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She graduated with a BA in Broadcast Electronic Communication Arts from San Francisco State University.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/23e498e43c7614b6c17d430c4859d114?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"@M0NICA10","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"news","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Monica Samayoa | KQED","description":"KQED Contributor","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/23e498e43c7614b6c17d430c4859d114?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/23e498e43c7614b6c17d430c4859d114?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/msamayoa"},"katewolffe":{"type":"authors","id":"11523","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"11523","found":true},"name":"Kate Wolffe","firstName":"Kate","lastName":"Wolffe","slug":"katewolffe","email":"kwolffe@kqed.org","display_author_email":true,"staff_mastheads":["news"],"title":"KQED Reporter + Weekend Host","bio":"Kate Wolffe reports on local Bay Area happenings for KQED, and hosts the news on weekend afternoons. She joined KQED in 2018 as an intern on the Forum team, before moving to cover topics ranging from politics to criminal justice to homelessness. A Bay Area native and UC Berkeley graduate, Kate loves to discover new corners of the region.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/22455f14db824a03ee252f73052fe939?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"katewolffe","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"arts","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"news","roles":["author","edit_others_posts"]},{"site":"forum","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Kate Wolffe | KQED","description":"KQED Reporter + Weekend Host","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/22455f14db824a03ee252f73052fe939?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/22455f14db824a03ee252f73052fe939?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/katewolffe"},"pbartolone":{"type":"authors","id":"11879","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"11879","found":true},"name":"Pauline Bartolone","firstName":"Pauline","lastName":"Bartolone","slug":"pbartolone","email":"pbartolone@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":"KQED Contributor","bio":"Pauline Bartolone has been a journalist for two decades, specializing in longform audio storytelling. Before editing and producing for podcasts like Bay Curious, she was a health care journalist for public radio and print outlets such as CalMatters and Kaiser Health News. Her reporting has won several regional Edward R. Murrow awards, national recognition from the Society of Professional Journalists and a first-place prize from the Association of Health Care Journalists.\r\n\r\nPauline’s work has aired frequently on National Public Radio, and bylines have appeared in The Los Angeles Times, CNN.com, Washingtonpost.com, USA Today and Scientific American.\r\n\r\nPauline has lived in Northern California for 20 years. Her other passions are crafts (now done in collaboration with her daughter) and the Brazilian martial art of capoeira.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/95001c30374b0d3878007af9cf1e120a?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"pbartolone","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"news","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"podcasts","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Pauline Bartolone | KQED","description":"KQED Contributor","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/95001c30374b0d3878007af9cf1e120a?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/95001c30374b0d3878007af9cf1e120a?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/pbartolone"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"news","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"news_11969411":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11969411","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11969411","score":null,"sort":[1702551636000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-bay-area-italians-were-treated-as-enemy-aliens-during-wwii","title":"How Bay Area Italians Were Treated as 'Enemy Aliens' During WWII","publishDate":1702551636,"format":"standard","headTitle":"How Bay Area Italians Were Treated as ‘Enemy Aliens’ During WWII | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":33523,"site":"news"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"#episode-transcript\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">View the full episode transcript\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[dropcap] D[/dropcap]uring a casual Christmas celebration with her 90-year-old grandmother last year, Becca Gularte, a self-proclaimed history buff and third-generation Californian, was rocked by a family story she had never heard before. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 1942, her grandma Laura Gularte, then an elementary school kid in Santa Cruz, was forced to leave her coastal home because her dad was an Italian citizen. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Becca was taken aback. She peppered Laura with questions.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">‘Why did you have to move across town? What do you mean it was because you were Italians?’” Becca remembers. “We had all heard so much about Japanese internment growing up. We were all just so surprised that this had happened to this whole other population.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Becca’s husband, James King, asked Bay Curious to investigate. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And as we found out, Becca’s great-grandfather was one of roughly 10,000 Italian citizens living in California who were forced to leave their homes during World War II. It was just one of many government measures meant to protect the West Coast from an enemy invasion that never came. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>Wartime security\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Within months of the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, as more than 100,000 Japanese Americans were being sent to incarceration camps, other ethnic groups also became the target of new wartime security measures. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriouspodcastinfo]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Italian citizens living near California’s coastline and military sites — some 10,000 of them — were forced to leave their homes and find somewhere else to live.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Laura Gularte’s father, Quinto Neri, was one of them. Neri left Tuscany in Northern Italy in 1911, eventually settling in Santa Cruz, California. He bought land on the coast and became a Brussels sprout farmer.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Laura was just 7 years old when her family had to move from their coastal home in Santa Cruz to just across town, which was outside of an area prohibited by the U.S. military. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“It had a big impact on my father because he was farming rented land that was in the restricted area. So he had to give up his farming,” Laura Gularte remembers. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11969477\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11969477\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/12/Gulartes_cropped.jpg\" alt=\"An elderly woman poses with six adult grandchildren at her 90th birthday party. \" width=\"1920\" height=\"1231\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/12/Gulartes_cropped.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/12/Gulartes_cropped-800x513.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/12/Gulartes_cropped-1020x654.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/12/Gulartes_cropped-160x103.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/12/Gulartes_cropped-1536x985.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Laura Gularte, middle, at her 90th birthday party with all of her grandchildren. Bay Curious question-asker Becca Gularte is on the far left. \u003ccite>(Courtesy photo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After Italy and Germany declared war on the United States, President Franklin Roosevelt gave military commanders and other officials sweeping rights to protect the homeland. These new powers led to the mass incarceration of Japanese Americans as well as a slew of new rules on Italian and German citizens living in the U.S.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This war is a new kind of war,” Roosevelt says in a February 1942 speech. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We shall give up conveniences and modify the routine of our lives if our country asks us to do so. We will do it cheerfully.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Italian citizens had to register as enemy aliens, and many were subject to an 8 p.m. curfew. They couldn’t travel more than 5 miles away from home. People’s houses were searched for “contraband,” including cameras and radios. So-called enemy aliens could be arrested if they violated the new rules.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But the new security measures were applied differently across the United States, and General John DeWitt, who oversaw security for the West Coast, was much more draconian than his counterparts elsewhere. On the East Coast, for example, Italian citizens had travel restrictions, but they weren’t subject to curfew or the mass relocation ordered by General DeWitt, historians say.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[DeWitt] was terrified that under his watch, the West Coast was going to be invaded,” says Lawrence DiStasi, author and editor of \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.heydaybooks.com/catalog/una-storia-segreta-the-secret-history-of-italian-american-evacuation-and-internment-during-world-war-ii/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cem>Una Storia Segreta: The Secret History of Italian American Evacuation and Internment during World War II\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">DiStasi says “paranoia” led General DeWitt to evict Italians from large swaths of the Pacific coast to avoid an enemy invasion. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“It was partly hysteria, partly overkill, I think.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>Bay Area Italians in limbo\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Millions of Italians came to the U.S. for a better life before World War II, many landing in urban centers like New York City. But others ventured to California, becoming fishermen, farmworkers and helping to grow the wine industry. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Italians all around the San Francisco Bay Area were living in the newly declared prohibited zones, including thousands in the cities of Alameda, Richmond and Pittsburg. At least 1,500 Italians were relocated out of Pittsburg because of their proximity to a military site, says Vince Ferrante, president of the Pittsburg Italian American Club and historian for the Pittsburg Historical Society. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“Some families lost their businesses, lost their livelihoods,” he says. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To those who had to move, like Al Bruzzone, 92, in Richmond, the dividing line between what was restricted or not seemed pretty arbitrary. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11969474\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11969474\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/12/Bruzzone.jpg\" alt=\"An elderly man sitting outside. \" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/12/Bruzzone.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/12/Bruzzone-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/12/Bruzzone-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/12/Bruzzone-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/12/Bruzzone-1536x1152.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Al Bruzzone, 92, grew up in the East Bay city of Richmond and still lives there. When his parents were forced to relocate during World War II, he temporarily stayed in an Oakland apartment with his parents. \u003ccite>(Pauline Bartolone/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“If you lived west of San Pablo Avenue, you had the move. If you lived east of San Pablo Avenue, you didn’t have to worry about it,” he says.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bruzzone grew up on his family’s 40-acre lettuce farm in Richmond. He still remembers being 11 years old when the relocation orders came. It split his family up — he and his two younger siblings moved with his parents to a rented apartment in Oakland. But his siblings who were old enough to live by themselves, and American-born, stayed in Richmond and worked the farm.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“On weekends, my brother Jim and I, we would go back. My brothers would pick us up, and we’d go back to where I was growing up,” remembers Bruzzone. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Other Italians who didn’t have the money to rent homes when they were relocated moved in with friends or lived in substandard migrant housing. Bruzzone thought the whole ordeal was a big government mistake. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“Most of the people came to this country because they were poor in Europe and they had a chance to accomplish something here,” he says. “They would never, never, never go fight against the country because they were doing so well here.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>Italian fisherman\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At the onset of the war, 80% of California’s fishermen were Italian. In 1942, their boats were seized by the U.S. Coast Guard, as the late historian Rose Scherini recounts in her chapter of “Una Storia Segreta.” Italian citizens were not allowed to fish on coastal waters. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">That affected Italians working on San Francisco’s Fisherman’s Wharf, like Ken Borelli’s uncle Girolamo Cantatore. He lived in San Francisco and was a crab fisherman embarking off the now-famous tourist area. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When Cantatore lost his vessel and his ability to fish during the war, he made a wooden replica of the boat, and his nephew, Borelli, still had it. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11969451\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11969451\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/12/Borelli.jpg\" alt=\"A man looks at a model boat on a kitchen table.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/12/Borelli.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/12/Borelli-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/12/Borelli-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/12/Borelli-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/12/Borelli-1536x1152.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ken Borelli and the model boat his uncle Girolamo Cantatore made after the crab fishing boat he used was seized by US forces. \u003ccite>(Pauline Bartolone/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“He was a very meticulous person,” Borelli says as he looks at the model boat, which is about two feet wide and is detailed with several deck levels and miniature lifeboats. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Borelli says he doesn’t know whether his uncle was ever compensated or saw his boat again (although according to Scherini, fishermen were given monthly compensation for their seized boats).\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But the boat replica shows his uncle had idle hands and “a yearning to go back to sea,” Borelli says.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>Italians in prison camps\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Italian Americans didn’t just endure forced relocation, hundreds more were sent to prison camps too. As many as 300–400 Italians were incarcerated, DiStasi says. They were moved around from camp to camp around the country until they ultimately wound up in Fort Missoula, Montana. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“A lot of people mistakenly assume that Japanese Americans were the only ones affected by national security fears,” says UC Santa Cruz historian Alice Yang, adding that Italians and Germans also had their civil liberties infringed upon. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">People were imprisoned for being journalists at Italian radio stations and newspapers, teaching the Italian language or simply being veterans of World War I. These activities were seen as promoting Italian pride, Yang says, and in the wartime era, that was considered subversive.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“A lot of the assumptions about whether someone might be a security threat were based on prejudicial views of ethnicity,” Yang says. “Having ethnic pride, if your pride was associated with an axis power, could land you on one of these lists.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To be clear, DiStasi says a good portion of Italian immigrants in the U.S. at the time \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">were\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> supporters of Benito Mussolini, the Nazi-allied fascist leader of Italy. They may not have been in favor of what he did, DiStasi says, but they liked that he was creating a new image for Italy. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“They felt that he had finally put Italy on the map and gained some respect for Italy and throughout the world,” DiStasi says. “But that didn’t mean that they were going to engage in any kind of anti-American activities.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Being “high profile” didn’t exempt Italian citizens from wartime security measures. New York-based opera singer \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.italianhistorical.org/internment.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ezio Pinza\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> was incarcerated without charge for three months, according to Yang. And baseball Hall of Famer Joe DiMaggio’s mother, who lived in San Francisco, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/proclamation-2527-internment-italian-americans\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">was arrested\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>‘You have met the test’\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Then, in October 1942, quite sharply, the American government changed its tune about Italians. \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/ag/legacy/2011/09/16/10-12-1942.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Attorney General Francis Biddle gave a speech at Carnegie Hall in New York City\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">,\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> applauding the high number of Italian Americans currently serving in the U.S. military.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“Into the war against the Axis, they have sent their own sons,” Biddle proclaimed. “These Americans of Italian ancestry will help Italy again to become a free nation.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">By the end of the month Biddle says, the restrictions on Italian citizens would end. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“I say tonight: You have met the test. Your loyalty to the democracy which has given you this chance, you have proved and proved well. Make the most of it. See to it that all Italians remain loyal.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Italians who were imprisoned stayed in camps until 1943, but the relocated Italian Americans in California, like Al Bruzzone and Laura Gularte, got to go home. In total, they’d endured five months of a relocation order and about eight months of curfews and travel restrictions. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“Somebody finally realized they made a mistake,” Bruzzone says, pointing out the irony of Italian citizens in California being forced to move away from their homes while their children were being drafted to fight in the war. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Laura Gularte, who now lives in Salinas, says it was hard for her dad to restart his Brussels sprouts farm after restrictions were lifted, so he went to work for others in the agricultural industry. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">She says her parents didn’t discuss their hardships with her, but she knows it was difficult for her father. At the same time, she says, “We were much luckier than the Japanese, who were encamped and lost everything.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ferrante, of Pittsburg, says many elders in the Italian American community didn’t pass these stories down, and that’s why second and third-generation families don’t know much about this history. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“There’s a stigma attached to it,” explained Ferrante, whose great-grandmother was relocated during World War II. The sentiment among them was, “‘We’re tax-paying citizens, we’re productive in our community, we work here, so what happened, what did we do wrong?’” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But Historian Alice Yang says there are important reasons to remember this history. For the government: Not to use ethnicity to determine who is dangerous and not to let wartime fears subvert civil rights. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that she knows more about what her great-grandfather went through, our question-asker, Becca Gularte, says, “It makes you realize … it’s a hard thing to be an immigrant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story has been updated to reflect the fact that war time restrictions on Italians were issued through more than one government proclamation, not just Executive Order 9066.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousquestion]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 id=\"episode-transcript\">Episode Transcript\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Around the holidays, family stories sometimes surface at the dinner table. Remember Grandma Joyce? She rode a motorcycle. Or Great Gran-Daddy Willie? He scrimped and saved long after the Depression was over.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Then there are tales like Becca Gularte recently heard from her grandma … about how her family was forced from their California home during World War 2. She hadn’t heard that one before. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Becca Gularte:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> It was, it was sort of with that, wait, why did you have to move across town kind of thing? And then she said, Oh, it was because we were Italians. And then we kept prompting her with questions to say, What do you mean It was because you were Italians?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> In the early 1940s, as more than 100,000 Japanese Americans were being sent to incarceration camps, other ethnic groups were also being targeted. Italian citizens living in California — some 10,000 of them — were forced to relocate.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Becca Gularte: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We had all heard so much about Japanese internment growing up and and just really that being sort of the story, especially in California. And I think we were all just so surprised that this had happened to this whole other population of people. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Becca and her husband wanted to know more, so they wrote to Bay Curious to find out how this bit of family history fits into California textbooks. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Becca Gularte:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> What types of restrictions like this were placed on Italian Americans during World War Two and why don’t more people know about it? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Today on Bay Curious, we’re doing a deep dive into what Italians experienced in California during World War II and how it was different here from the rest of the country. I’m Olivia Allen-Price. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Producer Pauline Bartolone picks up the story from here. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> To start investigating this question about how Italians were treated in California during World War two, we went straight to the source. Grandma… Our question-asker Becca Gularte’s grandma that is. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Laura Gularte:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> My name is Laura Neri Gularte. I’m 90 years old. I was born and grew up in Santa Cruz, California.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Laura Gularte now lives in Salinas. It was her father, Quinto Neri, who came to California in 1911 from Tuscany in Northern Italy. He was one of millions of Italians who came to the U.S. for a better life. Many stayed in urban centers like New York City, but others ventured farther to California, becoming fishermen, working in agriculture and the wine industry. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Laura Gularte:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> He came at age 17 because they were starving. It was a large family. And he knew some people in San Francisco who sponsored him. And so he went to work in Half Moon Bay.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Laura’s dad farmed Brussels sprouts and built a life for himself. He bought some land and a house. But then … the second World War hit and Italy declared war on the United States. Suddenly, Laura’s dad went from starting to achieve a middle-class life to being labeled ‘enemy alien.’\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Archival audio of President Franklin Roosevelt: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This war is a new kind of war. It is different from all other wars of the past…\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The President of the United States at the time, Franklin Roosevelt gave military commanders sweeping rights to protect the homeland after the 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor. That’s what led to the mass incarceration of Japanese Americans. But since Italy and Germany had also declared war on the US, new restrictions applied to their citizens living here. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Archival audio of President Franklin Roosevelt: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We shall give up conveniences and modify the routine of our lives if our country asks us to do so. We will do it cheerfully.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Italian citizens had to register as enemy aliens, and many were subject to an 8 p.m. curfew. They couldn’t travel more than 5 miles away from home. People’s houses were searched for so-called contraband, things like cameras and radios. People who violated the new rules could be arrested.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Archival audio of President Franklin Roosevelt: …\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">remembering that the common enemy seeks to destroy every home and every freedom in every part of our land.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Italians on the West Coast were hit hardest by the new restrictions… The military forced Italian citizens, mostly living on the Pacific coastline, to find new homes. Defense commanders wanted to \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">protect the Western U.S. from an enemy invasion so they\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> created ‘prohibited zones’ where enemy aliens could not live or work… It included a sliver of land along the Pacific Ocean and some inland areas around military bases.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Laura’s father had to relocate. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Laura Gularte\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: It had a big impact on my father because he was farming rented land that was in the restricted area. So he had to give up his farming. The fact that…he felt that he would not do anything against the United States and still had to be evacuated was hard. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Laura’s family found a new place to rent, ironically, on the other side of town that was not within the prohibited zone. Her mom was born in Argentina, so she was able to travel freely, but her dad was stuck at home. Laura was only seven years old at the time, so she didn’t understand much about the stresses her parents were feeling.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Laura Gularte:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Parents did not discuss a lot of things with their children. I know they were upset because they had to leave their home. But they didn’t talk about it.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Lawrence DiStasi:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> They thought that Mussolini’s Navy might attack the West Coast. Of course, Mussolini didn’t have much of a Navy.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Author Lawrence DiStasi helped write a book on Italian Americans during World War 2. He says the West Coast General, John DeWitt, used his military powers in a much more draconian way than generals in other parts of the nation. It was DeWitt who commanded the incarceration of tens of thousands of Japanese Americans and the relocation of Italians on the West Coast. On the east coast Italians did have travel restrictions, but they weren’t subject to curfew or mass relocation, says DiStasi. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Lawrence DiStasi:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The paranoia exhibited by the West Coast General, General John DeWitt…he was terrified that under his watch, the West Coast was going to be invaded. It never was, of course. It was partly hysteria, partly overkill.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Because of DeWitt’s relocation orders, Italians all around the Bay Area were in limbo — including thousands in the city of Alameda and Pittsburg. To those who had to move, the dividing line between what was restricted or not seemed pretty arbitrary. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Al Bruzzone: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If you lived west of San Pablo Avenue, you had the move. If you lived east of San Pablo Avenue, you didn’t have to worry about it.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Al Bruzzone grew up in Richmond on a 40-acre lettuce farm. He’s 92 now but still remembers being 11 years old when the relocation orders came. It split his family up — he and his two younger siblings moved with his parents to Oakland. But his siblings, who were old enough to live by themselves and American-born, stayed in Richmond and worked the farm.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Al Bruzzone: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On weekends, my brother Jim and I, we would go back. My brothers would pick us up, and we’d go back to where I was growing up. