How to Opt Out of Meta’s Political Content Limit on Instagram and Threads
Supreme Court Seems to Favor Biden in Battle Against Controversial Social Media Posts
Why the House Voted to Ban TikTok and What Could Come Next
One Year After Takeover, X Struggles With Misinformation, Advertising and Usage Decline
Social Media Companies Get 'Big Fat F' in Moderating Israel-Hamas War Content, Say Hate-Speech Watchers
US States Sue Meta for Addictive Apps, Fueling Youth Mental Health Crisis
tbh: The Problem With The 'Clean Girl Aesthetic'
When the Tenderloin's Addiction Crisis Goes Viral
Twitter's Chaos Could Further Stoke Political Violence Outside the US
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It said it would roll out the changes “slowly over time,” though did not specify when.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Adam Mosseri, head of Instagram\"]‘Our goal is to preserve the ability for people to choose to interact with political content while respecting each person’s appetite for it.’[/pullquote]The change started unrolling for users last week, Meta confirmed to NPR on Monday. And Instagram users quickly started noticing that their default settings had changed to limit content that is “likely to mention governments, elections, or social topics that affect a group of people and/or society at large,” as the app now puts it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The change has caught even the most online off guard, with many users \u003ca href=\"https://x.com/mattxiv/status/1771201399289696576?s=20\">criticizing Meta\u003c/a> for \u003ca href=\"https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2024/03/instagram-users-outraged-by-app-limiting-political-content-ahead-of-elections/\">limiting political content\u003c/a> in a year when the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/01/20/1225795005/2024-is-a-big-election-year-around-the-globe-will-democracy-win\">U.S. and several other countries\u003c/a> will hold pivotal elections — and for doing so with relatively little warning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And many noted that Meta’s definition of political content — “potentially related to things like laws, elections, or social topics” — appears rather broad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company has refused to clarify further what exactly constitutes political content under its cryptic definition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the move aligns with a yearslong shift away from news across Meta’s services. Last year, the company’s executives said Threads would not boost posts about news and social issues, angering many who turn to social media to stay up to date.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spokesperson Dani Lever told several media outlets that the change builds on “years of work on how we approach and treat political content based on what people have told us they wanted.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While company executives argue that the shift away from news is what users want, experts say Meta is also trying to distance itself from accusations of political bias and being blamed for the rise of misinformation and the growth of online extremism.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What the change does — and how to undo it\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Meta has emphasized that the new setting won’t affect content from accounts that people already follow and that it gives them the option to choose how much political content they get recommended otherwise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instagram head Adam Mosseri \u003ca href=\"https://www.threads.net/@mosseri/post/C3IjVOovcS5\">said on Threads\u003c/a> last month that the change will influence what people see on their main feeds of Instagram and Threads, like the explore page, reels, feed recommendations and suggested users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our goal is to preserve the ability for people to choose to interact with political content while respecting each person’s appetite for it,” Mosseri said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meta has stressed that people who want political recommendations can still opt in to getting them. Here’s how:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Go to your Instagram profile\u003c/strong> and tap the three horizontal lines in the top-right corner to open the “Settings and activity” tab.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Scroll down to the “What you see”\u003c/strong> \u003cstrong>section\u003c/strong> and click on “Content preferences.”\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Open the “Political content” page\u003c/strong> and turn on the “Don’t limit political content” option.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Meta is characterizing the change as an extension of its current approach to political content.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It made \u003ca href=\"https://www.axios.com/2022/07/21/facebook-tiktok-feed-changes\">significant changes to its algorithm\u003c/a> in recent years after \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/07/27/1190383104/new-study-shows-just-how-facebooks-algorithm-shapes-conservative-and-liberal-bub\">mounting evidence and criticism\u003c/a> of the role that Facebook and Instagram played in sowing misinformation and polarization in the 2016 and 2020 U.S. elections. Facebook has increasingly leaned into entertainment and away from news, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/2024/01/22/metas-retreat-from-news-accelerated-in-2023-leaving-media-scrambling.html\">disrupting traffic for many major publishers\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People have told us they want to see less political content, so we have spent the last few years refining our approach on Facebook to reduce the amount of political content — including from politicians’ accounts — you see in Feed, Reels, Watch, Groups You Should Join, and Pages You May Like,” Meta \u003ca href=\"https://transparency.fb.com/features/approach-to-political-content\">explained in February\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It said Facebook users will also get the choice to opt in to political recommendations “at a later date.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>NPR’s Bobby Allyn contributed reporting. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2024 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\">NPR.org\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Meta+is+limiting+how+much+political+content+users+see.+Here%27s+how+to+opt+out+of+that&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Meta is now limiting the amount of political content it recommends to Instagram and Threads users. Here's why it made the change — and how to opt out of it.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1711483888,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":734},"headData":{"title":"How to Opt Out of Meta’s Political Content Limit on Instagram and Threads | KQED","description":"Meta is now limiting the amount of political content it recommends to Instagram and Threads users. Here's why it made the change — and how to opt out of it.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"nprImageCredit":"Loic Venance","nprByline":"Rachel Treisman","nprImageAgency":"AFP via Getty Images","nprStoryId":"1240737627","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=1240737627&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/2024/03/26/1240737627/meta-limit-political-content-instagram-facebook-opt-out?ft=nprml&f=1240737627","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Tue, 26 Mar 2024 05:20:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Tue, 26 Mar 2024 05:20:37 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Tue, 26 Mar 2024 05:20:37 -0400","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","articleAge":"0","path":"/news/11980748/how-to-opt-out-of-metas-political-content-limit-on-instagram-and-threads","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Meta — the parent company of Facebook, Instagram and Threads — is making good on its promise to tamp down the amount of political posts that users see on their feeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meta \u003ca href=\"https://about.instagram.com/blog/announcements/continuing-our-approach-to-political-content-on-instagram-and-threads\">said in early February\u003c/a> that Instagram and Threads would stop recommending political content from accounts that users don’t already follow. It said it would roll out the changes “slowly over time,” though did not specify when.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘Our goal is to preserve the ability for people to choose to interact with political content while respecting each person’s appetite for it.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"medium","align":"right","citation":"Adam Mosseri, head of Instagram","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The change started unrolling for users last week, Meta confirmed to NPR on Monday. And Instagram users quickly started noticing that their default settings had changed to limit content that is “likely to mention governments, elections, or social topics that affect a group of people and/or society at large,” as the app now puts it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The change has caught even the most online off guard, with many users \u003ca href=\"https://x.com/mattxiv/status/1771201399289696576?s=20\">criticizing Meta\u003c/a> for \u003ca href=\"https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2024/03/instagram-users-outraged-by-app-limiting-political-content-ahead-of-elections/\">limiting political content\u003c/a> in a year when the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/01/20/1225795005/2024-is-a-big-election-year-around-the-globe-will-democracy-win\">U.S. and several other countries\u003c/a> will hold pivotal elections — and for doing so with relatively little warning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And many noted that Meta’s definition of political content — “potentially related to things like laws, elections, or social topics” — appears rather broad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company has refused to clarify further what exactly constitutes political content under its cryptic definition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the move aligns with a yearslong shift away from news across Meta’s services. Last year, the company’s executives said Threads would not boost posts about news and social issues, angering many who turn to social media to stay up to date.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spokesperson Dani Lever told several media outlets that the change builds on “years of work on how we approach and treat political content based on what people have told us they wanted.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While company executives argue that the shift away from news is what users want, experts say Meta is also trying to distance itself from accusations of political bias and being blamed for the rise of misinformation and the growth of online extremism.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What the change does — and how to undo it\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Meta has emphasized that the new setting won’t affect content from accounts that people already follow and that it gives them the option to choose how much political content they get recommended otherwise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instagram head Adam Mosseri \u003ca href=\"https://www.threads.net/@mosseri/post/C3IjVOovcS5\">said on Threads\u003c/a> last month that the change will influence what people see on their main feeds of Instagram and Threads, like the explore page, reels, feed recommendations and suggested users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our goal is to preserve the ability for people to choose to interact with political content while respecting each person’s appetite for it,” Mosseri said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meta has stressed that people who want political recommendations can still opt in to getting them. Here’s how:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Go to your Instagram profile\u003c/strong> and tap the three horizontal lines in the top-right corner to open the “Settings and activity” tab.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Scroll down to the “What you see”\u003c/strong> \u003cstrong>section\u003c/strong> and click on “Content preferences.”\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Open the “Political content” page\u003c/strong> and turn on the “Don’t limit political content” option.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Meta is characterizing the change as an extension of its current approach to political content.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It made \u003ca href=\"https://www.axios.com/2022/07/21/facebook-tiktok-feed-changes\">significant changes to its algorithm\u003c/a> in recent years after \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/07/27/1190383104/new-study-shows-just-how-facebooks-algorithm-shapes-conservative-and-liberal-bub\">mounting evidence and criticism\u003c/a> of the role that Facebook and Instagram played in sowing misinformation and polarization in the 2016 and 2020 U.S. elections. Facebook has increasingly leaned into entertainment and away from news, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/2024/01/22/metas-retreat-from-news-accelerated-in-2023-leaving-media-scrambling.html\">disrupting traffic for many major publishers\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People have told us they want to see less political content, so we have spent the last few years refining our approach on Facebook to reduce the amount of political content — including from politicians’ accounts — you see in Feed, Reels, Watch, Groups You Should Join, and Pages You May Like,” Meta \u003ca href=\"https://transparency.fb.com/features/approach-to-political-content\">explained in February\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It said Facebook users will also get the choice to opt in to political recommendations “at a later date.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>NPR’s Bobby Allyn contributed reporting. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2024 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\">NPR.org\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Meta+is+limiting+how+much+political+content+users+see.+Here%27s+how+to+opt+out+of+that&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11980748/how-to-opt-out-of-metas-political-content-limit-on-instagram-and-threads","authors":["byline_news_11980748"],"categories":["news_8"],"tags":["news_2451","news_30214","news_17968","news_1089"],"affiliates":["news_253"],"featImg":"news_11980749","label":"news_253"},"news_11979853":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11979853","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11979853","score":null,"sort":[1710800673000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"supreme-court-seems-to-favor-biden-in-battle-against-controversial-social-media-posts","title":"Supreme Court Seems to Favor Biden in Battle Against Controversial Social Media Posts","publishDate":1710800673,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Supreme Court Seems to Favor Biden in Battle Against Controversial Social Media Posts | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"news"},"content":"\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/hub/us-supreme-court\">Supreme Court\u003c/a> seemed likely Monday to side with the Biden administration in a dispute with Republican-led states over how far the federal government can go to combat \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/social-media-biden-administration-lawsuit-injunction-6322aae981bdc5c9009babde4b31ab60\">controversial social media posts\u003c/a> on topics including COVID-19 and election security in a case that could set standards for free speech in the digital age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The justices seemed broadly skeptical during nearly two hours of arguments that a lawyer for Louisiana, Missouri and other parties presented, accusing officials in the Democratic administration of leaning on the social media platforms to unconstitutionally squelch conservative points of view.