Forced Sterilization Survivors of California Prisons Face Reparations Deadline
Lawmakers Call for Probe of Sterilization of Female Inmates
California Female Inmates Sterilized Without State Approval
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An estimated 20,000 incarcerated people endured non-consensual sterilizations from 1909 to 1979, with an additional 100 in the early 2000s. While $4.5 million awaits survivors, applications remain scarce. The closing date is Dec. 31.","credit":"Anna Vignet/KQED","altTag":"A graphic illustration of a clock ticking while someone's hand is seen holding a carnation.","description":null,"imgSizes":{"medium":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/IMG_0468-800x517.jpg","width":800,"height":517,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"large":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/IMG_0468-1020x659.jpg","width":1020,"height":659,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/IMG_0468-160x103.jpg","width":160,"height":103,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"1536x1536":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/IMG_0468-1536x992.jpg","width":1536,"height":992,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"post-thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/IMG_0468-672x372.jpg","width":672,"height":372,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"twentyfourteen-full-width":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/IMG_0468-1038x576.jpg","width":1038,"height":576,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/IMG_0468.jpg","width":1920,"height":1240}},"fetchFailed":false,"isLoading":false}},"audioPlayerReducer":{"postId":"stream_live"},"authorsReducer":{"kqed":{"type":"authors","id":"236","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"236","found":true},"name":"KQED News Staff","firstName":"KQED News Staff","lastName":null,"slug":"kqed","email":"faq@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":null,"avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ef0e801a68c4c54afa9180db14084167?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"arts","roles":["contributor"]},{"site":"news","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"futureofyou","roles":["author"]}],"headData":{"title":"KQED News Staff | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ef0e801a68c4c54afa9180db14084167?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ef0e801a68c4c54afa9180db14084167?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/kqed"},"sjohnson":{"type":"authors","id":"11840","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"11840","found":true},"name":"Sydney Johnson","firstName":"Sydney","lastName":"Johnson","slug":"sjohnson","email":"sjohnson@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":["news"],"title":"KQED Reporter","bio":"Sydney Johnson is a general assignment reporter at KQED. She previously reported on public health and city government at the San Francisco Examiner, and before that, she covered statewide education policy for EdSource. Her reporting has won multiple local, state and national awards. Sydney is a graduate of the University of California, Berkeley and lives in San Francisco.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/97855f2719b72ad6190b7c535fe642c8?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"sydneyfjohnson","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"news","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Sydney Johnson | KQED","description":"KQED Reporter","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/97855f2719b72ad6190b7c535fe642c8?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/97855f2719b72ad6190b7c535fe642c8?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/sjohnson"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"news","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"news_11965672":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11965672","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11965672","score":null,"sort":[1698663650000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"forced-sterilization-survivors-of-california-prisons-face-reparations-deadline","title":"Forced Sterilization Survivors of California Prisons Face Reparations Deadline","publishDate":1698663650,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Forced Sterilization Survivors of California Prisons Face Reparations Deadline | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"news"},"content":"\u003cp>Leesha Gooseberry experienced many ups and downs before being incarcerated at the Central California Women’s Facility in Chowchilla, a city 40 miles northwest of Fresno. It was in prison that a routine gynecological check-up wound up changing her life irreparably. [pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Leesha Gooseberry, survivor of forced sterilization\"]‘They took everything out of my stomach. I was hurt and depressed, and I just didn’t know what to do with myself. I just felt incomplete.’[/pullquote] She was 38 when a doctor at the facility told her that she would need a partial hysterectomy to remove fibroid tumors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it wasn’t until the year after she was released from prison — almost seven years after the procedure — that her primary care doctor informed her that she had been given a full hysterectomy, meaning her uterus and cervix were completely removed without her informed consent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They took everything out of my stomach. I was hurt, depressed, and I just didn’t know what to do with myself,” Gooseberry, who is now 55 and lives in her home state of Louisiana, told KQED. “I just felt incomplete.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State-run hospitals and institutions sterilized people — mostly Black, Latino and Native American women — from 1909–1979 as part of state eugenics policies. At least 100 women were sterilized in the early 2000s, well beyond when the state banned the practice in 1979.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some cases, women were told they had cysts or cancerous growths that needed to be removed, only to wake up or learn several years later that doctors had performed other procedures such as tubal ligations, hysterectomies or ovary removals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following a state law passed in 2021, people sterilized without consent while incarcerated in California’s women’s prisons are eligible for at least $15,000. The Dec. 31 deadline for survivors to apply for funding is quickly approaching. Out of tens of thousands of people who were forcibly sterilized, less than 500 survivors or their descendants have applied to the reparations program, according to state data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Far fewer people have actually received their compensation. [pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Dr. Jennifer James, associate professor, UCSF\"]‘Finding people, getting them to come forward and reaching people is challenging. … Records weren’t always kept, or weren’t kept well, and the whereabouts of those records are unclear.’[/pullquote] Now, time is running out for survivors of a state-run eugenics effort to receive reparations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Finding people, getting them to come forward and reaching people is challenging,” said Dr. Jennifer James, an associate professor at UCSF who has studied involuntary sterilization. “Systems and medical records were not quite what they are today as they were in 1920. Records weren’t always kept or weren’t kept well, and the whereabouts of those records are unclear.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California \u003ca href=\"https://victims.ca.gov/for-victims/fiscp/#How_to_apply\">Victim Compensation Board\u003c/a> received 510 applications as of Oct. 25, according to data provided by the state. A total of 108 people were approved for the compensation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s compared to the 600 survivors estimated to be living when California set aside $4.5 million for survivors or their descendants two years ago. That’s a small fraction of the more than \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5308144/\">20,000 people\u003c/a>, state records show, who were forced to undergo hysterectomies and other sterilization procedures in California since the early 1900s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To apply, survivors or their descendants must fill out an application online or by mail detailing their experience. Survivors must have been alive at the start of the compensation program for their descendants to benefit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only three survivors from 1909–1979 have applied and been approved, according to James.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s really devastating,” she said. “There were tens of thousands of people affected. A lot of those people are no longer alive and aren’t eligible, but we’re really trying to spread the word.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Survivors who can prove they were wrongfully sterilized will receive $15,000. A second and final payment of $20,000 will be sent to survivors whose applications were approved by October 2024. Any remaining money will revert to the general fund, according to the compensation board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gooseberry, who was surprised to learn other women were sterilized without consent, received the first portion of her compensation last year. Now, she is encouraging others to come forward and apply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I thought it was just me,” said Gooseberry, who now advocates for incarcerated women and the reparations program. “I’ve been trying to reach as many people as I can.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Describing a traumatic life event in detail can be extremely difficult, so it was particularly painful for Carmen Worthy to learn her application was rejected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Worthy, who is currently incarcerated at California Central Women’s Facility, said a prison doctor recommended removing her uterus to stop some heavy bleeding she was experiencing due to uterine fibroids. She took his advice and went through with the procedure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m not a medical doctor. So, all my yeses were from him telling me what needs to be done. I would have never done it on my own,” Worthy said in a phone interview. “You know what I mean?” [pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Dr. Jennifer James, associate professor, UCSF\"]‘… Continuing to spread the word to survivors is just so critical so as many people can get compensated as possible before the end of the year.’[/pullquote] She’s not alone in getting rejected by the compensation board. So far, over 400 applications, the vast majority of those submitted, have been denied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ray Aspuria, a spokesperson for the compensation board, said that many victims of the state’s sterilization practices have passed away or don’t have direct descendants who could apply for the funds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is an aging population, and survivors may not have direct descendants,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Applications will not be accepted beyond Dec. 31, but the state’s latest budget includes language to add up to $1 million for the compensation program through legislation in the next few years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Securing that extra funding will depend on the outcome of a forthcoming report on the extent to which forced sterilizations took place at Los Angeles County General Hospital, according to Aspuria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of people don’t want to talk about being in these facilities that were really troubling and a really horrific time in their lives,” said James, a vocal advocate for sterilization survivors. “But continuing to spread the word to survivors is just so critical so as many people can get compensated as possible before the end of the year.” [aside label='More on California Reparations' tag='reparations'] Despite the uncertainty of coming forward for many applicants, James stressed that anyone who thinks they may qualify should apply, even those who may have unknowingly consented to the procedure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The medical record is the word of the person perpetuating the harm,” she said. “Many people have been approved who \u003cem>did\u003c/em> sign a consent form because they stated that they didn’t know what they were consenting to, no one reviewed it with them, and they thought they were having a different procedure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>More information on how to apply for compensation for involuntary sterilization can be found at the California Victim Compensation Board \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://victims.ca.gov/for-victims/fiscp/#How_to_apply\">\u003cem>website\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>. \u003c/em>\u003cem>Applications are available in English and Spanish. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Anyone needing assistance with the application can call the compensation board’s toll-free helpline at 1-800-777-9229 from 8 a.m.\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">–\u003c/span>5 p.m.\u003c/em> \u003cem>Monday\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">–\u003c/span>Friday.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The deadline for compensation for survivors of involuntary sterilization while incarcerated within California prisons is Dec. 31.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1698698561,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":29,"wordCount":1312},"headData":{"title":"Forced Sterilization Survivors of California Prisons Face Reparations Deadline | KQED","description":"The deadline for compensation for survivors of involuntary sterilization while incarcerated within California prisons is Dec. 31.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"Forced Sterilization Survivors of California Prisons Face Reparations Deadline","datePublished":"2023-10-30T11:00:50.000Z","dateModified":"2023-10-30T20:42:41.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png","isAccessibleForFree":"Y","publisher":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","@id":"https://www.kqed.org/#organization","name":"KQED","url":"https://www.kqed.org","logo":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}}},"excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/news/11965672/forced-sterilization-survivors-of-california-prisons-face-reparations-deadline","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Leesha Gooseberry experienced many ups and downs before being incarcerated at the Central California Women’s Facility in Chowchilla, a city 40 miles northwest of Fresno. It was in prison that a routine gynecological check-up wound up changing her life irreparably. \u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘They took everything out of my stomach. I was hurt and depressed, and I just didn’t know what to do with myself. I just felt incomplete.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"medium","align":"right","citation":"Leesha Gooseberry, survivor of forced sterilization","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp> She was 38 when a doctor at the facility told her that she would need a partial hysterectomy to remove fibroid tumors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it wasn’t until the year after she was released from prison — almost seven years after the procedure — that her primary care doctor informed her that she had been given a full hysterectomy, meaning her uterus and cervix were completely removed without her informed consent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They took everything out of my stomach. I was hurt, depressed, and I just didn’t know what to do with myself,” Gooseberry, who is now 55 and lives in her home state of Louisiana, told KQED. “I just felt incomplete.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State-run hospitals and institutions sterilized people — mostly Black, Latino and Native American women — from 1909–1979 as part of state eugenics policies. At least 100 women were sterilized in the early 2000s, well beyond when the state banned the practice in 1979.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some cases, women were told they had cysts or cancerous growths that needed to be removed, only to wake up or learn several years later that doctors had performed other procedures such as tubal ligations, hysterectomies or ovary removals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following a state law passed in 2021, people sterilized without consent while incarcerated in California’s women’s prisons are eligible for at least $15,000. The Dec. 31 deadline for survivors to apply for funding is quickly approaching. Out of tens of thousands of people who were forcibly sterilized, less than 500 survivors or their descendants have applied to the reparations program, according to state data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Far fewer people have actually received their compensation. \u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘Finding people, getting them to come forward and reaching people is challenging. … Records weren’t always kept, or weren’t kept well, and the whereabouts of those records are unclear.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"medium","align":"right","citation":"Dr. Jennifer James, associate professor, UCSF","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp> Now, time is running out for survivors of a state-run eugenics effort to receive reparations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Finding people, getting them to come forward and reaching people is challenging,” said Dr. Jennifer James, an associate professor at UCSF who has studied involuntary sterilization. “Systems and medical records were not quite what they are today as they were in 1920. Records weren’t always kept or weren’t kept well, and the whereabouts of those records are unclear.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California \u003ca href=\"https://victims.ca.gov/for-victims/fiscp/#How_to_apply\">Victim Compensation Board\u003c/a> received 510 applications as of Oct. 25, according to data provided by the state. A total of 108 people were approved for the compensation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s compared to the 600 survivors estimated to be living when California set aside $4.5 million for survivors or their descendants two years ago. That’s a small fraction of the more than \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5308144/\">20,000 people\u003c/a>, state records show, who were forced to undergo hysterectomies and other sterilization procedures in California since the early 1900s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To apply, survivors or their descendants must fill out an application online or by mail detailing their experience. Survivors must have been alive at the start of the compensation program for their descendants to benefit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only three survivors from 1909–1979 have applied and been approved, according to James.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s really devastating,” she said. “There were tens of thousands of people affected. A lot of those people are no longer alive and aren’t eligible, but we’re really trying to spread the word.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Survivors who can prove they were wrongfully sterilized will receive $15,000. A second and final payment of $20,000 will be sent to survivors whose applications were approved by October 2024. Any remaining money will revert to the general fund, according to the compensation board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gooseberry, who was surprised to learn other women were sterilized without consent, received the first portion of her compensation last year. Now, she is encouraging others to come forward and apply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I thought it was just me,” said Gooseberry, who now advocates for incarcerated women and the reparations program. “I’ve been trying to reach as many people as I can.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Describing a traumatic life event in detail can be extremely difficult, so it was particularly painful for Carmen Worthy to learn her application was rejected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Worthy, who is currently incarcerated at California Central Women’s Facility, said a prison doctor recommended removing her uterus to stop some heavy bleeding she was experiencing due to uterine fibroids. She took his advice and went through with the procedure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m not a medical doctor. So, all my yeses were from him telling me what needs to be done. I would have never done it on my own,” Worthy said in a phone interview. “You know what I mean?” \u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘… Continuing to spread the word to survivors is just so critical so as many people can get compensated as possible before the end of the year.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"medium","align":"right","citation":"Dr. Jennifer James, associate professor, UCSF","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp> She’s not alone in getting rejected by the compensation board. So far, over 400 applications, the vast majority of those submitted, have been denied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ray Aspuria, a spokesperson for the compensation board, said that many victims of the state’s sterilization practices have passed away or don’t have direct descendants who could apply for the funds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is an aging population, and survivors may not have direct descendants,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Applications will not be accepted beyond Dec. 31, but the state’s latest budget includes language to add up to $1 million for the compensation program through legislation in the next few years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Securing that extra funding will depend on the outcome of a forthcoming report on the extent to which forced sterilizations took place at Los Angeles County General Hospital, according to Aspuria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of people don’t want to talk about being in these facilities that were really troubling and a really horrific time in their lives,” said James, a vocal advocate for sterilization survivors. “But continuing to spread the word to survivors is just so critical so as many people can get compensated as possible before the end of the year.” \u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"label":"More on California Reparations ","tag":"reparations"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp> Despite the uncertainty of coming forward for many applicants, James stressed that anyone who thinks they may qualify should apply, even those who may have unknowingly consented to the procedure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The medical record is the word of the person perpetuating the harm,” she said. “Many people have been approved who \u003cem>did\u003c/em> sign a consent form because they stated that they didn’t know what they were consenting to, no one reviewed it with them, and they thought they were having a different procedure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>More information on how to apply for compensation for involuntary sterilization can be found at the California Victim Compensation Board \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://victims.ca.gov/for-victims/fiscp/#How_to_apply\">\u003cem>website\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>. \u003c/em>\u003cem>Applications are available in English and Spanish. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Anyone needing assistance with the application can call the compensation board’s toll-free helpline at 1-800-777-9229 from 8 a.m.\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">–\u003c/span>5 p.m.\u003c/em> \u003cem>Monday\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">–\u003c/span>Friday.