","quest_1920","quest_3677","quest_13","quest_2893","quest_3071"],"featImg":"quest_72517","label":"source_quest_72510"},"quest_72717":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_72717","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"72717","score":null,"sort":[1415286031000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"searching-for-other-earths","title":"Searching for Other Earths","publishDate":1415286031,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>During six weeks every summer, for the past six years, University of California-Berkeley astrophysicist Geoff Marcy and five of his students have spent their nights in a small basement room on campus. The room has a microwave oven, a coffeemaker and a couch with two cushions. But none of them gets much use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72711\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/Filming_in_remote_observation_room_081314.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72711 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/Filming_in_remote_observation_room_081314-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"From a remote observing room at the University of California-Berkeley, astrophysicist Geoff Marcy (right) and graduate student Lauren Weiss used one of the Keck telescopes, in Hawaii, to look for planets outside our solar system. KQED’s Helen Silvani and Tomas Tucker filmed them in August. Photo: Gabriela Quirós\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">From a remote observing room at the University of California-Berkeley, astrophysicist Geoff Marcy (right) and graduate student Lauren Weiss used one of the Keck telescopes, in Hawaii, to look for planets outside our solar system. KQED’s Helen Silvani and Tomas Tucker filmed them in August. Photo: Gabriela Quirós\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Each night, Marcy and his students – usually in teams of two – race to scour the skies from 11 pm until 9 am the next morning. Connecting remotely to one of the two Keck telescopes, in Hawaii, they search for planets outside our solar system, trillions of miles away. The Keck telescopes are some of the world's largest, and each night of looking at the stars with one of them costs $50,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a little embarrassing to describe how manic we are,” said Marcy. “From the time the sun sets till the moment when the sun rises, we don’t take any breaks. We just make sure the telescope is pointed at one star, and then immediately another star, and then immediately another star.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72712\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/Geoff_Marcy_in_remote_observation_room_081314.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72712 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/Geoff_Marcy_in_remote_observation_room_081314-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"University of California-Berkeley astrophysicist Geoff Marcy spent six weeks this summer looking for exoplanets from a basement room on campus. In the room, Marcy and his students are able to connect remotely to the Keck telescopes, in Hawaii. Photo: Gabriela Quirós\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">University of California-Berkeley astrophysicist Geoff Marcy spent six weeks this summer looking for exoplanets from a basement room on campus. In the room, Marcy and his students are able to connect remotely to the Keck telescopes, in Hawaii. Photo: Gabriela Quirós\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On an early morning in August, Marcy and graduate student Lauren Weiss were doing just that, somewhat frantically making a last-minute decision to change the way they were taking measurements on a star called HTR248-002. By studying changes in starlight over time, astronomers are able to figure out if the star has any planets orbiting around it. This particular star has one Jupiter-size planet that has been confirmed. Marcy and Weiss were gathering data that could help them confirm the existence of a second planet, this one three times the mass of Jupiter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The so-called exoplanets that Marcy and Weiss are looking for remained elusive for decades, until the first ones were discovered in 1995, first by a team in Switzerland, and shortly thereafter by graduate student Paul Butler and Marcy, who were then at San Francisco State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Discoveries of other planets outside our solar system exploded in 2009, when NASA launched \u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/\">the Kepler telescope\u003c/a> into space, with the mission of finding planets in a constellation of our Milky Way galaxy. Kepler observed the slight dimming caused by planets as they crossed in front of their stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72710\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/NASA_Kepler-milkyway-fov_640.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-72710\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/NASA_Kepler-milkyway-fov_640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"This is a photo of the section of our Milky Way galaxy that the Kepler space telescope observed from 2009 to 2013. Photo: Carter Roberts / Eastbay Astronomical Society. \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This is a photo of the section of our Milky Way galaxy that the Kepler space telescope observed from 2009 to 2013.\u003cbr>Photo: Carter Roberts / Eastbay Astronomical Society.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Based on Kepler’s observations, in 2013 Marcy’s student Erik Petigura, together with Marcy and Andrew Howard, of the University of Hawaii-Manoa, produced an estimate that revealed a stunning number of planets similar to Earth. Their calculations showed that in our galaxy roughly one out of five stars like the sun has an Earth-size planet at just the right distance from its star to potentially harbor water in liquid form.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Forty \u003cem>billion\u003c/em> Earth-size planets at habitable temperatures,” said Marcy. “And that’s just within our Milky Way galaxy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That estimate won Petigura, Howard and Marcy the 2013 National Academy of Sciences’ Cozzarelli Prize, a prestigious award that recognizes outstanding contributions to scientific research. Some 1,500 exoplanets have been confirmed, and another 3,400 exoplanets observed by Kepler await confirmation, according to \u003ca href=\"http://exoplanets.org/\">exoplanets.org\u003c/a>, run by Jason Wright, at Penn State.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72707\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/Keck3_credit-W.M.KeckObservatory_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-72707\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/Keck3_credit-W.M.KeckObservatory_800-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"With their 33 ft. mirrors, the two Keck telescopes, in Hawaii, have enabled scientists to discover new exoplanets. Courtesy of W. M. Keck Observatory. \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">With their 33 ft. mirrors, the two Keck telescopes, in Hawaii, have enabled scientists to discover new exoplanets.\u003cbr>Courtesy of W. M. Keck Observatory.