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Alex Abdo, litigation director of the Knight First Amendment Institute, Columbia University\"]‘We’re encouraged that the Court was sensitive both to the First Amendment rights of platforms and their users, and to the public interest in having a government empowered to participate in public discourse.’[/pullquote]Lower courts have sided with the states, but the Supreme Court blocked those rulings while it considers the issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several justices said they were concerned that common interactions between government officials and the platforms could be affected by a ruling for the states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one example, Justice Amy Coney Barrett expressed surprise when Louisiana Solicitor General J. Benjamin Aguiñaga questioned whether the FBI could call Facebook and X, formerly known as Twitter, to encourage them to take down posts that maliciously released someone’s personal information without permission, the practice known as doxxing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Do you know how often the FBI makes those calls?” Barrett asked, suggesting they happen frequently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Justice Brett Kavanaugh also signaled that a ruling for the states would mean that “traditional, everyday communications would suddenly be deemed problematic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=\"science_1985952,education_536058,mindshift_62233\" label=\"Related Stories\"]The case on Monday was among several the court is considering that affect social media companies in the context of free speech. Last week, the court laid out \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/supreme-court-social-media-public-officials-973f1d18e74faccaa4bfce3bd65cc1af\">standards for when public officials can block their social media followers\u003c/a>. Less than a month ago, the court heard arguments over \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/supreme-court-social-media-florida-texas-820e90e58e49c1146b69101ece4dd9d5\">Republican-passed laws in Florida and Texas\u003c/a> that prohibit large social media companies from taking down posts because of the views they express.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cases over state laws and the one that was argued Monday are variations on the same theme, complaints that the platforms are censoring conservative viewpoints.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The states argue that White House communications staffers, the surgeon general, the FBI and the U.S. cybersecurity agency are among those who coerced changes in online content on social media platforms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aguiñaga put the situation in stark terms, telling the justices that “the record reveals unrelenting pressure by the government to coerce social media platforms to suppress the speech of millions of Americans.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said that calls merely encouraging the platforms to act could also violate speech rights, responding to a hypothetical situation conjured by Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson about an online challenge that “involved teens jumping out of windows at increasing elevations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jackson, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts, pressed the Louisiana lawyer about whether platforms could be encouraged to remove such posts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was with you right until that last comment, Your Honor,” Aguiñaga said. “I think they absolutely can call and say this is a problem, it’s going rampant on your platforms, but the moment that the government tries to use its ability as the government and its stature as the government to pressure them to take it down, that is when you’re interfering with the third party’s speech rights.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Justice Samuel Alito appeared most open to the states’ arguments, at one point referring to the government’s “constant pestering of Facebook and some of the other platforms.” Alito, along with Justices Neil Gorsuch and Clarence Thomas, would have allowed the restrictions on government contacts with the platforms to go into effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Justice Department lawyer Brian Fletcher argued that none of the actions the states complain about come close to problematic coercion and that the federal government would lose its ability to communicate with the social media companies about antisemitic and anti-Muslim posts, as well as on issues of national security, public health and election integrity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The platforms are large sophisticated actors with no reluctance to stand up to the government, “saying no repeatedly when they disagree with what the government is asking them to do,” Fletcher said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Justice Elena Kagan and Kavanaugh, two justices who served in the White House earlier in their careers, seemed to agree, likening the exchanges between officials and the platforms to relationships between the government and more traditional media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kavanaugh described “experienced government press people throughout the federal government who regularly call up the media and — and berate them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later, Kagan said, “I mean, this happens literally thousands of times a day in the federal government.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alito, gesturing at the courtroom’s press section, mused that whenever reporters “write something we don’t like,” the court’s chief spokeswoman “can call them up and curse them out and say…why don’t we be partners? We’re on the same team. Why don’t you show us what you’re going to write beforehand? We’ll edit it for you, make sure it’s accurate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Free speech advocates said the court should use the case to draw an appropriate line between the government’s acceptable use of the bully pulpit and coercive threats to free speech.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re encouraged that the Court was sensitive both to the First Amendment rights of platforms and their users and to the public interest in having a government empowered to participate in public discourse. To that end, we hope that the Court resolves these cases by making clear that the First Amendment prohibits coercion but permits the government to attempt to shape public opinion through the use of persuasion,” Alex Abdo, litigation director of the Knight First Amendment Institute at Columbia University, said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A panel of three judges on the New Orleans-based 5th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals had ruled earlier that the Biden administration had probably brought unconstitutional pressure on the media platforms. The appellate panel said officials cannot attempt to “coerce or significantly encourage” changes in online content. The panel had previously narrowed a more sweeping order from a federal judge, who wanted to include even more government officials and prohibit mere encouragement of content changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A divided Supreme Court put the 5th Circuit ruling on hold in October when it agreed to take up the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A decision in Murthy v. Missouri, 23-411, is expected by early summer.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The high court seems likely to side with Biden's administration in a dispute with Republican-led states over how far the federal government can go to combat controversial social media posts. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1710803546,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":28,"wordCount":1153},"headData":{"title":"Supreme Court Seems to Favor Biden in Battle Against Controversial Social Media Posts | KQED","description":"The high court seems likely to side with Biden's administration in a dispute with Republican-led states over how far the federal government can go to combat controversial social media posts. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"nprByline":"Mark Sherman\u003cbr>The Associated Press\u003c/br>","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","articleAge":"0","path":"/news/11979853/supreme-court-seems-to-favor-biden-in-battle-against-controversial-social-media-posts","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/hub/us-supreme-court\">Supreme Court\u003c/a> seemed likely Monday to side with the Biden administration in a dispute with Republican-led states over how far the federal government can go to combat \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/social-media-biden-administration-lawsuit-injunction-6322aae981bdc5c9009babde4b31ab60\">controversial social media posts\u003c/a> on topics including COVID-19 and election security in a case that could set standards for free speech in the digital age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The justices seemed broadly skeptical during nearly two hours of arguments that a lawyer for Louisiana, Missouri and other parties presented, accusing officials in the Democratic administration of leaning on the social media platforms to unconstitutionally squelch conservative points of view.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘We’re encouraged that the Court was sensitive both to the First Amendment rights of platforms and their users, and to the public interest in having a government empowered to participate in public discourse.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"medium","align":"right","citation":"Alex Abdo, litigation director of the Knight First Amendment Institute, Columbia University","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Lower courts have sided with the states, but the Supreme Court blocked those rulings while it considers the issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several justices said they were concerned that common interactions between government officials and the platforms could be affected by a ruling for the states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one example, Justice Amy Coney Barrett expressed surprise when Louisiana Solicitor General J. Benjamin Aguiñaga questioned whether the FBI could call Facebook and X, formerly known as Twitter, to encourage them to take down posts that maliciously released someone’s personal information without permission, the practice known as doxxing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Do you know how often the FBI makes those calls?” Barrett asked, suggesting they happen frequently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Justice Brett Kavanaugh also signaled that a ruling for the states would mean that “traditional, everyday communications would suddenly be deemed problematic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"science_1985952,education_536058,mindshift_62233","label":"Related Stories "},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The case on Monday was among several the court is considering that affect social media companies in the context of free speech. Last week, the court laid out \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/supreme-court-social-media-public-officials-973f1d18e74faccaa4bfce3bd65cc1af\">standards for when public officials can block their social media followers\u003c/a>. Less than a month ago, the court heard arguments over \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/supreme-court-social-media-florida-texas-820e90e58e49c1146b69101ece4dd9d5\">Republican-passed laws in Florida and Texas\u003c/a> that prohibit large social media companies from taking down posts because of the views they express.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cases over state laws and the one that was argued Monday are variations on the same theme, complaints that the platforms are censoring conservative viewpoints.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The states argue that White House communications staffers, the surgeon general, the FBI and the U.S. cybersecurity agency are among those who coerced changes in online content on social media platforms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aguiñaga put the situation in stark terms, telling the justices that “the record reveals unrelenting pressure by the government to coerce social media platforms to suppress the speech of millions of Americans.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said that calls merely encouraging the platforms to act could also violate speech rights, responding to a hypothetical situation conjured by Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson about an online challenge that “involved teens jumping out of windows at increasing elevations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jackson, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts, pressed the Louisiana lawyer about whether platforms could be encouraged to remove such posts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was with you right until that last comment, Your Honor,” Aguiñaga said. “I think they absolutely can call and say this is a problem, it’s going rampant on your platforms, but the moment that the government tries to use its ability as the government and its stature as the government to pressure them to take it down, that is when you’re interfering with the third party’s speech rights.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Justice Samuel Alito appeared most open to the states’ arguments, at one point referring to the government’s “constant pestering of Facebook and some of the other platforms.” Alito, along with Justices Neil Gorsuch and Clarence Thomas, would have allowed the restrictions on government contacts with the platforms to go into effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Justice Department lawyer Brian Fletcher argued that none of the actions the states complain about come close to problematic coercion and that the federal government would lose its ability to communicate with the social media companies about antisemitic and anti-Muslim posts, as well as on issues of national security, public health and election integrity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The platforms are large sophisticated actors with no reluctance to stand up to the government, “saying no repeatedly when they disagree with what the government is asking them to do,” Fletcher said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Justice Elena Kagan and Kavanaugh, two justices who served in the White House earlier in their careers, seemed to agree, likening the exchanges between officials and the platforms to relationships between the government and more traditional media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kavanaugh described “experienced government press people throughout the federal government who regularly call up the media and — and berate them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later, Kagan said, “I mean, this happens literally thousands of times a day in the federal government.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alito, gesturing at the courtroom’s press section, mused that whenever reporters “write something we don’t like,” the court’s chief spokeswoman “can call them up and curse them out and say…why don’t we be partners? We’re on the same team. Why don’t you show us what you’re going to write beforehand? We’ll edit it for you, make sure it’s accurate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Free speech advocates said the court should use the case to draw an appropriate line between the government’s acceptable use of the bully pulpit and coercive threats to free speech.