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11965672/forced-sterilization-survivors-of-california-prisons-face-reparations-deadline","authors":["11840"],"categories":["news_8"],"tags":["news_30345","news_30652","news_19522","news_4738","news_32261","news_30638","news_2923","news_4585"],"featImg":"news_11965719","label":"news"},"news_103339":{"type":"posts","id":"news_103339","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"103339","score":null,"sort":[1373576159000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"lawmakers-call-for-probe-of-sterilization-of-female-inmates","title":"Lawmakers Call for Probe of Sterilization of Female Inmates","publishDate":1373576159,"format":"aside","headTitle":"News Fix | KQED News","labelTerm":{"term":6944,"site":"news"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_102895\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/07/08/female-inmates-sterilized/califprison/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-102895\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-102895 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2013/07/califprison-300x199.jpg\" alt=\" Crystal Nguyen, with her 6-year-old son, Neiko, in Pittsburg, Calif., is a former Valley State Prison for Women inmate. She worked in the prison's infirmary in 2007 and says she often overheard medical staff asking inmates who had served multiple prison terms to agree to be sterilized. (Noah Berger for The Center for Investigative Reporting)\" width=\"300\" height=\"199\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Crystal Nguyen, with her 6-year-old son, Neiko, in Pittsburg, Calif., is a former Valley State Prison for Women inmate. She worked in the prison's infirmary in 2007 and says she often overheard medical staff asking inmates who had served multiple prison terms to agree to be sterilized. (Noah Berger for The Center for Investigative Reporting)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Corey G. Johnson, \u003ca href=\"//cironline.org/%22%20target=%22_blank%22>Center%20For%20Investigative%20Reporting</a></strong>\">The Center for Investigative Reporting\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State lawmakers called today for an investigation of the physicians involved in the sterilization of women inmates and raised questions about a federal prison overseer’s role in handling the matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/725563-07-10-13-lieu-to-sharon-levine.html\">letter\u003c/a> to the Medical Board of California, state Sen. Ted Lieu, D-Redondo Beach, said that \u003ca href=\"http://cironline.org/reports/female-inmates-sterilized-california-prisons-without-approval-4917\">The Center for Investigative Reporting’s investigation\u003c/a> raised “troubling allegations that doctors violated State law, disregarded ethical guidelines, and fell well below the Standard of care.” Lieu is chairman of the Business, Professions and Economic Development Committee, which oversees the medical board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been assured that this practice hasn’t occurred since (2010), but the question of course is why was this occurring?” state Sen. Hannah-Beth Jackson, D-Santa Barbara, who also signed Lieu’s letter, told CIR. “We want to make absolutely sure – whether we have to do legislation or what – this procedure never becomes the practice it had in the past.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/07/08/female-inmates-sterilized/\">CIR\u003c/a> found that 148 women received tubal ligations without required state approvals from 2006 to 2010. Former inmates say doctors pressured women into getting sterilized and targeted those deemed likely to commit future crimes.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Lieu’s request is accepted, the doctors reviewed could include those inside the prison who made referrals for the surgeries as well as outside contractors at nearby hospitals who performed the procedure in violation of state rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lieu also called for the medical board to recommend ways for the Legislature to ensure unauthorized surgeries don’t occur in the future and to consider whether doctors involved in unauthorized tubal ligations should be disciplined. The federal prison receivership has said it put a stop to all tubal ligations in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A physician’s sole and only concern should be that of the patient,” Lieu wrote. “Whether a surgical procedure would have any hypothetical effect on welfare rolls should never, ever play a part in a doctor’s decision.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chris Valine, public information analyst for the medical board, said the office did receive Lieu's letter but could not comment further, citing confidentiality requirements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_102889\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/07/08/female-inmates-sterilized/california-institution-for-women-3-664px/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-102889\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-102889 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2013/07/california-institution-for-women-3-664px-300x153.jpg\" alt=\" The California Institution for Women in Corona was one of two state prisons where female inmates were sterilized without required state approvals. At least 148 women received tubal ligations in violation of prison rules from 2006 to 2010. (Courtesy California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation)\" width=\"300\" height=\"153\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The California Institution for Women in Corona was one of two state prisons where female inmates were sterilized without required state approvals. At least 148 women received tubal ligations in violation of prison rules from 2006 to 2010. (Courtesy California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Dr. James Heinrich, a prison OB-GYN who referred women prisoners for the surgery, told CIR the money spent sterilizing inmates was minimal “compared to what you save in welfare paying for these unwanted children – as they procreated more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A former top medical official at Valley State Prison for Women, one of two prisons that sterilized female inmates, acknowledged seeking ways around the state's 1984 ban on tubal ligations. That ban allowed the procedure only in life-threatening situations and with high-level state review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Daun Martin said she and Heinrich believed the restriction was “unfair.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Martin said she did not allow the procedures once she knew they were banned. But state records show at least 60 occurred under her watch without those approvals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joyce Hayhoe, speaking for the receivership, said officials there also were outraged over comments made by doctors in the CIR story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This was clearly a practice that started in the prison system prior to the receivership – that we inherited,” Hayhoe said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown’s office referred requests for comment to the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. As of publication, the state prison office had not commented.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a separate \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/725401-california-senators-asks-federal-receiver-for.html\">letter\u003c/a>, Jackson – vice chairwoman of the California Legislative Women’s Caucus – along with top leaders of the Senate and Assembly, told the receivership she would ask the California State Auditor to probe allegations that physicians under the federal receivership have coerced female inmates into sterilization procedures, including during labor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The letter sharply criticized the office of the federal receiver, which has controlled prison health care since 2006. It asks the receiver to provide answers within two weeks concerning how women ended up sterilized while under federal control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/05/28/in-california-incarcerated-students-fall-through-gaps-in-special-education-laws/cir-logo-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-98222\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-98222 alignright\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2013/05/CIR-logo-300x72.png\" alt=\"CIR logo\" width=\"300\" height=\"72\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Documents obtained by CIR show the receiver’s office knew in 2008 that sterilizations were occurring. The office didn’t move to stop the procedures until 2010, after a prisoner advocacy group, Justice Now, filed a public records request and complained to state Sen. Carol Liu, D-Glendale. Liu was the chairwoman of the Select Committee on Women and Children in the Criminal Justice System.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As the federal Receiver, you were appointed by the three-judge panel to implement a lawful standard of medical care in California prisons. These instances of unauthorized tubal ligations under your watch violate California state laws,” the letter Tuesday to the receiver states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Pressuring a vulnerable population – including at least one documented instance of a patient under sedation, to undergo these extreme procedures erodes the ban on eugenics. In our view, such practice violates Constitutional protections against cruel and unusual punishment; protections that you were appointed to enforce.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Former Valley State inmate Kimberly Jeffrey told CIR she was asked repeatedly to get sterilized, including while sedated and strapped to a surgical table for a C-section in 2010. Her hospital medical records indicate she declined the procedure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He said, ‘So we’re going to be doing this tubal ligation, right?’ ” Jeffrey said. “I’m like, ‘Tubal ligation? What are you talking about? I don’t want any procedure. I just want to have my baby.’ I went into a straight panic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jackson told CIR such allegations were “totally unacceptable and very alarming.” She said she wanted the public to know that she and her lawmaker colleagues are working hard to ensure that the unauthorized\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>sterilizations never happen again\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hayhoe, with the receivership, said it and members of the California Legislative Women’s Caucus discussed the letter during a meeting today. She said it would be no problem to answer any additional questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was edited by Amy Pyle. It was copy edited by Christine Lee.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1373581443,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":29,"wordCount":1119},"headData":{"title":"Lawmakers Call for Probe of Sterilization of Female Inmates | KQED","description":"By Corey G. Johnson, The Center for Investigative Reporting State lawmakers called today for an investigation of the physicians involved in the sterilization of women inmates and raised questions about a federal prison overseer’s role in handling the matter. In a letter to the Medical Board of California, state Sen. Ted Lieu, D-Redondo Beach, said","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"Lawmakers Call for Probe of Sterilization of Female Inmates","datePublished":"2013-07-11T20:55:59.000Z","dateModified":"2013-07-11T22:24:03.