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now, Marcy and his fellow astronomers are trying to figure out which Earth-size exoplanets might actually have water. With measurements from Kepler and Keck, they’re able to calculate a planet’s mass. The denser a planet is, the likelier it is to have a rocky surface where water could pool, allowing life to develop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After four years of looking for Earth-size exoplanets, Kepler has suffered enough wear and tear that scientists can no longer use it to find Earth-size planets, said Marcy. The $600 million space telescope, which malfunctioned last year \u003ca href=\"http://www.astropublishing.com/FreeAstronomyMagazine_JulAug2014/index.html#44/z%20\">but was stabilized and renamed the K2 mission\u003c/a>, is still able to look for exoplanets slightly larger than Earth. Marcy, Petigura and Howard are using it to figure out if exoplanets are as abundant in the rest of the Milky Way as they are in the constellation Cygnus that Kepler observed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72709\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/NASA_Kepler-62MorningStar-1_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-72709\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/NASA_Kepler-62MorningStar-1_800-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"This artist’s concept imagines an exoplanet named Kepler-62f, and in the distance, another planet called Kepler-62e. Scientists have found that these two planets orbit their star at a distance that would make it possible for them to have liquid water. Credit: Courtesy of NASA Ames/JPL-Caltech/Tim Pyle. \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This artist’s concept imagines an exoplanet named Kepler-62f, and in the distance, another planet called Kepler-62e. Scientists have found that these two planets orbit their star at a distance that would make it possible for them to have liquid water.\u003cbr>Courtesy of NASA Ames/JPL-Caltech/Tim Pyle.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And the search for Earth-size exoplanets continues. A new telescope, the Automated Planet Finder, managed by the University of California-Santa Cruz, recently started collecting data at the Lick Observatory, in the hills east of San Jose. The APF gets its name from its ability to observe the skies without the presence of a human operator. With the Keck telescope and two other instruments, the HARPS-N telescope in the Canary Islands and the HARPS in Chile, the APF is one of a handful of powerful telescopes looking for Earth-size exoplanets that are much closer to Earth than the ones that Kepler observed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although considered nearby by astronomers, the closer planets would still take thousands of years for humans to reach with today’s fastest-known rockets. Yet they still intrigue scientists, offering tantalizing opportunities to look for signs of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can maybe look for the glinting of starlight off the oceans,” said Marcy. “Maybe we can analyze the light to look for chlorophyll, or the methane that would come from bovine flatulence or some such. So the nearest stars and their Earth-like planets represent some kind of an astro-biological goldmine, and we’re hunting for those Earths very vigorously.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Update: On Oct. 14, 2015, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/10/14/berkeley-astronomer-geoff-marcy-in-wake-of-sex-harassment-case\" target=\"_blank\">Geoff Marcy resigned his professorship\u003c/a> at UC Berkeley after an investigation found he violated campus sexual harassment policies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This video \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-planet-hunters\">was originally produced by Christopher Bauer\u003c/a> and was updated by Gabriela Quirós.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yTIDkj9Tn58\">Watch the full episode of QUEST.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Do other planets like Earth exist? Since it launched in 2009, NASA’s Kepler space observatory has revealed billions of Earth-size planets. Now scientists are looking for signs of water on these planets. Watch a video and read about their search.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1445296186,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":1151},"headData":{"title":"Searching for Other Earths | KQED","description":"Do other planets like Earth exist? Since it launched in 2009, NASA’s Kepler space observatory has revealed billions of Earth-size planets. Now scientists are looking for signs of water on these planets. Watch a video and read about their search.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"72717 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=72717","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/11/06/searching-for-other-earths/","disqusTitle":"Searching for Other Earths","videoEmbed":"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0SE8QDD4BwU?feature=player_profilepage","path":"/quest/72717/searching-for-other-earths","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>During six weeks every summer, for the past six years, University of California-Berkeley astrophysicist Geoff Marcy and five of his students have spent their nights in a small basement room on campus. The room has a microwave oven, a coffeemaker and a couch with two cushions. But none of them gets much use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72711\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/Filming_in_remote_observation_room_081314.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72711 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/Filming_in_remote_observation_room_081314-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"From a remote observing room at the University of California-Berkeley, astrophysicist Geoff Marcy (right) and graduate student Lauren Weiss used one of the Keck telescopes, in Hawaii, to look for planets outside our solar system. KQED’s Helen Silvani and Tomas Tucker filmed them in August. Photo: Gabriela Quirós\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">From a remote observing room at the University of California-Berkeley, astrophysicist Geoff Marcy (right) and graduate student Lauren Weiss used one of the Keck telescopes, in Hawaii, to look for planets outside our solar system. KQED’s Helen Silvani and Tomas Tucker filmed them in August. Photo: Gabriela Quirós\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Each night, Marcy and his students – usually in teams of two – race to scour the skies from 11 pm until 9 am the next morning. Connecting remotely to one of the two Keck telescopes, in Hawaii, they search for planets outside our solar system, trillions of miles away. The Keck telescopes are some of the world's largest, and each night of looking at the stars with one of them costs $50,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a little embarrassing to describe how manic we are,” said Marcy. “From the time the sun sets till the moment when the sun rises, we don’t take any breaks. We just make sure the telescope is pointed at one star, and then immediately another star, and then immediately another star.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72712\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/Geoff_Marcy_in_remote_observation_room_081314.