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re encouraged that the Court was sensitive both to the First Amendment rights of platforms and their users and to the public interest in having a government empowered to participate in public discourse. To that end, we hope that the Court resolves these cases by making clear that the First Amendment prohibits coercion but permits the government to attempt to shape public opinion through the use of persuasion,” Alex Abdo, litigation director of the Knight First Amendment Institute at Columbia University, said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A panel of three judges on the New Orleans-based 5th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals had ruled earlier that the Biden administration had probably brought unconstitutional pressure on the media platforms. The appellate panel said officials cannot attempt to “coerce or significantly encourage” changes in online content. The panel had previously narrowed a more sweeping order from a federal judge, who wanted to include even more government officials and prohibit mere encouragement of content changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A divided Supreme Court put the 5th Circuit ruling on hold in October when it agreed to take up the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A decision in Murthy v. Missouri, 23-411, is expected by early summer.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11979853/supreme-court-seems-to-favor-biden-in-battle-against-controversial-social-media-posts","authors":["byline_news_11979853"],"categories":["news_8"],"tags":["news_29052","news_1089","news_932"],"featImg":"news_11979855","label":"news"},"news_11979200":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11979200","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11979200","score":null,"sort":[1710349697000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"why-the-house-voted-to-ban-tiktok-and-what-could-come-next","title":"Why the House Voted to Ban TikTok and What Could Come Next","publishDate":1710349697,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Why the House Voted to Ban TikTok and What Could Come Next | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":253,"site":"news"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Updated March 13, 2024 at 9:25 AM PT\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The House voted overwhelmingly Wednesday to approve a bipartisan bill that would require ByteDance, the parent company of TikTok, to sell the social media app or face a ban on all U.S. devices. The vote was 352–65.[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Rep. Mike Gallagher\"]‘What we’re after is, it’s not a ban, it’s a forced separation.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legislation’s fate is unclear in the Senate. The top two lawmakers on the Senate Intelligence Committee, Sens. Marco Rubio (R-Fla.) and Mark Warner (D-Va.), released a joint statement praising the House bill and urging Senate action, but the timeline is unclear. Several lawmakers have suggested that the Senate hold hearings on the legislation before moving forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rep. Mike Gallagher (R-Wis.), who chairs the House Select Committee on China and is the lead GOP sponsor of the bipartisan bill, maintains that the bill does not amount to a ban on the video-sharing app.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re after is, it’s not a ban, it’s a forced separation,” Gallagher told NPR. “The TikTok user experience can continue and improve so long as ByteDance doesn’t own the company.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In practice, however, the bill would ban TikTok in the United States. Both the company and China, historically, have refused to consider divestiture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TikTok has said the banning of a social media platform would amount to a violation of the free speech rights of millions of Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=\"education_536058\" label=\"Related Story\"]Gallagher says classified and unclassified national security assessments show that the app is a threat to user privacy and that it’s been used to target journalists and interfere in elections. Top officials from intelligence and national security agencies conducted a classified briefing on their analysis for all House members on Tuesday. Classified information is not made public, in part, because it deals with national security matters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, officials \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/03/23/1165579717/tiktok-congress-hearing-shou-zi-chew-project-texas\">have not\u003c/a> offered\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/08/29/907316522/tiktok-workers-feel-anxiety-anger-and-rage-amid-trump-crackdown\"> public\u003c/a> evidence of the Chinese Communist Party using the app for surveillance or propaganda purposes, though \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/02/02/1153448116/tiktok-la-media-briefing-project-texas\">experts say\u003c/a> it is theoretically possible that Beijing could use TikTok to push its agenda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FBI Director Christopher Wray has also publicly testified about his concerns about the app, including during an appearance last week at a Senate hearing on worldwide threats to U.S. security. In that testimony, Wray told members of the Senate Intelligence Committee that the Chinese government could use the app to control software on millions of devices, among other concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not sure that we would see many of the outward signs of it happening if it was happening,” Wray said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The House Energy and Commerce Committee unanimously approved the bipartisan measure last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Lobbying campaign flooded offices on Capitol Hill with calls\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Gallagher says the lobbying campaign that TikTok launched — with push notices using location information to connect users by phone to their member of Congress — proves why the bill is needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You had member offices being deluged with calls, you know, teenagers crying and one threatening suicide and one impersonating one of my colleague’s sons,” he said. “That, to me, demonstrates how the platform could be weaponized in the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://selectcommitteeontheccp.house.gov/sites/evo-subsites/selectcommitteeontheccp.house.gov/files/evo-media-document/Protecting%20Americans%20From%20Foriegn%20Adversary%20Controlled%20Applications_3.5.24.pdf\">bipartisan bill,\u003c/a> dubbed the “Protecting Americans from Foreign Adversary Controlled Applications Act,” blocks any app store or web-hosting services in the U.S. for ByteDance-controlled applications, including TikTok, unless the app severs ties to ByteDance, under a designation that it’s subject to the control of a foreign adversary. The bill gives ByteDance up to six months to divest, and if it doesn’t do that, it will no longer be available in app stores in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill also sets up a process for the president to address any future threats from any foreign-owned apps if they are deemed a national security risk. It also creates a system for users to download their own data and switch to an alternate platform.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Opponents cite freedom of speech and the economic impact of a ban\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>At 27 years old, Florida Democratic Rep. Maxwell Frost is the youngest member of Congress, and he opposes the bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that it is a violation of people’s First Amendment rights,” he said. “TikTok is a place for people to express ideas. I have many small businesses in my district and content creators in my district, and I think it’s going to drastically impact them, too.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and other opponents say the bill is being rushed through and that many lawmakers don’t grasp the impact it could have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TikTok declined an interview with NPR. In a statement, a spokesperson said: “The government is attempting to strip 170 million Americans of their Constitutional right to free expression. This will damage millions of businesses, deny artists an audience, and destroy the livelihoods of countless creators across the country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Advocacy groups, including the American Civil Liberties Union, have called the bill “censorship plain and simple,” arguing that “jeopardizing access to the platform jeopardizes access to free expression.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Illinois Democrat Raja Krishnamoorthi is the ranking Democrat on the House Select Committee on China and helped write the bill. He pushed back on the company’s argument, telling NPR, “There’s no First Amendment right to espionage; there’s no First Amendment right to harm our national security.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company stresses that it has established a data firewall by partnering with Austin-based software company Oracle. Dubbed “Project Texas,” the new system routes all U.S. user traffic to Oracle, which now also controls the servers storing Americans’ TikTok data. Still, the plan has not received the blessing from officials in Washington, who have said it falls short of a full breakup with ByteDance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Krishnamoorthi says he and other lawmakers reviewed the efforts and that the company’s claims about its safeguards were false. “Whether it was TikTok saying that, ‘Oh, American user data is not going to be accessible to anyone in China.’ Again, wrong. That was also proven false. And then they said that American user data is not going to be used to target anybody again. Wrong. That was false.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even opponents of the bill expected it to easily clear the House, so TikTok is focused on blocking action in the Senate. According to a source familiar with the effort, CEO Shou Zi Chew was in Washington this week and on Capitol Hill to discuss the bill with lawmakers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Missouri Republican Sen. Josh Hawley backs the House bill. He says he’s frustrated that Congress has failed to move tech legislation and argues TikTok is different from other apps. “The really only reason to ban it — it is a major national security concern — and that makes it very different from Google and Meta and the others who do all kinds of bad stuff, but they are not effective subsidiaries of a hostile foreign government.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Presidential campaign politics could impact path for bill\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Former President Donald Trump, the presumptive GOP presidential nominee, proposed a ban in 2020 when he was in the White House. But he does not support the House bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When he served as president, he vowed to ban the social media app. Trump explained his new opposition in \u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-election/trump-says-tiktok-national-security-threat-facebook-enemy-people-rcna142733\">an interview with CNBC \u003c/a>on Monday, saying that despite the possible security risk, he opposed a ban because it meant users would move to another platform that he considered more dangerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot of good, and there’s a lot of bad with TikTok. But the thing I don’t like is that without TikTok, you can make Facebook bigger, and I consider Facebook to be an enemy of the people along with a lot of the media,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Biden’s campaign posts regularly on TikTok, but the White House has said if a bill is sent to his desk,\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/03/06/1236363592/biden-tiktok-ban\"> he’ll sign it\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a law is enacted, the fight might not end there: TikTok has mounted legal challenges against other efforts to ban the app, and courts have sided with its argument that blocking TikTok violates users’ First Amendment rights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>NPR’s Claudia Grisales contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2024 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Why+the+House+voted+to+ban+TikTok+and+what+could+come+next&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The House voted overwhelmingly Wednesday to approve a bill that would force parent company ByteDance to sell TikTok or face a ban on the social media app on U.S. devices.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1710357234,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":34,"wordCount":1448},"headData":{"title":"Why the House Voted to Ban TikTok and What Could Come Next | KQED","description":"The House voted overwhelmingly Wednesday to approve a bill that would force parent company ByteDance to sell TikTok or face a ban on the social media app on U.S. devices.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"nprImageCredit":"Dan Kitwood","nprByline":"Bobby Allyn","nprImageAgency":"Getty Images","nprStoryId":"1237501725","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=1237501725&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/2024/03/13/1237501725/house-vote-tiktok-ban?ft=nprml&f=1237501725","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Wed, 13 Mar 2024 12:25:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Wed, 13 Mar 2024 07:17:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Wed, 13 Mar 2024 12:25:38 -0400","nprAudio":"https://play.podtrac.com/npr-191676894/ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2024/03/20240313_me_tiktok_bill.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1014&d=243&p=3&story=1237501725&ft=nprml&f=1237501725","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/11238249846-e6c77e.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1014&d=243&p=3&story=1237501725&ft=nprml&f=1237501725","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","articleAge":"0","path":"/news/11979200/why-the-house-voted-to-ban-tiktok-and-what-could-come-next","audioUrl":"https://play.podtrac.com/npr-191676894/ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2024/03/20240313_me_tiktok_bill.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1014&d=243&p=3&story=1237501725&ft=nprml&f=1237501725","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Updated March 13, 2024 at 9:25 AM PT\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The House voted overwhelmingly Wednesday to approve a bipartisan bill that would require ByteDance, the parent company of TikTok, to sell the social media app or face a ban on all U.S. devices. The vote was 352–65.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘What we’re after is, it’s not a ban, it’s a forced separation.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"medium","align":"right","citation":"Rep. Mike Gallagher","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legislation’s fate is unclear in the Senate. The top two lawmakers on the Senate Intelligence Committee, Sens. Marco Rubio (R-Fla.) and Mark Warner (D-Va.), released a joint statement praising the House bill and urging Senate action, but the timeline is unclear. Several lawmakers have suggested that the Senate hold hearings on the legislation before moving forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rep. Mike Gallagher (R-Wis.), who chairs the House Select Committee on China and is the lead GOP sponsor of the bipartisan bill, maintains that the bill does not amount to a ban on the video-sharing app.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re after is, it’s not a ban, it’s a forced separation,” Gallagher told NPR. “The TikTok user experience can continue and improve so long as ByteDance doesn’t own the company.