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Other Italians didn’t have the money to rent homes nearby after being forced to relocate. Many moved in with friends or lived in substandard migrant housing. Bruzzone thought the whole ordeal was a big government mistake. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Al Bruzzone: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Most of the people came to this country because they were poor in Europe and they had a chance to accomplish something here. /// And they would never, never, never go fight against the country because they were doing so well here. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Italians who worked on the coast also suffered.. Eighty percent of California’s fishermen were Italian… and in 1942, their boats were seized by the coast guard. They were not allowed to fish on coastal waters. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sound of papers rustling\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">That is a story that Ken Borelli knows personally. It happened to his uncle, Girolamo Cantatore. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Ken Borelli:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We called him Uncle Jim, but his name was Girolamo. And he lived in San Francisco and was a crab fisherman. And they would fish out of Fisherman’s Wharf and go all up and down northern California. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After losing access to his vessel and the water during the war, Borelli’s uncle made a wooden replica of the boat. And Borelli still has it. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Ken Borelli:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> It’s called the Teresa. You can see this back here… he wrote that….\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He shows me the 2-foot-long model boat, it’s super detailed, there are even lifeboats. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Ken Borelli:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> He was a very meticulous person.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Borelli wishes he could have asked his uncle how he felt back then. His family never told him the details about whether his uncle was compensated or saw the boat again. But Borelli says the boat replica shows his uncle had idle hands and a mind that needed to be occupied. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Ken Borelli: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">it was a yearning, as a yearning to go back to sea. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Italian Americans didn’t just endure forced relocation and lose property, hundreds more were sent to prison camps too. There, some slept in makeshift shelters like tents and were held with Japanese and German detainees, \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Alice Yang: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A lot of people mistakenly assume that Japanese Americans were the only ones affected by national security fears.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">UC Santa Cruz historian Alice Yang says Italians and Germans living in the US also had their civil liberties infringed upon. People were imprisoned for being Italian journalists, teaching the Italian language or simply being veterans of World War 1.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Alice Yang\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: A lot of the assumptions about, you know, whether someone might be a security threat were based on prejudicial views of ethnicity…People who were part of organizations that were seen as promoting Italian pride. So in the pre-war period, that wasn’t considered dangerous or subversive, but in the wartime era. Right. Having ethnic pride, if your pride was associated with an axis power could land you on one of these lists. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To be clear, DiStasi says a good portion of Italian immigrants in the US at the time were supporters of Benito Mussolini, the Nazi-allied fascist leader of Italy. They may not have been in favor of what he did, but they liked that he was creating a new image for Italy. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Lawrence DiStasi:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> They felt that he had finally put Italy on the map and gained some respect for Italy and throughout the world….But that didn’t mean that they were going to engage in any kind of anti-American activities.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">music of Ezio Pinza\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">High-profile Italian immigrants were prey to the wartime security measures. New York-based opera singer Ezio Pinza was incarcerated without charge for 3 months. Baseball Hall of Famer Joe DiMaggio’s mother, who lived in San Francisco, was arrested. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Imprisoned Italians were moved from camp to camp around the country, many winding up in Fort Missoula Montana. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Then, quite sharply, the American government changed its tune about Italians. In October 1942, Attorney General Francis Biddle gave a speech touting the contributions of Italians in the United States Army. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Voice actor for Attorney General Francis Biddle:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Into the war against the Axis they have sent their own sons. These Americans of Italian ancestry will help Italy again to become a free nation. In each division of the United States Army; nearly five hundred soldiers, on the average, are the sons of Italian immigrants to America.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">By the end of the month, the restrictions on Italian citizens would end. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Voice actor for Attorney General Francis Biddle:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> To those who are affected by this change, ‘I say tonight:’You have met the test. Your loyalty to the democracy which has given you this chance, you have proved and proved well. Make the most of it. See to it that \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">all\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Italians remain loyal. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Italians who were already in U.S. prisons stayed in camps for another year, but the relocated families in California, like Al Bruzzone and Laura Gularte — they got to go home. In total, they’d endured five months of a relocation order and about 8 months of curfews and travel restrictions. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Al Bruzzone:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Somebody finally realized they made a mistake and they sent everybody home because … the parents had to move away and they were drafting all their children. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Laura Gularte says her dad lost his Brussels sprout farm near Santa Cruz. And it was hard to start all over again. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Laura Gularte:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> After they were able to go home, he never did go back to the farm. and he went to work for others in the agricultural industry…As I look back. I think that we were much luckier than the Japanese. Who were encamped and lost everything. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Many Italian immigrants in California were like Laura Gularte’s parents… They didn’t feel a need to talk about hardships imposed on them to their kids or grandkids. But Historian Alice Yang says there are important things to learn from this history. For one, not to judge whether someone’s dangerous based on their ethnicity.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Alice Yang: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And that especially when people are afraid. It is very easy for them to have irrational fears of entire groups based on race, religion, ethnicity.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Americans let wartime fears subvert civil rights during World War II, Yang says. And that’s a lesson to learn from — and never repeat. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"During World War II, roughly 10,000 Italian citizens living in California were forced to leave their homes. It was one of many war time security measures meant to protect the West Coast from an enemy invasion that never came. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1712706476,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":true,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":118,"wordCount":4647},"headData":{"title":"How Bay Area Italians Were Treated as 'Enemy Aliens' During WWII | KQED","description":"During World War II, roughly 10,000 Italian citizens living in California were forced to leave their homes. It was one of many war time security measures meant to protect the West Coast from an enemy invasion that never came. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"audioUrl":"https://www.podtrac.com/pts/redirect.mp3/pdst.fm/e/chrt.fm/track/G6C7C3/traffic.megaphone.fm/KQINC8253188898.mp3?updated=1702517616","sticky":false,"subhead":"During World War II, roughly 10,000 Italian citizens living in California were forced to leave their homes. It was one of many war time security measures meant to protect the West Coast from an enemy invasion that never came. ","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/news/11969411/how-bay-area-italians-were-treated-as-enemy-aliens-during-wwii","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"#episode-transcript\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">View the full episode transcript\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__dropcapShortcode__dropcap\"> D\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>uring a casual Christmas celebration with her 90-year-old grandmother last year, Becca Gularte, a self-proclaimed history buff and third-generation Californian, was rocked by a family story she had never heard before. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 1942, her grandma Laura Gularte, then an elementary school kid in Santa Cruz, was forced to leave her coastal home because her dad was an Italian citizen. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Becca was taken aback. She peppered Laura with questions.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">‘Why did you have to move across town? What do you mean it was because you were Italians?’” Becca remembers. “We had all heard so much about Japanese internment growing up. We were all just so surprised that this had happened to this whole other population.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Becca’s husband, James King, asked Bay Curious to investigate. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And as we found out, Becca’s great-grandfather was one of roughly 10,000 Italian citizens living in California who were forced to leave their homes during World War II. It was just one of many government measures meant to protect the West Coast from an enemy invasion that never came. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>Wartime security\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Within months of the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, as more than 100,000 Japanese Americans were being sent to incarceration camps, other ethnic groups also became the target of new wartime security measures. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Italian citizens living near California’s coastline and military sites — some 10,000 of them — were forced to leave their homes and find somewhere else to live.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Laura Gularte’s father, Quinto Neri, was one of them. Neri left Tuscany in Northern Italy in 1911, eventually settling in Santa Cruz, California. He bought land on the coast and became a Brussels sprout farmer.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Laura was just 7 years old when her family had to move from their coastal home in Santa Cruz to just across town, which was outside of an area prohibited by the U.S. military. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“It had a big impact on my father because he was farming rented land that was in the restricted area. So he had to give up his farming,” Laura Gularte remembers. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11969477\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11969477\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/12/Gulartes_cropped.jpg\" alt=\"An elderly woman poses with six adult grandchildren at her 90th birthday party. \" width=\"1920\" height=\"1231\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/12/Gulartes_cropped.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/12/Gulartes_cropped-800x513.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/12/Gulartes_cropped-1020x654.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/12/Gulartes_cropped-160x103.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/12/Gulartes_cropped-1536x985.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Laura Gularte, middle, at her 90th birthday party with all of her grandchildren. Bay Curious question-asker Becca Gularte is on the far left. \u003ccite>(Courtesy photo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After Italy and Germany declared war on the United States, President Franklin Roosevelt gave military commanders and other officials sweeping rights to protect the homeland. These new powers led to the mass incarceration of Japanese Americans as well as a slew of new rules on Italian and German citizens living in the U.S.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This war is a new kind of war,” Roosevelt says in a February 1942 speech. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We shall give up conveniences and modify the routine of our lives if our country asks us to do so. We will do it cheerfully.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Italian citizens had to register as enemy aliens, and many were subject to an 8 p.m. curfew. They couldn’t travel more than 5 miles away from home. People’s houses were searched for “contraband,” including cameras and radios. So-called enemy aliens could be arrested if they violated the new rules.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But the new security measures were applied differently across the United States, and General John DeWitt, who oversaw security for the West Coast, was much more draconian than his counterparts elsewhere. On the East Coast, for example, Italian citizens had travel restrictions, but they weren’t subject to curfew or the mass relocation ordered by General DeWitt, historians say.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[DeWitt] was terrified that under his watch, the West Coast was going to be invaded,” says Lawrence DiStasi, author and editor of \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.heydaybooks.com/catalog/una-storia-segreta-the-secret-history-of-italian-american-evacuation-and-internment-during-world-war-ii/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cem>Una Storia Segreta: The Secret History of Italian American Evacuation and Internment during World War II\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">DiStasi says “paranoia” led General DeWitt to evict Italians from large swaths of the Pacific coast to avoid an enemy invasion. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“It was partly hysteria, partly overkill, I think.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>Bay Area Italians in limbo\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Millions of Italians came to the U.S. for a better life before World War II, many landing in urban centers like New York City. But others ventured to California, becoming fishermen, farmworkers and helping to grow the wine industry. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Italians all around the San Francisco Bay Area were living in the newly declared prohibited zones, including thousands in the cities of Alameda, Richmond and Pittsburg. At least 1,500 Italians were relocated out of Pittsburg because of their proximity to a military site, says Vince Ferrante, president of the Pittsburg Italian American Club and historian for the Pittsburg Historical Society. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“Some families lost their businesses, lost their livelihoods,” he says. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To those who had to move, like Al Bruzzone, 92, in Richmond, the dividing line between what was restricted or not seemed pretty arbitrary. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11969474\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11969474\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/12/Bruzzone.jpg\" alt=\"An elderly man sitting outside. \" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/12/Bruzzone.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/12/Bruzzone-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/12/Bruzzone-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/12/Bruzzone-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/12/Bruzzone-1536x1152.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Al Bruzzone, 92, grew up in the East Bay city of Richmond and still lives there. When his parents were forced to relocate during World War II, he temporarily stayed in an Oakland apartment with his parents. \u003ccite>(Pauline Bartolone/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“If you lived west of San Pablo Avenue, you had the move. If you lived east of San Pablo Avenue, you didn’t have to worry about it,” he says.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bruzzone grew up on his family’s 40-acre lettuce farm in Richmond. He still remembers being 11 years old when the relocation orders came. It split his family up — he and his two younger siblings moved with his parents to a rented apartment in Oakland. But his siblings who were old enough to live by themselves, and American-born, stayed in Richmond and worked the farm.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“On weekends, my brother Jim and I, we would go back. My brothers would pick us up, and we’d go back to where I was growing up,” remembers Bruzzone. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Other Italians who didn’t have the money to rent homes when they were relocated moved in with friends or lived in substandard migrant housing. Bruzzone thought the whole ordeal was a big government mistake. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“Most of the people came to this country because they were poor in Europe and they had a chance to accomplish something here,” he says. “They would never, never, never go fight against the country because they were doing so well here.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>Italian fisherman\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At the onset of the war, 80% of California’s fishermen were Italian. In 1942, their boats were seized by the U.S. Coast Guard, as the late historian Rose Scherini recounts in her chapter of “Una Storia Segreta.” Italian citizens were not allowed to fish on coastal waters. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">That affected Italians working on San Francisco’s Fisherman’s Wharf, like Ken Borelli’s uncle Girolamo Cantatore. He lived in San Francisco and was a crab fisherman embarking off the now-famous tourist area. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When Cantatore lost his vessel and his ability to fish during the war, he made a wooden replica of the boat, and his nephew, Borelli, still had it. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11969451\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11969451\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/12/Borelli.jpg\" alt=\"A man looks at a model boat on a kitchen table.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/12/Borelli.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/12/Borelli-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/12/Borelli-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/12/Borelli-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/12/Borelli-1536x1152.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ken Borelli and the model boat his uncle Girolamo Cantatore made after the crab fishing boat he used was seized by US forces. \u003ccite>(Pauline Bartolone/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“He was a very meticulous person,” Borelli says as he looks at the model boat, which is about two feet wide and is detailed with several deck levels and miniature lifeboats. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Borelli says he doesn’t know whether his uncle was ever compensated or saw his boat again (although according to Scherini, fishermen were given monthly compensation for their seized boats).\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But the boat replica shows his uncle had idle hands and “a yearning to go back to sea,” Borelli says.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>Italians in prison camps\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Italian Americans didn’t just endure forced relocation, hundreds more were sent to prison camps too. As many as 300–400 Italians were incarcerated, DiStasi says. They were moved around from camp to camp around the country until they ultimately wound up in Fort Missoula, Montana. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“A lot of people mistakenly assume that Japanese Americans were the only ones affected by national security fears,” says UC Santa Cruz historian Alice Yang, adding that Italians and Germans also had their civil liberties infringed upon. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">People were imprisoned for being journalists at Italian radio stations and newspapers, teaching the Italian language or simply being veterans of World War I. These activities were seen as promoting Italian pride, Yang says, and in the wartime era, that was considered subversive.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“A lot of the assumptions about whether someone might be a security threat were based on prejudicial views of ethnicity,” Yang says. “Having ethnic pride, if your pride was associated with an axis power, could land you on one of these lists.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To be clear, DiStasi says a good portion of Italian immigrants in the U.S. at the time \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">were\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> supporters of Benito Mussolini, the Nazi-allied fascist leader of Italy. They may not have been in favor of what he did, DiStasi says, but they liked that he was creating a new image for Italy. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“They felt that he had finally put Italy on the map and gained some respect for Italy and throughout the world,” DiStasi says. “But that didn’t mean that they were going to engage in any kind of anti-American activities.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Being “high profile” didn’t exempt Italian citizens from wartime security measures. New York-based opera singer \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.italianhistorical.org/internment.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ezio Pinza\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> was incarcerated without charge for three months, according to Yang. And baseball Hall of Famer Joe DiMaggio’s mother, who lived in San Francisco, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/proclamation-2527-internment-italian-americans\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">was arrested\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>‘You have met the test’\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Then, in October 1942, quite sharply, the American government changed its tune about Italians. \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/ag/legacy/2011/09/16/10-12-1942.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Attorney General Francis Biddle gave a speech at Carnegie Hall in New York City\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">,\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> applauding the high number of Italian Americans currently serving in the U.S. military.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“Into the war against the Axis, they have sent their own sons,” Biddle proclaimed. “These Americans of Italian ancestry will help Italy again to become a free nation.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">By the end of the month Biddle says, the restrictions on Italian citizens would end. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“I say tonight: You have met the test. Your loyalty to the democracy which has given you this chance, you have proved and proved well. Make the most of it. See to it that all Italians remain loyal.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Italians who were imprisoned stayed in camps until 1943, but the relocated Italian Americans in California, like Al Bruzzone and Laura Gularte, got to go home. In total, they’d endured five months of a relocation order and about eight months of curfews and travel restrictions. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“Somebody finally realized they made a mistake,” Bruzzone says, pointing out the irony of Italian citizens in California being forced to move away from their homes while their children were being drafted to fight in the war. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Laura Gularte, who now lives in Salinas, says it was hard for her dad to restart his Brussels sprouts farm after restrictions were lifted, so he went to work for others in the agricultural industry. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">She says her parents didn’t discuss their hardships with her, but she knows it was difficult for her father. At the same time, she says, “We were much luckier than the Japanese, who were encamped and lost everything.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ferrante, of Pittsburg, says many elders in the Italian American community didn’t pass these stories down, and that’s why second and third-generation families don’t know much about this history. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“There’s a stigma attached to it,” explained Ferrante, whose great-grandmother was relocated during World War II. The sentiment among them was, “‘We’re tax-paying citizens, we’re productive in our community, we work here, so what happened, what did we do wrong?’” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But Historian Alice Yang says there are important reasons to remember this history. For the government: Not to use ethnicity to determine who is dangerous and not to let wartime fears subvert civil rights. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that she knows more about what her great-grandfather went through, our question-asker, Becca Gularte, says, “It makes you realize … it’s a hard thing to be an immigrant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story has been updated to reflect the fact that war time restrictions on Italians were issued through more than one government proclamation, not just Executive Order 9066.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"baycuriousquestion","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 id=\"episode-transcript\">Episode Transcript\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Around the holidays, family stories sometimes surface at the dinner table. Remember Grandma Joyce? She rode a motorcycle. Or Great Gran-Daddy Willie? He scrimped and saved long after the Depression was over.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Then there are tales like Becca Gularte recently heard from her grandma … about how her family was forced from their California home during World War 2. She hadn’t heard that one before. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Becca Gularte:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> It was, it was sort of with that, wait, why did you have to move across town kind of thing? And then she said, Oh, it was because we were Italians. And then we kept prompting her with questions to say, What do you mean It was because you were Italians?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> In the early 1940s, as more than 100,000 Japanese Americans were being sent to incarceration camps, other ethnic groups were also being targeted. Italian citizens living in California — some 10,000 of them — were forced to relocate.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Becca Gularte: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We had all heard so much about Japanese internment growing up and and just really that being sort of the story, especially in California. And I think we were all just so surprised that this had happened to this whole other population of people. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Becca and her husband wanted to know more, so they wrote to Bay Curious to find out how this bit of family history fits into California textbooks. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Becca Gularte:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> What types of restrictions like this were placed on Italian Americans during World War Two and why don’t more people know about it? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Today on Bay Curious, we’re doing a deep dive into what Italians experienced in California during World War II and how it was different here from the rest of the country. I’m Olivia Allen-Price. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Producer Pauline Bartolone picks up the story from here. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> To start investigating this question about how Italians were treated in California during World War two, we went straight to the source. Grandma… Our question-asker Becca Gularte’s grandma that is. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Laura Gularte:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> My name is Laura Neri Gularte. I’m 90 years old. I was born and grew up in Santa Cruz, California.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Laura Gularte now lives in Salinas. It was her father, Quinto Neri, who came to California in 1911 from Tuscany in Northern Italy. He was one of millions of Italians who came to the U.S. for a better life. Many stayed in urban centers like New York City, but others ventured farther to California, becoming fishermen, working in agriculture and the wine industry. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Laura Gularte:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> He came at age 17 because they were starving. It was a large family. And he knew some people in San Francisco who sponsored him. And so he went to work in Half Moon Bay.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Laura’s dad farmed Brussels sprouts and built a life for himself. He bought some land and a house. But then … the second World War hit and Italy declared war on the United States. Suddenly, Laura’s dad went from starting to achieve a middle-class life to being labeled ‘enemy alien.’