Large Parts of the Bay Area Are Built on Fill. Why and Where?
Feel Like the SF Bay Used to Be Bluer? You're Not Imagining It
3.6-Magnitude Earthquake Near Colma Shakes Bay Area
Pair of Small Earthquakes on Hayward Fault Shake East Bay
Another Morning, Another Wake-Up Quake in the East Bay Hills
3.4-Magnitude Quake in East Bay Hills Shakes Much of Bay Area Awake
Hold Your Judgment, These Marin Bats Are Just Misunderstood
Study Predicts Significant Southern California Beach Erosion
Study: 99.9 Percent Chance of 5.0 Earthquake Within 3 Years in L.A. Area
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He was chosen for a spring 2017 residency at the Mesa Refuge to advance his research on California salmon.\r\n\r\nEmail Dan at: \u003ca href=\"mailto:dbrekke@kqed.org\">dbrekke@kqed.org\u003c/a>\r\n\r\n\u003cstrong>Twitter:\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/danbrekke\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">twitter.com/danbrekke\u003c/a>\r\n\u003cstrong>Facebook:\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/danbrekke\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.facebook.com/danbrekke\u003c/a>\r\n\u003cstrong>LinkedIn:\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/danbrekke\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.linkedin.com/in/danbrekke\u003c/a>","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c8126230345efca3f7aa89b1a402be45?s=600&d=mm&r=g","twitter":"danbrekke","facebook":null,"instagram":"https://www.instagram.com/dan.brekke/","linkedin":"https://www.linkedin.com/in/danbrekke/","sites":[{"site":"news","roles":["administrator","create_posts"]},{"site":"stateofhealth","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["contributor"]},{"site":"food","roles":["contributor"]},{"site":"forum","roles":["contributor"]},{"site":"liveblog","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Dan Brekke | KQED","description":"KQED Editor and Reporter","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c8126230345efca3f7aa89b1a402be45?s=600&d=mm&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c8126230345efca3f7aa89b1a402be45?s=600&d=mm&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/danbrekke"},"kqed":{"type":"authors","id":"236","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"236","found":true},"name":"KQED News Staff","firstName":"KQED News Staff","lastName":null,"slug":"kqed","email":"faq@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":null,"avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ef0e801a68c4c54afa9180db14084167?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"arts","roles":["contributor"]},{"site":"news","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"futureofyou","roles":["author"]}],"headData":{"title":"KQED News Staff | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ef0e801a68c4c54afa9180db14084167?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ef0e801a68c4c54afa9180db14084167?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/kqed"},"kdomara":{"type":"authors","id":"1459","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"1459","found":true},"name":"Kelly O'Mara","firstName":"Kelly","lastName":"O'Mara","slug":"kdomara","email":"komara@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":["news"],"title":"KQED Contributor","bio":"Kelly O'Mara is a writer and reporter in the San Francisco Bay Area. She writes about food, health, sports, travel, business and California news. Her work has appeared on KQED, online for Outside Magazine, epsnW, VICE and in Competitor Magazine, among others. Follow Kelly on Twitter \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/kellydomara\">@kellydomara\u003c/a>.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/768fec7412028b72f13bdd0f5f9d8186?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"arts","roles":["author"]},{"site":"news","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"futureofyou","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"bayareabites","roles":["administrator"]},{"site":"stateofhealth","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"checkplease","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"food","roles":["administrator"]},{"site":"forum","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"liveblog","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Kelly O'Mara | KQED","description":"KQED Contributor","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/768fec7412028b72f13bdd0f5f9d8186?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/768fec7412028b72f13bdd0f5f9d8186?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/kdomara"},"tcamhi":{"type":"authors","id":"3251","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"3251","found":true},"name":"Tiffany Camhi","firstName":null,"lastName":null,"slug":"tcamhi","email":"tiffanycamhi@gmail.com","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":"KQED Contributor","bio":null,"avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/aca1971530f63a23abcf35486f9f9ff6?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"arts","roles":["author"]},{"site":"news","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Tiffany Camhi | KQED","description":"KQED Contributor","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/aca1971530f63a23abcf35486f9f9ff6?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/aca1971530f63a23abcf35486f9f9ff6?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/tcamhi"},"afont":{"type":"authors","id":"8637","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"8637","found":true},"name":"Amanda Font","firstName":"Amanda","lastName":"Font","slug":"afont","email":"afont@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":["news"],"title":"KQED Contributor","bio":"Amanda Font is a producer on the \u003cem>Bay Curious\u003c/em> podcast, and the host and co-producer of the series \u003cem>Audible Cosmos\u003c/em>. She previously worked as director of \u003cem>The California Report Magazine\u003c/em>. She grew up in the deserts of Southern California and moved north for the trees. Amanda earned a B.A. from the BECA program at San Francisco State, where she worked in the university's radio station.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d9e81cf0117d5849b9cfb7ab4b1422f1?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"arts","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"news","roles":["editor","add_users","create_users"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"forum","roles":["administrator"]},{"site":"perspectives","roles":["administrator"]},{"site":"radio","roles":["administrator"]}],"headData":{"title":"Amanda Font | KQED","description":"KQED Contributor","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d9e81cf0117d5849b9cfb7ab4b1422f1?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d9e81cf0117d5849b9cfb7ab4b1422f1?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/afont"},"jeremysiegel":{"type":"authors","id":"11258","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"11258","found":true},"name":"Jeremy Siegel","firstName":"Jeremy","lastName":"Siegel","slug":"jeremysiegel","email":"jsiegel@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":"KQED Contributor","bio":"Jeremy Siegel is is the weekend afternoon news anchor for KQED. His reporting can be heard on KQED News, Morning Edition, All Things Considered and The California Report. Jeremy's coverage of the Camp Fire in Butte County won the 2019 Society of Professional Journalists, Northern California Chapter, Excellence in Journalism Award for Breaking News. Jeremy grew up in Cincinnati, Ohio, and graduated from UC Berkeley.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3921a64ceb9ed5d0ba47d9ae9782f1ab?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"jersiegel","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"arts","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"news","roles":["subscriber"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Jeremy Siegel | KQED","description":"KQED Contributor","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3921a64ceb9ed5d0ba47d9ae9782f1ab?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3921a64ceb9ed5d0ba47d9ae9782f1ab?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/jeremysiegel"},"rlevi":{"type":"authors","id":"11260","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"11260","found":true},"name":"Ryan Levi","firstName":"Ryan","lastName":"Levi","slug":"rlevi","email":"rlevi@KQED.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":"KQED Contributor","bio":"Ryan Levi was a reporter and podcast producer at KQED News from 2016-2019. He worked on \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/the-bay/\">The Bay, \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-california-report-magazine/id1314750545\">The California Report Magazine\u003c/a>, as well as hosting and producing the weekly \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/program/qedup/\">Q'ed Up podcast. \u003c/a>He also helped inaugurate KQED's weekend news coverage in 2017 as one of two original digital producers. Ryan holds degrees in multimedia journalism and Spanish from the University of Missouri.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4cb2ddd028ac8807d1adf09609c5555d?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"ryan_levi","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"arts","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"news","roles":["subscriber"]},{"site":"stateofhealth","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"forum","roles":["administrator"]},{"site":"perspectives","roles":["administrator"]},{"site":"breakingnews","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Ryan Levi | KQED","description":"KQED Contributor","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4cb2ddd028ac8807d1adf09609c5555d?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4cb2ddd028ac8807d1adf09609c5555d?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/rlevi"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"news","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"news_11799297":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11799297","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11799297","score":null,"sort":[1580986800000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"large-parts-of-the-bay-area-are-built-on-fill-why-and-where","title":"Large Parts of the Bay Area Are Built on Fill. Why and Where?","publishDate":1580986800,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Large Parts of the Bay Area Are Built on Fill. Why and Where? | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>When Nicole was growing up, her grandmother always told her: Don’t live anywhere built on artificial fill. Her uncle also had strong memories of watching the Marina District burn after the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, when parts of the ground liquefied, causing buildings to collapse and gas lines to break.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nicole wants to follow her grandmother’s advice, but she needs to know a few things: \u003cstrong>“What neighborhoods and cities in the Bay Area are built on filled land? And what are those cities and neighborhoods doing to mitigate the risk of liquefaction?”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11799336\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 980px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2020/02/06/large-parts-of-the-bay-area-are-built-on-fill-why-and-where/screen-shot-2020-01-31-at-11-31-01-am/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11799336\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11799336\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/Screen-Shot-2020-01-31-at-11.31.01-AM.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"980\" height=\"1228\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/Screen-Shot-2020-01-31-at-11.31.01-AM.jpg 980w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/Screen-Shot-2020-01-31-at-11.31.01-AM-160x200.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/Screen-Shot-2020-01-31-at-11.31.01-AM-800x1002.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 980px) 100vw, 980px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The San Francisco shoreline from 1895. Pink shows areas of artificial fill; blue shows historical marshlands and creeks. \u003ccite>(Oakland Museum of California)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>What is fill?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Often, when we colloquially refer to fill around the Bay Area, we’re actually referring to two different things:\u003c/p>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>Artificial fill \u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Former or “reclaimed” marshlands and wetlands.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Artificial fill\u003c/em> is land that was created by piling up soil, mud, rocks, rubble and dirt. In many cases, mud was pumped up from the bottom of the San Francisco Bay to fill in piles of rocks, then allowed to dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In most cases, this fill was put on top of low-lying areas or shallow wetlands and marshlands. For example, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11790693/magic-city-and-the-making-of-treasure-island\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Treasure Island was made\u003c/a> by piling rocks and mud on the shoals north of Yerba Buena Island. The land that is now the Marina neighborhood in San Francisco was originally filled in for the 1915 Panama-Pacific International Exposition — in some cases using debris and rubble from the 1906 earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11799305\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1200px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2020/02/06/large-parts-of-the-bay-area-are-built-on-fill-why-and-where/rs40412_sfpl-ti-construction-dredging-aad-3783_600dpi-qut-1200x885/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11799305\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11799305\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/RS40412_SFPL-TI-Construction-dredging-AAD-3783_600dpi-qut-1200x885.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1200\" height=\"885\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/RS40412_SFPL-TI-Construction-dredging-AAD-3783_600dpi-qut-1200x885.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/RS40412_SFPL-TI-Construction-dredging-AAD-3783_600dpi-qut-1200x885-160x118.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/RS40412_SFPL-TI-Construction-dredging-AAD-3783_600dpi-qut-1200x885-800x590.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/RS40412_SFPL-TI-Construction-dredging-AAD-3783_600dpi-qut-1200x885-1020x752.jpg 1020w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Army Corps of Engineers dredged up the equivalent of 2½ million dump trucks of bay mud and sand to construct Treasure Island. \u003ccite>(San Francisco History Center/San Francisco Public Library)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Reclaimed marshlands and wetlands\u003c/em> are not technically fill. However, building levees and draining marshes did change the coastline of the bay, allowing for more development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hundreds of years ago, the coastline of the Bay Area looked very different. In many places, the edges of the bay were marshland or wetlands. During the late 1800s and early 1900s, lots of that got drained. People built levees and “reclaimed” the land for what they considered useful purposes, like agriculture. These days, some of those levees have been torn down and land is being returned to tidal marshes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11799307\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1434px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2020/02/06/large-parts-of-the-bay-area-are-built-on-fill-why-and-where/screen-shot-2020-01-31-at-10-08-04-am/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11799307\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11799307\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/Screen-Shot-2020-01-31-at-10.08.04-AM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1434\" height=\"978\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/Screen-Shot-2020-01-31-at-10.08.04-AM.png 1434w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/Screen-Shot-2020-01-31-at-10.08.04-AM-160x109.