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In practice, however, the bill would ban TikTok in the United States. Both the company and China, historically, have refused to consider divestiture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TikTok has said the banning of a social media platform would amount to a violation of the free speech rights of millions of Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"education_536058","label":"Related Story "},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Gallagher says classified and unclassified national security assessments show that the app is a threat to user privacy and that it’s been used to target journalists and interfere in elections. Top officials from intelligence and national security agencies conducted a classified briefing on their analysis for all House members on Tuesday. Classified information is not made public, in part, because it deals with national security matters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, officials \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/03/23/1165579717/tiktok-congress-hearing-shou-zi-chew-project-texas\">have not\u003c/a> offered\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/08/29/907316522/tiktok-workers-feel-anxiety-anger-and-rage-amid-trump-crackdown\"> public\u003c/a> evidence of the Chinese Communist Party using the app for surveillance or propaganda purposes, though \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/02/02/1153448116/tiktok-la-media-briefing-project-texas\">experts say\u003c/a> it is theoretically possible that Beijing could use TikTok to push its agenda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FBI Director Christopher Wray has also publicly testified about his concerns about the app, including during an appearance last week at a Senate hearing on worldwide threats to U.S. security. In that testimony, Wray told members of the Senate Intelligence Committee that the Chinese government could use the app to control software on millions of devices, among other concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not sure that we would see many of the outward signs of it happening if it was happening,” Wray said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The House Energy and Commerce Committee unanimously approved the bipartisan measure last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Lobbying campaign flooded offices on Capitol Hill with calls\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Gallagher says the lobbying campaign that TikTok launched — with push notices using location information to connect users by phone to their member of Congress — proves why the bill is needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You had member offices being deluged with calls, you know, teenagers crying and one threatening suicide and one impersonating one of my colleague’s sons,” he said. “That, to me, demonstrates how the platform could be weaponized in the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://selectcommitteeontheccp.house.gov/sites/evo-subsites/selectcommitteeontheccp.house.gov/files/evo-media-document/Protecting%20Americans%20From%20Foriegn%20Adversary%20Controlled%20Applications_3.5.24.pdf\">bipartisan bill,\u003c/a> dubbed the “Protecting Americans from Foreign Adversary Controlled Applications Act,” blocks any app store or web-hosting services in the U.S. for ByteDance-controlled applications, including TikTok, unless the app severs ties to ByteDance, under a designation that it’s subject to the control of a foreign adversary. The bill gives ByteDance up to six months to divest, and if it doesn’t do that, it will no longer be available in app stores in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill also sets up a process for the president to address any future threats from any foreign-owned apps if they are deemed a national security risk. It also creates a system for users to download their own data and switch to an alternate platform.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Opponents cite freedom of speech and the economic impact of a ban\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>At 27 years old, Florida Democratic Rep. Maxwell Frost is the youngest member of Congress, and he opposes the bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that it is a violation of people’s First Amendment rights,” he said. “TikTok is a place for people to express ideas. I have many small businesses in my district and content creators in my district, and I think it’s going to drastically impact them, too.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and other opponents say the bill is being rushed through and that many lawmakers don’t grasp the impact it could have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TikTok declined an interview with NPR. In a statement, a spokesperson said: “The government is attempting to strip 170 million Americans of their Constitutional right to free expression. This will damage millions of businesses, deny artists an audience, and destroy the livelihoods of countless creators across the country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Advocacy groups, including the American Civil Liberties Union, have called the bill “censorship plain and simple,” arguing that “jeopardizing access to the platform jeopardizes access to free expression.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Illinois Democrat Raja Krishnamoorthi is the ranking Democrat on the House Select Committee on China and helped write the bill. He pushed back on the company’s argument, telling NPR, “There’s no First Amendment right to espionage; there’s no First Amendment right to harm our national security.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company stresses that it has established a data firewall by partnering with Austin-based software company Oracle. Dubbed “Project Texas,” the new system routes all U.S. user traffic to Oracle, which now also controls the servers storing Americans’ TikTok data. Still, the plan has not received the blessing from officials in Washington, who have said it falls short of a full breakup with ByteDance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Krishnamoorthi says he and other lawmakers reviewed the efforts and that the company’s claims about its safeguards were false. “Whether it was TikTok saying that, ‘Oh, American user data is not going to be accessible to anyone in China.’ Again, wrong. That was also proven false. And then they said that American user data is not going to be used to target anybody again. Wrong. That was false.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even opponents of the bill expected it to easily clear the House, so TikTok is focused on blocking action in the Senate. According to a source familiar with the effort, CEO Shou Zi Chew was in Washington this week and on Capitol Hill to discuss the bill with lawmakers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Missouri Republican Sen. Josh Hawley backs the House bill. He says he’s frustrated that Congress has failed to move tech legislation and argues TikTok is different from other apps. “The really only reason to ban it — it is a major national security concern — and that makes it very different from Google and Meta and the others who do all kinds of bad stuff, but they are not effective subsidiaries of a hostile foreign government.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Presidential campaign politics could impact path for bill\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Former President Donald Trump, the presumptive GOP presidential nominee, proposed a ban in 2020 when he was in the White House. But he does not support the House bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When he served as president, he vowed to ban the social media app. Trump explained his new opposition in \u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-election/trump-says-tiktok-national-security-threat-facebook-enemy-people-rcna142733\">an interview with CNBC \u003c/a>on Monday, saying that despite the possible security risk, he opposed a ban because it meant users would move to another platform that he considered more dangerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot of good, and there’s a lot of bad with TikTok. But the thing I don’t like is that without TikTok, you can make Facebook bigger, and I consider Facebook to be an enemy of the people along with a lot of the media,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Biden’s campaign posts regularly on TikTok, but the White House has said if a bill is sent to his desk,\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/03/06/1236363592/biden-tiktok-ban\"> he’ll sign it\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a law is enacted, the fight might not end there: TikTok has mounted legal challenges against other efforts to ban the app, and courts have sided with its argument that blocking TikTok violates users’ First Amendment rights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>NPR’s Claudia Grisales contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2024 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Why+the+House+voted+to+ban+TikTok+and+what+could+come+next&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11979200/why-the-house-voted-to-ban-tiktok-and-what-could-come-next","authors":["byline_news_11979200"],"categories":["news_8"],"tags":["news_1089","news_32148"],"affiliates":["news_253"],"featImg":"news_11979201","label":"news_253"},"news_11965833":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11965833","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11965833","score":null,"sort":[1698521413000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"one-year-after-takeover-x-struggles-with-misinformation-advertising-and-usage-decline","title":"One Year After Takeover, X Struggles With Misinformation, Advertising and Usage Decline","publishDate":1698521413,"format":"standard","headTitle":"One Year After Takeover, X Struggles With Misinformation, Advertising and Usage Decline | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"news"},"content":"\u003cp>One year ago, billionaire and new owner \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/elon-musk-twitter-inc-technology-business-san-francisco-ee1e283ff873813524ff21b0a7751b47\">Elon Musk walked into\u003c/a> Twitter’s San Francisco headquarters with a white bathroom sink and a grin, fired its CEO and other top executives and began transforming the social media platform into what is now known as X.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>X looks and feels something like Twitter, but the more time you spend on it the clearer it becomes that it’s merely an approximation. Musk has dismantled core features of what made Twitter, Twitter — its name and \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/twitter-x-logo-blue-bird-musk-0689e9a5c3a217afc2fbefeaf0e6d8a8\">blue bird logo\u003c/a>, its \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/twitter-elon-musk-blue-checkmark-celebrities-544cfd66ed3a62f51a8a80c20e11ac5b\">verification system\u003c/a>, its \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/elon-musk-twitter-inc-technology-business-a9b795e8050de12319b82b5dd7118cd7\">Trust and Safety advisory group\u003c/a>. Not to mention \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/elon-musk-twitter-inc-technology-misinformation-social-media-a469130efaebc8ed029a647a149c5049\">content moderation\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/elon-musk-technology-business-government-and-politics-2907d382db132cfd7446152b9309992c\">hate speech\u003c/a> enforcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Jasmine Enberg, analyst, Insider Intelligence\"]‘Musk hasn’t managed to make a single meaningful improvement to the platform and is no closer to his vision of an ‘everything app,’ than he was a year ago.’[/pullquote]He also fired, laid off or lost the \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/elon-musk-twitter-inc-business-layoffs-c0334da78b3af9faf2f43cf3f6e52ffa\">majority of its workforce\u003c/a> — \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/world-cup-elon-musk-twitter-inc-technology-sports-d9217e91f876794bd7816013fbbc8cbb\">engineers who keep the site running\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/elon-musk-twitter-inc-technology-misinformation-social-media-a469130efaebc8ed029a647a149c5049\">moderators\u003c/a> who keep it from being overrun with hate, \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/twitter-musk-ella-irwin-resignation-transgender-f57a98e0c3797f1d93b694fc1bbddc2a\">executives\u003c/a> in charge of making rules and enforcing them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The result, long-term Twitter watchers say, has been the end of the platform’s role as an imperfect but useful place to find out what’s going on in the world. What X will become, and whether Musk can achieve his ambition of turning it into an \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/elon-musk-spacex-twitter-inc-technology-business-ef87ad2c5bbd708900cea36899210a53\">“everything app”\u003c/a> that everyone uses, remains as unclear as it was a year ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Musk hasn’t managed to make a single meaningful improvement to the platform and is no closer to his vision of an ‘everything app,’ than he was a year ago,” said Insider Intelligence analyst Jasmine Enberg. “Instead, X has driven away users, advertisers, and now it has lost its primary value proposition in the social media world: Being a central hub for news.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As one of the platform’s most popular and prolific users even before he bought the company, Musk had a unique experience on Twitter that is markedly different from how regular users experience it. But many of the changes he’s introduced to X has been based on his own impressions of the site — in fact, he even \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/elon-musk-twitter-inc-technology-business-8dac8ae023444ef9c37ca1d8fe1c14df\">polled his millions of followers\u003c/a> for advice on how to run it (they said he should step down).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Musk’s treatment of the platform as a technology company that he could remake in his vision rather than a social network fueled by people and ad dollars has been the single largest cause of the demise of Twitter,” Enberg said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=news_11930570 hero='https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/10/GettyImages-1244262469-1-1020x578.jpg']The blue checkmarks that once signified that the person or institution behind an account was who they said they were — a celebrity, athlete, journalist from a global or local publication, a nonprofit agency — now merely show that someone \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/technology-ap-news-alert-business-9912d9704e638c4f66f048eaa66368ee\">pays $8 a month\u003c/a> for a subscription service that boosts their posts above un-checked users. It’s these paying accounts that have been found to spread misinformation on the platform that is often amplified by its algorithms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, for instance, a new report from the left-leaning nonprofit Media Matters found that numerous blue-checked X accounts with tens of thousands of followers claimed that the \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/lewiston-maine-shootings-49da6d06a8b5a15d3b619b3927bc33ff\">mass shooting in Maine\u003c/a> was a “false flag,” planned by the government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers also found such accounts spreading \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/disinformation-musk-x-twitter-european-union-9f7823726f812bb357ee4225b884354f\">misinformation\u003c/a> and propaganda about the Israel-Hamas war — so much so that the European Commission made a formal, legally binding \u003ca href=\"https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_23_4953\">request for information\u003c/a> to X over its handling of hate speech, misinformation and violent terrorist content related to the war.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ian Bremmer, a prominent foreign policy expert, posted on X this month that the level of disinformation on the Israel-Hamas war “being algorithmically promoted” on the platform “is unlike anything I’ve ever been exposed to in my career as a political scientist.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not just the platform’s identity that’s on shaky ground. Twitter was already struggling financially when Musk purchased it for $44 billion in a deal that closed on Oct. 27, 2022, and the situation appears more precarious today. Musk took the company private, so its books are no longer public — but in July, the Tesla CEO said the company had lost about \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/twitter-elon-musk-debt-advertising-70f526c407d4c68107f9d1ec4b4e3151\">half of its advertising revenue\u003c/a> and continues to face a large debt load.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11965846\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11965846 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/AP23299774367797-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"A lower-cased T-sign is seen on the ground lying atop a w sign.