\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Archival audio of President Franklin Roosevelt: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This war is a new kind of war. It is different from all other wars of the past…\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The President of the United States at the time, Franklin Roosevelt gave military commanders sweeping rights to protect the homeland after the 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor. That’s what led to the mass incarceration of Japanese Americans. But since Italy and Germany had also declared war on the US, new restrictions applied to their citizens living here. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Archival audio of President Franklin Roosevelt: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We shall give up conveniences and modify the routine of our lives if our country asks us to do so. We will do it cheerfully.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Italian citizens had to register as enemy aliens, and many were subject to an 8 p.m. curfew. They couldn’t travel more than 5 miles away from home. People’s houses were searched for so-called contraband, things like cameras and radios. People who violated the new rules could be arrested.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Archival audio of President Franklin Roosevelt: …\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">remembering that the common enemy seeks to destroy every home and every freedom in every part of our land.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Italians on the West Coast were hit hardest by the new restrictions… The military forced Italian citizens, mostly living on the Pacific coastline, to find new homes. Defense commanders wanted to \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">protect the Western U.S. from an enemy invasion so they\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> created ‘prohibited zones’ where enemy aliens could not live or work… It included a sliver of land along the Pacific Ocean and some inland areas around military bases.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Laura’s father had to relocate. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Laura Gularte\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: It had a big impact on my father because he was farming rented land that was in the restricted area. So he had to give up his farming. The fact that…he felt that he would not do anything against the United States and still had to be evacuated was hard. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Laura’s family found a new place to rent, ironically, on the other side of town that was not within the prohibited zone. Her mom was born in Argentina, so she was able to travel freely, but her dad was stuck at home. Laura was only seven years old at the time, so she didn’t understand much about the stresses her parents were feeling.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Laura Gularte:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Parents did not discuss a lot of things with their children. I know they were upset because they had to leave their home. But they didn’t talk about it.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Lawrence DiStasi:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> They thought that Mussolini’s Navy might attack the West Coast. Of course, Mussolini didn’t have much of a Navy.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Author Lawrence DiStasi helped write a book on Italian Americans during World War 2. He says the West Coast General, John DeWitt, used his military powers in a much more draconian way than generals in other parts of the nation. It was DeWitt who commanded the incarceration of tens of thousands of Japanese Americans and the relocation of Italians on the West Coast. On the east coast Italians did have travel restrictions, but they weren’t subject to curfew or mass relocation, says DiStasi. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Lawrence DiStasi:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The paranoia exhibited by the West Coast General, General John DeWitt…he was terrified that under his watch, the West Coast was going to be invaded. It never was, of course. It was partly hysteria, partly overkill.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Because of DeWitt’s relocation orders, Italians all around the Bay Area were in limbo — including thousands in the city of Alameda and Pittsburg. To those who had to move, the dividing line between what was restricted or not seemed pretty arbitrary. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Al Bruzzone: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If you lived west of San Pablo Avenue, you had the move. If you lived east of San Pablo Avenue, you didn’t have to worry about it.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Al Bruzzone grew up in Richmond on a 40-acre lettuce farm. He’s 92 now but still remembers being 11 years old when the relocation orders came. It split his family up — he and his two younger siblings moved with his parents to Oakland. But his siblings, who were old enough to live by themselves and American-born, stayed in Richmond and worked the farm.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Al Bruzzone: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On weekends, my brother Jim and I, we would go back. My brothers would pick us up, and we’d go back to where I was growing up. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Other Italians didn’t have the money to rent homes nearby after being forced to relocate. Many moved in with friends or lived in substandard migrant housing. Bruzzone thought the whole ordeal was a big government mistake. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Al Bruzzone: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Most of the people came to this country because they were poor in Europe and they had a chance to accomplish something here. /// And they would never, never, never go fight against the country because they were doing so well here. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Italians who worked on the coast also suffered.. Eighty percent of California’s fishermen were Italian… and in 1942, their boats were seized by the coast guard. They were not allowed to fish on coastal waters. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sound of papers rustling\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">That is a story that Ken Borelli knows personally. It happened to his uncle, Girolamo Cantatore. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Ken Borelli:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We called him Uncle Jim, but his name was Girolamo. And he lived in San Francisco and was a crab fisherman. And they would fish out of Fisherman’s Wharf and go all up and down northern California. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After losing access to his vessel and the water during the war, Borelli’s uncle made a wooden replica of the boat. And Borelli still has it. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Ken Borelli:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> It’s called the Teresa. You can see this back here… he wrote that….\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He shows me the 2-foot-long model boat, it’s super detailed, there are even lifeboats. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Ken Borelli:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> He was a very meticulous person.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Borelli wishes he could have asked his uncle how he felt back then. His family never told him the details about whether his uncle was compensated or saw the boat again. But Borelli says the boat replica shows his uncle had idle hands and a mind that needed to be occupied. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Ken Borelli: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">it was a yearning, as a yearning to go back to sea. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Italian Americans didn’t just endure forced relocation and lose property, hundreds more were sent to prison camps too. There, some slept in makeshift shelters like tents and were held with Japanese and German detainees, \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Alice Yang: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A lot of people mistakenly assume that Japanese Americans were the only ones affected by national security fears.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">UC Santa Cruz historian Alice Yang says Italians and Germans living in the US also had their civil liberties infringed upon. People were imprisoned for being Italian journalists, teaching the Italian language or simply being veterans of World War 1.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Alice Yang\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: A lot of the assumptions about, you know, whether someone might be a security threat were based on prejudicial views of ethnicity…People who were part of organizations that were seen as promoting Italian pride. So in the pre-war period, that wasn’t considered dangerous or subversive, but in the wartime era. Right. Having ethnic pride, if your pride was associated with an axis power could land you on one of these lists. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To be clear, DiStasi says a good portion of Italian immigrants in the US at the time were supporters of Benito Mussolini, the Nazi-allied fascist leader of Italy. They may not have been in favor of what he did, but they liked that he was creating a new image for Italy. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Lawrence DiStasi:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> They felt that he had finally put Italy on the map and gained some respect for Italy and throughout the world….But that didn’t mean that they were going to engage in any kind of anti-American activities.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">music of Ezio Pinza\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">High-profile Italian immigrants were prey to the wartime security measures. New York-based opera singer Ezio Pinza was incarcerated without charge for 3 months. Baseball Hall of Famer Joe DiMaggio’s mother, who lived in San Francisco, was arrested. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Imprisoned Italians were moved from camp to camp around the country, many winding up in Fort Missoula Montana. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Then, quite sharply, the American government changed its tune about Italians. In October 1942, Attorney General Francis Biddle gave a speech touting the contributions of Italians in the United States Army. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Voice actor for Attorney General Francis Biddle:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Into the war against the Axis they have sent their own sons. These Americans of Italian ancestry will help Italy again to become a free nation. In each division of the United States Army; nearly five hundred soldiers, on the average, are the sons of Italian immigrants to America.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">By the end of the month, the restrictions on Italian citizens would end. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Voice actor for Attorney General Francis Biddle:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> To those who are affected by this change, ‘I say tonight:’You have met the test. Your loyalty to the democracy which has given you this chance, you have proved and proved well. Make the most of it. See to it that \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">all\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Italians remain loyal. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Italians who were already in U.S. prisons stayed in camps for another year, but the relocated families in California, like Al Bruzzone and Laura Gularte — they got to go home. In total, they’d endured five months of a relocation order and about 8 months of curfews and travel restrictions. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Al Bruzzone:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Somebody finally realized they made a mistake and they sent everybody home because … the parents had to move away and they were drafting all their children. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Laura Gularte says her dad lost his Brussels sprout farm near Santa Cruz. And it was hard to start all over again. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Laura Gularte:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> After they were able to go home, he never did go back to the farm. and he went to work for others in the agricultural industry…As I look back. I think that we were much luckier than the Japanese. Who were encamped and lost everything. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Many Italian immigrants in California were like Laura Gularte’s parents… They didn’t feel a need to talk about hardships imposed on them to their kids or grandkids. But Historian Alice Yang says there are important things to learn from this history. For one, not to judge whether someone’s dangerous based on their ethnicity.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Alice Yang: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And that especially when people are afraid. It is very easy for them to have irrational fears of entire groups based on race, religion, ethnicity.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Americans let wartime fears subvert civil rights during World War II, Yang says. And that’s a lesson to learn from — and never repeat. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11969411/how-bay-area-italians-were-treated-as-enemy-aliens-during-wwii","authors":["11879"],"programs":["news_33523"],"series":["news_17986"],"categories":["news_1169","news_8"],"tags":["news_3631","news_20397","news_22579","news_22580","news_236"],"featImg":"news_11969433","label":"news_33523"},"news_11933439":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11933439","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11933439","score":null,"sort":[1669892434000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"homes-for-all-richmonds-1950s-attempt-at-integrated-housing","title":"Homes for All: Richmond's 1950s Attempt at Integrated Housing","publishDate":1669892434,"format":"image","headTitle":"Homes for All: Richmond’s 1950s Attempt at Integrated Housing | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/3GZjPUc\">\u003cem>Read the transcript here.\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You would be hard-pressed to get lost in Parchester Village, a small neighborhood in North Richmond. There’s a big loop road encircling the neighborhood of some 400 homes — \u003ca href=\"https://www.eichlernetwork.com/article/king-flat-tops\">many of which feature the original flat-top roof design\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The idea [for Parchester Village] was spearheaded by a group of ministers,” said longtime Village resident Maxine Henagan. “And the streets are named after each one of those ministers that participated on the committee that would spearhead getting the land.” \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Those ministers also organized to sell the homes.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriouspodcastinfo]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One local minister in particular, Rev. Guthrie Williams, led the charge in brokering a deal with a local politician and a wealthy landowner to create quality housing for Black Americans at a time when racist lending and housing policies, like redlining, barred Black people from buying homes. The result was the first tract home development in Northern California explicitly open to Black residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Wartime workers organize to demand rights\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>During World War II, many Black Americans left the South and moved to Richmond for jobs in the shipyards. When the war ended, the wartime housing projects where they lived were scheduled to be torn down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The postwar period saw a real frenzy of building communities and homes and developments all around in the suburban areas,” said Shirley Ann Moore, professor emerita of history at \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sacramento State University\u003c/span>. “But those developments that were going up were restricted on a racial basis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore’s book, “\u003ca href=\"https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520229204/to-place-our-deeds\">To Place Our Deeds: The African American Community in Richmond, California, 1910–1963\u003c/a>,” details the Black community’s impact on Richmond before and after World War II. According to Moore, city officials hoped all newcomers who moved for the war industries, Black people especially, would go back to where they came from after the war. Instead, the working-class Black community in Richmond grew, becoming an influential political force in the area — a political force that was not only exercising its power in Richmond, but across the country, paving the road for the modern civil rights movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those working-class Black people took the lead,” said Moore. “People who had been presumed not to be aware of the political currents around them were really in the vanguard.” Enter Rev. Guthrie Williams, a carpenter by trade who, in 1949, started organizing to end housing and workplace discrimination in Richmond. A self-described “persistent, cantankerous cuss,” Williams created the small, Richmond-based Universal Non-Partisan League to help bridge the racial divide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11933547\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11933547\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Guthrie-Williams-in-newspaper-800x532.jpg\" alt=\"A man wearing glasses next to a table with family photographs\" width=\"800\" height=\"532\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Guthrie-Williams-in-newspaper-800x532.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Guthrie-Williams-in-newspaper-1020x678.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Guthrie-Williams-in-newspaper-160x106.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Guthrie-Williams-in-newspaper-1536x1021.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Guthrie-Williams-in-newspaper-1920x1276.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Guthrie-Williams-in-newspaper.jpg 1988w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rev. Guthrie Williams in a photo featured in the Independent and Gazette in December 1980. \u003ccite>(Mike Musielski for the Independent and Gazette/Courtesy of Richmond Museum of History and Culture)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“He garnered a lot of support from those people living in the housing projects, and they became very valuable voters. And white politicians began to see that, too,” Moore said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amos Hinkley was one of those white politicians, a City Council member running for reelection in 1949. He approached Williams and the League to support his campaign. Williams agreed in exchange for Hinkley’s commitment to create permanent housing for Black people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hinkley was backed by Fred Parr, a wealthy developer who was key in building the Richmond shipping terminal and Kaiser shipyards. Parr brought lots of industry to the Bay Area, like the Ford Motor Company plant in Richmond, and owned 800 acres of industrial land in North Richmond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11933530\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 246px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\" wp-image-11933530\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Fred-Parr-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"246\" height=\"317\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Fred-Parr-1.jpg 386w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Fred-Parr-1-160x206.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 246px) 100vw, 246px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Portrait of Fred Parr in 1952. \u003ccite>(The Henry Ford)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hinkley arranged a meeting among Parr, Williams and another local minister to talk about how some of Parr’s land could be used for housing for the Black community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 2002 documentary “\u003ca href=\"https://richmond.granicus.com/MediaPlayer.php?view_id=6&clip_id=312\">An Exploration of Our History: The Story of North Richmond\u003c/a>,” then-Richmond City Manager Isiah Turner, now deceased, recounted the deal: “[Parr] agreed that if the ministers could help them sell the homes for this land out here that he owned, that he would support working with the Black community so we could buy these homes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11933536\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11933536\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Mackay-John-and-Dick-and-Earl-Smith-1-cropped-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Mackay-John-and-Dick-and-Earl-Smith-1-cropped-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Mackay-John-and-Dick-and-Earl-Smith-1-cropped-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Mackay-John-and-Dick-and-Earl-Smith-1-cropped-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Mackay-John-and-Dick-and-Earl-Smith-1-cropped-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Mackay-John-and-Dick-and-Earl-Smith-1-cropped.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Builder Earl W. ‘Flat Top’ Smith (fourth from left) with neighborhood ministers, including Rev. L. Thomas (fourth from right, rear) and other developers at Parchester Village in Richmond. Smith, famous for his modern, affordable home-building — with flat-top roofs — designed and built the homes for Parchester Village. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the El Cerrito Historical Society)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At the end of the meeting, Williams had a commitment from Parr to back the housing development that would become Parchester Village.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Envisioning a community for ‘all Americans’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>When Parchester Village opened in 1950, it was advertised as “a home community for all Americans.” Early sales reflected that goal, with 30% of homes purchased by white buyers and the remaining 70% by Black and Asian Americans. That’s according to Fred Parr’s nephew, John Parr Cox, who recalled the housing project in a \u003ca href=\"https://oac.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb329005h7;NAAN=13030&doc.view=frames&chunk.id=0&toc.id=0&brand=oac4\">1986 interview with the UC Berkeley Oral History Project\u003c/a>. But “within a couple of years, the community changed completely to all Black,” Parr Cox said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11933533\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 278px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\" wp-image-11933533\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Parchester-Flyer-Yellow-scaled-e1669768391728-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"278\" height=\"371\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Parchester-Flyer-Yellow-scaled-e1669768391728-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Parchester-Flyer-Yellow-scaled-e1669768391728-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Parchester-Flyer-Yellow-scaled-e1669768391728-160x213.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Parchester-Flyer-Yellow-scaled-e1669768391728-1152x1536.jpg 1152w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Parchester-Flyer-Yellow-scaled-e1669768391728-1536x2048.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Parchester-Flyer-Yellow-scaled-e1669768391728.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 278px) 100vw, 278px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Archival partial photocopy of the original advertisement for the sale of Parchester Village homes. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Richmond Public Library Richmond Collection)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“White flight” was common at the time, wherein white families fled neighborhoods where people of color were moving in. Some Black Richmondites held the more cynical view that Fred Parr never intended for an integrated community to work out, said Moore, of \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sacramento State University\u003c/span>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regardless of the intentions of the white community, Rev. Williams told the Independent and Gazette in 1980 that he wanted Parchester to be an “All-American project.” He added, “We hoped to set a standard of perfection in fair play in housing for the Bay Area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Williams’ dream of a racially integrated community didn’t work out, the Black people who moved in still created something special. The political pressure Williams and others placed on city leaders to build Parchester Village was just the beginning of what became an active, organized neighborhood association that supported a vibrant community known for its safety, high-achieving children and regular block-party barbecues.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>‘We never locked our doors’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“It was a village that everybody’s home was your home,” Charleszetta Pruitt remembered. Pruitt is a former resident whose family was one of the first to settle in Parchester. “You were cared about,” she said. “They provided for you.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11933554\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11933554 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Charleszetta-Pruitt-family-1-800x516.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"516\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Charleszetta-Pruitt-family-1-800x516.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Charleszetta-Pruitt-family-1-1020x658.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Charleszetta-Pruitt-family-1-160x103.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Charleszetta-Pruitt-family-1-1536x991.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Charleszetta-Pruitt-family-1-2048x1322.jpg 2048w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Charleszetta-Pruitt-family-1-1920x1239.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Charleszetta Pruitt’s parents lounging on their lawn on Johnson Drive in Parchester Village while Pruitt, age 7, plays with a friend, circa 1954. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Charleszetta Pruitt)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It felt like family, like a safe place,” recalled KQED announcer Michelle Henagan, who also grew up in Parchester Village. “Like coming home from school, you knew all your friends are going to be going around the neighborhood.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michelle’s mother, Maxine Henagan, has lived in the Village since 1974 and takes pride in its history. “I think it’s exciting to be part of that history and knowing that the neighborhood where I live is actually organized and spearheaded by African American people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11933527\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11933527 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Maxine-Henagan-cropped-800x559.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"559\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Maxine-Henagan-cropped-800x559.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Maxine-Henagan-cropped-1020x713.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Maxine-Henagan-cropped-160x112.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Maxine-Henagan-cropped-1536x1073.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Maxine-Henagan-cropped-2048x1431.jpg 2048w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Maxine-Henagan-cropped-1920x1342.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Parchester Village resident Maxine Henagan at home, holding up the T-shirt she designed for the Village’s 45th anniversary reunion celebration. \u003ccite>(Ariana Proehl/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The political organizing that Rev. Williams exemplified continued as the community grew. Parchester Village was built on unincorporated land, so residents lobbied the county to get services like streetlights and sewage through nearby San Pablo. They also sued the city of Richmond in 1950 to give their children access to Richmond’s public schools. It was one of many battles residents fought and won over the years. Eventually, they petitioned to be formally incorporated into Richmond, which was approved in 1963.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Resident Goretha Johnson, who currently serves as the Parchester Village Neighborhood Council president, reflected on growing up in the Village during those early years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were really self-contained,” she said. “We had our own store, our own gas station, our own nightclub. We were a community of many different professions because at that time they wouldn’t allow Black people to buy in other neighborhoods. So we had plumbers, laborers, teachers, doctors. Just everybody came together into one place. And everybody took pride in their property.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11933526\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11933526\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Hart-and-Johnson-edited-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Hart-and-Johnson-edited-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Hart-and-Johnson-edited-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Hart-and-Johnson-edited-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Hart-and-Johnson-edited-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Hart-and-Johnson-edited-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Hart-and-Johnson-edited-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Parchester Village residents Lori Hart (left) and Goretha Johnson at Johnson’s home. \u003ccite>(Ariana Proehl/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Resident Lori Hart, a friend of Johnson’s, also grew up in Parchester Village and lives there now. She remembered the Village’s political prowess well: “We used to be extremely politically involved. I remember hearing about how they would go down to the City Council and raise some Cain if something was not right.