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72712 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/Geoff_Marcy_in_remote_observation_room_081314-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"University of California-Berkeley astrophysicist Geoff Marcy spent six weeks this summer looking for exoplanets from a basement room on campus. In the room, Marcy and his students are able to connect remotely to the Keck telescopes, in Hawaii. Photo: Gabriela Quirós\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">University of California-Berkeley astrophysicist Geoff Marcy spent six weeks this summer looking for exoplanets from a basement room on campus. In the room, Marcy and his students are able to connect remotely to the Keck telescopes, in Hawaii. Photo: Gabriela Quirós\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On an early morning in August, Marcy and graduate student Lauren Weiss were doing just that, somewhat frantically making a last-minute decision to change the way they were taking measurements on a star called HTR248-002. By studying changes in starlight over time, astronomers are able to figure out if the star has any planets orbiting around it. This particular star has one Jupiter-size planet that has been confirmed. Marcy and Weiss were gathering data that could help them confirm the existence of a second planet, this one three times the mass of Jupiter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The so-called exoplanets that Marcy and Weiss are looking for remained elusive for decades, until the first ones were discovered in 1995, first by a team in Switzerland, and shortly thereafter by graduate student Paul Butler and Marcy, who were then at San Francisco State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Discoveries of other planets outside our solar system exploded in 2009, when NASA launched \u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/\">the Kepler telescope\u003c/a> into space, with the mission of finding planets in a constellation of our Milky Way galaxy. Kepler observed the slight dimming caused by planets as they crossed in front of their stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72710\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/NASA_Kepler-milkyway-fov_640.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-72710\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/NASA_Kepler-milkyway-fov_640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"This is a photo of the section of our Milky Way galaxy that the Kepler space telescope observed from 2009 to 2013. Photo: Carter Roberts / Eastbay Astronomical Society. \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This is a photo of the section of our Milky Way galaxy that the Kepler space telescope observed from 2009 to 2013.\u003cbr>Photo: Carter Roberts / Eastbay Astronomical Society.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Based on Kepler’s observations, in 2013 Marcy’s student Erik Petigura, together with Marcy and Andrew Howard, of the University of Hawaii-Manoa, produced an estimate that revealed a stunning number of planets similar to Earth. Their calculations showed that in our galaxy roughly one out of five stars like the sun has an Earth-size planet at just the right distance from its star to potentially harbor water in liquid form.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Forty \u003cem>billion\u003c/em> Earth-size planets at habitable temperatures,” said Marcy. “And that’s just within our Milky Way galaxy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That estimate won Petigura, Howard and Marcy the 2013 National Academy of Sciences’ Cozzarelli Prize, a prestigious award that recognizes outstanding contributions to scientific research. Some 1,500 exoplanets have been confirmed, and another 3,400 exoplanets observed by Kepler await confirmation, according to \u003ca href=\"http://exoplanets.org/\">exoplanets.org\u003c/a>, run by Jason Wright, at Penn State.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72707\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/Keck3_credit-W.M.KeckObservatory_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-72707\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/Keck3_credit-W.M.KeckObservatory_800-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"With their 33 ft. mirrors, the two Keck telescopes, in Hawaii, have enabled scientists to discover new exoplanets. Courtesy of W. M. Keck Observatory. \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">With their 33 ft. mirrors, the two Keck telescopes, in Hawaii, have enabled scientists to discover new exoplanets.\u003cbr>Courtesy of W. M. Keck Observatory.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now, Marcy and his fellow astronomers are trying to figure out which Earth-size exoplanets might actually have water. With measurements from Kepler and Keck, they’re able to calculate a planet’s mass. The denser a planet is, the likelier it is to have a rocky surface where water could pool, allowing life to develop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After four years of looking for Earth-size exoplanets, Kepler has suffered enough wear and tear that scientists can no longer use it to find Earth-size planets, said Marcy. The $600 million space telescope, which malfunctioned last year \u003ca href=\"http://www.astropublishing.com/FreeAstronomyMagazine_JulAug2014/index.html#44/z%20\">but was stabilized and renamed the K2 mission\u003c/a>, is still able to look for exoplanets slightly larger than Earth. Marcy, Petigura and Howard are using it to figure out if exoplanets are as abundant in the rest of the Milky Way as they are in the constellation Cygnus that Kepler observed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72709\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/NASA_Kepler-62MorningStar-1_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-72709\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/NASA_Kepler-62MorningStar-1_800-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"This artist’s concept imagines an exoplanet named Kepler-62f, and in the distance, another planet called Kepler-62e. Scientists have found that these two planets orbit their star at a distance that would make it possible for them to have liquid water. Credit: Courtesy of NASA Ames/JPL-Caltech/Tim Pyle. \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This artist’s concept imagines an exoplanet named Kepler-62f, and in the distance, another planet called Kepler-62e. Scientists have found that these two planets orbit their star at a distance that would make it possible for them to have liquid water.\u003cbr>Courtesy of NASA Ames/JPL-Caltech/Tim Pyle.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And the search for Earth-size exoplanets continues. A new telescope, the Automated Planet Finder, managed by the University of California-Santa Cruz, recently started collecting data at the Lick Observatory, in the hills east of San Jose. The APF gets its name from its ability to observe the skies without the presence of a human operator. With the Keck telescope and two other instruments, the HARPS-N telescope in the Canary Islands and the HARPS in Chile, the APF is one of a handful of powerful telescopes looking for Earth-size exoplanets that are much closer to Earth than the ones that Kepler observed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although considered nearby by astronomers, the closer planets would still take thousands of years for humans to reach with today’s fastest-known rockets. Yet they still intrigue scientists, offering tantalizing opportunities to look for signs of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can maybe look for the glinting of starlight off the oceans,” said Marcy. “Maybe we can analyze the light to look for chlorophyll, or the methane that would come from bovine flatulence or some such. So the nearest stars and their Earth-like planets represent some kind of an astro-biological goldmine, and we’re hunting for those Earths very vigorously.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Update: On Oct. 14, 2015, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/10/14/berkeley-astronomer-geoff-marcy-in-wake-of-sex-harassment-case\" target=\"_blank\">Geoff Marcy resigned his professorship\u003c/a> at UC Berkeley after an investigation found he violated campus sexual harassment policies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This video \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-planet-hunters\">was originally produced by Christopher Bauer\u003c/a> and was updated by Gabriela Quirós.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yTIDkj9Tn58\">Watch the full episode of QUEST.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/72717/searching-for-other-earths","authors":["6186"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_13054","quest_1037","quest_12269","quest_10972","quest_13053","quest_13","quest_2893","quest_12094","quest_3071"],"featImg":"quest_72714","label":"quest"},"quest_58653":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_58653","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"58653","score":null,"sort":[1388070018000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"why-a-dark-sky-matters","title":"Why a Dark Sky Matters","publishDate":1388070018,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Ohio/Radio/Content/Dark+Sky/Stream/darksky12_13_2013withfundersmp3.