\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1707\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/AP23299774367797-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/AP23299774367797-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/AP23299774367797-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/AP23299774367797-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/AP23299774367797-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/AP23299774367797-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/AP23299774367797-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A pile of characters removed from a sign on the Twitter headquarters building is seen in San Francisco, July 24, 2023. \u003ccite>(Godofredo A.Vásquez/AP Photo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We’re still negative cash flow,” he posted on the site on July 14, due to about a “50% drop in advertising revenue plus heavy debt load.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Need to reach positive cash flow before we have the luxury of anything else,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May, Musk hired \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/twitter-x-corp-ceo-linda-yaccarino-elon-musk-0131c61ac296955d424fd057f6b0196d\">Linda Yaccarino\u003c/a>, a former NBC executive with deep ties to the advertising industry in an attempt to lure back top brands, but the effort has been slow to pay off. While some advertisers have returned to X, they are not spending as much as they did in the past — despite a rebound in the online advertising market that boosted the most recent quarterly profits for Facebook parent company, Meta, and Google parent company, Alphabet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"Related Stories\" postID=\"news_11965186,forum_2010101892887,news_11935737\"]Insider Intelligence estimates that X will bring in $1.89 billion in advertising revenue this year, down 54% from 2022. The last time its ad revenue was near this level was in 2015 when it came in at $1.99 billion. In 2022, it was $4.12 billion according to the research firm’s estimates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside research also shows that people are using X less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to research firm Similarweb, global web traffic to Twitter.com was down 14%, year-over-year, and traffic to the ads.twitter.com portal for advertisers was down 16.5%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Performance on mobile was no better, down 17.8% year-over-year based on combined monthly active users for Apple’s iOS and Android.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even though the cultural relevance of Twitter was already starting to decline,” before Musk took it over, “it’s as if the platform no longer exists. And it’s been a death by a thousand cuts,” Enberg said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What’s really fascinating is that almost all of the wounds have been self-inflicted. Usually, when a social platform, starts to lose its relevance there are at least some external factors at play, but that’s not the case here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A year ago, Elon Musk shook up Twitter, creating X, an evolving social platform. Its future as an 'everything app' remains uncertain. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1698521577,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":23,"wordCount":1176},"headData":{"title":"One Year After Takeover, X Struggles With Misinformation, Advertising and Usage Decline | KQED","description":"A year ago, Elon Musk shook up Twitter, creating X, an evolving social platform. Its future as an 'everything app' remains uncertain. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"nprByline":"\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/BarbaraOrtutay\">Barbara Ortutay\u003c/a>\u003cbr>The Associated Press","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","articleAge":"0","path":"/news/11965833/one-year-after-takeover-x-struggles-with-misinformation-advertising-and-usage-decline","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>One year ago, billionaire and new owner \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/elon-musk-twitter-inc-technology-business-san-francisco-ee1e283ff873813524ff21b0a7751b47\">Elon Musk walked into\u003c/a> Twitter’s San Francisco headquarters with a white bathroom sink and a grin, fired its CEO and other top executives and began transforming the social media platform into what is now known as X.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>X looks and feels something like Twitter, but the more time you spend on it the clearer it becomes that it’s merely an approximation. Musk has dismantled core features of what made Twitter, Twitter — its name and \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/twitter-x-logo-blue-bird-musk-0689e9a5c3a217afc2fbefeaf0e6d8a8\">blue bird logo\u003c/a>, its \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/twitter-elon-musk-blue-checkmark-celebrities-544cfd66ed3a62f51a8a80c20e11ac5b\">verification system\u003c/a>, its \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/elon-musk-twitter-inc-technology-business-a9b795e8050de12319b82b5dd7118cd7\">Trust and Safety advisory group\u003c/a>. Not to mention \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/elon-musk-twitter-inc-technology-misinformation-social-media-a469130efaebc8ed029a647a149c5049\">content moderation\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/elon-musk-technology-business-government-and-politics-2907d382db132cfd7446152b9309992c\">hate speech\u003c/a> enforcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘Musk hasn’t managed to make a single meaningful improvement to the platform and is no closer to his vision of an ‘everything app,’ than he was a year ago.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"align":"right","size":"medium","citation":"Jasmine Enberg, analyst, Insider Intelligence","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>He also fired, laid off or lost the \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/elon-musk-twitter-inc-business-layoffs-c0334da78b3af9faf2f43cf3f6e52ffa\">majority of its workforce\u003c/a> — \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/world-cup-elon-musk-twitter-inc-technology-sports-d9217e91f876794bd7816013fbbc8cbb\">engineers who keep the site running\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/elon-musk-twitter-inc-technology-misinformation-social-media-a469130efaebc8ed029a647a149c5049\">moderators\u003c/a> who keep it from being overrun with hate, \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/twitter-musk-ella-irwin-resignation-transgender-f57a98e0c3797f1d93b694fc1bbddc2a\">executives\u003c/a> in charge of making rules and enforcing them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The result, long-term Twitter watchers say, has been the end of the platform’s role as an imperfect but useful place to find out what’s going on in the world. What X will become, and whether Musk can achieve his ambition of turning it into an \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/elon-musk-spacex-twitter-inc-technology-business-ef87ad2c5bbd708900cea36899210a53\">“everything app”\u003c/a> that everyone uses, remains as unclear as it was a year ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Musk hasn’t managed to make a single meaningful improvement to the platform and is no closer to his vision of an ‘everything app,’ than he was a year ago,” said Insider Intelligence analyst Jasmine Enberg. “Instead, X has driven away users, advertisers, and now it has lost its primary value proposition in the social media world: Being a central hub for news.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As one of the platform’s most popular and prolific users even before he bought the company, Musk had a unique experience on Twitter that is markedly different from how regular users experience it. But many of the changes he’s introduced to X has been based on his own impressions of the site — in fact, he even \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/elon-musk-twitter-inc-technology-business-8dac8ae023444ef9c37ca1d8fe1c14df\">polled his millions of followers\u003c/a> for advice on how to run it (they said he should step down).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Musk’s treatment of the platform as a technology company that he could remake in his vision rather than a social network fueled by people and ad dollars has been the single largest cause of the demise of Twitter,” Enberg said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"news_11930570","hero":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/10/GettyImages-1244262469-1-1020x578.jpg","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The blue checkmarks that once signified that the person or institution behind an account was who they said they were — a celebrity, athlete, journalist from a global or local publication, a nonprofit agency — now merely show that someone \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/technology-ap-news-alert-business-9912d9704e638c4f66f048eaa66368ee\">pays $8 a month\u003c/a> for a subscription service that boosts their posts above un-checked users. It’s these paying accounts that have been found to spread misinformation on the platform that is often amplified by its algorithms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, for instance, a new report from the left-leaning nonprofit Media Matters found that numerous blue-checked X accounts with tens of thousands of followers claimed that the \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/lewiston-maine-shootings-49da6d06a8b5a15d3b619b3927bc33ff\">mass shooting in Maine\u003c/a> was a “false flag,” planned by the government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers also found such accounts spreading \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/disinformation-musk-x-twitter-european-union-9f7823726f812bb357ee4225b884354f\">misinformation\u003c/a> and propaganda about the Israel-Hamas war — so much so that the European Commission made a formal, legally binding \u003ca href=\"https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_23_4953\">request for information\u003c/a> to X over its handling of hate speech, misinformation and violent terrorist content related to the war.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ian Bremmer, a prominent foreign policy expert, posted on X this month that the level of disinformation on the Israel-Hamas war “being algorithmically promoted” on the platform “is unlike anything I’ve ever been exposed to in my career as a political scientist.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not just the platform’s identity that’s on shaky ground. Twitter was already struggling financially when Musk purchased it for $44 billion in a deal that closed on Oct. 27, 2022, and the situation appears more precarious today. Musk took the company private, so its books are no longer public — but in July, the Tesla CEO said the company had lost about \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/twitter-elon-musk-debt-advertising-70f526c407d4c68107f9d1ec4b4e3151\">half of its advertising revenue\u003c/a> and continues to face a large debt load.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11965846\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11965846 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/AP23299774367797-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"A lower-cased T-sign is seen on the ground lying atop a w sign.\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1707\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/AP23299774367797-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/AP23299774367797-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/AP23299774367797-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/AP23299774367797-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/AP23299774367797-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/AP23299774367797-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/AP23299774367797-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A pile of characters removed from a sign on the Twitter headquarters building is seen in San Francisco, July 24, 2023. \u003ccite>(Godofredo A.Vásquez/AP Photo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We’re still negative cash flow,” he posted on the site on July 14, due to about a “50% drop in advertising revenue plus heavy debt load.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Need to reach positive cash flow before we have the luxury of anything else,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May, Musk hired \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/twitter-x-corp-ceo-linda-yaccarino-elon-musk-0131c61ac296955d424fd057f6b0196d\">Linda Yaccarino\u003c/a>, a former NBC executive with deep ties to the advertising industry in an attempt to lure back top brands, but the effort has been slow to pay off. While some advertisers have returned to X, they are not spending as much as they did in the past — despite a rebound in the online advertising market that boosted the most recent quarterly profits for Facebook parent company, Meta, and Google parent company, Alphabet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"label":"Related Stories ","postid":"news_11965186,forum_2010101892887,news_11935737"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Insider Intelligence estimates that X will bring in $1.89 billion in advertising revenue this year, down 54% from 2022. The last time its ad revenue was near this level was in 2015 when it came in at $1.99 billion. In 2022, it was $4.12 billion according to the research firm’s estimates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside research also shows that people are using X less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to research firm Similarweb, global web traffic to Twitter.com was down 14%, year-over-year, and traffic to the ads.twitter.com portal for advertisers was down 16.5%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Performance on mobile was no better, down 17.8% year-over-year based on combined monthly active users for Apple’s iOS and Android.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even though the cultural relevance of Twitter was already starting to decline,” before Musk took it over, “it’s as if the platform no longer exists. And it’s been a death by a thousand cuts,” Enberg said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What’s really fascinating is that almost all of the wounds have been self-inflicted. Usually, when a social platform, starts to lose its relevance there are at least some external factors at play, but that’s not the case here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11965833/one-year-after-takeover-x-struggles-with-misinformation-advertising-and-usage-decline","authors":["byline_news_11965833"],"categories":["news_8"],"tags":["news_18538","news_3897","news_1089","news_346","news_33393"],"featImg":"news_11965845","label":"news"},"news_11965403":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11965403","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11965403","score":null,"sort":[1698189470000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"social-media-companies-get-big-fat-f-in-moderating-israel-hamas-war-content-say-hate-speech-watchers","title":"Social Media Companies Get 'Big Fat F' in Moderating Israel-Hamas War Content, Say Hate-Speech Watchers","publishDate":1698189470,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Social Media Companies Get ‘Big Fat F’ in Moderating Israel-Hamas War Content, Say Hate-Speech Watchers | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"news"},"content":"\u003cp>A growing group of academics and civil discourse advocates are \u003ca href=\"https://dfrlab.org/2023/10/12/in-israel-hamas-conflict-social-media-become-tools-of-propaganda-and-disinformation/\">sounding the alarm\u003c/a> over a surge in hate speech and disinformation on all major social media platforms as the Israel-Hamas war escalates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider the most recent dramatic example, in the hours following the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/18/world/middleeast/gaza-hospital-israel-hamas-explained.html\">Oct. 17 air strike of a hospital in Gaza\u003c/a> that killed scores of civilians. As journalists and respected investigative groups tried to make sense of the incident, social media exploded with unfounded accusations from Hamas and its supporters that the missile had been fired by Israel and had killed close to 500 people. They then cast doubt on subsequent evidence suggesting that the hospital was most likely hit by an errant rocket fired by Palestinian militants and that the death toll — while still strikingly high — was significantly lower than initially reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While incontrovertible confirmation of who perpetrated this particular tragedy may not come for some time — if ever — it’s clear that the chaotic online discourse around it further inflamed tensions.