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hart was a big fan of the neighborhood’s bookmobile, which came by regularly to lend books. “It was anticipated and expected you would be somebody growing up,” Hart said. “We were taught and encouraged to read and we were taught to respect one another.” She added that the Village “was a space of safety. We never locked our doors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Change comes to Parchester\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Changes started creeping into the community in the 1970s. After the Fair Housing Act of 1968, more Bay Area neighborhoods started to integrate. The Village was no longer the only place in Richmond where Black families could buy, so they started branching out into other parts of the city. By the 1980s, many of the local businesses had long since closed. And then the crack epidemic hit the community hard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[emailsignup newslettername=\"baycurious\" align=\"right\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s when the landscape really changed,” Johnson said. “It just kind of wiped through everybody’s home. It’s like everybody was touched with somebody who had got involved with that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the early 1990s, a neighborhood teenager was shot and killed in a drive-by shooting. His death rocked the Parchester community. In response, Marilyn Dillihant, then a county alcohol and drug prevention specialist who grew up in Parchester, reasserted the Village’s values and established a youth association to give young people positive things to do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the early 2000s, many original homeowners still called Parchester home, and the block-party barbecues were still in effect. But, like any neighborhood that evolves over time, it was becoming harder to hold onto its founding essence. It was also harder to hold onto homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>High housing costs have pushed many Black families out of the Bay Area, putting \u003ca href=\"https://bayareaequityatlas.org/node/65531\">current Black homeownership rates at just 34%\u003c/a>, according to data analysis by Bay Area Equity Atlas. That’s a decline that’s mirrored in Parchester, where it’s now only 20% Black, according to the 2020 census. Twenty years ago, the population was almost 80% Black.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With fewer residents who have direct ties to the tight-knit, open-door community of Parchester’s heyday, the strong sense of community it once cultivated has waned.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Parchester spirit lives on\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Eli Moore, program director with \u003ca href=\"https://belonging.berkeley.edu/\">UC Berkeley’s Othering and Belonging Institute\u003c/a> who co-authored \u003ca href=\"https://belonging.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/haasinstitute_housingandbelongingrichmond_psprint_jan11.pdf\">a 2017 housing study in Richmond (PDF)\u003c/a>, said recent community efforts in Richmond remind him of Parchester Village.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m thinking about \u003ca href=\"https://www.richmondland.org/potowski-av\">Richmond Land\u003c/a> and the community land trust that they’ve set up and the way that they’re really working with residents to build new models for collectively owning and developing housing,” Moore said. “And in that way, becoming more self-sufficient and creating platforms for the community to take action — with city support or without city support — to meet their needs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stories like Parchester’s also fuel conversations Moore and the institute have had around belonging in the Bay Area. “How do folks hold onto the place that they love and live in? It’s belonging to place — and that doesn’t just mean geography,” Moore said. “It means the connections to neighbors, to faith communities, to schools and elders and friends and community. It’s belonging to a collective, to a history, to a set of memories, as well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite all the changes, Hart and Johnson are committed to bringing back some of the classic Parchester Village spirit to the community and feeding that sense of belonging Moore described. The Neighborhood Center, one of the last standing original Parchester institutions, was recently renovated and can once again be a hub for meetings and events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11933523\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11933523\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Neighborhood-Center-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Neighborhood-Center-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Neighborhood-Center-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Neighborhood-Center-160x90.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Neighborhood-Center-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Neighborhood-Center.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Parchester Village Neighborhood Center. \u003ccite>(Ariana Proehl/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We’re looking forward to that,” Hart said. “Trying to restore some of the glory of the old and just bring back some of the remembrance.” And, if Hart has her way, maybe bring a roller derby, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousquestion]\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Richmond's Black community struck a deal with politicians to build integrated housing long before the Fair Housing Act. Instead, a thriving Black community grew.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1700768286,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":true,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":42,"wordCount":2200},"headData":{"title":"Homes for All: Richmond's 1950s Attempt at Integrated Housing | KQED","description":"Richmond's Black community struck a deal with politicians to build integrated housing long before the Fair Housing Act. Instead, a thriving Black community grew.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Bay Curious","sourceUrl":"https://kqed.org/baycurious","audioUrl":"https://www.podtrac.com/pts/redirect.mp3/chrt.fm/track/EBCBFA/traffic.megaphone.fm/KQINC8366243996.mp3?updated=1669854238","subhead":"Parchester Village in Richmond, California tried to build integrated housing in the 1950s. Here's what happened.","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/news/11933439/homes-for-all-richmonds-1950s-attempt-at-integrated-housing","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/3GZjPUc\">\u003cem>Read the transcript here.\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You would be hard-pressed to get lost in Parchester Village, a small neighborhood in North Richmond. There’s a big loop road encircling the neighborhood of some 400 homes — \u003ca href=\"https://www.eichlernetwork.com/article/king-flat-tops\">many of which feature the original flat-top roof design\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The idea [for Parchester Village] was spearheaded by a group of ministers,” said longtime Village resident Maxine Henagan. “And the streets are named after each one of those ministers that participated on the committee that would spearhead getting the land.” \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Those ministers also organized to sell the homes.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One local minister in particular, Rev. Guthrie Williams, led the charge in brokering a deal with a local politician and a wealthy landowner to create quality housing for Black Americans at a time when racist lending and housing policies, like redlining, barred Black people from buying homes. The result was the first tract home development in Northern California explicitly open to Black residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Wartime workers organize to demand rights\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>During World War II, many Black Americans left the South and moved to Richmond for jobs in the shipyards. When the war ended, the wartime housing projects where they lived were scheduled to be torn down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The postwar period saw a real frenzy of building communities and homes and developments all around in the suburban areas,” said Shirley Ann Moore, professor emerita of history at \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sacramento State University\u003c/span>. “But those developments that were going up were restricted on a racial basis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore’s book, “\u003ca href=\"https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520229204/to-place-our-deeds\">To Place Our Deeds: The African American Community in Richmond, California, 1910–1963\u003c/a>,” details the Black community’s impact on Richmond before and after World War II. According to Moore, city officials hoped all newcomers who moved for the war industries, Black people especially, would go back to where they came from after the war. Instead, the working-class Black community in Richmond grew, becoming an influential political force in the area — a political force that was not only exercising its power in Richmond, but across the country, paving the road for the modern civil rights movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those working-class Black people took the lead,” said Moore. “People who had been presumed not to be aware of the political currents around them were really in the vanguard.” Enter Rev. Guthrie Williams, a carpenter by trade who, in 1949, started organizing to end housing and workplace discrimination in Richmond. A self-described “persistent, cantankerous cuss,” Williams created the small, Richmond-based Universal Non-Partisan League to help bridge the racial divide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11933547\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11933547\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Guthrie-Williams-in-newspaper-800x532.jpg\" alt=\"A man wearing glasses next to a table with family photographs\" width=\"800\" height=\"532\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Guthrie-Williams-in-newspaper-800x532.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Guthrie-Williams-in-newspaper-1020x678.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Guthrie-Williams-in-newspaper-160x106.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Guthrie-Williams-in-newspaper-1536x1021.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Guthrie-Williams-in-newspaper-1920x1276.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Guthrie-Williams-in-newspaper.jpg 1988w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rev. Guthrie Williams in a photo featured in the Independent and Gazette in December 1980. \u003ccite>(Mike Musielski for the Independent and Gazette/Courtesy of Richmond Museum of History and Culture)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“He garnered a lot of support from those people living in the housing projects, and they became very valuable voters. And white politicians began to see that, too,” Moore said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amos Hinkley was one of those white politicians, a City Council member running for reelection in 1949. He approached Williams and the League to support his campaign. Williams agreed in exchange for Hinkley’s commitment to create permanent housing for Black people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hinkley was backed by Fred Parr, a wealthy developer who was key in building the Richmond shipping terminal and Kaiser shipyards. Parr brought lots of industry to the Bay Area, like the Ford Motor Company plant in Richmond, and owned 800 acres of industrial land in North Richmond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11933530\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 246px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\" wp-image-11933530\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Fred-Parr-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"246\" height=\"317\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Fred-Parr-1.jpg 386w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Fred-Parr-1-160x206.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 246px) 100vw, 246px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Portrait of Fred Parr in 1952. \u003ccite>(The Henry Ford)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hinkley arranged a meeting among Parr, Williams and another local minister to talk about how some of Parr’s land could be used for housing for the Black community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 2002 documentary “\u003ca href=\"https://richmond.granicus.com/MediaPlayer.php?view_id=6&clip_id=312\">An Exploration of Our History: The Story of North Richmond\u003c/a>,” then-Richmond City Manager Isiah Turner, now deceased, recounted the deal: “[Parr] agreed that if the ministers could help them sell the homes for this land out here that he owned, that he would support working with the Black community so we could buy these homes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11933536\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11933536\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Mackay-John-and-Dick-and-Earl-Smith-1-cropped-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Mackay-John-and-Dick-and-Earl-Smith-1-cropped-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Mackay-John-and-Dick-and-Earl-Smith-1-cropped-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Mackay-John-and-Dick-and-Earl-Smith-1-cropped-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Mackay-John-and-Dick-and-Earl-Smith-1-cropped-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Mackay-John-and-Dick-and-Earl-Smith-1-cropped.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Builder Earl W. ‘Flat Top’ Smith (fourth from left) with neighborhood ministers, including Rev. L. Thomas (fourth from right, rear) and other developers at Parchester Village in Richmond. Smith, famous for his modern, affordable home-building — with flat-top roofs — designed and built the homes for Parchester Village. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the El Cerrito Historical Society)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At the end of the meeting, Williams had a commitment from Parr to back the housing development that would become Parchester Village.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Envisioning a community for ‘all Americans’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>When Parchester Village opened in 1950, it was advertised as “a home community for all Americans.” Early sales reflected that goal, with 30% of homes purchased by white buyers and the remaining 70% by Black and Asian Americans. That’s according to Fred Parr’s nephew, John Parr Cox, who recalled the housing project in a \u003ca href=\"https://oac.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb329005h7;NAAN=13030&doc.view=frames&chunk.id=0&toc.id=0&brand=oac4\">1986 interview with the UC Berkeley Oral History Project\u003c/a>. But “within a couple of years, the community changed completely to all Black,” Parr Cox said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11933533\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 278px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\" wp-image-11933533\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Parchester-Flyer-Yellow-scaled-e1669768391728-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"278\" height=\"371\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Parchester-Flyer-Yellow-scaled-e1669768391728-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Parchester-Flyer-Yellow-scaled-e1669768391728-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Parchester-Flyer-Yellow-scaled-e1669768391728-160x213.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Parchester-Flyer-Yellow-scaled-e1669768391728-1152x1536.jpg 1152w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Parchester-Flyer-Yellow-scaled-e1669768391728-1536x2048.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Parchester-Flyer-Yellow-scaled-e1669768391728.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 278px) 100vw, 278px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Archival partial photocopy of the original advertisement for the sale of Parchester Village homes. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Richmond Public Library Richmond Collection)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“White flight” was common at the time, wherein white families fled neighborhoods where people of color were moving in. Some Black Richmondites held the more cynical view that Fred Parr never intended for an integrated community to work out, said Moore, of \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sacramento State University\u003c/span>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regardless of the intentions of the white community, Rev. Williams told the Independent and Gazette in 1980 that he wanted Parchester to be an “All-American project.” He added, “We hoped to set a standard of perfection in fair play in housing for the Bay Area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Williams’ dream of a racially integrated community didn’t work out, the Black people who moved in still created something special. The political pressure Williams and others placed on city leaders to build Parchester Village was just the beginning of what became an active, organized neighborhood association that supported a vibrant community known for its safety, high-achieving children and regular block-party barbecues.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>‘We never locked our doors’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“It was a village that everybody’s home was your home,” Charleszetta Pruitt remembered. Pruitt is a former resident whose family was one of the first to settle in Parchester. “You were cared about,” she said. “They provided for you.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11933554\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11933554 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Charleszetta-Pruitt-family-1-800x516.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"516\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Charleszetta-Pruitt-family-1-800x516.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Charleszetta-Pruitt-family-1-1020x658.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Charleszetta-Pruitt-family-1-160x103.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Charleszetta-Pruitt-family-1-1536x991.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Charleszetta-Pruitt-family-1-2048x1322.jpg 2048w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Charleszetta-Pruitt-family-1-1920x1239.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Charleszetta Pruitt’s parents lounging on their lawn on Johnson Drive in Parchester Village while Pruitt, age 7, plays with a friend, circa 1954. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Charleszetta Pruitt)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It felt like family, like a safe place,” recalled KQED announcer Michelle Henagan, who also grew up in Parchester Village. “Like coming home from school, you knew all your friends are going to be going around the neighborhood.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michelle’s mother, Maxine Henagan, has lived in the Village since 1974 and takes pride in its history. “I think it’s exciting to be part of that history and knowing that the neighborhood where I live is actually organized and spearheaded by African American people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11933527\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11933527 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Maxine-Henagan-cropped-800x559.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"559\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Maxine-Henagan-cropped-800x559.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Maxine-Henagan-cropped-1020x713.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Maxine-Henagan-cropped-160x112.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Maxine-Henagan-cropped-1536x1073.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Maxine-Henagan-cropped-2048x1431.jpg 2048w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Maxine-Henagan-cropped-1920x1342.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Parchester Village resident Maxine Henagan at home, holding up the T-shirt she designed for the Village’s 45th anniversary reunion celebration. \u003ccite>(Ariana Proehl/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The political organizing that Rev. Williams exemplified continued as the community grew. Parchester Village was built on unincorporated land, so residents lobbied the county to get services like streetlights and sewage through nearby San Pablo. They also sued the city of Richmond in 1950 to give their children access to Richmond’s public schools. It was one of many battles residents fought and won over the years. Eventually, they petitioned to be formally incorporated into Richmond, which was approved in 1963.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Resident Goretha Johnson, who currently serves as the Parchester Village Neighborhood Council president, reflected on growing up in the Village during those early years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were really self-contained,” she said. “We had our own store, our own gas station, our own nightclub. We were a community of many different professions because at that time they wouldn’t allow Black people to buy in other neighborhoods. So we had plumbers, laborers, teachers, doctors. Just everybody came together into one place. And everybody took pride in their property.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11933526\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11933526\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Hart-and-Johnson-edited-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Hart-and-Johnson-edited-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Hart-and-Johnson-edited-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Hart-and-Johnson-edited-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Hart-and-Johnson-edited-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Hart-and-Johnson-edited-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Hart-and-Johnson-edited-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Parchester Village residents Lori Hart (left) and Goretha Johnson at Johnson’s home. \u003ccite>(Ariana Proehl/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Resident Lori Hart, a friend of Johnson’s, also grew up in Parchester Village and lives there now. She remembered the Village’s political prowess well: “We used to be extremely politically involved. I remember hearing about how they would go down to the City Council and raise some Cain if something was not right.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hart was a big fan of the neighborhood’s bookmobile, which came by regularly to lend books. “It was anticipated and expected you would be somebody growing up,” Hart said. “We were taught and encouraged to read and we were taught to respect one another.” She added that the Village “was a space of safety. We never locked our doors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Change comes to Parchester\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Changes started creeping into the community in the 1970s. After the Fair Housing Act of 1968, more Bay Area neighborhoods started to integrate. The Village was no longer the only place in Richmond where Black families could buy, so they started branching out into other parts of the city. By the 1980s, many of the local businesses had long since closed. And then the crack epidemic hit the community hard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"emailsignup","attributes":{"named":{"newslettername":"baycurious","align":"right","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s when the landscape really changed,” Johnson said. “It just kind of wiped through everybody’s home. It’s like everybody was touched with somebody who had got involved with that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the early 1990s, a neighborhood teenager was shot and killed in a drive-by shooting. His death rocked the Parchester community. In response, Marilyn Dillihant, then a county alcohol and drug prevention specialist who grew up in Parchester, reasserted the Village’s values and established a youth association to give young people positive things to do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the early 2000s, many original homeowners still called Parchester home, and the block-party barbecues were still in effect. But, like any neighborhood that evolves over time, it was becoming harder to hold onto its founding essence. It was also harder to hold onto homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>High housing costs have pushed many Black families out of the Bay Area, putting \u003ca href=\"https://bayareaequityatlas.org/node/65531\">current Black homeownership rates at just 34%\u003c/a>, according to data analysis by Bay Area Equity Atlas. That’s a decline that’s mirrored in Parchester, where it’s now only 20% Black, according to the 2020 census. Twenty years ago, the population was almost 80% Black.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With fewer residents who have direct ties to the tight-knit, open-door community of Parchester’s heyday, the strong sense of community it once cultivated has waned.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Parchester spirit lives on\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Eli Moore, program director with \u003ca href=\"https://belonging.berkeley.edu/\">UC Berkeley’s Othering and Belonging Institute\u003c/a> who co-authored \u003ca href=\"https://belonging.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/haasinstitute_housingandbelongingrichmond_psprint_jan11.pdf\">a 2017 housing study in Richmond (PDF)\u003c/a>, said recent community efforts in Richmond remind him of Parchester Village.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m thinking about \u003ca href=\"https://www.richmondland.org/potowski-av\">Richmond Land\u003c/a> and the community land trust that they’ve set up and the way that they’re really working with residents to build new models for collectively owning and developing housing,” Moore said. “And in that way, becoming more self-sufficient and creating platforms for the community to take action — with city support or without city support — to meet their needs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stories like Parchester’s also fuel conversations Moore and the institute have had around belonging in the Bay Area. “How do folks hold onto the place that they love and live in? It’s belonging to place — and that doesn’t just mean geography,” Moore said. “It means the connections to neighbors, to faith communities, to schools and elders and friends and community. It’s belonging to a collective, to a history, to a set of memories, as well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite all the changes, Hart and Johnson are committed to bringing back some of the classic Parchester Village spirit to the community and feeding that sense of belonging Moore described. The Neighborhood Center, one of the last standing original Parchester institutions, was recently renovated and can once again be a hub for meetings and events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11933523\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11933523\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Neighborhood-Center-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Neighborhood-Center-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Neighborhood-Center-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Neighborhood-Center-160x90.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Neighborhood-Center-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Neighborhood-Center.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Parchester Village Neighborhood Center. \u003ccite>(Ariana Proehl/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We’re looking forward to that,” Hart said. “Trying to restore some of the glory of the old and just bring back some of the remembrance.” And, if Hart has her way, maybe bring a roller derby, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"baycuriousquestion","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11933439/homes-for-all-richmonds-1950s-attempt-at-integrated-housing","authors":["11296"],"programs":["news_33523"],"series":["news_17986"],"categories":["news_8","news_33520"],"tags":["news_3631","news_25329","news_579","news_236"],"featImg":"news_11933654","label":"source_news_11933439"},"news_11906491":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11906491","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11906491","score":null,"sort":[1645841895000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"ukraine-conflict-this-week-in-california-news","title":"Ukraine Conflict | This Week in California News","publishDate":1645841895,"format":"video","headTitle":"KQED Newsroom | KQED News","labelTerm":{"term":7052,"site":"news"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cb>Ukraine Conflict Reverberates in California\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This week, Russian President Vladimar Putin invaded the sovereign nation of Ukraine in a move that is being called Europe's \"darkest hour\" since World War II. In response, U.S. President Joe Biden announced new sanctions on Russian banks and sent 7,000 troops to Europe. We get perspective from Michael McFaul, who served as the U.S. ambassador to Russia from 2012 to 2014.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">We also talk with U.S. Rep. Ro Khanna, D-Fremont, about his condemnation of Russian aggression. Khanna wrote in a tweet, \"The United States stands with Ukraine. We will hold Putin accountable for his unconscionable, unjustified, and illegal attack on the innocent people of Ukraine. He is committing a crime against humanity and flagrantly violating international law.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Guests:\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Michael McFaul, former U.S. ambassador to Russia, 2012-2014\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">U.S. Rep. Ro Khanna, D-Fremont\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>This Week in California News and Politics\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hundreds gathered across California on Thursday to protest the war in Ukraine. We look at how the conflict in that region is affecting Bay Area companies and residents with ties to that region, as well as the latest poll numbers on whether masking should continue in schools and whether sports betting should be allowed in California. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Guests:\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Guy Marzorati, KQED politics and government correspondent\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Rachael Myrow, KQED Silicon Valley news desk senior editor\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Something Beautiful: Lake Cunningham Action Sports Park\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">At Lake Cunningham Action Sports Park in San Jose, skateboards, scooters and bicycles carve, grind and get as much air as they can. It's one of California's largest skate parks and it's this week's look at Something Beautiful. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1645841895,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":7,"wordCount":283},"headData":{"title":"Ukraine Conflict | This Week in California News | KQED","description":"Ukraine Conflict Reverberates in California This week, Russian President Vladimar Putin invaded the sovereign nation of Ukraine in a move that is being called Europe's "darkest hour" since World War II. In response, U.S. President Joe Biden announced new sanctions on Russian banks and sent 7,000 troops to Europe. We get perspective from Michael McFaul,","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"11906491 https://ww2.kqed.org/news/?p=11906491","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2022/02/25/ukraine-conflict-this-week-in-california-news/","disqusTitle":"Ukraine Conflict | This Week in California News","videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/ZZnB51dlkQg","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","path":"/news/11906491/ukraine-conflict-this-week-in-california-news","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cb>Ukraine Conflict Reverberates in California\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This week, Russian President Vladimar Putin invaded the sovereign nation of Ukraine in a move that is being called Europe's \"darkest hour\" since World War II. In response, U.S. President Joe Biden announced new sanctions on Russian banks and sent 7,000 troops to Europe. We get perspective from Michael McFaul, who served as the U.S. ambassador to Russia from 2012 to 2014.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">We also talk with U.S. Rep. Ro Khanna, D-Fremont, about his condemnation of Russian aggression. Khanna wrote in a tweet, \"The United States stands with Ukraine. We will hold Putin accountable for his unconscionable, unjustified, and illegal attack on the innocent people of Ukraine. He is committing a crime against humanity and flagrantly violating international law.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Guests:\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Michael McFaul, former U.S. ambassador to Russia, 2012-2014\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">U.S. Rep. Ro Khanna, D-Fremont\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>This Week in California News and Politics\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hundreds gathered across California on Thursday to protest the war in Ukraine. We look at how the conflict in that region is affecting Bay Area companies and residents with ties to that region, as well as the latest poll numbers on whether masking should continue in schools and whether sports betting should be allowed in California. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Guests:\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Guy Marzorati, KQED politics and government correspondent\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Rachael Myrow, KQED Silicon Valley news desk senior editor\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Something Beautiful: Lake Cunningham Action Sports Park\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">At Lake Cunningham Action Sports Park in San Jose, skateboards, scooters and bicycles carve, grind and get as much air as they can. It's one of California's largest skate parks and it's this week's look at Something Beautiful. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11906491/ukraine-conflict-this-week-in-california-news","authors":["236"],"programs":["news_7052"],"categories":["news_1758","news_8","news_13"],"tags":["news_1386","news_18538","news_30721","news_23289","news_20297","news_19177","news_30720","news_30719","news_29063","news_2011","news_6238","news_20279","news_18541","news_353","news_30632","news_26723","news_236"],"featImg":"news_11906626","label":"news_7052"},"news_11905768":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11905768","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11905768","score":null,"sort":[1645576468000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"archie-williams-the-black-bay-area-gold-medalist-pilot-teacher-who-fought-racism-abroad-and-at-home","title":"Archie Williams: The Black Bay Area Gold Medalist, Pilot and Teacher Who Fought Racism Abroad and at Home","publishDate":1645576468,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Mark Fiore: Drawn to the Bay | KQED News","labelTerm":{"term":18515,"site":"news"},"content":"\u003cp>After winning the gold medal in the 400-meter race in the Berlin Olympics in 1936, \u003ca href=\"https://xs.pac-12.com/2021-08/Archie_Williams.png\">Oakland-born Archie Williams was honored with a parade\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when he graduated from UC Berkeley with a mechanical engineering degree in 1939, he couldn't get hired in his chosen field because he was Black. So he dug ditches for the East Bay Municipal Utility District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The life story of Archie Williams is filled with highs and lows and, most of all, perseverance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He went on to learn to fly, \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2020/02/28/little-told-story-tuskegee-weathermen/\">helped teach the Tuskegee Airmen to fly during World War II and had a career as an Air Force meteorologist\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/sports/1993/06/26/a-hero-of-berlin-olympics-dies/5bbcabc6-c29d-447c-86fe-46bf529c1c03/\">Williams died in 1993\u003c/a>. Just last year, San Anselmo's Sir Francis Drake High School \u003ca href=\"https://marinmagazine.com/community/who-was-archie-williams-the-story-behind-the-renaming-of-a-san-anselmo-high-school/\">was renamed Archie Williams High School\u003c/a> in honor of the man who was a beloved math and computer science teacher at the school for over 20 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once you learn about Williams's incredible life, then the life of a 14th-century human trafficker from England — whose name the school used to bear — doesn't seem so worthy of honor, even if he did sail around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(For an even more detailed account of Archie Williams's life, I highly recommend reading \u003ca href=\"https://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/rohoia/ucb/text/joyofflyingthe00willrich.pdf\">this oral history from UC Berkeley's \"Black Alumni Series.\"\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin01.png\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter wp-image-11905897 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin01-1020x1020.png\" alt=\"Cartoon: shows Archie Williams wearing his Olympic gold medal. He got a degree from UC Berkeley in engineering, ran track and went on to win a gold medal at the 1936 Olympics in Berlin.\" width=\"640\" height=\"640\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin01-1020x1020.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin01-800x800.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin01-160x160.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin01-1536x1536.png 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin01.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin02a.png\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter wp-image-11906063 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin02a-1020x1020.png\" alt=\"Cartoon: Archie Williams with Nazi flags and crowds in the background. Williams says, "I was aware of their super race, whatever, 'Aryan Supremacy,' but they didn't prove it to us!"\" width=\"640\" height=\"640\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin02a-1020x1020.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin02a-800x800.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin02a-160x160.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin02a-1536x1536.png 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin02a.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin03.png\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter wp-image-11905899 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin03-1020x1020.png\" alt=\"Cartoon: Williams faced discrimination back in the U.S. Cartoon shows him digging a ditch for East Bay Municipal Utility District since no one would hire a black man for his engineering degree.\" width=\"640\" height=\"640\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin03-1020x1020.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin03-800x800.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin03-160x160.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin03-1536x1536.png 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin03.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin04a.png\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter wp-image-11906065 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin04a-1020x1020.png\" alt=\"Cartoon: a plane soars over clouds, Archie Williams pictured below in a flight helmet with goggles. Williams learned to fly at the Oakland Airport and went on to help teach Tuskegee Airmen how to fly.\" width=\"640\" height=\"640\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin04a-1020x1020.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin04a-800x800.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin04a-160x160.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin04a-1536x1536.png 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin04a.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin05.png\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter wp-image-11905901 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin05-1020x1020.png\" alt='Cartoon: an older Williams writes on a weather map. Text: After a career as an Air Force meteorologist... he became a much-loved math and computer science teacher in Marin & coached track & field at what is now called \"Archie Williams High School.\"' width=\"640\" height=\"640\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin05-1020x1020.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin05-800x800.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin05-160x160.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin05-1536x1536.png 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin05.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"He won a gold medal in the 1936 Berlin Olympics as Nazi flags flew. He faced racism when he returned to the Bay Area, where he earned his engineering degree at UC Berkeley. He helped teach the Tuskegee Airmen to fly and went on to teach math and computer science at a Marin high school now named in his honor.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1645580012,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":220},"headData":{"title":"Archie Williams: The Black Bay Area Gold Medalist, Pilot and Teacher Who Fought Racism Abroad and at Home | KQED","description":"He won a gold medal in the 1936 Berlin Olympics as Nazi flags flew. He faced racism when he returned to the Bay Area, where he earned his engineering degree at UC Berkeley. He helped teach the Tuskegee Airmen to fly and went on to teach math and computer science at a Marin high school now named in his honor.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"11905768 https://ww2.kqed.org/news/?p=11905768","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2022/02/22/archie-williams-the-black-bay-area-gold-medalist-pilot-teacher-who-fought-racism-abroad-and-at-home/","disqusTitle":"Archie Williams: The Black Bay Area Gold Medalist, Pilot and Teacher Who Fought Racism Abroad and at Home","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","path":"/news/11905768/archie-williams-the-black-bay-area-gold-medalist-pilot-teacher-who-fought-racism-abroad-and-at-home","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>After winning the gold medal in the 400-meter race in the Berlin Olympics in 1936, \u003ca href=\"https://xs.pac-12.com/2021-08/Archie_Williams.png\">Oakland-born Archie Williams was honored with a parade\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when he graduated from UC Berkeley with a mechanical engineering degree in 1939, he couldn't get hired in his chosen field because he was Black. So he dug ditches for the East Bay Municipal Utility District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The life story of Archie Williams is filled with highs and lows and, most of all, perseverance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He went on to learn to fly, \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2020/02/28/little-told-story-tuskegee-weathermen/\">helped teach the Tuskegee Airmen to fly during World War II and had a career as an Air Force meteorologist\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/sports/1993/06/26/a-hero-of-berlin-olympics-dies/5bbcabc6-c29d-447c-86fe-46bf529c1c03/\">Williams died in 1993\u003c/a>. Just last year, San Anselmo's Sir Francis Drake High School \u003ca href=\"https://marinmagazine.com/community/who-was-archie-williams-the-story-behind-the-renaming-of-a-san-anselmo-high-school/\">was renamed Archie Williams High School\u003c/a> in honor of the man who was a beloved math and computer science teacher at the school for over 20 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once you learn about Williams's incredible life, then the life of a 14th-century human trafficker from England — whose name the school used to bear — doesn't seem so worthy of honor, even if he did sail around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(For an even more detailed account of Archie Williams's life, I highly recommend reading \u003ca href=\"https://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/rohoia/ucb/text/joyofflyingthe00willrich.pdf\">this oral history from UC Berkeley's \"Black Alumni Series.\"\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin01.png\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter wp-image-11905897 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin01-1020x1020.png\" alt=\"Cartoon: shows Archie Williams wearing his Olympic gold medal. He got a degree from UC Berkeley in engineering, ran track and went on to win a gold medal at the 1936 Olympics in Berlin.\" width=\"640\" height=\"640\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin01-1020x1020.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin01-800x800.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin01-160x160.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin01-1536x1536.png 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin01.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin02a.png\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter wp-image-11906063 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin02a-1020x1020.png\" alt=\"Cartoon: Archie Williams with Nazi flags and crowds in the background. Williams says, "I was aware of their super race, whatever, 'Aryan Supremacy,' but they didn't prove it to us!"\" width=\"640\" height=\"640\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin02a-1020x1020.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin02a-800x800.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin02a-160x160.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin02a-1536x1536.png 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin02a.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin03.png\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter wp-image-11905899 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin03-1020x1020.png\" alt=\"Cartoon: Williams faced discrimination back in the U.S. Cartoon shows him digging a ditch for East Bay Municipal Utility District since no one would hire a black man for his engineering degree.\" width=\"640\" height=\"640\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin03-1020x1020.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin03-800x800.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin03-160x160.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin03-1536x1536.png 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin03.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin04a.png\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter wp-image-11906065 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin04a-1020x1020.png\" alt=\"Cartoon: a plane soars over clouds, Archie Williams pictured below in a flight helmet with goggles. Williams learned to fly at the Oakland Airport and went on to help teach Tuskegee Airmen how to fly.\" width=\"640\" height=\"640\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin04a-1020x1020.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin04a-800x800.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin04a-160x160.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin04a-1536x1536.png 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin04a.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin05.png\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter wp-image-11905901 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin05-1020x1020.png\" alt='Cartoon: an older Williams writes on a weather map. Text: After a career as an Air Force meteorologist... he became a much-loved math and computer science teacher in Marin & coached track & field at what is now called \"Archie Williams High School.\"' width=\"640\" height=\"640\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin05-1020x1020.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin05-800x800.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin05-160x160.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin05-1536x1536.png 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/archiewilliams_fin05.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11905768/archie-williams-the-black-bay-area-gold-medalist-pilot-teacher-who-fought-racism-abroad-and-at-home","authors":["3236"],"series":["news_18515"],"categories":["news_18540","news_8","news_13","news_10"],"tags":["news_30692","news_30690","news_30693","news_4750","news_2808","news_28818","news_30691","news_30694","news_236","news_23120"],"featImg":"news_11905809","label":"news_18515"},"news_11898287":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11898287","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11898287","score":null,"sort":[1639047647000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-black-shipyard-workers-in-marin-helped-win-world-war-ii","title":"How Black Shipyard Workers in Marin Helped Win World War II","publishDate":1639047647,"format":"standard","headTitle":"How Black Shipyard Workers in Marin Helped Win World War II | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>The Marin Headlands, Sweeney Ridge, Treasure Island, Port Chicago, Moffett Field — these are just a few local spots with important World War II history. In fact, the Bay Area played a major role in the war effort in many ways, like housing and training troops in the Presidio before their deployment to the Pacific, caring for wounded soldiers at Letterman Hospital and building the ships used to transport food and war materials around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriouspodcastinfo]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lise Ciolino discovered some local World War II history while exploring her new neighborhood in Sausalito. She visited an exhibit about \u003ca href=\"https://www.sausalito.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/9344/636326254065130000\">Marinship, a huge shipyard on Sausalito’s bayfront\u003c/a> that sprang up after the U.S. officially entered the war in 1941. Workers there built huge cargo ships, known as “liberty ships,” as well as tankers to carry fuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11898293\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 327px\">\u003ca href=\"http://sflib1.sfpl.org:82/search?/X%22marinship%22&SORT=D/X%22marinship%22&SORT=D&stype=X&SUBKEY=%22marinship%22/1%2C6%2C6%2CB/frameset&FF=X%22marinship%22&SORT=D&2%2C2%2C\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11898293\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/liberty-ship.jpg\" alt=\"Black and white image of huge wooden scaffolding in the foreground with a long track leading to a huge ship in the background.\" width=\"327\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/liberty-ship.jpg 327w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/liberty-ship-160x196.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 327px) 100vw, 327px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The SS Escambia, an oceangoing tanker, slides down the ways at Marinship’s Sausalito yard in front of a crowd of workers. \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"http://sflib1.sfpl.org:82/search?/X%22marinship%22&SORT=D/X%22marinship%22&SORT=D&stype=X&SUBKEY=%22marinship%22/1%2C6%2C6%2CB/frameset&FF=X%22marinship%22&SORT=D&2%2C2%2C\">Courtesy of San Francisco History Center, San Francisco Public Library\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I’m new to Sausalito,” Lise said, “and I wanted to know how the liberty ships produced in Sausalito affected the outcome of World War II.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Liberty ships were massive cargo ships modeled after a British design commonly \u003ca href=\"https://www.ssjohnwbrown.org/blog/2015/12/9/liberty-ship-history\">known as ocean ships\u003c/a>. Marinship started out manufacturing these huge ships, but then \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/articles/liberty-ships-and-victory-ships-america-s-lifeline-in-war-teaching-with-historic-places.htm\">switched to building the faster victory ships that succeeded them\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Without the ships and supplies from North America and elsewhere to Europe, especially to the British, World War II would have been lost,” said Jan Keizer, a member of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sausalitohistoricalsociety.com/\">Sausalito Historical Society\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 1941, Europe had already been at war for several years. German U-boats were effective at sinking merchant vessels carrying food and supplies to Britain. Without the extra ships quickly manufactured at shipyards like Marinship and the Kaiser shipyards in Richmond, among others, U.S. allies would have starved, explained Keizer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We overwhelmed the enemy with volume of material,” he said. “That was the purpose of the ships.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sausalito.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/9344/636326254065130000\">Marinship alone manufactured over 90 vessels in a few short years.\u003c/a> At the peak of its production, workers were cranking out a massive new boat every 10 days. Not only were the shipyards crucial to winning the war, but they changed the culture and society of the Bay Area in other ways as well. Hundreds of thousands of Black Americans migrated to the Bay Area from the South, fleeing racism and looking for better-paying jobs. Their contribution to the war effort — along with the racist treatment they encountered when they got here — is often left out of stories about this time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11898295\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 345px\">\u003ca href=\"http://sflib1.sfpl.org:82/search?/X%22Joseph+James%22&SORT=D/X%22Joseph+James%22&SORT=D&extended=0&SUBKEY=%22Joseph+James%22/1%2C3%2C3%2CB/frameset&FF=X%22Joseph+James%22&SORT=D&3%2C3%2C\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11898295\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/JosephJamesSinging.jpg\" alt=\"Four men wearing coveralls and hardhats sing the song Silent Night.\" width=\"345\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/JosephJamesSinging.jpg 345w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/JosephJamesSinging-160x186.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 345px) 100vw, 345px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shipworkers Hal Dahlgren, James Isherwood, Eugene Royer and Joseph James serenading their fellow workers, 1942. \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"http://sflib1.sfpl.org:82/search?/X%22Joseph+James%22&SORT=D/X%22Joseph+James%22&SORT=D&extended=0&SUBKEY=%22Joseph+James%22/1%2C3%2C3%2CB/frameset&FF=X%22Joseph+James%22&SORT=D&3%2C3%2C\">Courtesy of San Francisco History Center, San Francisco Public Library\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But a group of Marin teenagers has been working to document this important history — sometimes including stories of their own family members — through art. The Marinovators, led by hip-hop educator \u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/mrjahiofficial/\">MC Jahi\u003c/a>, wrote and produced an album called “\u003ca href=\"https://open.spotify.com/album/5eq0retGOvx5vmTf4PM9hN?autoplay=true\">A Way Out of No Way\u003c/a>,” which highlights the contributions of Black workers at Marinship and celebrates local heroes like \u003ca href=\"http://www.sausalitohistoricalsociety.com/2019-columns/2019/2/13/joseph-james-entertainer\">Joseph James\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.marinij.com/2018/08/14/rodessa-battle-a-marin-city-rosie-the-riveter-dies-at-97/\">Rodessa Battle\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://californiarevealed.org/islandora/object/cavpp%3A23265\">Reverend Leon Samuels\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pyQdXEpRQuA\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Pendarvis Harshaw and Marisol Medina-Cadena from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/podcasts/rightnowish\">KQED podcast Rightnowish\u003c/a> put it:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“These unsung heroes helped the fight abroad by constructing wartime ships, and championing civil rights on the home front. Broadway singer turned shipyard welder Joseph James notably spearheaded a legal battle against the segregated union at Marinship that denied equal benefits to Black workers. His lawsuit challenged the racial discrimination, and made its way to the California Supreme Court, laying the foundation for other discrimination cases. And it’s a story that gets told on the album.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/arts/13905367/rapping-about-the-wwii-black-shipyard-workers-in-marin\">Check out their episode featuring the young creators behind the album.\u003c/a> They share what it meant to discover the stories of people left out of their history classes and the responsibility of being culture keepers, the folks keeping memory alive through art and \u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/xrlearn/\">virtual reality\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"200\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"https://playlist.megaphone.fm?e=KQINC8826397786\" width=\"100%\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousquestion]\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Workers at Marinship in Sausalito, many of whom were Black Americans fleeing the racist South, built huge cargo and tanker ships that carried food, fuel and war supplies to Europe and the Pacific. \r\n","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1700534551,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":true,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":696},"headData":{"title":"How Black Shipyard Workers in Marin Helped Win World War II | KQED","description":"Workers at Marinship in Sausalito, many of whom were Black Americans fleeing the racist South, built huge cargo and tanker ships that carried food, fuel and war supplies to Europe and the Pacific. \r\n","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Bay Curious","sourceUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/podcasts/baycurious","audioUrl":"https://www.podtrac.com/pts/redirect.mp3/traffic.megaphone.fm/KQINC7723573574.mp3?updated=1638577586","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","path":"/news/11898287/how-black-shipyard-workers-in-marin-helped-win-world-war-ii","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Marin Headlands, Sweeney Ridge, Treasure Island, Port Chicago, Moffett Field — these are just a few local spots with important World War II history. In fact, the Bay Area played a major role in the war effort in many ways, like housing and training troops in the Presidio before their deployment to the Pacific, caring for wounded soldiers at Letterman Hospital and building the ships used to transport food and war materials around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lise Ciolino discovered some local World War II history while exploring her new neighborhood in Sausalito. She visited an exhibit about \u003ca href=\"https://www.sausalito.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/9344/636326254065130000\">Marinship, a huge shipyard on Sausalito’s bayfront\u003c/a> that sprang up after the U.S. officially entered the war in 1941. Workers there built huge cargo ships, known as “liberty ships,” as well as tankers to carry fuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11898293\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 327px\">\u003ca href=\"http://sflib1.sfpl.org:82/search?/X%22marinship%22&SORT=D/X%22marinship%22&SORT=D&stype=X&SUBKEY=%22marinship%22/1%2C6%2C6%2CB/frameset&FF=X%22marinship%22&SORT=D&2%2C2%2C\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11898293\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/liberty-ship.jpg\" alt=\"Black and white image of huge wooden scaffolding in the foreground with a long track leading to a huge ship in the background.\" width=\"327\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/liberty-ship.jpg 327w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/liberty-ship-160x196.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 327px) 100vw, 327px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The SS Escambia, an oceangoing tanker, slides down the ways at Marinship’s Sausalito yard in front of a crowd of workers. \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"http://sflib1.sfpl.org:82/search?/X%22marinship%22&SORT=D/X%22marinship%22&SORT=D&stype=X&SUBKEY=%22marinship%22/1%2C6%2C6%2CB/frameset&FF=X%22marinship%22&SORT=D&2%2C2%2C\">Courtesy of San Francisco History Center, San Francisco Public Library\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I’m new to Sausalito,” Lise said, “and I wanted to know how the liberty ships produced in Sausalito affected the outcome of World War II.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Liberty ships were massive cargo ships modeled after a British design commonly \u003ca href=\"https://www.ssjohnwbrown.org/blog/2015/12/9/liberty-ship-history\">known as ocean ships\u003c/a>. Marinship started out manufacturing these huge ships, but then \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/articles/liberty-ships-and-victory-ships-america-s-lifeline-in-war-teaching-with-historic-places.htm\">switched to building the faster victory ships that succeeded them\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Without the ships and supplies from North America and elsewhere to Europe, especially to the British, World War II would have been lost,” said Jan Keizer, a member of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sausalitohistoricalsociety.com/\">Sausalito Historical Society\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 1941, Europe had already been at war for several years. German U-boats were effective at sinking merchant vessels carrying food and supplies to Britain. Without the extra ships quickly manufactured at shipyards like Marinship and the Kaiser shipyards in Richmond, among others, U.S. allies would have starved, explained Keizer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We overwhelmed the enemy with volume of material,” he said. “That was the purpose of the ships.