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65229\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/USA.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-65229\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/USA.jpg\" alt=\"Night lights create a dazzling aerial view, but 24/7 lighting harms ecosystems and human health.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/USA.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/USA-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Night lights create a dazzling aerial view, but 24/7 lighting harms ecosystems and human health.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For those living in remote areas, seeing the stars is no big deal. But for the many people who live in cities, spotting the Big Dipper can be tough. City lights are to blame — everything from streetlights to stadium lights to garage lights. And it turns out these lights mess up a whole lot more than just our view of the galaxy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I remember growing up seeing stars all the time, and now I don't see 'em. There's so much light pollution from houses,” said Beth Bedford, a nature enthusiast from Willoughby, Ohio. “Auto dealers are the worst. When you just wanna go out in the summer and enjoy the summer nights and you've got all this light and there's no way to see the stars or anything and to enjoy it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bedford isn’t alone in lamenting the loss of the night sky. I met her at a recently opened “dark sky park” in Geauga County, Ohio. It’s one of 12 parks certified by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.darksky.org/\" target=\"_blank\">International Dark Sky Association\u003c/a>. Park naturalist Chris Mentrek said all of them create an oasis of dark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We're 32 miles from the Public Square hotdog cart, but it's already a whole different world when we look over the sky because it's just intensely dark out here,” said Mentrek.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65143\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Dark-Sky-Park-021edit.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-65143\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Dark-Sky-Park-021edit-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dark sky parks, with their star-filled nights and open fields, make great locations for observatories.\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This monitor sits atop a green roof at Ohio's Observatory Park and tracks how dark the sky is. It's part of a worldwide science project that monitors light pollution.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This allows for prime stargazing. But Mentrek said that’s not the only benefit of having the lights switched off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So it's not just that it, you know, wrecks our view of the cool stuff that we astronomers wanna study, like stars and faraway galaxies, but it can also start to kind of mess with these rhythms that nature's adapted itself to,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mentrek explained that light pollution affects the health of the ecosystem and the animals living in it, including people. By turning on artificial lights 24 hours a day, people start to disrupt natural circadian rhythms of lightness and darkness that human bodies expect, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And so, then hormone levels in your brain can slowly come a bit out of the balance that they were adapted to. And you can start to see human health effects,” he said. “And then, of course, there's all the other animals who are accustomed to a nice, dark night and then all of a sudden we've brought in these strange artificial lighting sources. So it can be a little bit disorienting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many animals depend upon clear, starry nights for navigation. Light pollution draws birds and fish off course; \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/protecting-summer-hang-outs-for-bats/\" target=\"_blank\">bats get confused\u003c/a>; sea turtles looking for the light of the moon end up following rays from street lamps onto highways; even the South African dung beetle, which rolls its dung ball back home with help from the Milky Way, runs askew without stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So if there's all these artificial lights, the poor little guys can't find their way, and they're just kind of wandering around aimlessly,” Mentrek said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65144\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 358px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Scarabaeus_laticollis_2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-65144\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Scarabaeus_laticollis_2-358x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dung beetles need the stars to navigate as they roll their smelly treasures homeward. \" width=\"358\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dung beetles need the stars to navigate as they roll their smelly treasures homeward.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On top of that, light pollution disrupts the ability of nocturnal creatures to mate, migrate, feed, and pollinate. Species that rely on the safety of darkness to forage, for instance, will delay doing so in the glare of streetlights for fear of getting eaten themselves. Scientists are still learning how and why light pollution disrupts so many species, but there seems to be no question that behavior is being altered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In humans, too much bright light creates hormonal havoc. It messes with the body’s production of melatonin. The World Health Organization calls shift work a \u003ca href=\"http://www.breastcancerfund.org/clear-science/radiation-chemicals-and-breast-cancer/light-at-night-and-melatonin.html\" target=\"_blank\">probable carcinogen\u003c/a>, and researchers are finding more and more \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2627884/\" target=\"_blank\">evidence \u003c/a>linking light to everything from obesity to mood disorders to heart disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why many environmental and public health advocates are making a concerted effort to change the way we light our world. \u003ca href=\"http://dornsife.usc.edu/cf/faculty-and-staff/faculty.cfm?pid=1008246\" target=\"_blank\">Travis Longcore\u003c/a>, a professor at the University of Southern California who studies the effects of light pollution on the natural world, said there are five main things people can do to limit light pollution without compromising safety or other concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First off, said Longcore, determine if a light is truly needed for the area. If a light is necessary, consider whether the area could be lit with a lower-intensity bulb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another thing to consider is direction. Shield the light so it illuminates just what you need, like a sidewalk, and avoid what Longcore calls the “quintessential barn light.” “It's just a big glare bomb,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next on his checklist is duration. Don’t keep a light on 24/7 if it doesn’t need to be. \u003ca href=\"http://e360.yale.edu/feature/bringing_back_the_night__a_fight_against_light_pollution/2681/\" target=\"_blank\">France\u003c/a> recently mandated shops turn off their lights after 1 a.m., and the country expects to save two million euros in energy costs and cut over 200,000 tons of CO2 emissions per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65121\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 427px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Visible_Light_Spectrum-USE-from-wikimedia.