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/Screen-Shot-2020-01-31-at-10.08.04-AM-800x546.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/Screen-Shot-2020-01-31-at-10.08.04-AM-1020x696.png 1020w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1434px) 100vw, 1434px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These maps from the San Francisco Estuary Institute show what was tidal marshland back around 1800 (left) and what today is still marsh, what’s been restored to tidal bay lands and what is in the works (right). \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"https://www.sfbayjv.org/project-maps.php\">San Francisco Bay Joint Venture\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Why did we use fill in the Bay Area?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Because fill in the bay let us build, live and farm on land that was previously uninhabitable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the mid-1800s, \u003ca href=\"https://boomcalifornia.com/2017/09/27/californias-legacy-of-swamplands/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the U.S. Congress passed the U.S. Swamp Land Acts\u003c/a>. These were originally designed to help Louisiana drain its swamp lands and build levees — but were quickly put to use in other states. The laws allowed people to claim wetlands or marshlands as their own property if they drained it and used it for an agricultural purpose. This led to a spree of building levees and draining wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the late 1950s, the Army Corps of Engineers did a study on the development of the Bay Area. They found 243 square miles of land “available for reclamation” \u003cem>had been\u003c/em> reclaimed. That’s a lot of former marshlands, wetlands and tidal lands to have drained or filled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b4030153&view=1up&seq=112\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">You can read the full study here. It’s wild.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>What are the problems with artificial fill?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>By the 1960s, we mostly stopped filling in the Bay because of growing environmental concerns. After the Army Corps of Engineers did its study of the Bay Area, they published a map projecting what the bay would look like if we continued to fill it in. The picture so alarmed people that eventually the state Legislature put an end to bay fill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11799315\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2430px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2020/02/06/large-parts-of-the-bay-area-are-built-on-fill-why-and-where/attachment/9494033/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11799315\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11799315\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/9494033.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2430\" height=\"2735\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/9494033.jpg 2430w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/9494033-160x180.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/9494033-800x900.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/9494033-1020x1148.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/9494033-1920x2161.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2430px) 100vw, 2430px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The map showing projected plans to fill in more portions of the bay by 2020. \u003ccite>(U.S. Army Corp of Engineers)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The other major problem with artificial fill, which wasn’t well known 100 years ago, is the earthquake danger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Keith Knudsen of the U.S. Geological Survey, the fill built on top of bay mud or soft ground is at risk for ground failure or liquefaction during an earthquake. A lot of that old fill was not built with the best engineering practices. It was also frequently placed on top of mud or soft deposits, which amplify shaking. When you have high ground water, loose materials and heavy shaking, those deposits can stop behaving like a solid, and start behaving like a liquid, said Knudsen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ground turns into \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=57&v=Rd6W2aP2dkA&feature=emb_logo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a sort of quicksand\u003c/a>. Buildings on top can sink and crack. Also things that are in the ground and filled with air, like sewage pipes, can float to the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Lots of bad things can happen if the ground liquefies,” Knudsen said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qmVYbjiNWds\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>What’s being done to mitigate those issues?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The best way to prevent liquefaction and ground failure is to take steps when you’re first creating the artificial fill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID='news_11790693,science_1952317' label='The Building of Treasure Island']Treasure Island is one of few places in the Bay Area where a large new development is planned to go in on top of artificial fill. Developers there are able to test more intense mitigation techniques. Using things like wick drains and vibratory compaction, they’re draining the water out of the ground, shaking it to settle the loose materials and then pushing down on the fill with heavy dirt loads to compact it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1952317/rising-seas-and-sinking-land-the-precarious-future-of-treasure-island\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">read more\u003c/a> about what’s happening there in our two-part series about \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11790693/magic-city-and-the-making-of-treasure-island\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the artificial island\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bad news, though, for most of the Bay Area is that it’s hard to go back and re-engineer buildings that are already built. Once an entire neighborhood is constructed, options are even more limited. Anything done to mitigate the risk for one building could affect the others. For example, the San Francisco Transbay Terminal developers used “dewatering” techniques to suck the water out of the ground before they built the terminal. Now \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Sinking-Millennium-Tower-s-developer-built-9278364.php#\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">developers of the sinking Millennium Tower say\u003c/a> that affected their building. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We do have some standard practices for new buildings built on top of fill:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Slab or mat foundations — if part of the ground liquefies, then the whole building will sink or tilt in one piece instead of cracking\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Friction piles — it’s a kind of pile foundation that goes deep down, through the fill, into the mud. Some buildings have piles that go all the way to the bedrock\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[baycuriouspodcastinfo]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the biggest things that changed after the 1989 earthquake were new requirements to notify people who live in hazard zones. You can use \u003ca href=\"https://www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs/geohazards/eq-zapp\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">the California Earthquake Hazard Zones App\u003c/a> to plug in your address and see if you live in an area at high risk for liquefaction or landslides in the event of an earthquake. The \u003ca href=\"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/hazards/urban/sfbay/liquefaction/sfbay/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">USGS also puts out updated hazard zone maps\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, just because you’re in a liquefaction hazard zone doesn’t necessarily mean you live on fill — or vice versa. And those former marshlands and tidal wetlands are not at high risk for liquefaction if the bay mud didn’t have artificial fill put on top of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>OK, so which parts of the Bay Area are fill?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>We have maps to show you!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only way to know \u003cem>for sure\u003c/em> if you live on fill is to hire a geologist and do a boring into the ground. Short of that, the other way is to map the geological deposits the way the USGS does.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We overlay them on current maps and then the boundary between what used to be the coastline and what is currently the coastline … that’s been filled,” Knudsen said. USGS also does additional topography work to put together \u003ca href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/of00-444/of00-444_7b.pdf\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">detailed maps of geological deposits\u003c/a>. While this can miss individual buildings or neighborhoods, it’s the most accurate record of the whole Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using that USGS data, we created this map showing artificial fill areas and former tidal marshlands or wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"700\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://kqednews.carto.com/builder/b488870b-a8c4-43f4-803a-04691206c9e3/embed\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.6255em;\">Data from the US Geological Survey from \u003ca href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/of00-444/\">2000\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1037/\">2006\u003c/a>. \u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.6255em;align:right\">Lisa Pickoff-White/KQED\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Lisa Pickoff-White contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousquestion]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The coastline of the Bay looked very different 200 years ago — and then we filled it in. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1700590826,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["https://kqednews.carto.com/builder/b488870b-a8c4-43f4-803a-04691206c9e3/embed"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":true,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":34,"wordCount":1437},"headData":{"title":"Large Parts of the Bay Area Are Built on Fill. Why and Where? | KQED","description":"The coastline of the Bay looked very different 200 years ago — and then we filled it in. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"Large Parts of the Bay Area Are Built on Fill. Why and Where?","datePublished":"2020-02-06T11:00:00.000Z","dateModified":"2023-11-21T18:20:26.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png","isAccessibleForFree":"Y","publisher":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","@id":"https://www.kqed.org/#organization","name":"KQED","url":"https://www.kqed.org","logo":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}}},"source":"Bay Curious","sourceUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/podcasts/baycurious","audioUrl":"https://traffic.megaphone.fm/KQINC6462747372.mp3","audioTrackLength":707,"path":"/news/11799297/large-parts-of-the-bay-area-are-built-on-fill-why-and-where","parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When Nicole was growing up, her grandmother always told her: Don’t live anywhere built on artificial fill. Her uncle also had strong memories of watching the Marina District burn after the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, when parts of the ground liquefied, causing buildings to collapse and gas lines to break.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nicole wants to follow her grandmother’s advice, but she needs to know a few things: \u003cstrong>“What neighborhoods and cities in the Bay Area are built on filled land? And what are those cities and neighborhoods doing to mitigate the risk of liquefaction?”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11799336\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 980px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2020/02/06/large-parts-of-the-bay-area-are-built-on-fill-why-and-where/screen-shot-2020-01-31-at-11-31-01-am/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11799336\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11799336\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/Screen-Shot-2020-01-31-at-11.31.01-AM.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"980\" height=\"1228\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/Screen-Shot-2020-01-31-at-11.31.01-AM.jpg 980w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/Screen-Shot-2020-01-31-at-11.31.01-AM-160x200.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/Screen-Shot-2020-01-31-at-11.31.01-AM-800x1002.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 980px) 100vw, 980px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The San Francisco shoreline from 1895. Pink shows areas of artificial fill; blue shows historical marshlands and creeks. \u003ccite>(Oakland Museum of California)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>What is fill?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Often, when we colloquially refer to fill around the Bay Area, we’re actually referring to two different things:\u003c/p>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>Artificial fill \u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Former or “reclaimed” marshlands and wetlands.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Artificial fill\u003c/em> is land that was created by piling up soil, mud, rocks, rubble and dirt. In many cases, mud was pumped up from the bottom of the San Francisco Bay to fill in piles of rocks, then allowed to dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In most cases, this fill was put on top of low-lying areas or shallow wetlands and marshlands. For example, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11790693/magic-city-and-the-making-of-treasure-island\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Treasure Island was made\u003c/a> by piling rocks and mud on the shoals north of Yerba Buena Island. The land that is now the Marina neighborhood in San Francisco was originally filled in for the 1915 Panama-Pacific International Exposition — in some cases using debris and rubble from the 1906 earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11799305\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1200px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2020/02/06/large-parts-of-the-bay-area-are-built-on-fill-why-and-where/rs40412_sfpl-ti-construction-dredging-aad-3783_600dpi-qut-1200x885/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11799305\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11799305\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/RS40412_SFPL-TI-Construction-dredging-AAD-3783_600dpi-qut-1200x885.