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sausalito.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/9344/636326254065130000\">Marinship alone manufactured over 90 vessels in a few short years.\u003c/a> At the peak of its production, workers were cranking out a massive new boat every 10 days. Not only were the shipyards crucial to winning the war, but they changed the culture and society of the Bay Area in other ways as well. Hundreds of thousands of Black Americans migrated to the Bay Area from the South, fleeing racism and looking for better-paying jobs. Their contribution to the war effort — along with the racist treatment they encountered when they got here — is often left out of stories about this time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11898295\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 345px\">\u003ca href=\"http://sflib1.sfpl.org:82/search?/X%22Joseph+James%22&SORT=D/X%22Joseph+James%22&SORT=D&extended=0&SUBKEY=%22Joseph+James%22/1%2C3%2C3%2CB/frameset&FF=X%22Joseph+James%22&SORT=D&3%2C3%2C\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11898295\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/JosephJamesSinging.jpg\" alt=\"Four men wearing coveralls and hardhats sing the song Silent Night.\" width=\"345\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/JosephJamesSinging.jpg 345w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/JosephJamesSinging-160x186.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 345px) 100vw, 345px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shipworkers Hal Dahlgren, James Isherwood, Eugene Royer and Joseph James serenading their fellow workers, 1942. \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"http://sflib1.sfpl.org:82/search?/X%22Joseph+James%22&SORT=D/X%22Joseph+James%22&SORT=D&extended=0&SUBKEY=%22Joseph+James%22/1%2C3%2C3%2CB/frameset&FF=X%22Joseph+James%22&SORT=D&3%2C3%2C\">Courtesy of San Francisco History Center, San Francisco Public Library\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But a group of Marin teenagers has been working to document this important history — sometimes including stories of their own family members — through art. The Marinovators, led by hip-hop educator \u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/mrjahiofficial/\">MC Jahi\u003c/a>, wrote and produced an album called “\u003ca href=\"https://open.spotify.com/album/5eq0retGOvx5vmTf4PM9hN?autoplay=true\">A Way Out of No Way\u003c/a>,” which highlights the contributions of Black workers at Marinship and celebrates local heroes like \u003ca href=\"http://www.sausalitohistoricalsociety.com/2019-columns/2019/2/13/joseph-james-entertainer\">Joseph James\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.marinij.com/2018/08/14/rodessa-battle-a-marin-city-rosie-the-riveter-dies-at-97/\">Rodessa Battle\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://californiarevealed.org/islandora/object/cavpp%3A23265\">Reverend Leon Samuels\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/pyQdXEpRQuA'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/pyQdXEpRQuA'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>As Pendarvis Harshaw and Marisol Medina-Cadena from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/podcasts/rightnowish\">KQED podcast Rightnowish\u003c/a> put it:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“These unsung heroes helped the fight abroad by constructing wartime ships, and championing civil rights on the home front. Broadway singer turned shipyard welder Joseph James notably spearheaded a legal battle against the segregated union at Marinship that denied equal benefits to Black workers. His lawsuit challenged the racial discrimination, and made its way to the California Supreme Court, laying the foundation for other discrimination cases. And it’s a story that gets told on the album.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/arts/13905367/rapping-about-the-wwii-black-shipyard-workers-in-marin\">Check out their episode featuring the young creators behind the album.\u003c/a> They share what it meant to discover the stories of people left out of their history classes and the responsibility of being culture keepers, the folks keeping memory alive through art and \u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/xrlearn/\">virtual reality\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"200\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"https://playlist.megaphone.fm?e=KQINC8826397786\" width=\"100%\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"baycuriousquestion","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11898287/how-black-shipyard-workers-in-marin-helped-win-world-war-ii","authors":["234"],"programs":["news_33523"],"series":["news_17986"],"categories":["news_28250","news_8","news_33520"],"tags":["news_28262","news_30344","news_29930","news_655","news_236"],"featImg":"news_11898298","label":"source_news_11898287"},"news_11821133":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11821133","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11821133","score":null,"sort":[1590660059000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-little-known-history-of-japanese-internment-on-angel-island","title":"The Little-Known History of Japanese Internment on Angel Island","publishDate":1590660059,"format":"image","headTitle":"The Little-Known History of Japanese Internment on Angel Island | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Off the coast of Tiburon, jutting out of the San Francisco Bay, is Angel Island. Accessible only by a ferry, it’s a large, hilly state park that offers sweeping views and miles of hiking trails. But it’s most famous for something less picturesque: its history as an immigration processing and detention center during the early 20th century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11821181\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4471.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11821181\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4471-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4471.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4471-160x213.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4471-687x916.jpg 687w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4471-414x552.jpg 414w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4471-354x472.jpg 354w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Japanese internees stayed in Angel Island’s immigration barracks where Chinese immigrants had carved poems of sadness and anguish on the walls decades earlier. \u003ccite>(Cecilia Lei/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I grew up in the Bay Area and visited the island with my class in middle school. We learned about the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11443320/as-chinese-exclusion-act-turns-135-experts-point-to-parallels-today\">Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882\u003c/a> and the discrimination Chinese immigrants faced on Angel Island \u003ca href=\"https://www.aiisf.org/history\">from 1910-1940\u003c/a>. They were subjected to interrogations and invasive medical exams. Some were detained for months, or even years, in the crowded barracks. The poignant poems carved by Chinese immigrants onto the walls of Angel Island’s Immigration Station are still visible to visitors today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriouspodcastinfo]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, a Bay Curious listener mused about \u003cem>another\u003c/em> part of the island’s past — something I hadn’t heard of before: “I wonder about Angel Island and the history of Japanese internment camps.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a Chinese American, learning about the island’s immigration history had felt personally important, but this listener’s question about Japanese internees made me contemplate if I truly understood the full extent of Asian American history on the island.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>FBI Deems Those With Cultural Ties to Japan as ‘Enemy Aliens’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Until very recently, Angel Island’s Japanese internment history eluded even the island’s park rangers and tour guides. I met with Grant Din, a researcher and former volunteer with the Angel Island Immigration Station Foundation, who is virtually the only expert on the topic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through a National Park Service grant, Din spent about five years digging into Angel Island’s role in the internment of Japanese people during World War II. Many are already familiar with this \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/10868581/photos-3-very-different-views-of-japanese-internment\">dark chapter of American history\u003c/a>, which remains to this day one of the most egregious examples of large-scale, federally sanctioned racial profiling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11821185\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11821185 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4473-800x571.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"571\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4473-800x571.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4473-160x114.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4473-1020x729.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4473.jpg 1782w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grant Din (right), volunteer with the Angel Island Immigration Station Foundation, researched Angel Island’s Japanese internment history with the help of student researcher Marissa Shoji (left). \u003ccite>(Cecilia Lei/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After Japan attacked Pearl Harbor in December 1941, the U.S. government arrested and detained more than 110,000 U.S. residents and citizens of Japanese descent along the West Coast. Authorized through \u003ca href=\"https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=false&doc=74\">Executive Order 9066\u003c/a>, the decision was deemed a necessary precaution in case any people with Japanese ancestry living in the United States were secretly colluding with Japan’s war efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignleft\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/show/asian-americans/\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-11821314\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/asianamericans-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/asianamericans-1.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/asianamericans-1-160x90.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nPBS has a new documentary series called Asian Americans, about the identity, contributions and challenges experienced throughout American history. Watch it at \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/show/asian-americans/\">PBS.org\u003c/a>, using the PBS app or at \u003ca href=\"https://video.kqed.org/\">video.kqed.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Japanese civilians, including families with young children, were uprooted from their homes and businesses. They were relocated to internment camps in remote areas throughout the U.S. Close to two-thirds of them were American-born and thus legal U.S. citizens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then, there was the group that Din researched: another category of Japanese internees who had secretly been under close scrutiny by the Department of Justice and FBI for months, even years before Japan attacked Pearl Harbor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 17,000 Japanese issei immigrants (first generation residents born in Japan) were suspected of “subversive activities” and deemed the most “dangerous” threat to American security. The U.S. government called them “enemy aliens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After digging through national archives and researching historical accounts, Din compiled a database of these internees. About \u003ca href=\"https://www.aiisf.org/wwiidetainees\">700 West Coast Japanese residents\u003c/a>, mostly from Hawaii, were briefly interned on Angel Island beginning in February 1942. The island was one of several temporary locations — another Bay Area location includes \u003ca href=\"https://encyclopedia.densho.org/Sharp%20Park%20(detention%20facility)/\">Sharp Park in Pacifica\u003c/a> — where internees stayed for a week or so until being relocated to more permanent camps throughout the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11821306\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11821306\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/download-800x601.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"601\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/download.jpeg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/download-160x120.jpeg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/download-632x474.jpeg 632w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/download-536x402.jpeg 536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When Japanese internees arrived at Angel Island, they were housed in the same facilities where Chinese immigrants had been detained over previous decades. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the National Archives)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The U.S. government was suspicious of this group of people because of their perceived ties to Japan or Japanese culture. The FBI tracked their movements, collected intel from informants and kept secret dossiers. Some of these individuals were community leaders, Buddhist and Shinto ministers or members of kendo and other martial arts clubs. Others had contributed to organizations deemed “pro-Japan” by the U.S. government or worked in Japanese consulates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or sometimes, Din discovered, it was simply their hobbies: “I found that just the fact that one photographer had photographs of the Golden Gate Bridge, and a dam near Fresno under construction, was enough for them to label him a potential spy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his research findings, Din adds: “I didn’t find any concrete examples of any sabotage by any Japanese immigrants or Japanese Americans.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Diary Entries Lead to Internment on Angel Island\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>One of these “enemy aliens” was a 46-year-old Japanese immigrant named Kakuro Shigenaga. A father of four young children and a salesman at a general store in Maui, Shigenaga was arrested by the FBI on Jan. 7, 1942.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11821228\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11821228\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/LorraineWInstonRuthSallyGreatgrandpaKakuroYoshie-1955-800x999.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"999\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/LorraineWInstonRuthSallyGreatgrandpaKakuroYoshie-1955-800x999.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/LorraineWInstonRuthSallyGreatgrandpaKakuroYoshie-1955-160x200.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/LorraineWInstonRuthSallyGreatgrandpaKakuroYoshie-1955-1020x1274.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/LorraineWInstonRuthSallyGreatgrandpaKakuroYoshie-1955-1920x2398.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kakuro Shigenaga (front, center) with his family in 1955. When he was arrested by the FBI, Kakuro was separated from his wife (front, right), father in law Toyokichi Kuwano (front, left) and four children (back row: Lorraine, Winston, Winston’s wife Ruth and Sally. Not pictured: Kakuro’s son Akira) for the duration of the war. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Mark Shigenaga)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Kakuro’s grandson, San Rafael resident Mark Shigenaga, discovered that both his grandfather and great uncle had passed through Angel Island while digging into his family history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A month after Pearl Harbor was attacked, the FBI seized Kakuro’s diary during a sweep when Kakuro happened to be visiting his brother, Shigeo Shigenaga, in Honolulu. The FBI claimed the diary’s entries contained anti-American and pro-Japanese writings. They became the centerpiece of Kakuro’s hearing, in which he was interrogated about his potential allegiance to Japan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the \u003ca href=\"#transcript\">transcript of his hearing\u003c/a>, Kakuro expressed regret for writing sentiments that were perceived as anti-American. Through a Japanese translator, and without legal counsel, he insisted the writings were just a part of his daily, mindless exercise and that he was “earnestly desirous of peace” between Japan and the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11821213\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Screen-Shot-2020-05-27-at-4.40.29-PM.png\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11821213\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Screen-Shot-2020-05-27-at-4.40.29-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"379\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Screen-Shot-2020-05-27-at-4.40.29-PM.png 536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Screen-Shot-2020-05-27-at-4.40.29-PM-160x202.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kakuro Shigenaga’s internment card follows his journey to camps around the United States. \u003ccite>( Courtesy of Mark Shigenaga)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In one critical round of questioning, Kakuro said he was not “for Japan,” but he also answered “no” when he was asked if he was against Japan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That answer may have gotten him interned. If he had said yes, it would have changed the fate of our whole family,” Mark said. He says his grandfather’s testimony reflects a radically honest assessment of what it meant to be a Japanese immigrant in the U.S. at that time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So here he was, this person that was born in Japan, who immigrated to Hawaii. And then having the country of where he was born start a war with his new home,” Mark said. “And I think a lot of Japanese at the time were conflicted that way. It’s like, how could the country we were born from, where our ancestors are from, attack us?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kakuro was found to be “a subject of the Japanese empire” and “disloyal to the U.S.” He was among the first group of 172 Japanese Hawaiian immigrants who boarded the USS Ulysses Grant in late February 1942 headed for Angel Island.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kakuro Shigenaga endured an uncomfortable 10-day sea voyage crammed into compartments below sea level. Author Patsy Saiki described the trip Kakuro and the other internees took as “days of humiliation and suffering” in a historical account of the journey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“In all, about eight ships…formed a convoy which zigzagged its way to San Francisco. There were no portholes for they were below sea-level…What made the internees miserable was that they were locked, eight or ten in a room, for three hours at a time. At the end of three hours the door was unlocked and a guard escorted the men to a makeshift oil barrel latrine…It was continued days of humiliation and suffering…Transferred into small tugboats, they sailed … to Angel Island, which housed the Quarantine Station. Some of the men had never seen San Francisco, and this glimpse of the city and its environs reminded them of the misty hills of Japan.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Upon arrival to Angel Island, Kakuro and the other men were photographed, fingerprinted and examined in the nude for “infectious diseases.” Then they were each given two blankets and were told to go upstairs to rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was extremely crowded and the odors were pretty strong and just the fact that, you know, 150 to 200 people were in this room designed really to hold about 60 was pretty overwhelming,” Din said. The room is 36 feet by 70 feet, and was lined with three tiered bunk beds. Men also slept on the floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most stays on the island were short, as men were quickly moved to inland internment camps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kakuro stayed on Angel Island from March 1-9 in 1942, and for the next three years, he moved to five different camps across the country, including in New Mexico, Louisiana, Wisconsin and Tennessee before being released when the war ended.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike other civilian internees, Kakuro and other “enemy alien” internees were separated from their families for the entire duration of their internment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11821206\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11821206\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Kakuro-Shigenaga-at-Santa-Fe-DOJ-Camp-1944-45-800x1200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1200\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Kakuro-Shigenaga-at-Santa-Fe-DOJ-Camp-1944-45-800x1200.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Kakuro-Shigenaga-at-Santa-Fe-DOJ-Camp-1944-45-160x240.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Kakuro-Shigenaga-at-Santa-Fe-DOJ-Camp-1944-45-1020x1530.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Kakuro-Shigenaga-at-Santa-Fe-DOJ-Camp-1944-45.jpg 1317w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kakuro Shigenaga at the Department of Justice internment camp in Santa Fe, New Mexico, where he was held from 1944-1945. After leaving Angel Island, Kakuro Shigenaga was transferred to five different camps throughout the United States. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the Shigenaga family)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>A Legacy of Not Belonging\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Learning that his grandfather had been interned on Angel Island, just miles from where he lives now, was revelatory for Mark. “I take hikes on Angel Island! I had no idea that he was here, decades before I landed here,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kakuro didn’t talk about his internment experience or the circumstances that led to his arrest when Mark was growing up. But discovering the way his grandfather navigated his cultural identity in the face of such high stakes added a new dimension to the man he remembers as a serious, yet gentle grandfather who he’d spend summers with as a child in Maui.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11821198\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 711px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11821198 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Kakuro-and-Mark-Kihei-Maui-1958.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"711\" height=\"888\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Kakuro-and-Mark-Kihei-Maui-1958.jpg 711w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Kakuro-and-Mark-Kihei-Maui-1958-160x200.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 711px) 100vw, 711px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mark Shigenaga with his grandfather Kakuro in Kihei, Maui, in 1958. As a first-born grandson, Mark spent summers in Hawaii with Kakuro, hanging out in the general store where he worked. Mark says he was “one of the hardest working people I’ve ever seen.” \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Mark Shigenaga)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The realization that my grandfather was on Angel Island sort of opens up this curiosity about what his experience was, not only Angel Island, but every other part of his experience and moving from camp to camp,” Mark said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says Kakuro urged his own kids to move off the island of Maui to the mainland to find new opportunities, despite the country’s imperfections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11821225\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11821225\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/MarkArleneLaurie-with-Grandpa-Kakuro-1962-800x802.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"802\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/MarkArleneLaurie-with-Grandpa-Kakuro-1962-800x802.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/MarkArleneLaurie-with-Grandpa-Kakuro-1962-160x160.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/MarkArleneLaurie-with-Grandpa-Kakuro-1962-1020x1022.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/MarkArleneLaurie-with-Grandpa-Kakuro-1962-1920x1925.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/MarkArleneLaurie-with-Grandpa-Kakuro-1962-550x550.jpg 550w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/MarkArleneLaurie-with-Grandpa-Kakuro-1962-470x470.jpg 470w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kakuro Shigenaga (right) with his grandson Mark (left) and other grandchildren Arlene and Laurie Naito in 1962. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Mark Shigenaga)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I think about how the war experience shaped the way we were brought up,” Mark said. “Basically to be as American as possible, as American and apple pie as possible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, \u003ca href=\"http://www.asianpacificpolicyandplanningcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/STOP_AAPI_HATE_MONTHLY_REPORT_4_23_20.pdf\">anti-Asian verbal and physical attacks\u003c/a> are taking place across the country as some people blame Asian Americans for the coronavirus pandemic. I think about how that longing to be perceived as simply American — not as foreigners, “enemy aliens” or pandemic starters — is a core part of the modern-day Asian American experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps the legacy of Angel Island isn’t only the important history it teaches us; it represents the persistent anxiety that many Asian Americans feel about belonging in America, and the high stakes of perpetually being perceived as “other.” It’s a feeling that’s lasted through generations, and it continues to inform how Asian Americans negotiate their identities today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Additional Resources\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>For more on Kakuro Shigenaga’s internment history, as well as profiles of other Japanese internees who stayed on Angel Island, check out Grant Din’s research \u003ca href=\"https://www.immigrant-voices.aiisf.org/?sfid=9152&_sf_s=JACS\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>To search through Department of Justice case files of “enemy aliens” during World War II, visit the \u003ca href=\"https://www.archives.gov/research/japanese-americans/internment-files\">National Archives website\u003c/a> where you can find documents including transcripts, FBI reports and other records. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Think you may have had a family member who was interned on Angel Island during World War II? Check out this \u003ca href=\"https://www.aiisf.org/s/WWII-Detainees-on-Angel-Island-for-web.xlsx\">database of Angel Island Japanese internees\u003c/a> and contact Grant Din: \u003ca href=\"mailto:grant@tonaidin.net\">grant@tonaidin.net\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong id=\"transcript\">Transcript of Kakuro Shigenaga Internment Hearing\u003c/strong>\u003cem>\u003cbr>\n[documentcloud url=“https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/6929486-KakuroShigenagaTestimonyTranscript.html” responsive=true]\u003c/em>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1700590673,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":44,"wordCount":2265},"headData":{"title":"The Little-Known History of Japanese Internment on Angel Island | KQED","description":"Off the coast of Tiburon, jutting out of the San Francisco Bay, is Angel Island. Accessible only by a ferry, it’s a large, hilly state park that offers sweeping views and miles of hiking trails. But it’s most famous for something less picturesque: its history as an immigration processing and detention center during the early","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Bay Curious","sourceUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/podcasts/baycurious","audioUrl":"https://traffic.megaphone.fm/KQINC2105243508.mp3","path":"/news/11821133/the-little-known-history-of-japanese-internment-on-angel-island","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Off the coast of Tiburon, jutting out of the San Francisco Bay, is Angel Island. Accessible only by a ferry, it’s a large, hilly state park that offers sweeping views and miles of hiking trails. But it’s most famous for something less picturesque: its history as an immigration processing and detention center during the early 20th century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11821181\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4471.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11821181\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4471-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4471.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4471-160x213.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4471-687x916.jpg 687w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4471-414x552.jpg 414w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4471-354x472.jpg 354w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Japanese internees stayed in Angel Island’s immigration barracks where Chinese immigrants had carved poems of sadness and anguish on the walls decades earlier. \u003ccite>(Cecilia Lei/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I grew up in the Bay Area and visited the island with my class in middle school. We learned about the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11443320/as-chinese-exclusion-act-turns-135-experts-point-to-parallels-today\">Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882\u003c/a> and the discrimination Chinese immigrants faced on Angel Island \u003ca href=\"https://www.aiisf.org/history\">from 1910-1940\u003c/a>. They were subjected to interrogations and invasive medical exams. Some were detained for months, or even years, in the crowded barracks. The poignant poems carved by Chinese immigrants onto the walls of Angel Island’s Immigration Station are still visible to visitors today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, a Bay Curious listener mused about \u003cem>another\u003c/em> part of the island’s past — something I hadn’t heard of before: “I wonder about Angel Island and the history of Japanese internment camps.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a Chinese American, learning about the island’s immigration history had felt personally important, but this listener’s question about Japanese internees made me contemplate if I truly understood the full extent of Asian American history on the island.