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-65121 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Visible_Light_Spectrum-USE-from-wikimedia-585x360.jpg\" alt=\"The colors we see are functions of wavelengths of light. \" width=\"427\" height=\"263\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The colors we see are functions of wavelengths of light.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>His last tip is color: avoid bright white. It contains a \u003ca href=\"http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/light/u12l2a.cfm\" target=\"_blank\">mixture \u003c/a>of all the colors on the visible spectrum. Dim red light is best for nighttime because it has longer wavelengths with the least power to mess with circadian rhythms and affect melatonin. He said many stores sell yellow “\u003ca href=\"http://www.bulbs.com/learning/buglight.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">bug lights\u003c/a>” that would be good night lighting for humans and the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Ohio’s Observatory Park, for instance, the pathways are lit up by miniature street lamps that face down and glow red. Longcore said parks like this can drive change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What you love to see around a dark sky park is that people recognize the benefits this brings to the community,” he said. “As long as people are aware that there are many reasons that people are concerned about and want to see smart night lighting — that range from health to wildlife to stars — it can set up a local culture of respect for those issues and sets of behaviors that go along with it.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Big city lights may put some dazzle in the night sky, but they also cause problems for people and other creatures attuned to darkness. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443831043,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":21,"wordCount":1101},"headData":{"title":"Why a Dark Sky Matters | KQED","description":"Big city lights may put some dazzle in the night sky, but they also cause problems for people and other creatures attuned to darkness. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"58653 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=58653","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/12/26/why-a-dark-sky-matters/","disqusTitle":"Why a Dark Sky Matters","path":"/quest/58653/why-a-dark-sky-matters","audioUrl":"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Ohio/Radio/Content/Dark+Sky/Stream/darksky12_13_2013withfundersmp3.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Ohio/Radio/Content/Dark+Sky/Stream/darksky12_13_2013withfundersmp3.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65229\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/USA.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-65229\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/USA.jpg\" alt=\"Night lights create a dazzling aerial view, but 24/7 lighting harms ecosystems and human health.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/USA.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/USA-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Night lights create a dazzling aerial view, but 24/7 lighting harms ecosystems and human health.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For those living in remote areas, seeing the stars is no big deal. But for the many people who live in cities, spotting the Big Dipper can be tough. City lights are to blame — everything from streetlights to stadium lights to garage lights. And it turns out these lights mess up a whole lot more than just our view of the galaxy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I remember growing up seeing stars all the time, and now I don't see 'em. There's so much light pollution from houses,” said Beth Bedford, a nature enthusiast from Willoughby, Ohio. “Auto dealers are the worst. When you just wanna go out in the summer and enjoy the summer nights and you've got all this light and there's no way to see the stars or anything and to enjoy it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bedford isn’t alone in lamenting the loss of the night sky. I met her at a recently opened “dark sky park” in Geauga County, Ohio. It’s one of 12 parks certified by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.darksky.org/\" target=\"_blank\">International Dark Sky Association\u003c/a>. Park naturalist Chris Mentrek said all of them create an oasis of dark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We're 32 miles from the Public Square hotdog cart, but it's already a whole different world when we look over the sky because it's just intensely dark out here,” said Mentrek.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65143\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Dark-Sky-Park-021edit.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-65143\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Dark-Sky-Park-021edit-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dark sky parks, with their star-filled nights and open fields, make great locations for observatories.\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This monitor sits atop a green roof at Ohio's Observatory Park and tracks how dark the sky is. It's part of a worldwide science project that monitors light pollution.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This allows for prime stargazing. But Mentrek said that’s not the only benefit of having the lights switched off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So it's not just that it, you know, wrecks our view of the cool stuff that we astronomers wanna study, like stars and faraway galaxies, but it can also start to kind of mess with these rhythms that nature's adapted itself to,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mentrek explained that light pollution affects the health of the ecosystem and the animals living in it, including people. By turning on artificial lights 24 hours a day, people start to disrupt natural circadian rhythms of lightness and darkness that human bodies expect, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And so, then hormone levels in your brain can slowly come a bit out of the balance that they were adapted to. And you can start to see human health effects,” he said. “And then, of course, there's all the other animals who are accustomed to a nice, dark night and then all of a sudden we've brought in these strange artificial lighting sources. So it can be a little bit disorienting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many animals depend upon clear, starry nights for navigation. Light pollution draws birds and fish off course; \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/protecting-summer-hang-outs-for-bats/\" target=\"_blank\">bats get confused\u003c/a>; sea turtles looking for the light of the moon end up following rays from street lamps onto highways; even the South African dung beetle, which rolls its dung ball back home with help from the Milky Way, runs askew without stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So if there's all these artificial lights, the poor little guys can't find their way, and they're just kind of wandering around aimlessly,” Mentrek said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65144\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 358px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Scarabaeus_laticollis_2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-65144\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Scarabaeus_laticollis_2-358x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dung beetles need the stars to navigate as they roll their smelly treasures homeward. \" width=\"358\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dung beetles need the stars to navigate as they roll their smelly treasures homeward.