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png","isAccessibleForFree":"Y","publisher":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","@id":"https://www.kqed.org/#organization","name":"KQED","url":"https://www.kqed.org","logo":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}}},"disqusIdentifier":"103339 http://ww2.kqed.org/news/?p=103339","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/07/11/lawmakers-call-for-probe-of-sterilization-of-female-inmates/","disqusTitle":"Lawmakers Call for Probe of Sterilization of Female Inmates","customPermalink":"2013/07/11/lawmakers/","path":"/news/103339/lawmakers-call-for-probe-of-sterilization-of-female-inmates","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_102895\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/07/08/female-inmates-sterilized/califprison/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-102895\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-102895 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2013/07/califprison-300x199.jpg\" alt=\" Crystal Nguyen, with her 6-year-old son, Neiko, in Pittsburg, Calif., is a former Valley State Prison for Women inmate. She worked in the prison's infirmary in 2007 and says she often overheard medical staff asking inmates who had served multiple prison terms to agree to be sterilized. (Noah Berger for The Center for Investigative Reporting)\" width=\"300\" height=\"199\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Crystal Nguyen, with her 6-year-old son, Neiko, in Pittsburg, Calif., is a former Valley State Prison for Women inmate. She worked in the prison's infirmary in 2007 and says she often overheard medical staff asking inmates who had served multiple prison terms to agree to be sterilized. (Noah Berger for The Center for Investigative Reporting)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Corey G. Johnson, \u003ca href=\"//cironline.org/%22%20target=%22_blank%22>Center%20For%20Investigative%20Reporting</a></strong>\">The Center for Investigative Reporting\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State lawmakers called today for an investigation of the physicians involved in the sterilization of women inmates and raised questions about a federal prison overseer’s role in handling the matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/725563-07-10-13-lieu-to-sharon-levine.html\">letter\u003c/a> to the Medical Board of California, state Sen. Ted Lieu, D-Redondo Beach, said that \u003ca href=\"http://cironline.org/reports/female-inmates-sterilized-california-prisons-without-approval-4917\">The Center for Investigative Reporting’s investigation\u003c/a> raised “troubling allegations that doctors violated State law, disregarded ethical guidelines, and fell well below the Standard of care.” Lieu is chairman of the Business, Professions and Economic Development Committee, which oversees the medical board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been assured that this practice hasn’t occurred since (2010), but the question of course is why was this occurring?” state Sen. Hannah-Beth Jackson, D-Santa Barbara, who also signed Lieu’s letter, told CIR. “We want to make absolutely sure – whether we have to do legislation or what – this procedure never becomes the practice it had in the past.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/07/08/female-inmates-sterilized/\">CIR\u003c/a> found that 148 women received tubal ligations without required state approvals from 2006 to 2010. Former inmates say doctors pressured women into getting sterilized and targeted those deemed likely to commit future crimes.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Lieu’s request is accepted, the doctors reviewed could include those inside the prison who made referrals for the surgeries as well as outside contractors at nearby hospitals who performed the procedure in violation of state rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lieu also called for the medical board to recommend ways for the Legislature to ensure unauthorized surgeries don’t occur in the future and to consider whether doctors involved in unauthorized tubal ligations should be disciplined. The federal prison receivership has said it put a stop to all tubal ligations in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A physician’s sole and only concern should be that of the patient,” Lieu wrote. “Whether a surgical procedure would have any hypothetical effect on welfare rolls should never, ever play a part in a doctor’s decision.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chris Valine, public information analyst for the medical board, said the office did receive Lieu's letter but could not comment further, citing confidentiality requirements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_102889\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/07/08/female-inmates-sterilized/california-institution-for-women-3-664px/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-102889\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-102889 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2013/07/california-institution-for-women-3-664px-300x153.jpg\" alt=\" The California Institution for Women in Corona was one of two state prisons where female inmates were sterilized without required state approvals. At least 148 women received tubal ligations in violation of prison rules from 2006 to 2010. (Courtesy California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation)\" width=\"300\" height=\"153\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The California Institution for Women in Corona was one of two state prisons where female inmates were sterilized without required state approvals. At least 148 women received tubal ligations in violation of prison rules from 2006 to 2010. (Courtesy California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Dr. James Heinrich, a prison OB-GYN who referred women prisoners for the surgery, told CIR the money spent sterilizing inmates was minimal “compared to what you save in welfare paying for these unwanted children – as they procreated more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A former top medical official at Valley State Prison for Women, one of two prisons that sterilized female inmates, acknowledged seeking ways around the state's 1984 ban on tubal ligations. That ban allowed the procedure only in life-threatening situations and with high-level state review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Daun Martin said she and Heinrich believed the restriction was “unfair.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Martin said she did not allow the procedures once she knew they were banned. But state records show at least 60 occurred under her watch without those approvals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joyce Hayhoe, speaking for the receivership, said officials there also were outraged over comments made by doctors in the CIR story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This was clearly a practice that started in the prison system prior to the receivership – that we inherited,” Hayhoe said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown’s office referred requests for comment to the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. As of publication, the state prison office had not commented.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a separate \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/725401-california-senators-asks-federal-receiver-for.html\">letter\u003c/a>, Jackson – vice chairwoman of the California Legislative Women’s Caucus – along with top leaders of the Senate and Assembly, told the receivership she would ask the California State Auditor to probe allegations that physicians under the federal receivership have coerced female inmates into sterilization procedures, including during labor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The letter sharply criticized the office of the federal receiver, which has controlled prison health care since 2006. It asks the receiver to provide answers within two weeks concerning how women ended up sterilized while under federal control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/05/28/in-california-incarcerated-students-fall-through-gaps-in-special-education-laws/cir-logo-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-98222\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-98222 alignright\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2013/05/CIR-logo-300x72.png\" alt=\"CIR logo\" width=\"300\" height=\"72\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Documents obtained by CIR show the receiver’s office knew in 2008 that sterilizations were occurring. The office didn’t move to stop the procedures until 2010, after a prisoner advocacy group, Justice Now, filed a public records request and complained to state Sen. Carol Liu, D-Glendale. Liu was the chairwoman of the Select Committee on Women and Children in the Criminal Justice System.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As the federal Receiver, you were appointed by the three-judge panel to implement a lawful standard of medical care in California prisons. These instances of unauthorized tubal ligations under your watch violate California state laws,” the letter Tuesday to the receiver states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Pressuring a vulnerable population – including at least one documented instance of a patient under sedation, to undergo these extreme procedures erodes the ban on eugenics. In our view, such practice violates Constitutional protections against cruel and unusual punishment; protections that you were appointed to enforce.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Former Valley State inmate Kimberly Jeffrey told CIR she was asked repeatedly to get sterilized, including while sedated and strapped to a surgical table for a C-section in 2010. Her hospital medical records indicate she declined the procedure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He said, ‘So we’re going to be doing this tubal ligation, right?’ ” Jeffrey said. “I’m like, ‘Tubal ligation? What are you talking about? I don’t want any procedure. I just want to have my baby.’ I went into a straight panic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jackson told CIR such allegations were “totally unacceptable and very alarming.” She said she wanted the public to know that she and her lawmaker colleagues are working hard to ensure that the unauthorized\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>sterilizations never happen again\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hayhoe, with the receivership, said it and members of the California Legislative Women’s Caucus discussed the letter during a meeting today. She said it would be no problem to answer any additional questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was edited by Amy Pyle. It was copy edited by Christine Lee.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/103339/lawmakers-call-for-probe-of-sterilization-of-female-inmates","authors":["236"],"programs":["news_6944"],"categories":["news_6188"],"tags":["news_616","news_851","news_18543","news_854","news_4585"],"label":"news_6944"},"news_102887":{"type":"posts","id":"news_102887","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"102887","score":null,"sort":[1373301674000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"california-female-inmates-sterilized-without-approval","title":"California Female Inmates Sterilized Without State Approval","publishDate":1373301674,"format":"aside","headTitle":"News Fix | KQED News","labelTerm":{"term":6944,"site":"news"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cstrong>by Corey G. Johnson, \u003ca href=\"http://cironline.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Center For Investigative Reporting\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_102889\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 595px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2013/07/california-institution-for-women-3-664px.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-102889\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2013/07/california-institution-for-women-3-664px.jpg\" alt=\" The California Institution for Women in Corona was one of two state prisons where female inmates were sterilized without required state approvals. At least 148 women received tubal ligations in violation of prison rules from 2006 to 2010. (Courtesy California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation) \" width=\"595\" height=\"315\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The California Institution for Women in Corona was one of two state prisons where female inmates were sterilized without required state approvals. At least 148 women received tubal ligations in violation of prison rules from 2006 to 2010. (Courtesy California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Doctors under contract with the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation sterilized nearly 150 female inmates from 2006 to 2010 without required state approvals, the Center for Investigative Reporting has found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least 148 women received tubal ligations in violation of prison rules during those five years – and there are perhaps 100 more dating back to the late 1990s, according to state documents and interviews.