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Eroding trust\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>“It’s not just that there are fraudulent pieces of information out there. When the \u003cem>authentic\u003c/em> pieces of information come out, we don’t know if we should trust it,” said Hany Farid, a UC Berkeley School of Information professor specializing in detecting manipulated media and deep fakes. “And that makes reasoning about what is happening really difficult. Nobody fundamentally knows what’s going on anymore, and that’s insane.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last year, major social media platforms have \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11932611/with-mass-social-media-layoffs-researchers-warn-of-rise-in-hate-speech\">gutted their content moderation teams, a shift that many say is in part responsible for the proliferation of \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/10/19/1207173798/fake-accounts-old-videos-and-rumors-fuel-chaos-around-gaza-hospital-explosion\">photos and videos\u003c/a> of this war that turn out to be recycled from other conflicts — or are sometimes even clipped from video games.[pullquote align =\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Hany Farid, UC Berkeley School of Information\"]‘People should be angry that when they go online, they are being lied to. They are being manipulated by other people, by state-sponsored actors, and by the very platforms, and we are no longer informed citizens.’[/pullquote]“Let’s start with Twitter. (I refuse to call it X.) They just get a big fat F,” Farid said. “It is clear that Twitter has become more of a hellhole than it was pre-Musk, and it continues to decline.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since Elon Musk \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/27/technology/elon-musk-twitter-deal-complete.html\">bought Twitter last year\u003c/a> — and then changed its name to “X “— many observers say the social media platform, long influential among journalists, has increasingly become a \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/10/18/hamas-social-media-terror/\">de facto rebroadcaster \u003c/a>of \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/10/11/tiktok-youtube-israel-hamas-content-moderation/\">unfiltered war propaganda \u003c/a>posted on even more loosely moderated, conspiracy-prone platforms like Telegram.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if X gets an “F” from hate-speech watchers during this latest conflict, Meta, which owns Facebook, Instagram and WhatsApp and has considerably greater reach, gets something just north of F, said Callum Hood, head of research for the Center for Countering Digital Hate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If I know that one of the most popular posts on Facebook — according to data that I know they have access to, as well — is footage of an execution, with no warnings on it, at all, I have very serious concerns about what they’re doing,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement to KQED, a Meta spokesperson pointed to a company blog post about its \u003ca href=\"https://about.fb.com/news/2023/10/metas-efforts-regarding-israel-hamas-war/\">special operations center\u003c/a> staffed with experts, including fluent Hebrew and Arabic speakers, “working around the clock to monitor our platforms while protecting people’s ability to use our apps to shed light on important developments happening on the ground.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>‘These are not new problems’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Content moderation is no easy task, especially when individuals with strong opinions post or repost factually inaccurate material, said Jillian York, director for international freedom of expression with the San Francisco-based Electronic Frontier Foundation. Last week, her group \u003ca href=\"https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2023/10/social-media-platforms-must-do-better-when-handling-misinformation-especially\">posted an open letter\u003c/a> calling on social media companies to better handle misinformation, particularly during major international conflicts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are not new problems,” York said. “We want platforms to ensure that their content moderation practices are transparent and consistent. We want them to sufficiently resource in every location in which they operate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every researcher KQED spoke to also lamented the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11905230/do-federal-lawmakers-have-the-stomach-to-rein-in-big-tech\">lack of federal regulation\u003c/a> of social media platforms. They noted how, in contrast, the European Union’s Digital Services Act went into effect a couple of months ago, requiring large platforms to \u003ca href=\"https://www.theverge.com/23845672/eu-digital-services-act-explained\">employ robust procedures\u003c/a> to tackle systemic risks and abuse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a blog post, Meta acknowledged growing concerns among users that Facebook and Instagram appeared to be algorithmically curtailing the reach of certain posts, a technique known as “shadow banning.” The company characterized those incidents as “bugs,” which it says have since been fixed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This bug affected accounts equally around the globe – not only people trying to post about what’s happening in Israel and Gaza – and it had nothing to do with the subject matter of the content,” Meta said in its blog post.[aside label=\"related coverage\" tag=\"disinformation\"]But researchers say their ability to monitor what’s actually gaining traction on Meta’s platforms through the company’s application programming interfaces, or APIs, has been limited. Crowdtangle is another analytics tool researchers have found useful in monitoring content — one they say Meta bought but has failed to maintain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Facebook and Instagram is harder to study than ever. The truth is, I don’t think any organization has a very good grip on how disinformational hate is spreading on Facebook or Instagram right now because every possible tool that we once had for investigating it, they’re unusable,” Hood said. “Overall, maybe there’s less on these platforms, but we can’t actually say.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Hood and other researchers, a similar lack of transparency makes it impossible to independently assess the efforts of Tiktok, which\u003ca href=\"https://newsroom.tiktok.com/en-us/our-continued-actions-to-protect-the-tiktok-community-during-the-israelhamas-war\"> recently announced \u003c/a>it launched a command center that brings together “key members” of its “40,000-strong global team of safety professionals,” and was working to remove posts that support or incite violence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hood and Farid, among many other observers, say these recent efforts are largely ineffective because they are overlaid on top of an ad-based business model designed to keep users on the platforms by promoting engaging content, regardless of its veracity.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>‘Stop getting your information from social media’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>“People should be angry that when they go online, they are being lied to. They are being manipulated by other people, by state-sponsored actors, and by the very platforms, and we are no longer informed citizens,” Farid said. “We’re not arguing about how to do something or if to do something. We’re arguing about 1 + 1 = 2.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In contrast, Farid adds, most news organizations have structural incentives to try to get the facts right, even though \u003ca href=\"https://news.gallup.com/poll/512861/media-confidence-matches-2016-record-low.aspx?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email\">a large proportion of Americans\u003c/a> don’t trust them either. That is to say, journalists are concerned about maintaining their own credibility with news consumers and competitively assessing rivals’ news coverage to probe for weaknesses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When things are unfolding as fast as they are, stop getting your information from social media,” he said. “I’m not saying that \u003cem>The Washington Post\u003c/em> and \u003cem>The New York Times\u003c/em> and the \u003cem>San Francisco Chronicle\u003c/em> always get it right. But at least they’re trying to get it right. And you can’t say that about social media.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farid says he finds hope for the future in emerging content authentication protocols and technologies. He points to new efforts like the Coalition for Content Provenance and Authenticity (\u003ca href=\"https://c2pa.org\">C2PA\u003c/a>), an alliance between Adobe, Intel, Microsoft and other major tech companies to develop technical standards for certifying the provenance of media content.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So if I am in Gaza, and I film the bombing of a hospital, I can now verify when that was taken, who took it, where it was taken, and what was recorded,” Farid said. “That technology, we know how to do it. It just has to get deployed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Many civil discourse advocates and scholars say all the major social media platforms are failing to tackle the surge of hate speech and disinformation around the Israel-Gaza conflict.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1700520858,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":24,"wordCount":1394},"headData":{"title":"Social Media Companies Get 'Big Fat F' in Moderating Israel-Hamas War Content, Say Hate-Speech Watchers | KQED","description":"Many civil discourse advocates and scholars say all the major social media platforms are failing to tackle the surge of hate speech and disinformation around the Israel-Gaza conflict.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"audioUrl":"https://traffic.omny.fm/d/clips/0af137ef-751e-4b19-a055-aaef00d2d578/ffca7e9f-6831-41c5-bcaf-aaef00f5a073/c9a709b6-6e84-47d0-863c-b0a500f5d176/audio.mp3?download=true","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/news/11965403/social-media-companies-get-big-fat-f-in-moderating-israel-hamas-war-content-say-hate-speech-watchers","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A growing group of academics and civil discourse advocates are \u003ca href=\"https://dfrlab.org/2023/10/12/in-israel-hamas-conflict-social-media-become-tools-of-propaganda-and-disinformation/\">sounding the alarm\u003c/a> over a surge in hate speech and disinformation on all major social media platforms as the Israel-Hamas war escalates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider the most recent dramatic example, in the hours following the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/18/world/middleeast/gaza-hospital-israel-hamas-explained.html\">Oct. 17 air strike of a hospital in Gaza\u003c/a> that killed scores of civilians. As journalists and respected investigative groups tried to make sense of the incident, social media exploded with unfounded accusations from Hamas and its supporters that the missile had been fired by Israel and had killed close to 500 people. They then cast doubt on subsequent evidence suggesting that the hospital was most likely hit by an errant rocket fired by Palestinian militants and that the death toll — while still strikingly high — was significantly lower than initially reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While incontrovertible confirmation of who perpetrated this particular tragedy may not come for some time — if ever — it’s clear that the chaotic online discourse around it further inflamed tensions.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Eroding trust\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>“It’s not just that there are fraudulent pieces of information out there. When the \u003cem>authentic\u003c/em> pieces of information come out, we don’t know if we should trust it,” said Hany Farid, a UC Berkeley School of Information professor specializing in detecting manipulated media and deep fakes. “And that makes reasoning about what is happening really difficult. Nobody fundamentally knows what’s going on anymore, and that’s insane.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last year, major social media platforms have \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11932611/with-mass-social-media-layoffs-researchers-warn-of-rise-in-hate-speech\">gutted their content moderation teams, a shift that many say is in part responsible for the proliferation of \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/10/19/1207173798/fake-accounts-old-videos-and-rumors-fuel-chaos-around-gaza-hospital-explosion\">photos and videos\u003c/a> of this war that turn out to be recycled from other conflicts — or are sometimes even clipped from video games.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘People should be angry that when they go online, they are being lied to. They are being manipulated by other people, by state-sponsored actors, and by the very platforms, and we are no longer informed citizens.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"align":"right","size":"medium","citation":"Hany Farid, UC Berkeley School of Information","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“Let’s start with Twitter. (I refuse to call it X.) They just get a big fat F,” Farid said. “It is clear that Twitter has become more of a hellhole than it was pre-Musk, and it continues to decline.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since Elon Musk \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/27/technology/elon-musk-twitter-deal-complete.html\">bought Twitter last year\u003c/a> — and then changed its name to “X “— many observers say the social media platform, long influential among journalists, has increasingly become a \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/10/18/hamas-social-media-terror/\">de facto rebroadcaster \u003c/a>of \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/10/11/tiktok-youtube-israel-hamas-content-moderation/\">unfiltered war propaganda \u003c/a>posted on even more loosely moderated, conspiracy-prone platforms like Telegram.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if X gets an “F” from hate-speech watchers during this latest conflict, Meta, which owns Facebook, Instagram and WhatsApp and has considerably greater reach, gets something just north of F, said Callum Hood, head of research for the Center for Countering Digital Hate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If I know that one of the most popular posts on Facebook — according to data that I know they have access to, as well — is footage of an execution, with no warnings on it, at all, I have very serious concerns about what they’re doing,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement to KQED, a Meta spokesperson pointed to a company blog post about its \u003ca href=\"https://about.fb.com/news/2023/10/metas-efforts-regarding-israel-hamas-war/\">special operations center\u003c/a> staffed with experts, including fluent Hebrew and Arabic speakers, “working around the clock to monitor our platforms while protecting people’s ability to use our apps to shed light on important developments happening on the ground.