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On top of that, light pollution disrupts the ability of nocturnal creatures to mate, migrate, feed, and pollinate. Species that rely on the safety of darkness to forage, for instance, will delay doing so in the glare of streetlights for fear of getting eaten themselves. Scientists are still learning how and why light pollution disrupts so many species, but there seems to be no question that behavior is being altered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In humans, too much bright light creates hormonal havoc. It messes with the body’s production of melatonin. The World Health Organization calls shift work a \u003ca href=\"http://www.breastcancerfund.org/clear-science/radiation-chemicals-and-breast-cancer/light-at-night-and-melatonin.html\" target=\"_blank\">probable carcinogen\u003c/a>, and researchers are finding more and more \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2627884/\" target=\"_blank\">evidence \u003c/a>linking light to everything from obesity to mood disorders to heart disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why many environmental and public health advocates are making a concerted effort to change the way we light our world. \u003ca href=\"http://dornsife.usc.edu/cf/faculty-and-staff/faculty.cfm?pid=1008246\" target=\"_blank\">Travis Longcore\u003c/a>, a professor at the University of Southern California who studies the effects of light pollution on the natural world, said there are five main things people can do to limit light pollution without compromising safety or other concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First off, said Longcore, determine if a light is truly needed for the area. If a light is necessary, consider whether the area could be lit with a lower-intensity bulb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another thing to consider is direction. Shield the light so it illuminates just what you need, like a sidewalk, and avoid what Longcore calls the “quintessential barn light.” “It's just a big glare bomb,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next on his checklist is duration. Don’t keep a light on 24/7 if it doesn’t need to be. \u003ca href=\"http://e360.yale.edu/feature/bringing_back_the_night__a_fight_against_light_pollution/2681/\" target=\"_blank\">France\u003c/a> recently mandated shops turn off their lights after 1 a.m., and the country expects to save two million euros in energy costs and cut over 200,000 tons of CO2 emissions per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65121\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 427px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Visible_Light_Spectrum-USE-from-wikimedia.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-65121 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Visible_Light_Spectrum-USE-from-wikimedia-585x360.jpg\" alt=\"The colors we see are functions of wavelengths of light. \" width=\"427\" height=\"263\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The colors we see are functions of wavelengths of light.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>His last tip is color: avoid bright white. It contains a \u003ca href=\"http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/light/u12l2a.cfm\" target=\"_blank\">mixture \u003c/a>of all the colors on the visible spectrum. Dim red light is best for nighttime because it has longer wavelengths with the least power to mess with circadian rhythms and affect melatonin. He said many stores sell yellow “\u003ca href=\"http://www.bulbs.com/learning/buglight.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">bug lights\u003c/a>” that would be good night lighting for humans and the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Ohio’s Observatory Park, for instance, the pathways are lit up by miniature street lamps that face down and glow red. Longcore said parks like this can drive change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What you love to see around a dark sky park is that people recognize the benefits this brings to the community,” he said. “As long as people are aware that there are many reasons that people are concerned about and want to see smart night lighting — that range from health to wildlife to stars — it can set up a local culture of respect for those issues and sets of behaviors that go along with it.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/58653/why-a-dark-sky-matters","authors":["10270"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_11765","quest_9","quest_16"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_12525","quest_12269","quest_12526","quest_1661","quest_10429","quest_12524"],"featImg":"quest_65229","label":"quest"},"quest_53756":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_53756","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"53756","score":null,"sort":[1367593244000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-state-of-the-universe-matter-and-age-up-dark-energy-down","title":"The State of the Universe: Matter and Age Up, Dark Energy Down","publishDate":1367593244,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53757\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/03/the-state-of-the-universe-matter-and-age-up-dark-energy-down/cobe-wmap-planck-maps/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53757\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-53757\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/cobe-wmap-planck-maps.jpg\" alt=\"Smile, universe, for your baby picture! Maps of the early universe by the COBE, WMAP, and Planck missions. Image credit: NASA\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/cobe-wmap-planck-maps.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/cobe-wmap-planck-maps-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Smile, universe, for your baby picture! Maps of the early universe by the COBE, WMAP, and Planck missions. Image credit: NASA\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On news that the universe may be 100 million years older than previously estimated, cosmological markets have seen a reduction in the benchmark of universal expansion, the \u003ca title=\"The Hubble Constant\" href=\"http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/uni_expansion.html\" target=\"_blank\">Hubble Constant\u003c/a>, down to a new low of 67.15 kilometers per second per megaparsec. This has led to a drop in the dark energy market, down from initial estimates by 3.1% to 68.3% of the total universal mass/energy inventory. On the brighter side, stocks of the highly sought-after dark matter commodities are up to 26.8%, and good-old reliable normal matter fundamentals have inched upward to 4.9%, up from the previous 4.6%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca title=\"NASA Science News\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2013/21mar_cmb/\" target=\"_blank\">news \u003c/a>comes not from Wall Street but from cosmological observations by the European Space Agency's Planck mission, and analysis of those measurements by European, NASA and Canadian scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What do the numbers mean?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That the age of the universe is 100 million years greater than previously calculated is interesting, but it won't force the Barenaked Ladies to change the lyrics in the Big Bang Theory's opening theme song; \"…nearly 14 billion years ago…\" works whether the number is 13.7 or the more recent 13.8 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The small refinements in the percentages of the universe composed of normal matter, \u003ca title=\"Dark Matter and Dark Energy\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/what-is-dark-energy/\" target=\"_blank\">dark matter and dark energy\u003c/a> are probably more interesting to scientists as far as the absolute numbers go. But the mere fact that a quarter of the universe is made of stuff we can't see (dark matter) and over two-thirds of the universe is made of stuff we can neither see nor at present understand (dark energy) is a stupefying fact. It means that what we can see in the universe (planets, stars, galaxies—normal matter) is only about 5% of what's actually there. Stupefying!