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1200\" height=\"885\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/RS40412_SFPL-TI-Construction-dredging-AAD-3783_600dpi-qut-1200x885.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/RS40412_SFPL-TI-Construction-dredging-AAD-3783_600dpi-qut-1200x885-160x118.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/RS40412_SFPL-TI-Construction-dredging-AAD-3783_600dpi-qut-1200x885-800x590.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/RS40412_SFPL-TI-Construction-dredging-AAD-3783_600dpi-qut-1200x885-1020x752.jpg 1020w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Army Corps of Engineers dredged up the equivalent of 2½ million dump trucks of bay mud and sand to construct Treasure Island. \u003ccite>(San Francisco History Center/San Francisco Public Library)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Reclaimed marshlands and wetlands\u003c/em> are not technically fill. However, building levees and draining marshes did change the coastline of the bay, allowing for more development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hundreds of years ago, the coastline of the Bay Area looked very different. In many places, the edges of the bay were marshland or wetlands. During the late 1800s and early 1900s, lots of that got drained. People built levees and “reclaimed” the land for what they considered useful purposes, like agriculture. These days, some of those levees have been torn down and land is being returned to tidal marshes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11799307\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1434px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2020/02/06/large-parts-of-the-bay-area-are-built-on-fill-why-and-where/screen-shot-2020-01-31-at-10-08-04-am/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11799307\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11799307\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/Screen-Shot-2020-01-31-at-10.08.04-AM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1434\" height=\"978\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/Screen-Shot-2020-01-31-at-10.08.04-AM.png 1434w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/Screen-Shot-2020-01-31-at-10.08.04-AM-160x109.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/Screen-Shot-2020-01-31-at-10.08.04-AM-800x546.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/Screen-Shot-2020-01-31-at-10.08.04-AM-1020x696.png 1020w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1434px) 100vw, 1434px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These maps from the San Francisco Estuary Institute show what was tidal marshland back around 1800 (left) and what today is still marsh, what’s been restored to tidal bay lands and what is in the works (right). \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"https://www.sfbayjv.org/project-maps.php\">San Francisco Bay Joint Venture\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Why did we use fill in the Bay Area?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Because fill in the bay let us build, live and farm on land that was previously uninhabitable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the mid-1800s, \u003ca href=\"https://boomcalifornia.com/2017/09/27/californias-legacy-of-swamplands/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the U.S. Congress passed the U.S. Swamp Land Acts\u003c/a>. These were originally designed to help Louisiana drain its swamp lands and build levees — but were quickly put to use in other states. The laws allowed people to claim wetlands or marshlands as their own property if they drained it and used it for an agricultural purpose. This led to a spree of building levees and draining wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the late 1950s, the Army Corps of Engineers did a study on the development of the Bay Area. They found 243 square miles of land “available for reclamation” \u003cem>had been\u003c/em> reclaimed. That’s a lot of former marshlands, wetlands and tidal lands to have drained or filled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b4030153&view=1up&seq=112\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">You can read the full study here. It’s wild.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>What are the problems with artificial fill?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>By the 1960s, we mostly stopped filling in the Bay because of growing environmental concerns. After the Army Corps of Engineers did its study of the Bay Area, they published a map projecting what the bay would look like if we continued to fill it in. The picture so alarmed people that eventually the state Legislature put an end to bay fill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11799315\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2430px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2020/02/06/large-parts-of-the-bay-area-are-built-on-fill-why-and-where/attachment/9494033/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11799315\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11799315\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/9494033.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2430\" height=\"2735\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/9494033.jpg 2430w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/9494033-160x180.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/9494033-800x900.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/9494033-1020x1148.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/9494033-1920x2161.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2430px) 100vw, 2430px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The map showing projected plans to fill in more portions of the bay by 2020. \u003ccite>(U.S. Army Corp of Engineers)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The other major problem with artificial fill, which wasn’t well known 100 years ago, is the earthquake danger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Keith Knudsen of the U.S. Geological Survey, the fill built on top of bay mud or soft ground is at risk for ground failure or liquefaction during an earthquake. A lot of that old fill was not built with the best engineering practices. It was also frequently placed on top of mud or soft deposits, which amplify shaking. When you have high ground water, loose materials and heavy shaking, those deposits can stop behaving like a solid, and start behaving like a liquid, said Knudsen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ground turns into \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=57&v=Rd6W2aP2dkA&feature=emb_logo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a sort of quicksand\u003c/a>. Buildings on top can sink and crack. Also things that are in the ground and filled with air, like sewage pipes, can float to the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Lots of bad things can happen if the ground liquefies,” Knudsen said.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/qmVYbjiNWds'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/qmVYbjiNWds'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ch3>What’s being done to mitigate those issues?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The best way to prevent liquefaction and ground failure is to take steps when you’re first creating the artificial fill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"news_11790693,science_1952317","label":"The Building of Treasure Island "},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Treasure Island is one of few places in the Bay Area where a large new development is planned to go in on top of artificial fill. Developers there are able to test more intense mitigation techniques. Using things like wick drains and vibratory compaction, they’re draining the water out of the ground, shaking it to settle the loose materials and then pushing down on the fill with heavy dirt loads to compact it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1952317/rising-seas-and-sinking-land-the-precarious-future-of-treasure-island\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">read more\u003c/a> about what’s happening there in our two-part series about \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11790693/magic-city-and-the-making-of-treasure-island\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the artificial island\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bad news, though, for most of the Bay Area is that it’s hard to go back and re-engineer buildings that are already built. Once an entire neighborhood is constructed, options are even more limited. Anything done to mitigate the risk for one building could affect the others. For example, the San Francisco Transbay Terminal developers used “dewatering” techniques to suck the water out of the ground before they built the terminal. Now \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Sinking-Millennium-Tower-s-developer-built-9278364.php#\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">developers of the sinking Millennium Tower say\u003c/a> that affected their building. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We do have some standard practices for new buildings built on top of fill:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Slab or mat foundations — if part of the ground liquefies, then the whole building will sink or tilt in one piece instead of cracking\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Friction piles — it’s a kind of pile foundation that goes deep down, through the fill, into the mud. Some buildings have piles that go all the way to the bedrock\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the biggest things that changed after the 1989 earthquake were new requirements to notify people who live in hazard zones. You can use \u003ca href=\"https://www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs/geohazards/eq-zapp\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">the California Earthquake Hazard Zones App\u003c/a> to plug in your address and see if you live in an area at high risk for liquefaction or landslides in the event of an earthquake. The \u003ca href=\"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/hazards/urban/sfbay/liquefaction/sfbay/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">USGS also puts out updated hazard zone maps\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, just because you’re in a liquefaction hazard zone doesn’t necessarily mean you live on fill — or vice versa. And those former marshlands and tidal wetlands are not at high risk for liquefaction if the bay mud didn’t have artificial fill put on top of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>OK, so which parts of the Bay Area are fill?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>We have maps to show you!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only way to know \u003cem>for sure\u003c/em> if you live on fill is to hire a geologist and do a boring into the ground. Short of that, the other way is to map the geological deposits the way the USGS does.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We overlay them on current maps and then the boundary between what used to be the coastline and what is currently the coastline … that’s been filled,” Knudsen said. USGS also does additional topography work to put together \u003ca href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/of00-444/of00-444_7b.pdf\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">detailed maps of geological deposits\u003c/a>. While this can miss individual buildings or neighborhoods, it’s the most accurate record of the whole Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using that USGS data, we created this map showing artificial fill areas and former tidal marshlands or wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"700\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://kqednews.carto.com/builder/b488870b-a8c4-43f4-803a-04691206c9e3/embed\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.6255em;\">Data from the US Geological Survey from \u003ca href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/of00-444/\">2000\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1037/\">2006\u003c/a>. \u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.6255em;align:right\">Lisa Pickoff-White/KQED\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Lisa Pickoff-White contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"baycuriousquestion","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11799297/large-parts-of-the-bay-area-are-built-on-fill-why-and-where","authors":["1459"],"programs":["news_33523"],"series":["news_17986"],"categories":["news_19906","news_8","news_33520","news_356"],"tags":["news_1012","news_664"],"featImg":"news_11799418","label":"source_news_11799297"},"news_11786254":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11786254","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11786254","score":null,"sort":[1573729205000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"feel-like-the-bay-used-to-be-bluer","title":"Feel Like the SF Bay Used to Be Bluer? You're Not Imagining It","publishDate":1573729205,"format":"image","headTitle":"Feel Like the SF Bay Used to Be Bluer? You’re Not Imagining It | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>If the \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ViG0XoKgnVs\">Heart of the Ocean\u003c/a> is a big blue diamond, the Heart of San Francisco Bay would be a big muddy emerald — or maybe more like a jade stone? Malachite? What I’m saying is, she’s green.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It hasn’t always been that way, though. When Bay Curious listener Justin Hartung was growing up in Oakland, he remembers the bay being blue. After moving to New York for college in the early ’90s, and returning to the East Bay a couple of years ago, he noticed a big difference in the hue of the harbor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I remembered it being much more blue,” he says. “So I wondered if that was a thing, or if I was just remembering things incorrectly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriouspodcastinfo]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Justin is not wrong. The bay is, in fact, greener now than it was in 1992. It’s the result of a chain reaction of natural processes that includes the rotation of the Earth and something called a trophic cascade.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>It Ain’t Easy Being Green\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>What makes the water appear green are lots of microscopic marine algae called \u003ca href=\"https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/phyto.html\">phytoplankton\u003c/a>. These photosynthetic organisms contain the same chlorophyll that makes plants green. Though they’re tiny, phytoplankton represent the largest biomass in the bay. They typically go through a large bloom in the spring and early summer, providing a plentiful food source for many other aquatic organisms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11786309\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/11/iStock-993949074.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11786309\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/11/iStock-993949074-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/11/iStock-993949074-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/11/iStock-993949074-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/11/iStock-993949074-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/11/iStock-993949074-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/11/iStock-993949074.jpg 1254w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Volvox is a polyphyletic genus of chlorophyte green algae or phytoplankton. \u003ccite>(tonaquatic/iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The animals that feed on phytoplankton include filter feeders like clams and mussels. Back in the early ’90s, when Justin was still in the Bay Area, the clam and mussel populations kept the phytoplankton numbers in check. But toward the end of the decade, things started to shift. We know this only because someone has been keeping track.