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>‘These are not new problems’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Content moderation is no easy task, especially when individuals with strong opinions post or repost factually inaccurate material, said Jillian York, director for international freedom of expression with the San Francisco-based Electronic Frontier Foundation. Last week, her group \u003ca href=\"https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2023/10/social-media-platforms-must-do-better-when-handling-misinformation-especially\">posted an open letter\u003c/a> calling on social media companies to better handle misinformation, particularly during major international conflicts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are not new problems,” York said. “We want platforms to ensure that their content moderation practices are transparent and consistent. We want them to sufficiently resource in every location in which they operate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every researcher KQED spoke to also lamented the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11905230/do-federal-lawmakers-have-the-stomach-to-rein-in-big-tech\">lack of federal regulation\u003c/a> of social media platforms. They noted how, in contrast, the European Union’s Digital Services Act went into effect a couple of months ago, requiring large platforms to \u003ca href=\"https://www.theverge.com/23845672/eu-digital-services-act-explained\">employ robust procedures\u003c/a> to tackle systemic risks and abuse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a blog post, Meta acknowledged growing concerns among users that Facebook and Instagram appeared to be algorithmically curtailing the reach of certain posts, a technique known as “shadow banning.” The company characterized those incidents as “bugs,” which it says have since been fixed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This bug affected accounts equally around the globe – not only people trying to post about what’s happening in Israel and Gaza – and it had nothing to do with the subject matter of the content,” Meta said in its blog post.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"label":"related coverage ","tag":"disinformation"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>But researchers say their ability to monitor what’s actually gaining traction on Meta’s platforms through the company’s application programming interfaces, or APIs, has been limited. Crowdtangle is another analytics tool researchers have found useful in monitoring content — one they say Meta bought but has failed to maintain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Facebook and Instagram is harder to study than ever. The truth is, I don’t think any organization has a very good grip on how disinformational hate is spreading on Facebook or Instagram right now because every possible tool that we once had for investigating it, they’re unusable,” Hood said. “Overall, maybe there’s less on these platforms, but we can’t actually say.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Hood and other researchers, a similar lack of transparency makes it impossible to independently assess the efforts of Tiktok, which\u003ca href=\"https://newsroom.tiktok.com/en-us/our-continued-actions-to-protect-the-tiktok-community-during-the-israelhamas-war\"> recently announced \u003c/a>it launched a command center that brings together “key members” of its “40,000-strong global team of safety professionals,” and was working to remove posts that support or incite violence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hood and Farid, among many other observers, say these recent efforts are largely ineffective because they are overlaid on top of an ad-based business model designed to keep users on the platforms by promoting engaging content, regardless of its veracity.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>‘Stop getting your information from social media’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>“People should be angry that when they go online, they are being lied to. They are being manipulated by other people, by state-sponsored actors, and by the very platforms, and we are no longer informed citizens,” Farid said. “We’re not arguing about how to do something or if to do something. We’re arguing about 1 + 1 = 2.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In contrast, Farid adds, most news organizations have structural incentives to try to get the facts right, even though \u003ca href=\"https://news.gallup.com/poll/512861/media-confidence-matches-2016-record-low.aspx?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email\">a large proportion of Americans\u003c/a> don’t trust them either. That is to say, journalists are concerned about maintaining their own credibility with news consumers and competitively assessing rivals’ news coverage to probe for weaknesses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When things are unfolding as fast as they are, stop getting your information from social media,” he said. “I’m not saying that \u003cem>The Washington Post\u003c/em> and \u003cem>The New York Times\u003c/em> and the \u003cem>San Francisco Chronicle\u003c/em> always get it right. But at least they’re trying to get it right. And you can’t say that about social media.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farid says he finds hope for the future in emerging content authentication protocols and technologies. He points to new efforts like the Coalition for Content Provenance and Authenticity (\u003ca href=\"https://c2pa.org\">C2PA\u003c/a>), an alliance between Adobe, Intel, Microsoft and other major tech companies to develop technical standards for certifying the provenance of media content.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So if I am in Gaza, and I film the bombing of a hospital, I can now verify when that was taken, who took it, where it was taken, and what was recorded,” Farid said. “That technology, we know how to do it. It just has to get deployed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11965403/social-media-companies-get-big-fat-f-in-moderating-israel-hamas-war-content-say-hate-speech-watchers","authors":["251"],"categories":["news_8"],"tags":["news_26706","news_249","news_6631","news_21319","news_1741","news_33333","news_30214","news_26264","news_17968","news_353","news_1089","news_346","news_33393"],"featImg":"news_11965462","label":"news"},"news_11965392":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11965392","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11965392","score":null,"sort":[1698171618000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"us-states-sue-meta-for-addictive-apps-fueling-youth-mental-health-crisis","title":"US States Sue Meta for Addictive Apps, Fueling Youth Mental Health Crisis","publishDate":1698171618,"format":"standard","headTitle":"US States Sue Meta for Addictive Apps, Fueling Youth Mental Health Crisis | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"news"},"content":"\u003cp>More than three dozen states, including California, New York and the District of Columbia, are filing federal and state lawsuits claiming Facebook and Instagram intentionally — and illegally — manipulate young users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit filed in federal court in California also claims that Meta routinely collects data on children under 13 without their parents’ consent, violating federal law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Meta has harnessed powerful and unprecedented technologies to entice, engage, and ultimately ensnare youth and teens. Its motive is profit, and in seeking to maximize its financial gains, Meta has repeatedly misled the public about the substantial dangers of its social media platforms,” the complaint says. “It has concealed the ways in which these platforms exploit and manipulate its most vulnerable consumers: teenagers and children.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad full-width]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuits follow the collapse of settlement talks with the Menlo Park-based Meta, which operates both platforms. It’s also the result of an investigation led by a bipartisan coalition of attorneys general from Florida, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Nebraska, New Jersey, Tennessee, Vermont and more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Attorney General Rob Bonta is part of the coalition of more than 30 AGs filing \u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/system/files/attachments/press-docs/FINAL%20Meta%20Multistate%20Complaint%2C%20N.D.%20Cal.%20%28REDACTED%2C%20CONFORMED%29.pdf\">the federal lawsuit\u003c/a> in Northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We refuse to allow the company to feign ignorance of the harm it knows it’s causing,” Bonta said in a statement on Tuesday. “We refuse to let it continue business as usual when that business is hurting our children.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to the 33 states, nine other attorneys general are filing in their respective states, bringing the total number of states taking action to 42. [pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"California Attorney General Rob Bonta\"]‘We refuse to allow the company to feign ignorance of the harm it knows it’s causing. We refuse to let it continue business as usual when that business is hurting our children.’[/pullquote]“Kids and teenagers are suffering from record levels of poor mental health and social media companies like Meta are to blame,” New York Attorney General Letitia James said. “Meta has profited from children’s pain by intentionally designing its platforms with manipulative features that make children addicted to their platforms while lowering their self-esteem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, Meta said it shares “the attorneys general’s commitment to providing teens with safe, positive experiences online, and have already introduced over 30 tools to support teens and their families.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re disappointed that instead of working productively with companies across the industry to create clear, age-appropriate standards for the many apps teens use, the attorneys general have chosen this path,” the company added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuits also come on the heels of damning newspaper reports, first published by \u003cem>The Wall Street Journal\u003c/em> in the fall of 2021, based on Meta’s research that found that the company knew about the harms Instagram can cause teenagers — especially teen girls — when it comes to mental health and body image issues. [pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"New York Attorney General Letitia James\"]‘Kids and teenagers are suffering from record levels of poor mental health and social media companies like Meta are to blame.’[/pullquote]One internal study cited 13.5% of teen girls saying Instagram makes thoughts of suicide worse and 17% of teen girls saying it makes eating disorders worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following the first reports, a consortium of news organizations, including \u003cem>The Associated Press\u003c/em>, published their findings based on leaked documents from whistleblower Frances Haugen, who has testified before Congress and a British parliamentary committee about what she found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The use of social media among teens is nearly universal in the U.S. and many other parts of the world. Up to 95% of youth ages 13 to 17 in the U.S. report using a social media platform, with more than a third saying they use social media “almost constantly,” according to the Pew Research Center. [aside postID=news_11951924 hero='https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/060123-Meta-Facebook-Instagram-AP-JC-KQED-1020x680.jpg']To comply with federal regulation, social media companies ban kids under 13 from signing up to their platforms — but children have been shown to easily get around the bans, both with and without their parents’ consent, and many younger kids have social media accounts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other measures social platforms have taken to address concerns about children’s mental health are also easily circumvented. For instance, TikTok recently introduced a default 60-minute time limit for users under 18. But once the limit is reached, minors can enter a passcode to keep watching.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May, U.S. Surgeon General Dr. Vivek Murthy called on tech companies, parents and caregivers to take “immediate action to protect kids now” from the harms of social media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Associated Press Writers Maysoon Khan in New York and Ashraf Khalil in Washington DC contributed to this story. KQED’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/author/rachael-myrow\">Rachael Myrow\u003c/a> also contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"U.S. states like California, New York and Arizona are suing Meta for harming young people’s mental health, alleging platform addiction and data collection violations.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1698180280,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":849},"headData":{"title":"US States Sue Meta for Addictive Apps, Fueling Youth Mental Health Crisis | KQED","description":"U.S. states like California, New York and Arizona are suing Meta for harming young people’s mental health, alleging platform addiction and data collection violations.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"nprByline":"\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/BarbaraOrtutay\">Barbara Ortutay\u003c/a>\u003cbr> AP News","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","articleAge":"0","path":"/news/11965392/us-states-sue-meta-for-addictive-apps-fueling-youth-mental-health-crisis","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>More than three dozen states, including California, New York and the District of Columbia, are filing federal and state lawsuits claiming Facebook and Instagram intentionally — and illegally — manipulate young users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit filed in federal court in California also claims that Meta routinely collects data on children under 13 without their parents’ consent, violating federal law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Meta has harnessed powerful and unprecedented technologies to entice, engage, and ultimately ensnare youth and teens. Its motive is profit, and in seeking to maximize its financial gains, Meta has repeatedly misled the public about the substantial dangers of its social media platforms,” the complaint says. “It has concealed the ways in which these platforms exploit and manipulate its most vulnerable consumers: teenagers and children.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"full-width"},"numeric":["full-width"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuits follow the collapse of settlement talks with the Menlo Park-based Meta, which operates both platforms. It’s also the result of an investigation led by a bipartisan coalition of attorneys general from Florida, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Nebraska, New Jersey, Tennessee, Vermont and more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Attorney General Rob Bonta is part of the coalition of more than 30 AGs filing \u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/system/files/attachments/press-docs/FINAL%20Meta%20Multistate%20Complaint%2C%20N.D.%20Cal.%20%28REDACTED%2C%20CONFORMED%29.pdf\">the federal lawsuit\u003c/a> in Northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We refuse to allow the company to feign ignorance of the harm it knows it’s causing,” Bonta said in a statement on Tuesday. “We refuse to let it continue business as usual when that business is hurting our children.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to the 33 states, nine other attorneys general are filing in their respective states, bringing the total number of states taking action to 42. \u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘We refuse to allow the company to feign ignorance of the harm it knows it’s causing. We refuse to let it continue business as usual when that business is hurting our children.