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planck's mission is to measure minute differences in the brightness of the \u003ca title=\"Cosmic Microwave Background\" href=\"http://www.space.com/20330-cosmic-microwave-background-explained-infographic.html\" target=\"_blank\">Cosmic Microwave Background\u003c/a> (CMB) radiation, the faint glow of microwaves coming from every direction in the sky. Originally discovered by accident in 1964, CMB radiation comes from the greatest observable distances in the universe, and from the earliest time that light became able to travel freely through space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Astronomers became very interested in these cosmic microwave emissions, for in collecting and measuring those photons they were essentially taking a picture of the very early universe, not long after the Big Bang (the theory, not the TV show). The CMB is the \"afterglow of creation,\" and for astronomers to discover and study it was something akin to when anthropologists first found fossils of the earliest hominids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you look out at distant galaxies you are seeing the light that left them in the distant past—how far in the past depends on how far away the galaxy is. The most distant galaxy that we have seen is a portal back in time over 13 billion years, a time when the universe was barely past infancy. But look a bit farther into space, a bit further backward in time, and you are looking at a time before galaxies had formed from the expanding gaseous universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The limit of our ability to peer backward is met at the time before which the hot gases of the Big Bang aftermath were too dense for light to travel freely, and instead bounced around within the hot dense soup (those lyrics also need no adjustment) of atomic nuclei and electrons--similar to how light bounces between water droplets in a cloud. We see this far, but no farther because we are looking into an opaque cloud that existed before the universe was 370,000 years young.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As our picture-taking of the earliest face of the universe became more refined, a more detailed map of the CMB's variations in brightness was resolved, starting with the relatively blurry blotch-map brought by the \u003ca title=\"COBE mission\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/missions/cobe/\" target=\"_blank\">COBE \u003c/a>mission, to a more detailed all-sky image by the \u003ca title=\"WMAP mission\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/missions/wmap/\" target=\"_blank\">WMAP \u003c/a>mission, and now the clearest picture yet by \u003ca title=\"Planck mission\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/missions/planck/\" target=\"_blank\">Planck\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The color variations in the map represent minute differences in the temperature and density of the gases of the early universe—subtle variations that eventually snowballed (so to speak) to become denser concentrations of matter, and the seeds of the earliest galaxies and galaxy clusters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, in comparing the blotchy facial features of this infant shot to photos of the universe taken at later times we have assembled a more complete life picture of how the cosmos has grown and developed. And no one had to change the lyrics of their song either!\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The European Space Agency's Planck mission has generated a map of the infant universe that refines our understanding of what it's all made of and has upped its age by 100 million years. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1367972277,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":781},"headData":{"title":"The State of the Universe: Matter and Age Up, Dark Energy Down | KQED","description":"The European Space Agency's Planck mission has generated a map of the infant universe that refines our understanding of what it's all made of and has upped its age by 100 million years. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"53756 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=53756","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/03/the-state-of-the-universe-matter-and-age-up-dark-energy-down/","disqusTitle":"The State of the Universe: Matter and Age Up, Dark Energy Down","path":"/quest/53756/the-state-of-the-universe-matter-and-age-up-dark-energy-down","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53757\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/03/the-state-of-the-universe-matter-and-age-up-dark-energy-down/cobe-wmap-planck-maps/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53757\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-53757\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/cobe-wmap-planck-maps.jpg\" alt=\"Smile, universe, for your baby picture! Maps of the early universe by the COBE, WMAP, and Planck missions. Image credit: NASA\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/cobe-wmap-planck-maps.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/cobe-wmap-planck-maps-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Smile, universe, for your baby picture! Maps of the early universe by the COBE, WMAP, and Planck missions. Image credit: NASA\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On news that the universe may be 100 million years older than previously estimated, cosmological markets have seen a reduction in the benchmark of universal expansion, the \u003ca title=\"The Hubble Constant\" href=\"http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/uni_expansion.html\" target=\"_blank\">Hubble Constant\u003c/a>, down to a new low of 67.15 kilometers per second per megaparsec. This has led to a drop in the dark energy market, down from initial estimates by 3.1% to 68.3% of the total universal mass/energy inventory. On the brighter side, stocks of the highly sought-after dark matter commodities are up to 26.8%, and good-old reliable normal matter fundamentals have inched upward to 4.9%, up from the previous 4.6%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca title=\"NASA Science News\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2013/21mar_cmb/\" target=\"_blank\">news \u003c/a>comes not from Wall Street but from cosmological observations by the European Space Agency's Planck mission, and analysis of those measurements by European, NASA and Canadian scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What do the numbers mean?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That the age of the universe is 100 million years greater than previously calculated is interesting, but it won't force the Barenaked Ladies to change the lyrics in the Big Bang Theory's opening theme song; \"…nearly 14 billion years ago…\" works whether the number is 13.7 or the more recent 13.8 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The small refinements in the percentages of the universe composed of normal matter, \u003ca title=\"Dark Matter and Dark Energy\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/what-is-dark-energy/\" target=\"_blank\">dark matter and dark energy\u003c/a> are probably more interesting to scientists as far as the absolute numbers go. But the mere fact that a quarter of the universe is made of stuff we can't see (dark matter) and over two-thirds of the universe is made of stuff we can neither see nor at present understand (dark energy) is a stupefying fact. It means that what we can see in the universe (planets, stars, galaxies—normal matter) is only about 5% of what's actually there. Stupefying!