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>FBI Deems Those With Cultural Ties to Japan as ‘Enemy Aliens’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Until very recently, Angel Island’s Japanese internment history eluded even the island’s park rangers and tour guides. I met with Grant Din, a researcher and former volunteer with the Angel Island Immigration Station Foundation, who is virtually the only expert on the topic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through a National Park Service grant, Din spent about five years digging into Angel Island’s role in the internment of Japanese people during World War II. Many are already familiar with this \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/10868581/photos-3-very-different-views-of-japanese-internment\">dark chapter of American history\u003c/a>, which remains to this day one of the most egregious examples of large-scale, federally sanctioned racial profiling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11821185\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11821185 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4473-800x571.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"571\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4473-800x571.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4473-160x114.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4473-1020x729.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4473.jpg 1782w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grant Din (right), volunteer with the Angel Island Immigration Station Foundation, researched Angel Island’s Japanese internment history with the help of student researcher Marissa Shoji (left). \u003ccite>(Cecilia Lei/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After Japan attacked Pearl Harbor in December 1941, the U.S. government arrested and detained more than 110,000 U.S. residents and citizens of Japanese descent along the West Coast. Authorized through \u003ca href=\"https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=false&doc=74\">Executive Order 9066\u003c/a>, the decision was deemed a necessary precaution in case any people with Japanese ancestry living in the United States were secretly colluding with Japan’s war efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignleft\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/show/asian-americans/\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-11821314\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/asianamericans-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/asianamericans-1.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/asianamericans-1-160x90.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nPBS has a new documentary series called Asian Americans, about the identity, contributions and challenges experienced throughout American history. Watch it at \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/show/asian-americans/\">PBS.org\u003c/a>, using the PBS app or at \u003ca href=\"https://video.kqed.org/\">video.kqed.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Japanese civilians, including families with young children, were uprooted from their homes and businesses. They were relocated to internment camps in remote areas throughout the U.S. Close to two-thirds of them were American-born and thus legal U.S. citizens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then, there was the group that Din researched: another category of Japanese internees who had secretly been under close scrutiny by the Department of Justice and FBI for months, even years before Japan attacked Pearl Harbor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 17,000 Japanese issei immigrants (first generation residents born in Japan) were suspected of “subversive activities” and deemed the most “dangerous” threat to American security. The U.S. government called them “enemy aliens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After digging through national archives and researching historical accounts, Din compiled a database of these internees. About \u003ca href=\"https://www.aiisf.org/wwiidetainees\">700 West Coast Japanese residents\u003c/a>, mostly from Hawaii, were briefly interned on Angel Island beginning in February 1942. The island was one of several temporary locations — another Bay Area location includes \u003ca href=\"https://encyclopedia.densho.org/Sharp%20Park%20(detention%20facility)/\">Sharp Park in Pacifica\u003c/a> — where internees stayed for a week or so until being relocated to more permanent camps throughout the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11821306\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11821306\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/download-800x601.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"601\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/download.jpeg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/download-160x120.jpeg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/download-632x474.jpeg 632w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/download-536x402.jpeg 536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When Japanese internees arrived at Angel Island, they were housed in the same facilities where Chinese immigrants had been detained over previous decades. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the National Archives)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The U.S. government was suspicious of this group of people because of their perceived ties to Japan or Japanese culture. The FBI tracked their movements, collected intel from informants and kept secret dossiers. Some of these individuals were community leaders, Buddhist and Shinto ministers or members of kendo and other martial arts clubs. Others had contributed to organizations deemed “pro-Japan” by the U.S. government or worked in Japanese consulates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or sometimes, Din discovered, it was simply their hobbies: “I found that just the fact that one photographer had photographs of the Golden Gate Bridge, and a dam near Fresno under construction, was enough for them to label him a potential spy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his research findings, Din adds: “I didn’t find any concrete examples of any sabotage by any Japanese immigrants or Japanese Americans.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Diary Entries Lead to Internment on Angel Island\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>One of these “enemy aliens” was a 46-year-old Japanese immigrant named Kakuro Shigenaga. A father of four young children and a salesman at a general store in Maui, Shigenaga was arrested by the FBI on Jan. 7, 1942.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11821228\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11821228\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/LorraineWInstonRuthSallyGreatgrandpaKakuroYoshie-1955-800x999.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"999\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/LorraineWInstonRuthSallyGreatgrandpaKakuroYoshie-1955-800x999.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/LorraineWInstonRuthSallyGreatgrandpaKakuroYoshie-1955-160x200.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/LorraineWInstonRuthSallyGreatgrandpaKakuroYoshie-1955-1020x1274.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/LorraineWInstonRuthSallyGreatgrandpaKakuroYoshie-1955-1920x2398.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kakuro Shigenaga (front, center) with his family in 1955. When he was arrested by the FBI, Kakuro was separated from his wife (front, right), father in law Toyokichi Kuwano (front, left) and four children (back row: Lorraine, Winston, Winston’s wife Ruth and Sally. Not pictured: Kakuro’s son Akira) for the duration of the war. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Mark Shigenaga)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Kakuro’s grandson, San Rafael resident Mark Shigenaga, discovered that both his grandfather and great uncle had passed through Angel Island while digging into his family history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A month after Pearl Harbor was attacked, the FBI seized Kakuro’s diary during a sweep when Kakuro happened to be visiting his brother, Shigeo Shigenaga, in Honolulu. The FBI claimed the diary’s entries contained anti-American and pro-Japanese writings. They became the centerpiece of Kakuro’s hearing, in which he was interrogated about his potential allegiance to Japan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the \u003ca href=\"#transcript\">transcript of his hearing\u003c/a>, Kakuro expressed regret for writing sentiments that were perceived as anti-American. Through a Japanese translator, and without legal counsel, he insisted the writings were just a part of his daily, mindless exercise and that he was “earnestly desirous of peace” between Japan and the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11821213\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Screen-Shot-2020-05-27-at-4.40.29-PM.png\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11821213\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Screen-Shot-2020-05-27-at-4.40.29-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"379\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Screen-Shot-2020-05-27-at-4.40.29-PM.png 536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Screen-Shot-2020-05-27-at-4.40.29-PM-160x202.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kakuro Shigenaga’s internment card follows his journey to camps around the United States. \u003ccite>( Courtesy of Mark Shigenaga)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In one critical round of questioning, Kakuro said he was not “for Japan,” but he also answered “no” when he was asked if he was against Japan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That answer may have gotten him interned. If he had said yes, it would have changed the fate of our whole family,” Mark said. He says his grandfather’s testimony reflects a radically honest assessment of what it meant to be a Japanese immigrant in the U.S. at that time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So here he was, this person that was born in Japan, who immigrated to Hawaii. And then having the country of where he was born start a war with his new home,” Mark said. “And I think a lot of Japanese at the time were conflicted that way. It’s like, how could the country we were born from, where our ancestors are from, attack us?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kakuro was found to be “a subject of the Japanese empire” and “disloyal to the U.S.” He was among the first group of 172 Japanese Hawaiian immigrants who boarded the USS Ulysses Grant in late February 1942 headed for Angel Island.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kakuro Shigenaga endured an uncomfortable 10-day sea voyage crammed into compartments below sea level. Author Patsy Saiki described the trip Kakuro and the other internees took as “days of humiliation and suffering” in a historical account of the journey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“In all, about eight ships…formed a convoy which zigzagged its way to San Francisco. There were no portholes for they were below sea-level…What made the internees miserable was that they were locked, eight or ten in a room, for three hours at a time. At the end of three hours the door was unlocked and a guard escorted the men to a makeshift oil barrel latrine…It was continued days of humiliation and suffering…Transferred into small tugboats, they sailed … to Angel Island, which housed the Quarantine Station. Some of the men had never seen San Francisco, and this glimpse of the city and its environs reminded them of the misty hills of Japan.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Upon arrival to Angel Island, Kakuro and the other men were photographed, fingerprinted and examined in the nude for “infectious diseases.” Then they were each given two blankets and were told to go upstairs to rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was extremely crowded and the odors were pretty strong and just the fact that, you know, 150 to 200 people were in this room designed really to hold about 60 was pretty overwhelming,” Din said. The room is 36 feet by 70 feet, and was lined with three tiered bunk beds. Men also slept on the floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most stays on the island were short, as men were quickly moved to inland internment camps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kakuro stayed on Angel Island from March 1-9 in 1942, and for the next three years, he moved to five different camps across the country, including in New Mexico, Louisiana, Wisconsin and Tennessee before being released when the war ended.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike other civilian internees, Kakuro and other “enemy alien” internees were separated from their families for the entire duration of their internment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11821206\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11821206\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Kakuro-Shigenaga-at-Santa-Fe-DOJ-Camp-1944-45-800x1200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1200\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Kakuro-Shigenaga-at-Santa-Fe-DOJ-Camp-1944-45-800x1200.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Kakuro-Shigenaga-at-Santa-Fe-DOJ-Camp-1944-45-160x240.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Kakuro-Shigenaga-at-Santa-Fe-DOJ-Camp-1944-45-1020x1530.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Kakuro-Shigenaga-at-Santa-Fe-DOJ-Camp-1944-45.jpg 1317w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kakuro Shigenaga at the Department of Justice internment camp in Santa Fe, New Mexico, where he was held from 1944-1945. After leaving Angel Island, Kakuro Shigenaga was transferred to five different camps throughout the United States. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the Shigenaga family)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>A Legacy of Not Belonging\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Learning that his grandfather had been interned on Angel Island, just miles from where he lives now, was revelatory for Mark. “I take hikes on Angel Island! I had no idea that he was here, decades before I landed here,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kakuro didn’t talk about his internment experience or the circumstances that led to his arrest when Mark was growing up. But discovering the way his grandfather navigated his cultural identity in the face of such high stakes added a new dimension to the man he remembers as a serious, yet gentle grandfather who he’d spend summers with as a child in Maui.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11821198\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 711px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11821198 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Kakuro-and-Mark-Kihei-Maui-1958.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"711\" height=\"888\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Kakuro-and-Mark-Kihei-Maui-1958.jpg 711w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Kakuro-and-Mark-Kihei-Maui-1958-160x200.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 711px) 100vw, 711px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mark Shigenaga with his grandfather Kakuro in Kihei, Maui, in 1958. As a first-born grandson, Mark spent summers in Hawaii with Kakuro, hanging out in the general store where he worked. Mark says he was “one of the hardest working people I’ve ever seen.” \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Mark Shigenaga)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The realization that my grandfather was on Angel Island sort of opens up this curiosity about what his experience was, not only Angel Island, but every other part of his experience and moving from camp to camp,” Mark said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says Kakuro urged his own kids to move off the island of Maui to the mainland to find new opportunities, despite the country’s imperfections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11821225\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11821225\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/MarkArleneLaurie-with-Grandpa-Kakuro-1962-800x802.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"802\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/MarkArleneLaurie-with-Grandpa-Kakuro-1962-800x802.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/MarkArleneLaurie-with-Grandpa-Kakuro-1962-160x160.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/MarkArleneLaurie-with-Grandpa-Kakuro-1962-1020x1022.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/MarkArleneLaurie-with-Grandpa-Kakuro-1962-1920x1925.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/MarkArleneLaurie-with-Grandpa-Kakuro-1962-550x550.jpg 550w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/MarkArleneLaurie-with-Grandpa-Kakuro-1962-470x470.jpg 470w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kakuro Shigenaga (right) with his grandson Mark (left) and other grandchildren Arlene and Laurie Naito in 1962. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Mark Shigenaga)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I think about how the war experience shaped the way we were brought up,” Mark said. “Basically to be as American as possible, as American and apple pie as possible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, \u003ca href=\"http://www.asianpacificpolicyandplanningcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/STOP_AAPI_HATE_MONTHLY_REPORT_4_23_20.pdf\">anti-Asian verbal and physical attacks\u003c/a> are taking place across the country as some people blame Asian Americans for the coronavirus pandemic. I think about how that longing to be perceived as simply American — not as foreigners, “enemy aliens” or pandemic starters — is a core part of the modern-day Asian American experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps the legacy of Angel Island isn’t only the important history it teaches us; it represents the persistent anxiety that many Asian Americans feel about belonging in America, and the high stakes of perpetually being perceived as “other.” It’s a feeling that’s lasted through generations, and it continues to inform how Asian Americans negotiate their identities today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Additional Resources\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>For more on Kakuro Shigenaga’s internment history, as well as profiles of other Japanese internees who stayed on Angel Island, check out Grant Din’s research \u003ca href=\"https://www.immigrant-voices.aiisf.org/?sfid=9152&_sf_s=JACS\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>To search through Department of Justice case files of “enemy aliens” during World War II, visit the \u003ca href=\"https://www.archives.gov/research/japanese-americans/internment-files\">National Archives website\u003c/a> where you can find documents including transcripts, FBI reports and other records. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Think you may have had a family member who was interned on Angel Island during World War II? Check out this \u003ca href=\"https://www.aiisf.org/s/WWII-Detainees-on-Angel-Island-for-web.xlsx\">database of Angel Island Japanese internees\u003c/a> and contact Grant Din: \u003ca href=\"mailto:grant@tonaidin.net\">grant@tonaidin.net\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong id=\"transcript\">Transcript of Kakuro Shigenaga Internment Hearing\u003c/strong>\u003cem>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"documentcloud","attributes":{"named":{"url":"“https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/6929486-KakuroShigenagaTestimonyTranscript.html”","responsive":"true","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/em>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11821133/the-little-known-history-of-japanese-internment-on-angel-island","authors":["8617"],"programs":["news_33523"],"series":["news_17986"],"categories":["news_8","news_33520"],"tags":["news_28025","news_24788","news_6431","news_17856","news_2267","news_236"],"featImg":"news_11821307","label":"source_news_11821133"},"news_11757807":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11757807","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11757807","score":null,"sort":[1561773303000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"japanese-americans-speak-out-against-american-concentration-camps-holding-migrants","title":"Japanese Americans Speak Out Against 'American Concentration Camps' Holding Migrants","publishDate":1561773303,"format":"audio","headTitle":"The California Report | KQED News","labelTerm":{"term":72,"site":"news"},"content":"\u003cp>Members of Japanese American communities across California coordinated protests in three cities on Thursday against the imprisonment of migrant children and families at the U.S.-Mexico border, as well as plans to house others in a former internment camp in Oklahoma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size=“large” align=”right” citation=\"Satsuki Ina, Japanese American born in a California internment camp\"]'The parallels are disturbing, and so resonant with our experience.'[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hundreds turned out in historically Japanese immigrant neighborhoods in San Francisco, San Jose and Los Angeles to highlight parallels between the detention of immigrants today and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/10482521/a-photographers-quest-japanese-american-internment-then-and-now\">incarceration of people of Japanese ancestry\u003c/a> during World War II.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In part, the protests aimed to draw attention to a current plan to place migrant children in a detention center at the site of a Japanese American internment camp. The government intends to employ Fort Sill in Oklahoma — which once incarcerated 700 Japanese Americans — as a detention center for about 1,400 migrant children, beginning in July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=news_10482521,news_10868581 label='Japanese American Internment']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In San Francisco, about a dozen people who'd been put in internment camps attended a press conference, where images of them as children lined the walls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The parallels are disturbing, and so resonant with our experience,” said Satsuki Ina, describing current anti-immigrant sentiment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ina — who was born in the Tule Lake Segregation Center in Modoc County in 1944 — is an organizer for the advocacy organization Tsuru for Solidarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once you demonize a collective group of people, then it becomes easier to dehumanize them and do inhumane things to them,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is exactly the same kind of thing that’s happening about the migrants that are seeking asylum, safety and refuge in our country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11758161\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11758161\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/College-Students-Hold-Signs-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"College students turned out in San Francisco's Japantown on Thursday to protest the incarceration of migrant children at the border and highlight parallels to the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/College-Students-Hold-Signs-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/College-Students-Hold-Signs-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/College-Students-Hold-Signs-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/College-Students-Hold-Signs-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/College-Students-Hold-Signs.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/College-Students-Hold-Signs-1832x1374.jpg 1832w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/College-Students-Hold-Signs-1376x1032.jpg 1376w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/College-Students-Hold-Signs-1044x783.jpg 1044w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/College-Students-Hold-Signs-632x474.jpg 632w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/College-Students-Hold-Signs-536x402.jpg 536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">College students turned out in San Francisco's Japantown on Thursday to protest the incarceration of migrant children at the border and highlight parallels to the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II. \u003ccite>(Kate Wolffe/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The press conference built on the momentum of Tsuru for Solidarity \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/22/us/fort-sill-protests-japanese-internment.html\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">protests on June 22 at Fort Sill, Oklahoma\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tsuru means \"crane,\" and the members of the grassroots group folded thousands of origami tsuru as a symbol of the Japanese Americans interned in the 1940s. They brought their collection of tsuru to their protest at Fort Sill last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fort has a long history of detaining groups the U.S. government saw as a threat. In the 1800s, members of the Apache nation were held there as prisoners of war, including Native American leader Geronimo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"Child Migrants\" tag=\"child-migrants\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In February 1942, two months after Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066, authorizing the relocation and internment of 120,000 people of Japanese ancestry — two-thirds of them American citizens. That year, Fort Sill became a detention center for 700 Japanese American men.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During Barack Obama's presidency, about 1,200 unaccompanied children were housed there for four months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jon Osaki, executive director of the Japanese Community Youth Council, said the Japanese community was abandoned during the years of the internment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We stood alone as a community,” he said. “Everybody in our community remembers that, and has sworn for decades that should this ever happen to another community, we would not leave them to stand alone.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Echoing the sentiment was attorney Don Tamaki, a member of the advocacy organization Stop Repeating History!.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve seen this movie before,” he said. “This ought to never be repeated. This isn’t the American way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"'We’ve seen this movie before. This ought to never be repeated. This isn’t the American way.'","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1561835396,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":613},"headData":{"title":"Japanese Americans Speak Out Against 'American Concentration Camps' Holding Migrants | KQED","description":"'We’ve seen this movie before. This ought to never be repeated. This isn’t the American way.'","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"11757807 https://ww2.kqed.org/news/?p=11757807","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2019/06/28/japanese-americans-speak-out-against-american-concentration-camps-holding-migrants/","disqusTitle":"Japanese Americans Speak Out Against 'American Concentration Camps' Holding Migrants","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/2019/06/WolffeJapaneseInternment.mp3","audioTrackLength":112,"path":"/news/11757807/japanese-americans-speak-out-against-american-concentration-camps-holding-migrants","audioDuration":112000,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Members of Japanese American communities across California coordinated protests in three cities on Thursday against the imprisonment of migrant children and families at the U.S.-Mexico border, as well as plans to house others in a former internment camp in Oklahoma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"'The parallels are disturbing, and so resonant with our experience.'","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"“large”","align":"”right”","citation":"Satsuki Ina, Japanese American born in a California internment camp","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hundreds turned out in historically Japanese immigrant neighborhoods in San Francisco, San Jose and Los Angeles to highlight parallels between the detention of immigrants today and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/10482521/a-photographers-quest-japanese-american-internment-then-and-now\">incarceration of people of Japanese ancestry\u003c/a> during World War II.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In part, the protests aimed to draw attention to a current plan to place migrant children in a detention center at the site of a Japanese American internment camp. The government intends to employ Fort Sill in Oklahoma — which once incarcerated 700 Japanese Americans — as a detention center for about 1,400 migrant children, beginning in July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"news_10482521,news_10868581","label":"Japanese American Internment "},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In San Francisco, about a dozen people who'd been put in internment camps attended a press conference, where images of them as children lined the walls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The parallels are disturbing, and so resonant with our experience,” said Satsuki Ina, describing current anti-immigrant sentiment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ina — who was born in the Tule Lake Segregation Center in Modoc County in 1944 — is an organizer for the advocacy organization Tsuru for Solidarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once you demonize a collective group of people, then it becomes easier to dehumanize them and do inhumane things to them,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is exactly the same kind of thing that’s happening about the migrants that are seeking asylum, safety and refuge in our country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11758161\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11758161\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/College-Students-Hold-Signs-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"College students turned out in San Francisco's Japantown on Thursday to protest the incarceration of migrant children at the border and highlight parallels to the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/College-Students-Hold-Signs-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/College-Students-Hold-Signs-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/College-Students-Hold-Signs-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/College-Students-Hold-Signs-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/College-Students-Hold-Signs.