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Surprises Are New Discoveries\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Jim Cloern is a retired aquatic ecologist who spent his 43-year career with the U.S. Geological Survey studying San Francisco Bay. He was \u003ca href=\"https://archive.org/details/insidethegoldengatepart1\">part of a team\u003c/a> that maintains a record of water quality in the bay by doing regular sampling at set locations. The data set goes back to 1968, a longevity most other U.S. waterways don’t have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>“It’s very unusual in the United States,” Cloern says, “I think this USGS program is the longest continuing program of research observation in a bay or estuary in the United States.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program is still running, and scientists head out on sampling cruises about once a month. They started on the \u003ca href=\"https://sfbay.wr.usgs.gov/access/wqdata/overview/measure/polaris.html\">R/V Polaris,\u003c/a> and in 2016, moved operations to the \u003ca href=\"https://sfbay.wr.usgs.gov/access/wqdata/overview/wherewhen/2018cruise.html\">catamaran David H. Peterson\u003c/a>, named for the late founder of the project. There’s a new generation of team members now; some work for the USGS, others are Ph.D. candidates doing doctoral research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11786416\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/img_3667/\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11786416\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/11/IMG_3667-e1573682049623.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The first light of day as the David H. Peterson takes off from the Port of Redwood City. \u003ccite>(Amanda Font/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11786413\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/img_3689/\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11786413\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/11/IMG_3689-e1573681974504.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Captain Joel Fritsch is at the helm of the USGS vessel David H. Peterson. \u003ccite>(Amanda Font/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11786410\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/img_3727/\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11786410\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/11/IMG_3727-e1573681694172.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">PhD candidate Niky Taylor is on the vessel doing doctoral research about the color of the water. \u003ccite>(Amanda Font/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11786411\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/img_3714/\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11786411\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/11/IMG_3714-e1573681807629.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Charlie Martin collects a sample from the continuous surface water sampler in the boat’s lab. Later the phytoplankton DNA will be sequenced to see which species are present. \u003ccite>(Amanda Font/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11786412\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/img_3701/\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11786412\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/11/IMG_3701-e1573681909518.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Erica Nejad prepares for the next sampling stop, where she will drop the CTD (pictured in the background) down into the water to take measurements. \u003ccite>(Amanda Font/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The David H. Peterson, helmed by \u003ca href=\"https://sfbay.wr.usgs.gov/access/wqdata/overview/people/joel.html\">Capt. Joel Fritsch,\u003c/a> takes off from the Port of Redwood City in the predawn hours and heads south, under the Dumbarton Bridge, to their first sampling station. There they turn around and begin the long trek through the entire bay, all the way into the mouth of the Sacramento River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At each location Fritsch positions the boat, then calls out to the scientists on board that they’re free to begin working. The team jumps to action. With so many sampling locations and so far to go, they have only minutes to do the work they’re here for, and the distance between the stops is sometimes as short as five or seven minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11786346\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 317px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/11/stnmaplt.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\" wp-image-11786346\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/11/stnmaplt.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"317\" height=\"340\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/11/stnmaplt.jpg 601w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/11/stnmaplt-160x172.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 317px) 100vw, 317px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A map of the locations where water sampling is conducted by USGS scientists. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of USGS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The information being gathered includes the temperature, salinity, turbidity or cloudiness, and chlorophyll concentrations. Water samples are also being collected from the bottom of the bay and along the surface water. They’re stored for later research and DNA sequencing to keep track of which phytoplankton species are present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cloern says maintaining this robust data set is vital to keeping track of the bay. “The longer we do this, the more we’re surprised,” he says, “and surprises are new discoveries.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s because of this monitoring that the USGS team noticed a shift in the phytoplankton concentrations in the late ’90s.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>One Thing Leads to Another\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Starting around 1998-99, phytoplankton populations rose. The researchers saw blooms in the fall, which was very unusual. After consulting with colleagues who research bivalves in the bay, they discovered that clam and mussel populations had dropped significantly. These animals would normally filter out the phytoplankton, but their low numbers meant phytoplankton were proliferating and causing a greening period in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took the USGS team several more years to discover the cause for the low numbers of bivalves. Eventually they found that it’s all the result of a \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2010GL044774\">massive climate shift\u003c/a> that began around that time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The direction of the prevailing winds in the north Pacific Ocean has been observed to oscillate every 30 to 40 years. The last of these shifts occurred in the late ’90s, with the direction shifting from a south to north pattern, to a north to south pattern. Because of the Coriolis effect caused by the rotation of the Earth, the north to south winds cause the surface water along the coast to push west.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the currents push west, they also churn up colder, more nutrient-dense water from the bottom of the ocean. This process is called coastal upwelling. Many marine animals thrive in this nutrient-rich water, setting off a trophic cascade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flatfish, crabs and shrimp all use San Francisco Bay as a nursery for their young. When this coastal upwelling began to occur, their populations grew, leading to more juveniles in the bay. All of these organisms eat clams and mussels, which led to a drop in those populations. That’s how you end up with more phytoplankton abundance and greener water.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Can We Ever Go Back To Blue?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>This North Pacific oscillation process is a natural one and is not the result of human-caused climate change. It is likely that in the next of these large wind shifts, the pattern will reverse, leading to an increase in bivalve populations and fewer phytoplankton, thus bluer water. As long as the USGS sampling program continues, we’ll be able to track those changes over the long term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousquestion]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A Bay Curious listener remembers when San Francisco Bay was more blue. Why the change?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1700590926,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":true,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":24,"wordCount":1216},"headData":{"title":"Feel Like the SF Bay Used to Be Bluer? You're Not Imagining It | KQED","description":"A Bay Curious listener remembers when San Francisco Bay was more blue. Why the change?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"Feel Like the SF Bay Used to Be Bluer? You're Not Imagining It","datePublished":"2019-11-14T11:00:05.000Z","dateModified":"2023-11-21T18:22:06.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png","isAccessibleForFree":"Y","publisher":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","@id":"https://www.kqed.org/#organization","name":"KQED","url":"https://www.kqed.org","logo":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}}},"source":"Bay Curious","sourceUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious","audioUrl":"http://traffic.megaphone.fm/KQINC6104034215.mp3","audioTrackLength":804,"path":"/news/11786254/feel-like-the-bay-used-to-be-bluer","parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If the \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ViG0XoKgnVs\">Heart of the Ocean\u003c/a> is a big blue diamond, the Heart of San Francisco Bay would be a big muddy emerald — or maybe more like a jade stone? Malachite? What I’m saying is, she’s green.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It hasn’t always been that way, though. When Bay Curious listener Justin Hartung was growing up in Oakland, he remembers the bay being blue. After moving to New York for college in the early ’90s, and returning to the East Bay a couple of years ago, he noticed a big difference in the hue of the harbor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I remembered it being much more blue,” he says. “So I wondered if that was a thing, or if I was just remembering things incorrectly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Justin is not wrong. The bay is, in fact, greener now than it was in 1992. It’s the result of a chain reaction of natural processes that includes the rotation of the Earth and something called a trophic cascade.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>It Ain’t Easy Being Green\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>What makes the water appear green are lots of microscopic marine algae called \u003ca href=\"https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/phyto.html\">phytoplankton\u003c/a>. These photosynthetic organisms contain the same chlorophyll that makes plants green. Though they’re tiny, phytoplankton represent the largest biomass in the bay. They typically go through a large bloom in the spring and early summer, providing a plentiful food source for many other aquatic organisms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11786309\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/11/iStock-993949074.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11786309\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/11/iStock-993949074-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/11/iStock-993949074-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/11/iStock-993949074-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/11/iStock-993949074-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/11/iStock-993949074-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/11/iStock-993949074.jpg 1254w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Volvox is a polyphyletic genus of chlorophyte green algae or phytoplankton. \u003ccite>(tonaquatic/iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The animals that feed on phytoplankton include filter feeders like clams and mussels. Back in the early ’90s, when Justin was still in the Bay Area, the clam and mussel populations kept the phytoplankton numbers in check. But toward the end of the decade, things started to shift. We know this only because someone has been keeping track.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Surprises Are New Discoveries\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Jim Cloern is a retired aquatic ecologist who spent his 43-year career with the U.S. Geological Survey studying San Francisco Bay. He was \u003ca href=\"https://archive.org/details/insidethegoldengatepart1\">part of a team\u003c/a> that maintains a record of water quality in the bay by doing regular sampling at set locations. The data set goes back to 1968, a longevity most other U.S. waterways don’t have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>“It’s very unusual in the United States,” Cloern says, “I think this USGS program is the longest continuing program of research observation in a bay or estuary in the United States.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program is still running, and scientists head out on sampling cruises about once a month. They started on the \u003ca href=\"https://sfbay.wr.usgs.gov/access/wqdata/overview/measure/polaris.html\">R/V Polaris,\u003c/a> and in 2016, moved operations to the \u003ca href=\"https://sfbay.wr.usgs.gov/access/wqdata/overview/wherewhen/2018cruise.html\">catamaran David H. Peterson\u003c/a>, named for the late founder of the project. There’s a new generation of team members now; some work for the USGS, others are Ph.D. candidates doing doctoral research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11786416\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/img_3667/\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11786416\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/11/IMG_3667-e1573682049623.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The first light of day as the David H. Peterson takes off from the Port of Redwood City. \u003ccite>(Amanda Font/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11786413\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/img_3689/\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11786413\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/11/IMG_3689-e1573681974504.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Captain Joel Fritsch is at the helm of the USGS vessel David H. Peterson. \u003ccite>(Amanda Font/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11786410\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/img_3727/\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11786410\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/11/IMG_3727-e1573681694172.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">PhD candidate Niky Taylor is on the vessel doing doctoral research about the color of the water. \u003ccite>(Amanda Font/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11786411\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/img_3714/\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11786411\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/11/IMG_3714-e1573681807629.