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planck's mission is to measure minute differences in the brightness of the \u003ca title=\"Cosmic Microwave Background\" href=\"http://www.space.com/20330-cosmic-microwave-background-explained-infographic.html\" target=\"_blank\">Cosmic Microwave Background\u003c/a> (CMB) radiation, the faint glow of microwaves coming from every direction in the sky. Originally discovered by accident in 1964, CMB radiation comes from the greatest observable distances in the universe, and from the earliest time that light became able to travel freely through space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Astronomers became very interested in these cosmic microwave emissions, for in collecting and measuring those photons they were essentially taking a picture of the very early universe, not long after the Big Bang (the theory, not the TV show). The CMB is the \"afterglow of creation,\" and for astronomers to discover and study it was something akin to when anthropologists first found fossils of the earliest hominids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you look out at distant galaxies you are seeing the light that left them in the distant past—how far in the past depends on how far away the galaxy is. The most distant galaxy that we have seen is a portal back in time over 13 billion years, a time when the universe was barely past infancy. But look a bit farther into space, a bit further backward in time, and you are looking at a time before galaxies had formed from the expanding gaseous universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The limit of our ability to peer backward is met at the time before which the hot gases of the Big Bang aftermath were too dense for light to travel freely, and instead bounced around within the hot dense soup (those lyrics also need no adjustment) of atomic nuclei and electrons--similar to how light bounces between water droplets in a cloud. We see this far, but no farther because we are looking into an opaque cloud that existed before the universe was 370,000 years young.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As our picture-taking of the earliest face of the universe became more refined, a more detailed map of the CMB's variations in brightness was resolved, starting with the relatively blurry blotch-map brought by the \u003ca title=\"COBE mission\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/missions/cobe/\" target=\"_blank\">COBE \u003c/a>mission, to a more detailed all-sky image by the \u003ca title=\"WMAP mission\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/missions/wmap/\" target=\"_blank\">WMAP \u003c/a>mission, and now the clearest picture yet by \u003ca title=\"Planck mission\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/missions/planck/\" target=\"_blank\">Planck\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The color variations in the map represent minute differences in the temperature and density of the gases of the early universe—subtle variations that eventually snowballed (so to speak) to become denser concentrations of matter, and the seeds of the earliest galaxies and galaxy clusters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, in comparing the blotchy facial features of this infant shot to photos of the universe taken at later times we have assembled a more complete life picture of how the cosmos has grown and developed. And no one had to change the lyrics of their song either!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/53756/the-state-of-the-universe-matter-and-age-up-dark-energy-down","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_544","quest_11956","quest_11518","quest_11955","quest_2739","quest_3034"],"featImg":"quest_53757","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Consider-This-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png","officialWebsiteLink":"http://freakonomics.com/","airtime":"SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"WNYC"},"link":"/radio/program/freakonomics-radio","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/","rss":"https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"}},"fresh-air":{"id":"fresh-air","title":"Fresh Air","info":"Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.","airtime":"MON-FRI 7pm-8pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Fresh-Air-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/fresh-air","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Fresh-Air-p17/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"}},"here-and-now":{"id":"here-and-now","title":"Here & Now","info":"A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.","airtime":"MON-THU 11am-12pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Here-And-Now-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"http://www.wbur.org/hereandnow","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/here-and-now","subsdcribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=426698661","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Here--Now-p211/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"}},"how-i-built-this":{"id":"how-i-built-this","title":"How I Built This with Guy Raz","info":"Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this","airtime":"SUN 7:30pm-8pm","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/how-i-built-this","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/Arts--Culture-Podcasts/How-I-Built-This-p910896/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"}},"inside-europe":{"id":"inside-europe","title":"Inside Europe","info":"Inside Europe, a one-hour weekly news magazine hosted by Helen Seeney and Keith Walker, explores the topical issues shaping the continent. No other part of the globe has experienced such dynamic political and social change in recent years.","airtime":"SAT 3am-4am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Inside-Europe-Podcast-Tile-300x300-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Deutsche Welle"},"link":"/radio/program/inside-europe","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/inside-europe/id80106806?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Inside-Europe-p731/","rss":"https://partner.dw.com/xml/podcast_inside-europe"}},"latino-usa":{"id":"latino-usa","title":"Latino USA","airtime":"MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm","info":"Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"http://latinousa.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/latino-usa","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/xtTd","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Latino-USA-p621/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"}},"live-from-here-highlights":{"id":"live-from-here-highlights","title":"Live from Here Highlights","info":"Chris Thile steps to the mic as the host of Live from Here (formerly A Prairie Home Companion), a live public radio variety show. 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Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.","airtime":"MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.marketplace.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"American Public Media"},"link":"/radio/program/marketplace","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=201853034&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/APM-Marketplace-p88/","rss":"https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"}},"mindshift":{"id":"mindshift","title":"MindShift","tagline":"A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids","info":"The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3am-9am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/morning-edition"},"onourwatch":{"id":"onourwatch","title":"On Our Watch","tagline":"Police secrets, unsealed","info":"For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. 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