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From 1997 to 2010, the state paid doctors $147,460 to perform the procedure, according to a database of contracted medical services for state prisoners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The women were signed up for the surgery while they were pregnant and housed at either the California Institution for Women in Corona or Valley State Prison for Women in Chowchilla, which is now a men’s prison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Former inmates and prisoner advocates maintain that prison medical staff coerced the women, targeting those deemed likely to return to prison in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crystal Nguyen, a former Valley State Prison inmate who worked in the prison’s infirmary during 2007, said she often overheard medical staff asking inmates who had served multiple prison terms to agree to be sterilized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was like, ‘Oh my God, that’s not right,’ ” Nguyen, 28, said. “Do they think they’re animals, and they don’t want them to breed anymore?” \u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One former Valley State inmate who gave birth to a son in October 2006 said the institution’s OB/GYN, Dr. James Heinrich, repeatedly pressured her to agree to a tubal ligation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_102895\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 328px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2013/07/califprison.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-102895\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2013/07/califprison.jpg\" alt=\" Crystal Nguyen, with her 6-year-old son, Neiko, in Pittsburg, Calif., is a former Valley State Prison for Women inmate. She worked in the prison's infirmary in 2007 and says she often overheard medical staff asking inmates who had served multiple prison terms to agree to be sterilized. (Noah Berger for The Center for Investigative Reporting) \" width=\"328\" height=\"218\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Crystal Nguyen, with her 6-year-old son, Neiko, in Pittsburg, Calif., is a former Valley State Prison for Women inmate. She worked in the prison's infirmary in 2007 and says she often overheard medical staff asking inmates who had served multiple prison terms to agree to be sterilized. (Noah Berger for The Center for Investigative Reporting)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“As soon as he found out that I had five kids, he suggested that I look into getting it done. The closer I got to my due date, the more he talked about it,” said Christina Cordero, 34, who spent two years in prison for auto theft. “He made me feel like a bad mother if I didn’t do it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cordero, released in 2008 and now living in Upland (San Bernardino County) agreed, but she says, “Today, I wish I would have never had it done.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The allegations echo those made nearly a half-century ago, when forced sterilizations of prisoners, the mentally ill and the poor were commonplace in California. State lawmakers officially banned such practices in 1979.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During an interview with CIR, Heinrich said he provided an important service to poor women who faced health risks in future pregnancies because of past cesarean sections. The 69-year-old Bay Area physician denied pressuring anyone and expressed surprise that local contract doctors had charged for the surgeries. He described the $147,460 total as minimal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Over a 10-year period, that isn’t a huge amount of money,” Heinrich said, “compared to what you save in welfare paying for these unwanted children – as they procreated more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The top medical manager at Valley State Prison from 2005 to 2008 characterized the surgeries as an empowerment issue for female inmates, providing them the same options as women on the outside. Daun Martin, a licensed psychologist, also claimed that some pregnant women, particularly those on drugs or who were homeless, would commit crimes so they could return to prison for better health care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Do I criticize those women for manipulating the system because they’re pregnant? Absolutely not,” Martin, 73, said. “But I don’t think it should happen. And I’d like to find ways to decrease that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\u003cstrong>Former inmates and prisoner advocates say prison medical staff coerced women into getting sterilized, targeting those deemed likely to return to prison in the future.\u003c/strong>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Martin denied approving the surgeries, but at least 60 tubal ligations were done at Valley State while Martin was in charge, according to the state contracts database.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Martin’s counterpart at the California Institution for Women, Dr. Jacqueline Long, declined to discuss why inmates received unauthorized tubal ligations under her watch. But the Corona prison’s former compliance officer, William Kelsey, said there was disagreement among staff members over the procedure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During one meeting in late 2005, a few correctional officers differed with Long’s medical team over adding tubal ligations to a local hospital’s contract, Kelsey, 57, said. The officers viewed the surgeries as nonessential medical care and questioned whether the state should pay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They were just fed up,” Kelsey said. “They didn’t think criminals and inmates had a right to the care we were providing them, and they let their personal opinions be heard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The service was included, however, and Kelsey said the grumbling subsided.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal and state \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/724320-federal-and-state-law-on-sterilization-using.html\" target=\"_blank\">laws\u003c/a> ban inmate sterilizations if federal funds are used, reflecting concerns that prisoners might feel pressured to comply. California used state funds instead, but since 1994 the procedure has \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/724499-cdcr-excluded-medical-services-amp-other.html\" target=\"_blank\">required approval\u003c/a> from top medical officials in Sacramento on a case-by-case basis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet no tubal ligation requests have come before the health care committee responsible for approving such restricted surgeries, said Dr. Ricki Barnett, who tracks medical services and costs for the California Prison Health Care Receivership Corp. Barnett, 65, has led the Health Care Review Committee since joining the prison receiver’s office in 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we heard about the tubal ligations, it made us all feel slightly queasy,” Barnett said. “It wasn’t so much that people were conspiratorial or coercive or sloppy. It concerns me that people never took a step back to project what they would feel if they were in the inmate’s shoes and what the inmate’s future might hold should they do this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeffrey Callison, spokesman for the state corrections department, said the department couldn’t comment because it no longer has access to inmate medical files.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All medical care for inmates, and all medical files, past and present, are under the control of the Receiver’s Office,” Callison wrote in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The receiver has overseen medical care in all 33 of the state’s prisons since 2006, when U.S. District Judge Thelton Henderson of the Northern District of California ruled that the system’s health care was so poor that it violated the constitutional ban on cruel and unusual punishment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The receiver’s office was aware that sterilizations were happening, records show.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In September 2008, the prisoner rights group Justice Now received a written response to questions about the treatment of pregnant inmates from Tim Rougeux, then the receiver’s chief operating officer. \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/724322-receiver-response-to-justice-now-on-tubal.html\" target=\"_blank\">The letter \u003c/a>acknowledged that the two prisons offered sterilization surgery to women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But nothing changed until 2010, after the Oakland-based organization filed a public records request and complained to the office of state Sen. Carol Liu, D-Glendale. Liu was the chairwoman of the Select Committee on Women and Children in the Criminal Justice System.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prompted by a phone call from Liu’s staff, Barnett said the receiver’s top medical officer asked her to research the matter. After analyzing medical and cost records, Barnett met in 2010 with officials at both women’s prisons and contract health professionals affiliated with nearby hospitals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During those meetings, Barnett told them to halt inmate sterilizations. In response, she said, she got an earful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 16-year-old restriction on tubal ligations seemed to be news to prison health administrators, doctors, nurses and the contracting physicians, Barnett recalled. And, she said, none of the doctors thought they needed permission to perform the surgery on inmates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everybody was operating on the fact that this was a perfectly reasonable thing to do,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Risk factors\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Martin, the Valley State Prison medical manager, said she and her staff had discovered the procedure was restricted five years earlier. Someone had complained about the sterilization of an inmate who had at least six children, Martin recalled. That prompted Martin to research the prison’s medical rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After learning of the restrictions, Martin told CIR that she and Heinrich began to look for ways around them. Both believed the rules were unfair to women, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m sure that on a couple of occasions, (Heinrich) brought an issue to me saying, ‘Mary Smith is having a medical emergency’ kind of thing, and we ought to have a tubal ligation. She’s got six kids. Can we do it?’ ” Martin said. “And I said, ‘Well, if you document it as a medical emergency, perhaps.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heinrich said he offered tubal ligations only to pregnant inmates with a history of at least three C-sections. Additional pregnancies would be dangerous for these women, Heinrich said, because scar tissue inside the uterus could tear, resulting in massive blood loss and possible death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was a medical problem that we had to make them aware of,” Heinrich said. “It’s up to the doctor who’s delivering (your baby) … to make you aware of what’s going on. We’re at risk for not telling them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Former inmates tell a different story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michelle Anderson, who gave birth in December 2006 while at Valley State, said she’d had one prior C-section. Anderson, 44, repeatedly was asked to agree to be sterilized, she said, and was not told what risk factors led to the requests. She refused.