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Charlie Martin collects a sample from the continuous surface water sampler in the boat’s lab. Later the phytoplankton DNA will be sequenced to see which species are present. \u003ccite>(Amanda Font/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11786412\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/img_3701/\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11786412\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/11/IMG_3701-e1573681909518.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Erica Nejad prepares for the next sampling stop, where she will drop the CTD (pictured in the background) down into the water to take measurements. \u003ccite>(Amanda Font/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The David H. Peterson, helmed by \u003ca href=\"https://sfbay.wr.usgs.gov/access/wqdata/overview/people/joel.html\">Capt. Joel Fritsch,\u003c/a> takes off from the Port of Redwood City in the predawn hours and heads south, under the Dumbarton Bridge, to their first sampling station. There they turn around and begin the long trek through the entire bay, all the way into the mouth of the Sacramento River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At each location Fritsch positions the boat, then calls out to the scientists on board that they’re free to begin working. The team jumps to action. With so many sampling locations and so far to go, they have only minutes to do the work they’re here for, and the distance between the stops is sometimes as short as five or seven minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11786346\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 317px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/11/stnmaplt.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\" wp-image-11786346\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/11/stnmaplt.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"317\" height=\"340\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/11/stnmaplt.jpg 601w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/11/stnmaplt-160x172.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 317px) 100vw, 317px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A map of the locations where water sampling is conducted by USGS scientists. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of USGS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The information being gathered includes the temperature, salinity, turbidity or cloudiness, and chlorophyll concentrations. Water samples are also being collected from the bottom of the bay and along the surface water. They’re stored for later research and DNA sequencing to keep track of which phytoplankton species are present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cloern says maintaining this robust data set is vital to keeping track of the bay. “The longer we do this, the more we’re surprised,” he says, “and surprises are new discoveries.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s because of this monitoring that the USGS team noticed a shift in the phytoplankton concentrations in the late ’90s.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>One Thing Leads to Another\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Starting around 1998-99, phytoplankton populations rose. The researchers saw blooms in the fall, which was very unusual. After consulting with colleagues who research bivalves in the bay, they discovered that clam and mussel populations had dropped significantly. These animals would normally filter out the phytoplankton, but their low numbers meant phytoplankton were proliferating and causing a greening period in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took the USGS team several more years to discover the cause for the low numbers of bivalves. Eventually they found that it’s all the result of a \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2010GL044774\">massive climate shift\u003c/a> that began around that time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The direction of the prevailing winds in the north Pacific Ocean has been observed to oscillate every 30 to 40 years. The last of these shifts occurred in the late ’90s, with the direction shifting from a south to north pattern, to a north to south pattern. Because of the Coriolis effect caused by the rotation of the Earth, the north to south winds cause the surface water along the coast to push west.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the currents push west, they also churn up colder, more nutrient-dense water from the bottom of the ocean. This process is called coastal upwelling. Many marine animals thrive in this nutrient-rich water, setting off a trophic cascade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flatfish, crabs and shrimp all use San Francisco Bay as a nursery for their young. When this coastal upwelling began to occur, their populations grew, leading to more juveniles in the bay. All of these organisms eat clams and mussels, which led to a drop in those populations. That’s how you end up with more phytoplankton abundance and greener water.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Can We Ever Go Back To Blue?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>This North Pacific oscillation process is a natural one and is not the result of human-caused climate change. It is likely that in the next of these large wind shifts, the pattern will reverse, leading to an increase in bivalve populations and fewer phytoplankton, thus bluer water. As long as the USGS sampling program continues, we’ll be able to track those changes over the long term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"baycuriousquestion","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11786254/feel-like-the-bay-used-to-be-bluer","authors":["8637"],"programs":["news_33523"],"series":["news_17986"],"categories":["news_8","news_33520","news_356"],"tags":["news_18426","news_24374","news_1861","news_664"],"featImg":"news_11786449","label":"source_news_11786254"},"news_11778343":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11778343","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11778343","score":null,"sort":[1570296032000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"3-6-magnitude-earthquake-near-colma-shakes-bay-area","title":"3.6-Magnitude Earthquake Near Colma Shakes Bay Area","publishDate":1570296032,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"news"},"content":"\u003cp>Residents of the Bay Area were shaken awake Saturday morning when a magnitude 3.6 earthquake struck off the San Mateo coast near Colma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The small quake occurred at 8:41 a.m., about 3.5 miles southwest of Colma and about 4.7 miles deep in the ocean, according to John Bellini, a geophysicist with the U.S. Geological Survey's National Earthquake Information Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID='science_1936949,news_11622223,science_1933064' label='Are You Ready for a Disaster?']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bellini said it's highly unlikely that the tremor is a foreshock of a larger quake, but it's still too early to tell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is part of the normal seismicity of California,\" he said. \"And people need to be aware that they can have a large earthquake at any time.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no current tsunami watch or advisory in effect, according to the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center. Bellini said that makes sense for a quake of this magnitude.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You need something in the 7 [magnitude] range to cause a tsunami,\" said Bellini.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were no immediate reports of damages or injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The small quake occurred at 8:41 a.m., about 3.5 miles southwest of Colma and 4.7 miles deep in the ocean.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1570479865,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":182},"headData":{"title":"3.6-Magnitude Earthquake Near Colma Shakes Bay Area | KQED","description":"The small quake occurred at 8:41 a.m., about 3.5 miles southwest of Colma and 4.7 miles deep in the ocean.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"3.6-Magnitude Earthquake Near Colma Shakes Bay Area","datePublished":"2019-10-05T17:20:32.000Z","dateModified":"2019-10-07T20:24:25.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png","isAccessibleForFree":"Y","publisher":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","@id":"https://www.kqed.org/#organization","name":"KQED","url":"https://www.kqed.org","logo":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}}},"disqusIdentifier":"11778343 https://ww2.kqed.org/news/?p=11778343","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2019/10/05/3-6-magnitude-earthquake-near-colma-shakes-bay-area/","disqusTitle":"3.6-Magnitude Earthquake Near Colma Shakes Bay Area","path":"/news/11778343/3-6-magnitude-earthquake-near-colma-shakes-bay-area","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Residents of the Bay Area were shaken awake Saturday morning when a magnitude 3.6 earthquake struck off the San Mateo coast near Colma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The small quake occurred at 8:41 a.m., about 3.5 miles southwest of Colma and about 4.7 miles deep in the ocean, according to John Bellini, a geophysicist with the U.S. Geological Survey's National Earthquake Information Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"science_1936949,news_11622223,science_1933064","label":"Are You Ready for a Disaster? "},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bellini said it's highly unlikely that the tremor is a foreshock of a larger quake, but it's still too early to tell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is part of the normal seismicity of California,\" he said. \"And people need to be aware that they can have a large earthquake at any time.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no current tsunami watch or advisory in effect, according to the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center. Bellini said that makes sense for a quake of this magnitude.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You need something in the 7 [magnitude] range to cause a tsunami,\" said Bellini.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were no immediate reports of damages or injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11778343/3-6-magnitude-earthquake-near-colma-shakes-bay-area","authors":["11258"],"categories":["news_8","news_356"],"tags":["news_1012","news_664"],"featImg":"news_11778347","label":"news"},"news_11740139":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11740139","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11740139","score":null,"sort":[1555190751000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"pair-of-small-earthquakes-on-hayward-fault-shake-east-bay","title":"Pair of Small Earthquakes on Hayward Fault Shake East Bay","publishDate":1555190751,"format":"standard","headTitle":"The California Report | KQED News","labelTerm":{"term":72,"site":"news"},"content":"\u003cp>A 2.9 magnitude earthquake struck in the Berkeley hills around 8:45 a.m. Saturday, and just a few hours later, a 2.7 quake hit near Mills College in Oakland at 12:35 p.m., according to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People reported feeling the Berkeley quake as far south as the Peninsula and Hayward and as far north as Concord and San Pablo, with the Oakland quake leaving a smaller footprint in just Oakland and Alameda. No damage has been reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11740144\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11740144\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/Berkeley-Earthquake-800x533.png\" alt=\"A 2.9 earthquake struck near Berkeley at 8:44 a.m. Saturday.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/Berkeley-Earthquake-800x533.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/Berkeley-Earthquake-160x107.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/Berkeley-Earthquake.png 1014w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A 2.9 magnitude earthquake struck near Berkeley at 8:44 a.m. Saturday. \u003ccite>(United States Geological Survey)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11740145\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11740145\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/Oakland-Earthquake-800x503.png\" alt=\"A 2.7 earthquake struck Oakland at 12:45 p.m. Saturday.\" width=\"800\" height=\"503\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/Oakland-Earthquake-800x503.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/Oakland-Earthquake-160x101.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/Oakland-Earthquake-1020x642.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/Oakland-Earthquake.png 1060w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A 2.7 magnitude earthquake struck Oakland at 12:45 p.m. Saturday. \u003ccite>(United States Geological Survey)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Both earthquakes occurred along the Hayward Fault, which geologists have called a \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-hayward-fault-20180417-htmlstory.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\"tectonic time bomb,\"\u003c/a> waiting to cause a massive earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul Caruso, a geophysicist with the USGS, said it's too soon to tell whether the two earthquakes were connected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These being this small magnitude and not following a larger earthquake, it's just pretty typical for California,\" Caruso said. \"We have lots of earthquakes every day.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been more than a dozen small earthquakes in the East Bay with a magnitude of at least 1.1 in the last three weeks, according to USGS data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January, the Hayward Fault produced earthquakes of slightly larger magnitudes — 3.5 and 3.4 — on \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11718873/another-morning-another-wake-up-quake-in-the-east-bay-hills\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">back-to-back mornings\u003c/a>. Those quakes led to brief delays on BART. Saturday's quakes did not cause any transit disruptions.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A USGS geophysicist says it's too early to tell whether the earthquakes were connected.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1555190790,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":9,"wordCount":261},"headData":{"title":"Pair of Small Earthquakes on Hayward Fault Shake East Bay | KQED","description":"A USGS geophysicist says it's too early to tell whether the earthquakes were connected.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"Pair of Small Earthquakes on Hayward Fault Shake East Bay","datePublished":"2019-04-13T21:25:51.000Z","dateModified":"2019-04-13T21:26:30.