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/College-Students-Hold-Signs-1832x1374.jpg 1832w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/College-Students-Hold-Signs-1376x1032.jpg 1376w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/College-Students-Hold-Signs-1044x783.jpg 1044w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/College-Students-Hold-Signs-632x474.jpg 632w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/College-Students-Hold-Signs-536x402.jpg 536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">College students turned out in San Francisco's Japantown on Thursday to protest the incarceration of migrant children at the border and highlight parallels to the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II. \u003ccite>(Kate Wolffe/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The press conference built on the momentum of Tsuru for Solidarity \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/22/us/fort-sill-protests-japanese-internment.html\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">protests on June 22 at Fort Sill, Oklahoma\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tsuru means \"crane,\" and the members of the grassroots group folded thousands of origami tsuru as a symbol of the Japanese Americans interned in the 1940s. They brought their collection of tsuru to their protest at Fort Sill last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fort has a long history of detaining groups the U.S. government saw as a threat. In the 1800s, members of the Apache nation were held there as prisoners of war, including Native American leader Geronimo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"label":"Child Migrants ","tag":"child-migrants"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In February 1942, two months after Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066, authorizing the relocation and internment of 120,000 people of Japanese ancestry — two-thirds of them American citizens. That year, Fort Sill became a detention center for 700 Japanese American men.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During Barack Obama's presidency, about 1,200 unaccompanied children were housed there for four months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jon Osaki, executive director of the Japanese Community Youth Council, said the Japanese community was abandoned during the years of the internment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We stood alone as a community,” he said. “Everybody in our community remembers that, and has sworn for decades that should this ever happen to another community, we would not leave them to stand alone.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Echoing the sentiment was attorney Don Tamaki, a member of the advocacy organization Stop Repeating History!.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve seen this movie before,” he said. “This ought to never be repeated. This isn’t the American way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11757807/japanese-americans-speak-out-against-american-concentration-camps-holding-migrants","authors":["11523"],"programs":["news_72"],"categories":["news_1169","news_6188","news_8","news_13"],"tags":["news_24082","news_19542","news_6431","news_38","news_236"],"featImg":"news_11758150","label":"news_72"},"news_11753680":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11753680","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11753680","score":null,"sort":[1560212175000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"d-day-veteran-from-the-bay-area-returns-to-french-village-he-helped-liberate","title":"D-Day Veteran From the Bay Area on Returning to the French Village He Helped Liberate","publishDate":1560212175,"format":"audio","headTitle":"The California Report | KQED News","labelTerm":{"term":72,"site":"news"},"content":"\u003cp>BONNEVILLE-LA-LOUVET, FRANCE — Ninety-six-year-old Jake Larson of Martinez is one of the last living veterans who stormed Normandy's Omaha Beach on D-Day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, he returned to France for just the second time since June 6, 1944, to mark the 75th anniversary of the landmark World War II invasion that marked the beginning of the Allied liberation of Nazi-occupied France.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first thing Larson wants you to know about his life's story is that he isn’t making any of it up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"How could I?!\" he exclaims. His blue eyes widen, and he slams his left fist on the arm of his rocking chair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last time he landed here, he was a 21-year-old sergeant dodging machine gun bullets on D-Day. Panicked by the chaos, Larson pulled out a cigarette and asked a younger soldier next to him for a match. But when he turned toward him, he saw there was no head under the helmet. So Larson dropped his cigarette and ran as fast as he could toward some cliffs about 1,000 yards away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While I was running I looked up and said, ‘God, what the hell am I doing here?!' ” he remembers. “But it’s moments like this that saved my life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Larson, the last surviving member of the 135th Regiment of the 34th Infantry Division of the U.S. Army, began his journey into the military with a trip to the movies. He was a bored 15-year-old living in Minnesota, and the latest Gene Autry cowboy film seemed like a great escape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when Larson and his cousin arrived at the cinema, they realized neither of them could afford the 10-cent ticket entry. So they both lied about their age and signed up for National Guard, where they could make $12 once every three months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We thought we had struck gold! Mind you at that time eggs were 1 cent a piece and beef was only 1 cent a pound.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Larson was transferred to Louisiana and eventually to Europe, where he was made an operations sergeant. He was among those that helped plan the D-Day invasion and later the Battle of the Bulge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11753786\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11753786\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/Jake-Larson-WWII-800x1147.jpg\" alt=\"Jake Larson during World War II.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1147\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/Jake-Larson-WWII-800x1147.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/Jake-Larson-WWII-160x229.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/Jake-Larson-WWII.jpg 807w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jake Larson during World War II. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Karlan Larson)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Being in France for the first time, Larson said he was welcomed as a savior. “We were like angels, flying in with our wings,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was here in Normandy, after D-Day, that he had his first taste of Camembert and first sip of Champagne. The latter proved to be a steady remedy for his frequent insomnia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He tasted both again in Bonneville-la-Louvet, a small hamlet that hosted Larson and his family during the visit last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a great honor for us,” says Brigitte Perkins, one of the owners of the bed-and-breakfast where Larson stayed. “I can even say that I am crying a little bit ... to have him for a second time after 75 years, it’s quite heavy emotion for us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their first evening in Bonneville-la-Louvet, the Larsons were invited to a special reception dinner hosted by the town’s mayor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Memories of World War II have always held a special significance across Normandy, where memorial sites are scattered throughout the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing that’s fading, however, is the firsthand memories of those who lived through the war.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I heard that [Larson] was coming, I thought it was a real opportunity for us,” says Philippe Baron, a local breadmaker. “This is the 75th anniversary, after all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>'Better Off Without War'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked if he would do it all over again, Larson doesn’t even hesitate. “Of course! $12 was a lot of money back in those days.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These days, however, Larson says he’s more skeptical about war.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s part of why he’s back in Normandy, this time with his two sons and two of his grandsons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I want them to know that peace is the most wonderful thing in the world. The world is better off without war,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, Larson was one of 60 U.S. veterans who participated in the 75th commemoration ceremony on Omaha Beach, where President Trump and French President Emmanuel Macron were also present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sitting on the stage, Larson said he couldn’t stop himself from feeling survivor’s guilt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"How come I’m one of these guys that is still left when the other thousands are gone? God, I hope I’m doing something good for those that are left and those who have lost their families.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11753797\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11753797\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/Omaha-Beach-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"An American flag, likely left by a visitor, flies on Omaha Beach in Normandy on the 75th anniversary of the World War II Allied D-Day invasion on June 06, 2019 near Colleville-Sur-Mer, France.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/Omaha-Beach-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/Omaha-Beach-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/Omaha-Beach-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/Omaha-Beach-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/Omaha-Beach.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An American flag, likely left by a visitor, flies on Omaha Beach in Normandy on the 75th anniversary of the World War II Allied D-Day invasion on June 6, 2019 near Colleville-Sur-Mer, France. \u003ccite>(Sean Gallup/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After the war Larson moved back to Minnesota, where he met his wife, a woman named Lola Marie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They eventually moved to California, where he became a printer and worked until he was 73 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was only in recent years that Larson started opening up about his experiences during the war.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I decided I wanted my sons to know about the hell I went through,” Larson says. “But coming back here I knew I’d gone to heaven.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Ticket Thanks to Crowdfunding by a Coffee Shop\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Larson’s second trip to Normandy almost didn’t happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His military records were destroyed in a fire in 1973, which made him ineligible to have his trip sponsored by the U.S. government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But then a couple of friends from Larson’s neighborhood coffee shop, the Bagel Street Cafe in Martinez, intervened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After hearing about Larson’s predicament, Linda Linnell and Angela Larsen started a GoFundMe Campaign with the goal of raising $10,000. They ended up raising more than $11,000 for Larson and his family to attend the ceremony.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Struggling to put the words together to thank those that donated to the campaign, Larson started to tear up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m kind of a sentimental old man and I get a tear in my eye every once in awhile. And I got one in there right now for all the people that put their money where it counts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When he arrives back in the Bay Area this week, Larson says he’ll start the final chapter of a memoir he’s been working on. He plans to call the book “The Luckiest Man in the World.\"\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Last week, 96-year-old Jake Larson of Martinez returned to France for just the second time since June 6, 1944, to mark the 75th anniversary of the landmark World War II invasion.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1560213983,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":40,"wordCount":1144},"headData":{"title":"D-Day Veteran From the Bay Area on Returning to the French Village He Helped Liberate | KQED","description":"Last week, 96-year-old Jake Larson of Martinez returned to France for just the second time since June 6, 1944, to mark the 75th anniversary of the landmark World War II invasion.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"11753680 https://ww2.kqed.org/news/?p=11753680","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2019/06/10/d-day-veteran-from-the-bay-area-returns-to-french-village-he-helped-liberate/","disqusTitle":"D-Day Veteran From the Bay Area on Returning to the French Village He Helped Liberate","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/tcr/2019/06/Dday.mp3","nprByline":"Rebecca Rosman","audioTrackLength":184,"path":"/news/11753680/d-day-veteran-from-the-bay-area-returns-to-french-village-he-helped-liberate","audioDuration":171000,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>BONNEVILLE-LA-LOUVET, FRANCE — Ninety-six-year-old Jake Larson of Martinez is one of the last living veterans who stormed Normandy's Omaha Beach on D-Day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, he returned to France for just the second time since June 6, 1944, to mark the 75th anniversary of the landmark World War II invasion that marked the beginning of the Allied liberation of Nazi-occupied France.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first thing Larson wants you to know about his life's story is that he isn’t making any of it up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"How could I?!\" he exclaims. His blue eyes widen, and he slams his left fist on the arm of his rocking chair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last time he landed here, he was a 21-year-old sergeant dodging machine gun bullets on D-Day. Panicked by the chaos, Larson pulled out a cigarette and asked a younger soldier next to him for a match. But when he turned toward him, he saw there was no head under the helmet. So Larson dropped his cigarette and ran as fast as he could toward some cliffs about 1,000 yards away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While I was running I looked up and said, ‘God, what the hell am I doing here?!' ” he remembers. “But it’s moments like this that saved my life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Larson, the last surviving member of the 135th Regiment of the 34th Infantry Division of the U.S. Army, began his journey into the military with a trip to the movies. He was a bored 15-year-old living in Minnesota, and the latest Gene Autry cowboy film seemed like a great escape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when Larson and his cousin arrived at the cinema, they realized neither of them could afford the 10-cent ticket entry. So they both lied about their age and signed up for National Guard, where they could make $12 once every three months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We thought we had struck gold! Mind you at that time eggs were 1 cent a piece and beef was only 1 cent a pound.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Larson was transferred to Louisiana and eventually to Europe, where he was made an operations sergeant. He was among those that helped plan the D-Day invasion and later the Battle of the Bulge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11753786\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11753786\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/Jake-Larson-WWII-800x1147.jpg\" alt=\"Jake Larson during World War II.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1147\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/Jake-Larson-WWII-800x1147.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/Jake-Larson-WWII-160x229.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/Jake-Larson-WWII.jpg 807w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jake Larson during World War II. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Karlan Larson)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Being in France for the first time, Larson said he was welcomed as a savior. “We were like angels, flying in with our wings,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was here in Normandy, after D-Day, that he had his first taste of Camembert and first sip of Champagne. The latter proved to be a steady remedy for his frequent insomnia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He tasted both again in Bonneville-la-Louvet, a small hamlet that hosted Larson and his family during the visit last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a great honor for us,” says Brigitte Perkins, one of the owners of the bed-and-breakfast where Larson stayed. “I can even say that I am crying a little bit ... to have him for a second time after 75 years, it’s quite heavy emotion for us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their first evening in Bonneville-la-Louvet, the Larsons were invited to a special reception dinner hosted by the town’s mayor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Memories of World War II have always held a special significance across Normandy, where memorial sites are scattered throughout the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing that’s fading, however, is the firsthand memories of those who lived through the war.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I heard that [Larson] was coming, I thought it was a real opportunity for us,” says Philippe Baron, a local breadmaker. “This is the 75th anniversary, after all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>'Better Off Without War'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked if he would do it all over again, Larson doesn’t even hesitate. “Of course! $12 was a lot of money back in those days.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These days, however, Larson says he’s more skeptical about war.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s part of why he’s back in Normandy, this time with his two sons and two of his grandsons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I want them to know that peace is the most wonderful thing in the world. The world is better off without war,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, Larson was one of 60 U.S. veterans who participated in the 75th commemoration ceremony on Omaha Beach, where President Trump and French President Emmanuel Macron were also present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sitting on the stage, Larson said he couldn’t stop himself from feeling survivor’s guilt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"How come I’m one of these guys that is still left when the other thousands are gone? God, I hope I’m doing something good for those that are left and those who have lost their families.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11753797\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11753797\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/Omaha-Beach-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"An American flag, likely left by a visitor, flies on Omaha Beach in Normandy on the 75th anniversary of the World War II Allied D-Day invasion on June 06, 2019 near Colleville-Sur-Mer, France.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/Omaha-Beach-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/Omaha-Beach-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/Omaha-Beach-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/Omaha-Beach-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/Omaha-Beach.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An American flag, likely left by a visitor, flies on Omaha Beach in Normandy on the 75th anniversary of the World War II Allied D-Day invasion on June 6, 2019 near Colleville-Sur-Mer, France. \u003ccite>(Sean Gallup/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After the war Larson moved back to Minnesota, where he met his wife, a woman named Lola Marie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They eventually moved to California, where he became a printer and worked until he was 73 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was only in recent years that Larson started opening up about his experiences during the war.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I decided I wanted my sons to know about the hell I went through,” Larson says. “But coming back here I knew I’d gone to heaven.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Ticket Thanks to Crowdfunding by a Coffee Shop\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Larson’s second trip to Normandy almost didn’t happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His military records were destroyed in a fire in 1973, which made him ineligible to have his trip sponsored by the U.S. government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But then a couple of friends from Larson’s neighborhood coffee shop, the Bagel Street Cafe in Martinez, intervened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After hearing about Larson’s predicament, Linda Linnell and Angela Larsen started a GoFundMe Campaign with the goal of raising $10,000. They ended up raising more than $11,000 for Larson and his family to attend the ceremony.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Struggling to put the words together to thank those that donated to the campaign, Larson started to tear up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m kind of a sentimental old man and I get a tear in my eye every once in awhile. And I got one in there right now for all the people that put their money where it counts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When he arrives back in the Bay Area this week, Larson says he’ll start the final chapter of a memoir he’s been working on. He plans to call the book “The Luckiest Man in the World.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11753680/d-day-veteran-from-the-bay-area-returns-to-french-village-he-helped-liberate","authors":["byline_news_11753680"],"programs":["news_72"],"categories":["news_8","news_13"],"tags":["news_160","news_227","news_236"],"featImg":"news_11753771","label":"news_72"},"news_11751151":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11751151","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11751151","score":null,"sort":[1559261701000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"jackie-speier-presents-congressional-gold-medal-to-former-spy-twice-captured-by-the-nazis","title":"Jackie Speier Presents Congressional Gold Medal to Former Spy Twice Captured by the Nazis","publishDate":1559261701,"format":"audio","headTitle":"The California Report | KQED News","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>A 98-year-old who escaped Nazi Germany as a Jewish teenager during World War II -- and became part of the United States' first spy agency -- was recognized with a Congressional Gold Medal Thursday at his home in South San Francisco. It is Congress' highest civilian honor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bernd Stevens, born Bernd Steinitz, left Germany in 1939. Then, four years later, he returned in an American uniform under the command of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), the predecessor to the CIA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As one of the first members of the OSS, he was twice captured and escaped from the Nazis, conducting espionage as a paratrooper behind enemy lines. He has already received the Purple Heart and Bronze Star, and now he's adding the OSS Congressional Gold Medal to his list.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Bernd Stevens personifies the courage and heroism that allowed the United States to defeat the Nazis and end World War II,\" said congresswoman Jackie Speier in a statement. She presented him with the medal Thursday morning in front of about two dozen residents and workers at the Damenik's Home assisted living facility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stevens read from a brief speech accepting the award on behalf of those who didn't make it. He particularly wanted to honor his father, who he called his icon. After his father helped Stevens escape as a kid, he said, his dad was then picked up and killed the next day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I am stunned,\" said Stevens of the award. \"Helping people is what I wanted to do in life. This is the greatest honor.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The OSS was the first U.S. spy agency and employed as many as 13,000 men and women at the height of World War II. Today, there are fewer than 100 of them still alive. Last year, Congress bestowed the Congressional Gold Medal on the OSS men and women who served in World War II. What Speier presented to Stevens was a replica of that medal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I can't think of a more deserving group of people,\" said Speier in a written statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"OSS founder Gen. William Donovan said its personnel performed 'some of the bravest acts of the war,' \" said OSS Society President Charles Pinck. \"That’s a perfect description of Mr. Steven's service.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of Stevens' life has been kept in secrecy because of the dangerous work, and even now he won't reveal what his missions were.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speier asked him what he did as a member of the OSS. \"Oh, I kept busy,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He isn’t done yet, though. Stevens said he's ready to suit up and jump right back in if needed.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"He served as a paratrooper conducting espionage behind enemy lines as part of the OSS.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1559375207,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":443},"headData":{"title":"Jackie Speier Presents Congressional Gold Medal to Former Spy Twice Captured by the Nazis | KQED","description":"He served as a paratrooper conducting espionage behind enemy lines as part of the OSS.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"11751151 https://ww2.kqed.org/news/?p=11751151","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2019/05/30/jackie-speier-presents-congressional-gold-medal-to-former-spy-twice-captured-by-the-nazis/","disqusTitle":"Jackie Speier Presents Congressional Gold Medal to Former Spy Twice Captured by the Nazis","source":"News","sourceUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/news/","audioUrl":"https://od1.kqed.org/anon.kqed/radio/RDnews/2019/05/SamayoaGoldMedal.mp3?listeningSessionID=5c51409d12940a9a_10497946_7QG3aAZO__0000000gdJq","path":"/news/11751151/jackie-speier-presents-congressional-gold-medal-to-former-spy-twice-captured-by-the-nazis","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A 98-year-old who escaped Nazi Germany as a Jewish teenager during World War II -- and became part of the United States' first spy agency -- was recognized with a Congressional Gold Medal Thursday at his home in South San Francisco. It is Congress' highest civilian honor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bernd Stevens, born Bernd Steinitz, left Germany in 1939. Then, four years later, he returned in an American uniform under the command of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), the predecessor to the CIA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As one of the first members of the OSS, he was twice captured and escaped from the Nazis, conducting espionage as a paratrooper behind enemy lines. He has already received the Purple Heart and Bronze Star, and now he's adding the OSS Congressional Gold Medal to his list.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Bernd Stevens personifies the courage and heroism that allowed the United States to defeat the Nazis and end World War II,\" said congresswoman Jackie Speier in a statement. She presented him with the medal Thursday morning in front of about two dozen residents and workers at the Damenik's Home assisted living facility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stevens read from a brief speech accepting the award on behalf of those who didn't make it. He particularly wanted to honor his father, who he called his icon. After his father helped Stevens escape as a kid, he said, his dad was then picked up and killed the next day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I am stunned,\" said Stevens of the award. \"Helping people is what I wanted to do in life. This is the greatest honor.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The OSS was the first U.S. spy agency and employed as many as 13,000 men and women at the height of World War II. Today, there are fewer than 100 of them still alive. Last year, Congress bestowed the Congressional Gold Medal on the OSS men and women who served in World War II. What Speier presented to Stevens was a replica of that medal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I can't think of a more deserving group of people,\" said Speier in a written statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"OSS founder Gen. William Donovan said its personnel performed 'some of the bravest acts of the war,' \" said OSS Society President Charles Pinck. \"That’s a perfect description of Mr. Steven's service.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of Stevens' life has been kept in secrecy because of the dangerous work, and even now he won't reveal what his missions were.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speier asked him what he did as a member of the OSS. \"Oh, I kept busy,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He isn’t done yet, though. Stevens said he's ready to suit up and jump right back in if needed.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11751151/jackie-speier-presents-congressional-gold-medal-to-former-spy-twice-captured-by-the-nazis","authors":["1459","11512"],"programs":["news_72"],"categories":["news_8"],"tags":["news_602","news_236"],"featImg":"news_11751177","label":"source_news_11751151"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"On Our Watch from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/onourwatch","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"1"},"link":"/podcasts/onourwatch","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/onourwatch","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0OLWoyizopu6tY1XiuX70x","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/On-Our-Watch-p1436229/","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"}},"on-the-media":{"id":"on-the-media","title":"On The Media","info":"Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. 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