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nikki Montano also had had one C-section before she landed at Valley State in 2008, pregnant and battling drug addiction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Montano, 42, was serving time after pleading guilty to burglary, forgery and receiving stolen property. The mother of seven children, she said neither Heinrich nor the medical staff told her why she needed a tubal ligation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I figured that’s just what happens in prison – that that’s the best kind of doctor you’re going to get,” Montano said. “He never told me nothing about nothing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Montano eagerly agreed to the surgery and said she still considers it a positive in her life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Carolyn Sufrin, an OB-GYN at San Francisco General Hospital who teaches at UC San Francisco, said it is not common practice to offer tubal ligations to women who’ve had one C-section. She confirmed that having multiple C-sections increases the risk of complications, but even then, she said, it’s more appropriate to offer women reversible means of birth control, like intrauterine devices or implants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every C-section, every situation is different,” Sufrin said. “Some people with more prior C-sections have absolutely no problems and no risks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>History in eugenics\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be sure, tubal ligations represented a small portion of the medical care provided to pregnant inmates. Statistics and a report from the prison receiver’s office show that from 2000 to 2010, 2,423 women gave birth while imprisoned in California, costing the state $2.7 million. Fewer than one in 10 were surgically sterilized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the numbers don’t tell the full story. California still grapples with an ugly past: Under compulsory sterilization laws here and in 31 other states, minority groups, the poor, the disabled, the mentally ill and criminals were singled out as inferior and sterilized to prevent them from spreading their genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was known as eugenics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between 1909 and 1964, about 20,000 women and men in California were stripped of the ability to reproduce – making the state the nation’s most prolific sterilizer. Historians say Nazi Germany sought the advice of the state’s eugenics leaders in the 1930s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2003, the state Senate held two hearings to expose this history, featuring testimony from researchers, academics and state officials. In response, then-Attorney General Bill Lockyer and Gov. Gray Davis issued \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/724326-eugenic-apologies-from-gov-gray-davis-and-ag.html\" target=\"_blank\">formal apologies.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our hearts are heavy for the pain caused by eugenics. It was a sad and regrettable chapter in the state's history, and it is one that must never be repeated again,” Davis said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Missing from the hearings was the perspective of state prison officials. Then-Corrections Director Edward Alameida Jr. had informed the Senate committee that the prison system lacked records about sterilizations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While obviously this was a dark chapter in our State’s history, the CDC (California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation) played a minuscule role,” Alameida wrote in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/724327-state-corrections-director-snubs-eugenics.html\" target=\"_blank\">June 2003 letter\u003c/a>. “Thus our participation in your hearing would provide no substantial information on that role and I do not believe our presence would contribute in any way toward your objectives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Alexandra Minna Stern, a professor at the University of Michigan and leading expert on California sterilization, cited state prison activity among the lingering questions from that era. \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/724329-dr-alexandra-minna-stern-testimony-on-ca.html\" target=\"_blank\">Stern testified\u003c/a> during the hearings that she found in private hands and university archives evidence of 600 sterilizations at San Quentin State Prison prior to 1941 that were not included in official numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California sterilizers, Stern told the committee, consistently viewed their work as humane and cost saving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the goals … and this is critical to understanding the history of eugenics in California – was to save money: how to limit welfare and relief,” Stern told them, according to a transcript of her presentation. “And sterilization is very much tied up in this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Seeking patient consent\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawsuits, a U.S. Supreme Court ruling and public outrage over eugenics and similar sterilization abuses in Alabama and New York spawned new requirements in the 1970s for doctors to fully inform patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, it’s been illegal to pressure anyone to be sterilized or ask for consent during labor or childbirth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet, Kimberly Jeffrey says she was pressured by a doctor while sedated and strapped to a surgical table for a C-section in 2010, during a stint at Valley State for a parole violation. Jeffrey, 43, was horrified, she said, and resisted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He said, ‘So we’re going to be doing this tubal ligation, right?’ ” Jeffrey said. “I’m like, ‘Tubal ligation? What are you talking about? I don’t want any procedure. I just want to have my baby.’ I went into a straight panic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeffrey provided copies of her official prison and hospital medical files to CIR. Those records show Jeffrey rejected a tubal ligation offer during a December 2009 prenatal checkup at Heinrich’s office. \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/724494-kimberly-jeffrey-declines-tubal-ligation.html\" target=\"_blank\">A medical report\u003c/a> from Jeffrey’s C-section a month later noted that she again refused a tubal ligation request made after she arrived at Madera Community Hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At no time did anyone explain to her any medical justifications for tubal ligation, Jeffrey said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That experience still haunts Jeffrey, who lives in San Francisco with her 3-year-old son, Noel. She speaks to groups seeking to improve conditions for female prisoners and has lobbied legislators in Sacramento. Jeffrey recently completed her ACT college-entrance test and hopes to pursue a degree at San Francisco State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Being treated like I was less than human produced in me a despair,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State prison officials “are the real repeat offenders,” Jeffrey added. “They repeatedly offended me by denying me my right to dignity and humanity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dorothy Roberts, a University of Pennsylvania law professor and expert on sterilization, said courts have concluded that soliciting approval for sterilization during labor is coercive because pain and discomfort can impair a woman’s ability to weigh the decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If this was happening in a federal prison, it would be illegal,” Roberts said. “There are specific situations where you cannot say it’s informed consent, and one of them is during childbirth or labor. No woman should give consent on the operating table.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heinrich considers the questions raised about his medical care unfair and said he is suspicious about the women’s motives. Heinrich insists he worked hard to give inmates high-quality medical treatment, adding that hundreds of appreciative prisoners could vouch for that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They all wanted it done,” he said of the sterilizations. “If they come a year or two later saying, ‘Somebody forced me to have this done,’ that’s a lie. That’s somebody looking for the state to give them a handout.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My guess is that the only reason you do that is not because you feel wronged, but that you want to stay on the state’s dole somehow.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barnett declined to say whether Heinrich’s practices had been reviewed by the receiver’s office, citing employee confidentially laws. Initially, she said she believed Heinrich had left the prison system. However, shortly after retiring in 2011, Heinrich returned in another role. He’s currently listed as one of the prison’s contract physicians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barnett stressed thaft she sought only to end prison sterilizations, not to investigate officials or interview inmates to discover whether abuses occurred.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Did Dr. Heinrich say improper things? I can’t say,” she added. “Is our process sufficiently draconian enough to weed out bad actors? We have a lot of civil service processes. Is it 100 percent effective? Is it the best process we can come up with? No, of course not.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was edited by Amy Pyle. It was copy edited by Nikki Frick and Christine Lee.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1373322988,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":81,"wordCount":3067},"headData":{"title":"California Female Inmates Sterilized Without State Approval | KQED","description":"by Corey G. Johnson, Center For Investigative Reporting Doctors under contract with the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation sterilized nearly 150 female inmates from 2006 to 2010 without required state approvals, the Center for Investigative Reporting has found. At least 148 women received tubal ligations in violation of prison rules during those five years","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"California Female Inmates Sterilized Without State Approval","datePublished":"2013-07-08T16:41:14.000Z","dateModified":"2013-07-08T22:36:28.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png","isAccessibleForFree":"Y","publisher":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","@id":"https://www.kqed.org/#organization","name":"KQED","url":"https://www.kqed.org","logo":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}}},"disqusIdentifier":"102887 http://ww2.kqed.org/news/?p=102887","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/07/08/california-female-inmates-sterilized-without-approval/","disqusTitle":"California Female Inmates Sterilized Without State Approval","customPermalink":"2013/07/08/female-inmates-sterilized/","path":"/news/102887/california-female-inmates-sterilized-without-approval","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>by Corey G. Johnson, \u003ca href=\"http://cironline.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Center For Investigative Reporting\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_102889\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 595px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2013/07/california-institution-for-women-3-664px.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-102889\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2013/07/california-institution-for-women-3-664px.jpg\" alt=\" The California Institution for Women in Corona was one of two state prisons where female inmates were sterilized without required state approvals. At least 148 women received tubal ligations in violation of prison rules from 2006 to 2010. (Courtesy California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation) \" width=\"595\" height=\"315\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The California Institution for Women in Corona was one of two state prisons where female inmates were sterilized without required state approvals. At least 148 women received tubal ligations in violation of prison rules from 2006 to 2010. (Courtesy California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Doctors under contract with the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation sterilized nearly 150 female inmates from 2006 to 2010 without required state approvals, the Center for Investigative Reporting has found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least 148 women received tubal ligations in violation of prison rules during those five years – and there are perhaps 100 more dating back to the late 1990s, according to state documents and interviews.