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png","isAccessibleForFree":"Y","publisher":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","@id":"https://www.kqed.org/#organization","name":"KQED","url":"https://www.kqed.org","logo":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}}},"disqusIdentifier":"11740139 https://ww2.kqed.org/news/?p=11740139","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2019/04/13/pair-of-small-earthquakes-on-hayward-fault-shake-east-bay/","disqusTitle":"Pair of Small Earthquakes on Hayward Fault Shake East Bay","path":"/news/11740139/pair-of-small-earthquakes-on-hayward-fault-shake-east-bay","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A 2.9 magnitude earthquake struck in the Berkeley hills around 8:45 a.m. Saturday, and just a few hours later, a 2.7 quake hit near Mills College in Oakland at 12:35 p.m., according to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People reported feeling the Berkeley quake as far south as the Peninsula and Hayward and as far north as Concord and San Pablo, with the Oakland quake leaving a smaller footprint in just Oakland and Alameda. No damage has been reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11740144\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11740144\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/Berkeley-Earthquake-800x533.png\" alt=\"A 2.9 earthquake struck near Berkeley at 8:44 a.m. Saturday.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/Berkeley-Earthquake-800x533.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/Berkeley-Earthquake-160x107.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/Berkeley-Earthquake.png 1014w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A 2.9 magnitude earthquake struck near Berkeley at 8:44 a.m. Saturday. \u003ccite>(United States Geological Survey)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11740145\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11740145\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/Oakland-Earthquake-800x503.png\" alt=\"A 2.7 earthquake struck Oakland at 12:45 p.m. Saturday.\" width=\"800\" height=\"503\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/Oakland-Earthquake-800x503.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/Oakland-Earthquake-160x101.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/Oakland-Earthquake-1020x642.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/Oakland-Earthquake.png 1060w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A 2.7 magnitude earthquake struck Oakland at 12:45 p.m. Saturday. \u003ccite>(United States Geological Survey)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Both earthquakes occurred along the Hayward Fault, which geologists have called a \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-hayward-fault-20180417-htmlstory.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\"tectonic time bomb,\"\u003c/a> waiting to cause a massive earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul Caruso, a geophysicist with the USGS, said it's too soon to tell whether the two earthquakes were connected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These being this small magnitude and not following a larger earthquake, it's just pretty typical for California,\" Caruso said. \"We have lots of earthquakes every day.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been more than a dozen small earthquakes in the East Bay with a magnitude of at least 1.1 in the last three weeks, according to USGS data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January, the Hayward Fault produced earthquakes of slightly larger magnitudes — 3.5 and 3.4 — on \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11718873/another-morning-another-wake-up-quake-in-the-east-bay-hills\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">back-to-back mornings\u003c/a>. Those quakes led to brief delays on BART. Saturday's quakes did not cause any transit disruptions.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11740139/pair-of-small-earthquakes-on-hayward-fault-shake-east-bay","authors":["11260"],"programs":["news_72"],"categories":["news_8","news_356"],"tags":["news_17826","news_18352","news_2016","news_664"],"featImg":"news_11740143","label":"news_72"},"news_11718873":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11718873","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11718873","score":null,"sort":[1547735644000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"another-morning-another-wake-up-quake-in-the-east-bay-hills","title":"Another Morning, Another Wake-Up Quake in the East Bay Hills","publishDate":1547735644,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Another Morning, Another Wake-Up Quake in the East Bay Hills | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"news"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>Updated 7:50 a.m. Thursday\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the second morning in a row, residents of the East Bay and beyond got a wake-up call from a small earthquake on the Hayward Fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Geological Survey said the 3.5 quake that shook the area at 6:11 a.m. was centered just outside the Oakland portal of the Caldecott Tunnel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That followed Wednesday’s 3.4-magnitude, which occurred at virtually the same spot at 4:42 a.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public reports to the USGS “\u003ca href=\"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/nc73133716/dyfi/intensity\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Did You Feel It?\u003c/a>” page show Thursday’s temblor was felt — mildly — from Santa Rosa in the north to San Jose in the south and from the coast as far east as the Livermore Valley. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just as it did on Wednesday, BART slowed trains Thursday to allow track inspections. Delays of up to 15 minutes were expected on the system. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In non-earthquake news, Thursday morning’s quake was followed by a second round of naturally induced rumbling: a thunderstorm that rolled through the central Bay Area after 7:30 a.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/NWSBayArea/status/1085927470401028099\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Thursday morning's mild mini-jolt had a magnitude of 3.5 and, like Wednesday's, was centered in the East Bay Hills near the Oakland-Berkeley border. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1687378098,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":9,"wordCount":194},"headData":{"title":"Another Morning, Another Wake-Up Quake in the East Bay Hills | KQED","description":"Thursday morning's mild mini-jolt had a magnitude of 3.5 and, like Wednesday's, was centered in the East Bay Hills near the Oakland-Berkeley border. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"Another Morning, Another Wake-Up Quake in the East Bay Hills","datePublished":"2019-01-17T14:34:04.000Z","dateModified":"2023-06-21T20:08:18.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png","isAccessibleForFree":"Y","publisher":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","@id":"https://www.kqed.org/#organization","name":"KQED","url":"https://www.kqed.org","logo":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}}},"excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/news/11718873/another-morning-another-wake-up-quake-in-the-east-bay-hills","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Updated 7:50 a.m. Thursday\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the second morning in a row, residents of the East Bay and beyond got a wake-up call from a small earthquake on the Hayward Fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Geological Survey said the 3.5 quake that shook the area at 6:11 a.m. was centered just outside the Oakland portal of the Caldecott Tunnel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That followed Wednesday’s 3.4-magnitude, which occurred at virtually the same spot at 4:42 a.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public reports to the USGS “\u003ca href=\"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/nc73133716/dyfi/intensity\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Did You Feel It?\u003c/a>” page show Thursday’s temblor was felt — mildly — from Santa Rosa in the north to San Jose in the south and from the coast as far east as the Livermore Valley. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just as it did on Wednesday, BART slowed trains Thursday to allow track inspections. Delays of up to 15 minutes were expected on the system. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In non-earthquake news, Thursday morning’s quake was followed by a second round of naturally induced rumbling: a thunderstorm that rolled through the central Bay Area after 7:30 a.m.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"singleTwitterStatus","attributes":{"named":{"id":"1085927470401028099"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11718873/another-morning-another-wake-up-quake-in-the-east-bay-hills","authors":["222"],"categories":["news_8","news_356"],"tags":["news_17826","news_2016","news_664"],"featImg":"news_11718899","label":"news"},"news_11718567":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11718567","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11718567","score":null,"sort":[1547645230000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"usgs-reporting-small-earthquake-near-piedmont","title":"3.4-Magnitude Quake in East Bay Hills Shakes Much of Bay Area Awake","publishDate":1547645230,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"news"},"content":"\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/nc73133456/executive\">USGS\u003c/a> reported a magnitude 3.4 earthquake with an epicenter near Berkeley's Claremont Hotel at 4:42 a.m. Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public reports on the 5-second shake to \u003ca href=\"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/nc73133456/dyfi/intensity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the USGS \"Did You Feel It?\" page\u003c/a> came from as far away as Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa and the Folsom area, east of Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The intensity of the shaking -- as gleaned both from those public reports and \u003ca href=\"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/nc73133456/map?shakemap-code=nc73133456&shakemap-source=nc&shakemap-intensity=true&shakemap-stations=true\">instruments\u003c/a> -- was highest in the East Bay and San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BART reported a 20-minute delay for systemwide track inspections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/SFBARTalert/status/1085525077964320768\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quake hit along the Hayward Fault, according to Richard Allen, director of UC Berkeley's Seismology Lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The USGS website originally said the quake was a magnitude 3.7, but downgraded it about 40 minutes later. The temblor was followed by two smaller quakes -- 1.9 and 2.7 magnitude -- within 6 minutes of the initial shaking.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The USGS says the temblor's epicenter was on the Hayward Fault, near Berkeley's Claremont Hotel.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1547677561,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":8,"wordCount":153},"headData":{"title":"3.4-Magnitude Quake in East Bay Hills Shakes Much of Bay Area Awake | KQED","description":"The USGS says the temblor's epicenter was on the Hayward Fault, near Berkeley's Claremont Hotel.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"3.4-Magnitude Quake in East Bay Hills Shakes Much of Bay Area Awake","datePublished":"2019-01-16T13:27:10.000Z","dateModified":"2019-01-16T22:26:01.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png","isAccessibleForFree":"Y","publisher":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","@id":"https://www.kqed.org/#organization","name":"KQED","url":"https://www.kqed.org","logo":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}}},"disqusIdentifier":"11718567 https://ww2.kqed.org/news/?p=11718567","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2019/01/16/usgs-reporting-small-earthquake-near-piedmont/","disqusTitle":"3.4-Magnitude Quake in East Bay Hills Shakes Much of Bay Area Awake","path":"/news/11718567/usgs-reporting-small-earthquake-near-piedmont","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/nc73133456/executive\">USGS\u003c/a> reported a magnitude 3.4 earthquake with an epicenter near Berkeley's Claremont Hotel at 4:42 a.m. Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public reports on the 5-second shake to \u003ca href=\"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/nc73133456/dyfi/intensity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the USGS \"Did You Feel It?\" page\u003c/a> came from as far away as Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa and the Folsom area, east of Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The intensity of the shaking -- as gleaned both from those public reports and \u003ca href=\"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/nc73133456/map?shakemap-code=nc73133456&shakemap-source=nc&shakemap-intensity=true&shakemap-stations=true\">instruments\u003c/a> -- was highest in the East Bay and San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BART reported a 20-minute delay for systemwide track inspections.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"singleTwitterStatus","attributes":{"named":{"id":"1085525077964320768"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quake hit along the Hayward Fault, according to Richard Allen, director of UC Berkeley's Seismology Lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The USGS website originally said the quake was a magnitude 3.7, but downgraded it about 40 minutes later. The temblor was followed by two smaller quakes -- 1.9 and 2.7 magnitude -- within 6 minutes of the initial shaking.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11718567/usgs-reporting-small-earthquake-near-piedmont","authors":["236"],"categories":["news_8"],"tags":["news_1012","news_664"],"featImg":"news_11718569","label":"news"},"news_11702065":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11702065","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11702065","score":null,"sort":[1540900855000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"hold-your-judgment-these-marin-bats-are-just-misunderstood","title":"Hold Your Judgment, These Marin Bats Are Just Misunderstood","publishDate":1540900855,"format":"audio","headTitle":"KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"news"},"content":"\u003cp>Wildlife biologists in Marin County are in the midst of a study that will help conservation efforts for a still somewhat mysterious creature: bats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gabriel Reyes, a biologist with the United States Geological Survey, says there are some common misconceptions surrounding bats. They've been described as flying rodents, and thanks to Hollywood, some may even think of them as fearsome critters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They're actually not [flying rodents],” says Reyes. “They're more closely related to the common ancestors of camels and whales. They're really nothing to be afraid of. I think they're all adorable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have to admit that I also think they’re pretty cute. But seriously, Reyes says bats play an important role in our ecosystem. They’re the primary consumers of nocturnal insects like mosquitoes and other agricultural pests. So, you can think of them as winged exterminators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Without bats gobbling up bugs all night we would be spending way more money on pesticides, and that can have other impacts worldwide,” says Reyes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re also plant pollinators and seed dispersers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next time you drink a margarita, thank a bat — we wouldn't have tequila without bats pollinating agave plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s a lot more we don't know about bats, such as what the population or habitat is like in Marin. So the USGS, along with conservation group \u003ca href=\"http://onetam.org/bat-monitoring\">One Tam\u003c/a>, set out to fill those data gaps last year. It hasn’t been easy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11702087\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 340px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11702087\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33467_acoustic-monitoring-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"340\" height=\"453\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33467_acoustic-monitoring-qut.jpg 340w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33467_acoustic-monitoring-qut-160x213.