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From 1997 to 2010, the state paid doctors $147,460 to perform the procedure, according to a database of contracted medical services for state prisoners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The women were signed up for the surgery while they were pregnant and housed at either the California Institution for Women in Corona or Valley State Prison for Women in Chowchilla, which is now a men’s prison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Former inmates and prisoner advocates maintain that prison medical staff coerced the women, targeting those deemed likely to return to prison in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crystal Nguyen, a former Valley State Prison inmate who worked in the prison’s infirmary during 2007, said she often overheard medical staff asking inmates who had served multiple prison terms to agree to be sterilized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was like, ‘Oh my God, that’s not right,’ ” Nguyen, 28, said. “Do they think they’re animals, and they don’t want them to breed anymore?” \u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One former Valley State inmate who gave birth to a son in October 2006 said the institution’s OB/GYN, Dr. James Heinrich, repeatedly pressured her to agree to a tubal ligation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_102895\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 328px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2013/07/califprison.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-102895\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2013/07/califprison.jpg\" alt=\" Crystal Nguyen, with her 6-year-old son, Neiko, in Pittsburg, Calif., is a former Valley State Prison for Women inmate. She worked in the prison's infirmary in 2007 and says she often overheard medical staff asking inmates who had served multiple prison terms to agree to be sterilized. (Noah Berger for The Center for Investigative Reporting) \" width=\"328\" height=\"218\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Crystal Nguyen, with her 6-year-old son, Neiko, in Pittsburg, Calif., is a former Valley State Prison for Women inmate. She worked in the prison's infirmary in 2007 and says she often overheard medical staff asking inmates who had served multiple prison terms to agree to be sterilized. (Noah Berger for The Center for Investigative Reporting)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“As soon as he found out that I had five kids, he suggested that I look into getting it done. The closer I got to my due date, the more he talked about it,” said Christina Cordero, 34, who spent two years in prison for auto theft. “He made me feel like a bad mother if I didn’t do it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cordero, released in 2008 and now living in Upland (San Bernardino County) agreed, but she says, “Today, I wish I would have never had it done.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The allegations echo those made nearly a half-century ago, when forced sterilizations of prisoners, the mentally ill and the poor were commonplace in California. State lawmakers officially banned such practices in 1979.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During an interview with CIR, Heinrich said he provided an important service to poor women who faced health risks in future pregnancies because of past cesarean sections. The 69-year-old Bay Area physician denied pressuring anyone and expressed surprise that local contract doctors had charged for the surgeries. He described the $147,460 total as minimal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Over a 10-year period, that isn’t a huge amount of money,” Heinrich said, “compared to what you save in welfare paying for these unwanted children – as they procreated more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The top medical manager at Valley State Prison from 2005 to 2008 characterized the surgeries as an empowerment issue for female inmates, providing them the same options as women on the outside. Daun Martin, a licensed psychologist, also claimed that some pregnant women, particularly those on drugs or who were homeless, would commit crimes so they could return to prison for better health care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Do I criticize those women for manipulating the system because they’re pregnant? Absolutely not,” Martin, 73, said. “But I don’t think it should happen. And I’d like to find ways to decrease that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\u003cstrong>Former inmates and prisoner advocates say prison medical staff coerced women into getting sterilized, targeting those deemed likely to return to prison in the future.\u003c/strong>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Martin denied approving the surgeries, but at least 60 tubal ligations were done at Valley State while Martin was in charge, according to the state contracts database.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Martin’s counterpart at the California Institution for Women, Dr. Jacqueline Long, declined to discuss why inmates received unauthorized tubal ligations under her watch. But the Corona prison’s former compliance officer, William Kelsey, said there was disagreement among staff members over the procedure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During one meeting in late 2005, a few correctional officers differed with Long’s medical team over adding tubal ligations to a local hospital’s contract, Kelsey, 57, said. The officers viewed the surgeries as nonessential medical care and questioned whether the state should pay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They were just fed up,” Kelsey said. “They didn’t think criminals and inmates had a right to the care we were providing them, and they let their personal opinions be heard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The service was included, however, and Kelsey said the grumbling subsided.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal and state \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/724320-federal-and-state-law-on-sterilization-using.html\" target=\"_blank\">laws\u003c/a> ban inmate sterilizations if federal funds are used, reflecting concerns that prisoners might feel pressured to comply. California used state funds instead, but since 1994 the procedure has \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/724499-cdcr-excluded-medical-services-amp-other.html\" target=\"_blank\">required approval\u003c/a> from top medical officials in Sacramento on a case-by-case basis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet no tubal ligation requests have come before the health care committee responsible for approving such restricted surgeries, said Dr. Ricki Barnett, who tracks medical services and costs for the California Prison Health Care Receivership Corp. Barnett, 65, has led the Health Care Review Committee since joining the prison receiver’s office in 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we heard about the tubal ligations, it made us all feel slightly queasy,” Barnett said. “It wasn’t so much that people were conspiratorial or coercive or sloppy. It concerns me that people never took a step back to project what they would feel if they were in the inmate’s shoes and what the inmate’s future might hold should they do this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeffrey Callison, spokesman for the state corrections department, said the department couldn’t comment because it no longer has access to inmate medical files.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All medical care for inmates, and all medical files, past and present, are under the control of the Receiver’s Office,” Callison wrote in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The receiver has overseen medical care in all 33 of the state’s prisons since 2006, when U.S. District Judge Thelton Henderson of the Northern District of California ruled that the system’s health care was so poor that it violated the constitutional ban on cruel and unusual punishment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The receiver’s office was aware that sterilizations were happening, records show.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In September 2008, the prisoner rights group Justice Now received a written response to questions about the treatment of pregnant inmates from Tim Rougeux, then the receiver’s chief operating officer. \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/724322-receiver-response-to-justice-now-on-tubal.html\" target=\"_blank\">The letter \u003c/a>acknowledged that the two prisons offered sterilization surgery to women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But nothing changed until 2010, after the Oakland-based organization filed a public records request and complained to the office of state Sen. Carol Liu, D-Glendale. Liu was the chairwoman of the Select Committee on Women and Children in the Criminal Justice System.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prompted by a phone call from Liu’s staff, Barnett said the receiver’s top medical officer asked her to research the matter. After analyzing medical and cost records, Barnett met in 2010 with officials at both women’s prisons and contract health professionals affiliated with nearby hospitals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During those meetings, Barnett told them to halt inmate sterilizations. In response, she said, she got an earful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 16-year-old restriction on tubal ligations seemed to be news to prison health administrators, doctors, nurses and the contracting physicians, Barnett recalled. And, she said, none of the doctors thought they needed permission to perform the surgery on inmates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everybody was operating on the fact that this was a perfectly reasonable thing to do,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Risk factors\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Martin, the Valley State Prison medical manager, said she and her staff had discovered the procedure was restricted five years earlier. Someone had complained about the sterilization of an inmate who had at least six children, Martin recalled. That prompted Martin to research the prison’s medical rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After learning of the restrictions, Martin told CIR that she and Heinrich began to look for ways around them. Both believed the rules were unfair to women, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m sure that on a couple of occasions, (Heinrich) brought an issue to me saying, ‘Mary Smith is having a medical emergency’ kind of thing, and we ought to have a tubal ligation. She’s got six kids. Can we do it?’ ” Martin said. “And I said, ‘Well, if you document it as a medical emergency, perhaps.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heinrich said he offered tubal ligations only to pregnant inmates with a history of at least three C-sections. Additional pregnancies would be dangerous for these women, Heinrich said, because scar tissue inside the uterus could tear, resulting in massive blood loss and possible death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was a medical problem that we had to make them aware of,” Heinrich said. “It’s up to the doctor who’s delivering (your baby) … to make you aware of what’s going on. We’re at risk for not telling them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Former inmates tell a different story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michelle Anderson, who gave birth in December 2006 while at Valley State, said she’d had one prior C-section. Anderson, 44, repeatedly was asked to agree to be sterilized, she said, and was not told what risk factors led to the requests. She refused.