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33467_acoustic-monitoring-qut-240x320.jpg 240w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Acoustic monitoring devices like this one were placed in several areas throughout Marin. \u003ccite>(USGS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"They're incredibly challenging to study,” says Reyes. “They're silent. They fly around at night. They live in really hard-to-access places.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But things like tiny radio transmitters and ultrasonic microphones help. The first step of the study was to set up acoustic monitoring devices, or bat detectors, at 36 sites throughout the county.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, the survey has picked up the calls of 13 bat species in the county. One Tam’s community science program manager, Lisette Arellano, says that number speaks to the incredible diversity of bats in Marin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have something like 17 terrestrial mammal species that are bigger than a squirrel,” says Arellano. \"When you compare that 17 to the 13 flying mammals, it just gives you some context as to how diverse the mammal community is when it comes to bats.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[audio src=\"https://prd-wret.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/atoms/audio/ca-myotis.mp3\" Image=\"https://prd-wret.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/styles/full_width/public/thumbnails/image/c-california-myotisPhotoAndCall.jpg\" Title=\"Listen to a Slowed-Down Call of the California Myotis Bat\" program=\"The California Report\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the bats found in Marin are tiny. Some are as small as a thumbnail and are about as heavy as a nickel. Heftier species weigh close to five nickels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second step of the study was to actually capture the bats through mist netting, a fine mesh net that bats fly into. Capturing the bats allows biologists to study their ecology and attach radio telemetry tags to track their movements and roosting habits. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reyes says the tags’ batteries last about two weeks and naturally fall off the bats in about the same time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11702088\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11702088 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33466_radio-transmitter-bat-qut-800x797.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"797\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33466_radio-transmitter-bat-qut-800x797.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33466_radio-transmitter-bat-qut-160x159.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33466_radio-transmitter-bat-qut-1020x1016.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33466_radio-transmitter-bat-qut-1200x1195.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33466_radio-transmitter-bat-qut-1180x1175.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33466_radio-transmitter-bat-qut-960x956.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33466_radio-transmitter-bat-qut-240x239.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33466_radio-transmitter-bat-qut-375x374.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33466_radio-transmitter-bat-qut-520x518.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33466_radio-transmitter-bat-qut-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33466_radio-transmitter-bat-qut-50x50.jpg 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33466_radio-transmitter-bat-qut-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33466_radio-transmitter-bat-qut-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33466_radio-transmitter-bat-qut-128x128.jpg 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33466_radio-transmitter-bat-qut-150x150.jpg 150w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33466_radio-transmitter-bat-qut.jpg 1527w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A California myotis (Myotis californicus) bat gets tagged with a transmitter after being caught in a mist net. \u003ccite>(USGS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The study is ongoing, and both Arellano and Reyes estimate the monitoring will continue for the next couple of years. Arellano says results will provide some much needed baseline data on bats, so that land managers like One Tam can make decisions on how to best preserve them and predict which diseases, like white-nose syndrome, might affect the population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That information will also be added to a larger database that will eventually increase our understanding of bats — not only in Marin County but in all of \u003ca href=\"https://nabatmonitoring.org/#/home\">North America\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A bat research program in Marin County is trying to clear up common misconceptions surrounding bats and increase our general understanding of the nocturnal creatures.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1540928909,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":680},"headData":{"title":"Hold Your Judgment, These Marin Bats Are Just Misunderstood | KQED","description":"A bat research program in Marin County is trying to clear up common misconceptions surrounding bats and increase our general understanding of the nocturnal creatures.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"Hold Your Judgment, These Marin Bats Are Just Misunderstood","datePublished":"2018-10-30T12:00:55.000Z","dateModified":"2018-10-30T19:48:29.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png","isAccessibleForFree":"Y","publisher":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","@id":"https://www.kqed.org/#organization","name":"KQED","url":"https://www.kqed.org","logo":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}}},"disqusIdentifier":"11702065 https://ww2.kqed.org/news/?p=11702065","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2018/10/30/hold-your-judgment-these-marin-bats-are-just-misunderstood/","disqusTitle":"Hold Your Judgment, These Marin Bats Are Just Misunderstood","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/2018/10/CamhiMarinBats.mp3","audioTrackLength":154,"path":"/news/11702065/hold-your-judgment-these-marin-bats-are-just-misunderstood","audioDuration":161000,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Wildlife biologists in Marin County are in the midst of a study that will help conservation efforts for a still somewhat mysterious creature: bats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gabriel Reyes, a biologist with the United States Geological Survey, says there are some common misconceptions surrounding bats. They've been described as flying rodents, and thanks to Hollywood, some may even think of them as fearsome critters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They're actually not [flying rodents],” says Reyes. “They're more closely related to the common ancestors of camels and whales. They're really nothing to be afraid of. I think they're all adorable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have to admit that I also think they’re pretty cute. But seriously, Reyes says bats play an important role in our ecosystem. They’re the primary consumers of nocturnal insects like mosquitoes and other agricultural pests. So, you can think of them as winged exterminators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Without bats gobbling up bugs all night we would be spending way more money on pesticides, and that can have other impacts worldwide,” says Reyes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re also plant pollinators and seed dispersers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next time you drink a margarita, thank a bat — we wouldn't have tequila without bats pollinating agave plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s a lot more we don't know about bats, such as what the population or habitat is like in Marin. So the USGS, along with conservation group \u003ca href=\"http://onetam.org/bat-monitoring\">One Tam\u003c/a>, set out to fill those data gaps last year. It hasn’t been easy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11702087\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 340px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11702087\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33467_acoustic-monitoring-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"340\" height=\"453\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33467_acoustic-monitoring-qut.jpg 340w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33467_acoustic-monitoring-qut-160x213.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33467_acoustic-monitoring-qut-240x320.jpg 240w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Acoustic monitoring devices like this one were placed in several areas throughout Marin. \u003ccite>(USGS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"They're incredibly challenging to study,” says Reyes. “They're silent. They fly around at night. They live in really hard-to-access places.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But things like tiny radio transmitters and ultrasonic microphones help. The first step of the study was to set up acoustic monitoring devices, or bat detectors, at 36 sites throughout the county.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, the survey has picked up the calls of 13 bat species in the county. One Tam’s community science program manager, Lisette Arellano, says that number speaks to the incredible diversity of bats in Marin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have something like 17 terrestrial mammal species that are bigger than a squirrel,” says Arellano. \"When you compare that 17 to the 13 flying mammals, it just gives you some context as to how diverse the mammal community is when it comes to bats.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"audio","attributes":{"named":{"src":"https://prd-wret.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/atoms/audio/ca-myotis.mp3","image":"https://prd-wret.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/styles/full_width/public/thumbnails/image/c-california-myotisPhotoAndCall.jpg","title":"Listen to a Slowed-Down Call of the California Myotis Bat","program":"The California Report","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the bats found in Marin are tiny. Some are as small as a thumbnail and are about as heavy as a nickel. Heftier species weigh close to five nickels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second step of the study was to actually capture the bats through mist netting, a fine mesh net that bats fly into. Capturing the bats allows biologists to study their ecology and attach radio telemetry tags to track their movements and roosting habits. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reyes says the tags’ batteries last about two weeks and naturally fall off the bats in about the same time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11702088\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11702088 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33466_radio-transmitter-bat-qut-800x797.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"797\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33466_radio-transmitter-bat-qut-800x797.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33466_radio-transmitter-bat-qut-160x159.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33466_radio-transmitter-bat-qut-1020x1016.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33466_radio-transmitter-bat-qut-1200x1195.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33466_radio-transmitter-bat-qut-1180x1175.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33466_radio-transmitter-bat-qut-960x956.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33466_radio-transmitter-bat-qut-240x239.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33466_radio-transmitter-bat-qut-375x374.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33466_radio-transmitter-bat-qut-520x518.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33466_radio-transmitter-bat-qut-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33466_radio-transmitter-bat-qut-50x50.jpg 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33466_radio-transmitter-bat-qut-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33466_radio-transmitter-bat-qut-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33466_radio-transmitter-bat-qut-128x128.jpg 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33466_radio-transmitter-bat-qut-150x150.jpg 150w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33466_radio-transmitter-bat-qut.jpg 1527w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A California myotis (Myotis californicus) bat gets tagged with a transmitter after being caught in a mist net. \u003ccite>(USGS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The study is ongoing, and both Arellano and Reyes estimate the monitoring will continue for the next couple of years. Arellano says results will provide some much needed baseline data on bats, so that land managers like One Tam can make decisions on how to best preserve them and predict which diseases, like white-nose syndrome, might affect the population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That information will also be added to a larger database that will eventually increase our understanding of bats — not only in Marin County but in all of \u003ca href=\"https://nabatmonitoring.org/#/home\">North America\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11702065/hold-your-judgment-these-marin-bats-are-just-misunderstood","authors":["3251"],"categories":["news_19906","news_8","news_356"],"tags":["news_18132","news_21074","news_664"],"featImg":"news_11702249","label":"news"},"news_11378923":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11378923","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11378923","score":null,"sort":[1490656796000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"study-predicts-significant-southern-california-beach-erosion","title":"Study Predicts Significant Southern California Beach Erosion","publishDate":1490656796,"format":"image","headTitle":"The California Report | KQED News","labelTerm":{"term":72,"site":"news"},"content":"\u003cp>LOS ANGELES — A new study predicts that with limited human intervention, 31 percent to 67 percent of Southern California beaches could completely erode back to coastal infrastructure or sea cliffs by the year 2100 with sea level rises of 3.3 feet (1 meter) to 6.5 feet (2 meters).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/news/disappearing-beaches-modeling-shoreline-change-southern-california\" target=\"_blank\">study released on Monday\u003c/a> used a new computer model called \u003ca href=\"https://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/coastal_processes/cosmos/\" target=\"_blank\">CoSMoS-COAST\u003c/a> (Coastal Storm Modeling System – Coastal One-line Assimilated Simulation Tool) to predict shoreline effects caused by sea level rise and changes in storm patterns due to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study's lead author, Sean Vitousek, says erosion of Southern California beaches is not just a matter of the region losing its identity and tourism dollars, but of exposing infrastructure, businesses and homes to damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11378997\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/RipRapBeach-800x573.jpg\" alt=\"Workers install large boulders as rip rap to armor the shore against further erosion at Goleta Beach at negative tide.\" width=\"800\" height=\"573\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11378997\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/RipRapBeach-800x573.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/RipRapBeach-160x115.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/RipRapBeach-1020x730.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/RipRapBeach.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/RipRapBeach-1180x844.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/RipRapBeach-960x687.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/RipRapBeach-240x172.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/RipRapBeach-375x268.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/RipRapBeach-520x372.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Workers install large boulders as rip rap to armor the shore against further erosion at Goleta Beach at negative tide.\u003cbr> \u003ccite>(Daniel Hoover/USGS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Beaches are perhaps the most iconic feature of California, and the potential for losing this identity is real,\" Vitousek said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The effect of California losing its beaches is not just a matter of affecting the tourism economy. Losing the protecting swath of beach sand between us and the pounding surf exposes critical infrastructure, businesses and homes to damage. Beaches are natural resources, and it is likely that human management efforts must increase in order to preserve them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study has been accepted for publication by the American Geophysical Union's Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The study's lead author says it's not just a matter of the region losing its identity and tourism dollars, but of exposing critical infrastructure, businesses and homes to damage.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1490656796,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":8,"wordCount":250},"headData":{"title":"Study Predicts Significant Southern California Beach Erosion | KQED","description":"The study's lead author says it's not just a matter of the region losing its identity and tourism dollars, but of exposing critical infrastructure, businesses and homes to damage.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"Study Predicts Significant Southern California Beach Erosion","datePublished":"2017-03-27T23:19:56.000Z","dateModified":"2017-03-27T23:19:56.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png","isAccessibleForFree":"Y","publisher":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","@id":"https://www.kqed.org/#organization","name":"KQED","url":"https://www.kqed.org","logo":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}}},"disqusIdentifier":"11378923 https://ww2.kqed.org/news/?p=11378923","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/03/27/study-predicts-significant-southern-california-beach-erosion/","disqusTitle":"Study Predicts Significant Southern California Beach Erosion","nprByline":"Associated Press","path":"/news/11378923/study-predicts-significant-southern-california-beach-erosion","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>LOS ANGELES — A new study predicts that with limited human intervention, 31 percent to 67 percent of Southern California beaches could completely erode back to coastal infrastructure or sea cliffs by the year 2100 with sea level rises of 3.3 feet (1 meter) to 6.5 feet (2 meters).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/news/disappearing-beaches-modeling-shoreline-change-southern-california\" target=\"_blank\">study released on Monday\u003c/a> used a new computer model called \u003ca href=\"https://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/coastal_processes/cosmos/\" target=\"_blank\">CoSMoS-COAST\u003c/a> (Coastal Storm Modeling System – Coastal One-line Assimilated Simulation Tool) to predict shoreline effects caused by sea level rise and changes in storm patterns due to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study's lead author, Sean Vitousek, says erosion of Southern California beaches is not just a matter of the region losing its identity and tourism dollars, but of exposing infrastructure, businesses and homes to damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11378997\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/RipRapBeach-800x573.jpg\" alt=\"Workers install large boulders as rip rap to armor the shore against further erosion at Goleta Beach at negative tide.\" width=\"800\" height=\"573\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11378997\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/RipRapBeach-800x573.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/RipRapBeach-160x115.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/RipRapBeach-1020x730.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/RipRapBeach.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/RipRapBeach-1180x844.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/RipRapBeach-960x687.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/RipRapBeach-240x172.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/RipRapBeach-375x268.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/RipRapBeach-520x372.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Workers install large boulders as rip rap to armor the shore against further erosion at Goleta Beach at negative tide.\u003cbr> \u003ccite>(Daniel Hoover/USGS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Beaches are perhaps the most iconic feature of California, and the potential for losing this identity is real,\" Vitousek said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The effect of California losing its beaches is not just a matter of affecting the tourism economy. Losing the protecting swath of beach sand between us and the pounding surf exposes critical infrastructure, businesses and homes to damage. Beaches are natural resources, and it is likely that human management efforts must increase in order to preserve them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study has been accepted for publication by the American Geophysical Union's Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11378923/study-predicts-significant-southern-california-beach-erosion","authors":["byline_news_11378923"],"programs":["news_72"],"categories":["news_19906","news_8","news_356"],"tags":["news_3242","news_255","news_3430","news_18355","news_17286","news_664"],"featImg":"news_11378985","label":"news_72"},"news_10728708":{"type":"posts","id":"news_10728708","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"10728708","score":null,"sort":[1445537927000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"study-99-9-percent-chance-of-5-0-earthquake-within-3-years-in-l-a-area","title":"Study: 99.9 Percent Chance of 5.0 Earthquake Within 3 Years in L.A. Area","publishDate":1445537927,"format":"standard","headTitle":"The California Report | KQED News","labelTerm":{"term":72,"site":"news"},"content":"\u003cp>There is a 99.9 percent chance of a 5-magnitude or greater earthquake striking within three years in the greater Los Angeles area, where a similar sized temblor caused more than $12 million in damage last year, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://geodesy.unr.edu/publications/DonnellanEtAl2015.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">study\u003c/a> by NASA and university researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study released Tuesday was based on Global Positioning System (GPS) and airborne radar measurements of how the Earth's crust was deformed by the 5.1-magnitude quake on March 28, 2014, in La Habra, about 20 miles southeast of downtown Los Angeles. The damage included broken water mains and cracked pavement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By comparison, in 1994 the 6.7-magnitude Northridge earthquake left $25 billion in damage, caused dozens of deaths and injured 9,000 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study looked at a 62-mile radius around the La Habra epicenter. Researchers observed shallow movements of the ground, took into account a deficit in the number of earthquakes expected there and calculated how much strain may remain in deeper faults that are still locked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"k5fFdK6BR3WYkUQld2BklT4IwUmPl2g6\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the magnitude-5 quake was found to be extremely likely by April 1, 2018, one of magnitude-6 or higher was pegged at just 35 percent and the largest potential quake was estimated at 6.3.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Study leader Andrea Donnellan, a geophysicist at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, said the research is not a prediction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a statistical probability that we computed,\" she said in an interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-usgs-99-9-percent-chance-20151022-story.html\" target=\"_blank\">took issue with the study\u003c/a>, asserting that it was unclear how the study derived its numbers and that the accepted probability is 85 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Responding to the criticism, Donnellan said the study's references to other scientific papers would allow other researchers to reconstruct the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the most recent Uniform California Earthquake Rupture Forecast, which was published in March and is the basis for the agency's National Seismic Hazard Maps, the Southern California region has a 100 percent chance of one or more magnitude-5 or larger quakes and a 93 percent chance of a 6.7 jolt during the next 30 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thousands of older wood and concrete apartment buildings vulnerable to collapse in a major earthquake would get costly upgrades under sweeping retrofitting rules passed this month by the Los Angeles City Council.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also participating in the NASA-led study were researchers from the University of California, Irvine; Indiana University, Bloomington; UC Davis; and the University of Nevada, Reno.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The USGS disputes the study by NASA and university researchers, claiming the accepted probability is 85 percent.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1445561328,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":414},"headData":{"title":"Study: 99.9 Percent Chance of 5.0 Earthquake Within 3 Years in L.A. Area | KQED","description":"The USGS disputes the study by NASA and university researchers, claiming the accepted probability is 85 percent.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"Study: 99.9 Percent Chance of 5.0 Earthquake Within 3 Years in L.A. Area","datePublished":"2015-10-22T18:18:47.000Z","dateModified":"2015-10-23T00:48:48.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png","isAccessibleForFree":"Y","publisher":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","@id":"https://www.kqed.org/#organization","name":"KQED","url":"https://www.kqed.org","logo":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}}},"disqusIdentifier":"10728708 http://ww2.kqed.org/news/?p=10728708","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/10/22/study-99-9-percent-chance-of-5-0-earthquake-within-3-years-in-l-a-area/","disqusTitle":"Study: 99.9 Percent Chance of 5.0 Earthquake Within 3 Years in L.A. Area","nprByline":"\u003cstrong>John Antczak\u003cbr>Associated Press\u003c/strong>","path":"/news/10728708/study-99-9-percent-chance-of-5-0-earthquake-within-3-years-in-l-a-area","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>There is a 99.9 percent chance of a 5-magnitude or greater earthquake striking within three years in the greater Los Angeles area, where a similar sized temblor caused more than $12 million in damage last year, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://geodesy.unr.edu/publications/DonnellanEtAl2015.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">study\u003c/a> by NASA and university researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study released Tuesday was based on Global Positioning System (GPS) and airborne radar measurements of how the Earth's crust was deformed by the 5.1-magnitude quake on March 28, 2014, in La Habra, about 20 miles southeast of downtown Los Angeles. The damage included broken water mains and cracked pavement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By comparison, in 1994 the 6.7-magnitude Northridge earthquake left $25 billion in damage, caused dozens of deaths and injured 9,000 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study looked at a 62-mile radius around the La Habra epicenter. Researchers observed shallow movements of the ground, took into account a deficit in the number of earthquakes expected there and calculated how much strain may remain in deeper faults that are still locked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the magnitude-5 quake was found to be extremely likely by April 1, 2018, one of magnitude-6 or higher was pegged at just 35 percent and the largest potential quake was estimated at 6.3.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Study leader Andrea Donnellan, a geophysicist at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, said the research is not a prediction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a statistical probability that we computed,\" she said in an interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-usgs-99-9-percent-chance-20151022-story.html\" target=\"_blank\">took issue with the study\u003c/a>, asserting that it was unclear how the study derived its numbers and that the accepted probability is 85 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Responding to the criticism, Donnellan said the study's references to other scientific papers would allow other researchers to reconstruct the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the most recent Uniform California Earthquake Rupture Forecast, which was published in March and is the basis for the agency's National Seismic Hazard Maps, the Southern California region has a 100 percent chance of one or more magnitude-5 or larger quakes and a 93 percent chance of a 6.7 jolt during the next 30 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thousands of older wood and concrete apartment buildings vulnerable to collapse in a major earthquake would get costly upgrades under sweeping retrofitting rules passed this month by the Los Angeles City Council.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also participating in the NASA-led study were researchers from the University of California, Irvine; Indiana University, Bloomington; UC Davis; and the University of Nevada, Reno.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/10728708/study-99-9-percent-chance-of-5-0-earthquake-within-3-years-in-l-a-area","authors":["byline_news_10728708"],"programs":["news_72"],"categories":["news_8","news_356"],"tags":["news_17826","news_4","news_355","news_17286","news_17041","news_664"],"featImg":"news_10728726","label":"news_72"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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