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nikki Montano also had had one C-section before she landed at Valley State in 2008, pregnant and battling drug addiction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Montano, 42, was serving time after pleading guilty to burglary, forgery and receiving stolen property. The mother of seven children, she said neither Heinrich nor the medical staff told her why she needed a tubal ligation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I figured that’s just what happens in prison – that that’s the best kind of doctor you’re going to get,” Montano said. “He never told me nothing about nothing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Montano eagerly agreed to the surgery and said she still considers it a positive in her life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Carolyn Sufrin, an OB-GYN at San Francisco General Hospital who teaches at UC San Francisco, said it is not common practice to offer tubal ligations to women who’ve had one C-section. She confirmed that having multiple C-sections increases the risk of complications, but even then, she said, it’s more appropriate to offer women reversible means of birth control, like intrauterine devices or implants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every C-section, every situation is different,” Sufrin said. “Some people with more prior C-sections have absolutely no problems and no risks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>History in eugenics\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be sure, tubal ligations represented a small portion of the medical care provided to pregnant inmates. Statistics and a report from the prison receiver’s office show that from 2000 to 2010, 2,423 women gave birth while imprisoned in California, costing the state $2.7 million. Fewer than one in 10 were surgically sterilized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the numbers don’t tell the full story. California still grapples with an ugly past: Under compulsory sterilization laws here and in 31 other states, minority groups, the poor, the disabled, the mentally ill and criminals were singled out as inferior and sterilized to prevent them from spreading their genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was known as eugenics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between 1909 and 1964, about 20,000 women and men in California were stripped of the ability to reproduce – making the state the nation’s most prolific sterilizer. Historians say Nazi Germany sought the advice of the state’s eugenics leaders in the 1930s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2003, the state Senate held two hearings to expose this history, featuring testimony from researchers, academics and state officials. In response, then-Attorney General Bill Lockyer and Gov. Gray Davis issued \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/724326-eugenic-apologies-from-gov-gray-davis-and-ag.html\" target=\"_blank\">formal apologies.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our hearts are heavy for the pain caused by eugenics. It was a sad and regrettable chapter in the state's history, and it is one that must never be repeated again,” Davis said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Missing from the hearings was the perspective of state prison officials. Then-Corrections Director Edward Alameida Jr. had informed the Senate committee that the prison system lacked records about sterilizations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While obviously this was a dark chapter in our State’s history, the CDC (California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation) played a minuscule role,” Alameida wrote in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/724327-state-corrections-director-snubs-eugenics.html\" target=\"_blank\">June 2003 letter\u003c/a>. “Thus our participation in your hearing would provide no substantial information on that role and I do not believe our presence would contribute in any way toward your objectives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Alexandra Minna Stern, a professor at the University of Michigan and leading expert on California sterilization, cited state prison activity among the lingering questions from that era. \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/724329-dr-alexandra-minna-stern-testimony-on-ca.html\" target=\"_blank\">Stern testified\u003c/a> during the hearings that she found in private hands and university archives evidence of 600 sterilizations at San Quentin State Prison prior to 1941 that were not included in official numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California sterilizers, Stern told the committee, consistently viewed their work as humane and cost saving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the goals … and this is critical to understanding the history of eugenics in California – was to save money: how to limit welfare and relief,” Stern told them, according to a transcript of her presentation. “And sterilization is very much tied up in this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Seeking patient consent\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawsuits, a U.S. Supreme Court ruling and public outrage over eugenics and similar sterilization abuses in Alabama and New York spawned new requirements in the 1970s for doctors to fully inform patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, it’s been illegal to pressure anyone to be sterilized or ask for consent during labor or childbirth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet, Kimberly Jeffrey says she was pressured by a doctor while sedated and strapped to a surgical table for a C-section in 2010, during a stint at Valley State for a parole violation. Jeffrey, 43, was horrified, she said, and resisted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He said, ‘So we’re going to be doing this tubal ligation, right?’ ” Jeffrey said. “I’m like, ‘Tubal ligation? What are you talking about? I don’t want any procedure. I just want to have my baby.’ I went into a straight panic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeffrey provided copies of her official prison and hospital medical files to CIR. Those records show Jeffrey rejected a tubal ligation offer during a December 2009 prenatal checkup at Heinrich’s office. \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/724494-kimberly-jeffrey-declines-tubal-ligation.html\" target=\"_blank\">A medical report\u003c/a> from Jeffrey’s C-section a month later noted that she again refused a tubal ligation request made after she arrived at Madera Community Hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At no time did anyone explain to her any medical justifications for tubal ligation, Jeffrey said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That experience still haunts Jeffrey, who lives in San Francisco with her 3-year-old son, Noel. She speaks to groups seeking to improve conditions for female prisoners and has lobbied legislators in Sacramento. Jeffrey recently completed her ACT college-entrance test and hopes to pursue a degree at San Francisco State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Being treated like I was less than human produced in me a despair,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State prison officials “are the real repeat offenders,” Jeffrey added. “They repeatedly offended me by denying me my right to dignity and humanity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dorothy Roberts, a University of Pennsylvania law professor and expert on sterilization, said courts have concluded that soliciting approval for sterilization during labor is coercive because pain and discomfort can impair a woman’s ability to weigh the decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If this was happening in a federal prison, it would be illegal,” Roberts said. “There are specific situations where you cannot say it’s informed consent, and one of them is during childbirth or labor. No woman should give consent on the operating table.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heinrich considers the questions raised about his medical care unfair and said he is suspicious about the women’s motives. Heinrich insists he worked hard to give inmates high-quality medical treatment, adding that hundreds of appreciative prisoners could vouch for that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They all wanted it done,” he said of the sterilizations. “If they come a year or two later saying, ‘Somebody forced me to have this done,’ that’s a lie. That’s somebody looking for the state to give them a handout.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My guess is that the only reason you do that is not because you feel wronged, but that you want to stay on the state’s dole somehow.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barnett declined to say whether Heinrich’s practices had been reviewed by the receiver’s office, citing employee confidentially laws. Initially, she said she believed Heinrich had left the prison system. However, shortly after retiring in 2011, Heinrich returned in another role. He’s currently listed as one of the prison’s contract physicians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barnett stressed thaft she sought only to end prison sterilizations, not to investigate officials or interview inmates to discover whether abuses occurred.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Did Dr. Heinrich say improper things? I can’t say,” she added. “Is our process sufficiently draconian enough to weed out bad actors? We have a lot of civil service processes. Is it 100 percent effective? Is it the best process we can come up with? No, of course not.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was edited by Amy Pyle. It was copy edited by Nikki Frick and Christine Lee.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/102887/california-female-inmates-sterilized-without-approval","authors":["236"],"programs":["news_6944"],"categories":["news_6188"],"tags":["news_616","news_851","news_18543","news_854","news_4585"],"label":"news_6944"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. 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For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us","airtime":"SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm","meta":{"site":"news","source":"wnyc"},"link":"/radio/program/on-the-media","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/","rss":"http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"}},"our-body-politic":{"id":"our-body-politic","title":"Our Body Politic","info":"Presented by KQED, KCRW and KPCC, and created and hosted by award-winning journalist Farai Chideya, Our Body Politic is unapologetically centered on reporting on not just how women of color experience the major political events of today, but how they’re impacting those very issues.","airtime":"SAT 6pm-7pm, SUN 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Our-Body-Politic-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://our-body-politic.simplecast.com/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kcrw"},"link":"/radio/program/our-body-politic","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/our-body-politic/id1533069868","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5zaW1wbGVjYXN0LmNvbS9feGFQaHMxcw","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/4ApAiLT1kV153TttWAmqmc","rss":"https://feeds.simplecast.com/_xaPhs1s","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/News--Politics-Podcasts/Our-Body-Politic-p1369211/"}},"pbs-newshour":{"id":"pbs-newshour","title":"PBS NewsHour","info":"Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3pm-4pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"pbs"},"link":"/radio/program/pbs-newshour","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/","rss":"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"}},"perspectives":{"id":"perspectives","title":"Perspectives","tagline":"KQED's series of of daily listener commentaries since 1991","info":"KQED's series of of daily listener commentaries since 1991.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Perspectives-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/perspectives/","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"kqed","order":"15"},"link":"/perspectives","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id73801135","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"}},"planet-money":{"id":"planet-money","title":"Planet Money","info":"The economy explained. 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In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. 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The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.","airtime":"SAT 4pm-5pm","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/reveal300px.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/reveal","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/reveal/id886009669","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Reveal-p679597/","rss":"http://feeds.revealradio.org/revealpodcast"}},"says-you":{"id":"says-you","title":"Says You!","info":"Public radio's game show of bluff and bluster, words and whimsy. 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