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"medium","align":"right","citation":"California Attorney General Rob Bonta","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“Kids and teenagers are suffering from record levels of poor mental health and social media companies like Meta are to blame,” New York Attorney General Letitia James said. “Meta has profited from children’s pain by intentionally designing its platforms with manipulative features that make children addicted to their platforms while lowering their self-esteem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, Meta said it shares “the attorneys general’s commitment to providing teens with safe, positive experiences online, and have already introduced over 30 tools to support teens and their families.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re disappointed that instead of working productively with companies across the industry to create clear, age-appropriate standards for the many apps teens use, the attorneys general have chosen this path,” the company added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuits also come on the heels of damning newspaper reports, first published by \u003cem>The Wall Street Journal\u003c/em> in the fall of 2021, based on Meta’s research that found that the company knew about the harms Instagram can cause teenagers — especially teen girls — when it comes to mental health and body image issues. \u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘Kids and teenagers are suffering from record levels of poor mental health and social media companies like Meta are to blame.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"medium","align":"right","citation":"New York Attorney General Letitia James","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>One internal study cited 13.5% of teen girls saying Instagram makes thoughts of suicide worse and 17% of teen girls saying it makes eating disorders worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following the first reports, a consortium of news organizations, including \u003cem>The Associated Press\u003c/em>, published their findings based on leaked documents from whistleblower Frances Haugen, who has testified before Congress and a British parliamentary committee about what she found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The use of social media among teens is nearly universal in the U.S. and many other parts of the world. Up to 95% of youth ages 13 to 17 in the U.S. report using a social media platform, with more than a third saying they use social media “almost constantly,” according to the Pew Research Center. \u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"news_11951924","hero":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/060123-Meta-Facebook-Instagram-AP-JC-KQED-1020x680.jpg","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>To comply with federal regulation, social media companies ban kids under 13 from signing up to their platforms — but children have been shown to easily get around the bans, both with and without their parents’ consent, and many younger kids have social media accounts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other measures social platforms have taken to address concerns about children’s mental health are also easily circumvented. For instance, TikTok recently introduced a default 60-minute time limit for users under 18. But once the limit is reached, minors can enter a passcode to keep watching.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May, U.S. Surgeon General Dr. Vivek Murthy called on tech companies, parents and caregivers to take “immediate action to protect kids now” from the harms of social media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Associated Press Writers Maysoon Khan in New York and Ashraf Khalil in Washington DC contributed to this story. KQED’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/author/rachael-myrow\">Rachael Myrow\u003c/a> also contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11965392/us-states-sue-meta-for-addictive-apps-fueling-youth-mental-health-crisis","authors":["byline_news_11965392"],"categories":["news_457","news_8"],"tags":["news_18538","news_2043","news_30826","news_250","news_2109","news_30214","news_31878","news_1089"],"featImg":"news_11965397","label":"news"},"news_11934883":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11934883","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11934883","score":null,"sort":[1670842805000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"tbh-the-problem-with-the-clean-girl-aesthetic","title":"tbh: The Problem With The 'Clean Girl Aesthetic'","publishDate":1670842805,"format":"audio","headTitle":"tbh: The Problem With The ‘Clean Girl Aesthetic’ | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Teenagers like Elise Muchowski aspired to the “Clean Girl Aesthetic,” a trend that blew up on TikTok and that prioritizes looking clean and effortless, with videos of skincare, makeup routines, and a minimalist wardrobe.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, we’re sharing an episode of the tbh podcast from KALW. In it, teenagers unpack what’s behind the clean girl aesthetic, why it’s harmful, and what role social media plays in their lives right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp id=\"embed-code\" class=\"inconsolata\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"200\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"https://playlist.megaphone.fm?e=KQINC6561165884&light=true\" width=\"100%\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">\u003cstrong>Links:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kalw.org/podcast/crosscurrents/2022-09-28/tbh-the-dirty-truth-about-the-clean-girl-aesthetic\">tbh: The Dirty Truth About the Clean Girl Aesthetic \u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In this episode from TBH, a youth-led production out of KALW, Muchowski explores the effects these algorithms have on teens of color and what responsibility do social media companies have to their well-being. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1700682982,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":4,"wordCount":90},"headData":{"title":"tbh: The Problem With The 'Clean Girl Aesthetic' | KQED","description":"In this episode from TBH, a youth-led production out of KALW, Muchowski explores the effects these algorithms have on teens of color and what responsibility do social media companies have to their well-being. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"The Bay","sourceUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/podcasts/thebay","audioUrl":"https://www.podtrac.com/pts/redirect.mp3/traffic.megaphone.fm/KQINC6561165884.mp3","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/news/11934883/tbh-the-problem-with-the-clean-girl-aesthetic","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Teenagers like Elise Muchowski aspired to the “Clean Girl Aesthetic,” a trend that blew up on TikTok and that prioritizes looking clean and effortless, with videos of skincare, makeup routines, and a minimalist wardrobe.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, we’re sharing an episode of the tbh podcast from KALW. In it, teenagers unpack what’s behind the clean girl aesthetic, why it’s harmful, and what role social media plays in their lives right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp id=\"embed-code\" class=\"inconsolata\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"200\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"https://playlist.megaphone.fm?e=KQINC6561165884&light=true\" width=\"100%\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">\u003cstrong>Links:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kalw.org/podcast/crosscurrents/2022-09-28/tbh-the-dirty-truth-about-the-clean-girl-aesthetic\">tbh: The Dirty Truth About the Clean Girl Aesthetic \u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11934883/tbh-the-problem-with-the-clean-girl-aesthetic","authors":["8654","11802","11649"],"programs":["news_28779"],"categories":["news_8","news_33520"],"tags":["news_19216","news_353","news_1089","news_1631","news_22598","news_32148"],"featImg":"news_11806224","label":"source_news_11934883"},"news_11934668":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11934668","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11934668","score":null,"sort":[1670583649000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"when-the-tenderloin-goes-viral","title":"When the Tenderloin's Addiction Crisis Goes Viral","publishDate":1670583649,"format":"audio","headTitle":"When the Tenderloin’s Addiction Crisis Goes Viral | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>San Francisco’s Tenderloin neighborhood has a reputation for drug addiction, poverty, and homelessness — all big problems that have not been solved by city and state leaders. But the neighborhood’s image is also shaped by disturbing pictures and videos of people taking drugs outside that go viral on social media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These images, which circulate around the world, can evoke anger, fear, and frustration. They also shape opinion about what should be done and galvanize support for harsher, tougher crackdowns on drug dealing and drug use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some believe that sharing these photos on social media is necessary to document this ongoing problem. Others say they only show one side of drug addiction, and leave those photographed without agency in how their stories are used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Guest\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/HollyMcDede\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Holly J. McDede\u003c/a>, KQED reporter/producer\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"card card--enclosed grey\">\n\u003cp id=\"embed-code\" class=\"inconsolata\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"200\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"https://playlist.megaphone.fm?e=KQINC1709992853&light=true\" width=\"100%\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1Rh877knbawecxlCugjWIHSq3eTGDee1z\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Read the transcript\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">\u003cstrong>Links:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11910500/advocacy-or-exploitation-the-ethical-concerns-around-posting-images-of-poverty-and-addiction-in-the-tenderloin\">Advocacy or Exploitation? The Ethical Concerns Around Posting Images of Poverty and Addiction in the Tenderloin\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://kqed.org/thebaysurvey\">\u003cstrong>Survey: \u003c/strong>\u003cb>Help Make The Bay Even Better\u003c/b>!\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1700682987,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":7,"wordCount":165},"headData":{"title":"When the Tenderloin's Addiction Crisis Goes Viral | KQED","description":"San Francisco's Tenderloin neighborhood has a reputation for drug addiction, poverty, and homelessness — all big problems that have not been solved by city and state leaders. But the neighborhood’s image is also shaped by disturbing pictures and videos of people taking drugs outside that go viral on social media. These images, which circulate around","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"The Bay","sourceUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/podcasts/thebay","audioUrl":"https://www.podtrac.com/pts/redirect.mp3/traffic.megaphone.fm/KQINC1709992853.mp3","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/news/11934668/when-the-tenderloin-goes-viral","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>San Francisco’s Tenderloin neighborhood has a reputation for drug addiction, poverty, and homelessness — all big problems that have not been solved by city and state leaders. But the neighborhood’s image is also shaped by disturbing pictures and videos of people taking drugs outside that go viral on social media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These images, which circulate around the world, can evoke anger, fear, and frustration. They also shape opinion about what should be done and galvanize support for harsher, tougher crackdowns on drug dealing and drug use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some believe that sharing these photos on social media is necessary to document this ongoing problem. Others say they only show one side of drug addiction, and leave those photographed without agency in how their stories are used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Guest\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/HollyMcDede\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Holly J. McDede\u003c/a>, KQED reporter/producer\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"card card--enclosed grey\">\n\u003cp id=\"embed-code\" class=\"inconsolata\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"200\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"https://playlist.megaphone.fm?e=KQINC1709992853&light=true\" width=\"100%\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1Rh877knbawecxlCugjWIHSq3eTGDee1z\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Read the transcript\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">\u003cstrong>Links:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11910500/advocacy-or-exploitation-the-ethical-concerns-around-posting-images-of-poverty-and-addiction-in-the-tenderloin\">Advocacy or Exploitation? The Ethical Concerns Around Posting Images of Poverty and Addiction in the Tenderloin\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://kqed.org/thebaysurvey\">\u003cstrong>Survey: \u003c/strong>\u003cb>Help Make The Bay Even Better\u003c/b>!\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11934668/when-the-tenderloin-goes-viral","authors":["8654","11635","11802","11649"],"programs":["news_28779"],"categories":["news_8","news_33520"],"tags":["news_21434","news_2587","news_1089","news_3181","news_22598"],"featImg":"news_11911802","label":"source_news_11934668"},"news_11933638":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11933638","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11933638","score":null,"sort":[1669850592000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"twitters-chaos-could-further-stoke-political-violence-outside-the-u-s","title":"Twitter's Chaos Could Further Stoke Political Violence Outside the US","publishDate":1669850592,"format":"standard","headTitle":"NPR | KQED News","labelTerm":{"term":253,"site":"news"},"content":"\u003cp>Impersonators paying for \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/25/1139218045/twitter-verification-subscription-relaunch-elon-musk\">blue \"verified\" checkmarks\u003c/a>. A \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/17/1137413251/twitter-employees-quit-elon-musk\">decimated team of workers\u003c/a> enforcing rules against hate speech and other violating posts. A \u003ca href=\"https://www.dailydot.com/debug/antifa-twitter-accounts-list-telegram/\">mass reporting campaign\u003c/a> by right-wing activists targeting political opponents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the chaotic changes unleashed by Elon Musk, Twitter users in the U.S. are confronting problems that have long plagued the social network in other parts of the world – and which are at risk of getting even worse under its new billionaire owner, according to human rights and freedom of expression advocates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It is not clear to me at all that Musk knows the kinds of liability he's creating with these sort of antics,\" said Thenmozhi Soundararajan, executive director of Equality Labs, which advocates for the rights of Dalits, the community at the bottom of India's caste hierarchy. \"I think Musk lacks the cultural competency, he's not getting proper legal advice around this issue, and so he's endangering millions of people's lives just for his whims,\" she said.[aside label=\"related coverage\" tag=\"twitter\"]While Musk hasn't publicly spoken about the implications of his vision for Twitter outside the U.S., activists and advocates point to a wealth of examples of how social media has enabled and exacerbated political, ethnic and religious conflicts, from \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/12/14/1064011279/facebook-is-being-sued-by-rohingya-refugees-over-myanmar-violence\">genocide in Myanmar\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/07/18/629731693/fake-news-turns-deadly-in-india\">mob killings in India\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/10/15/1046106922/social-media-misinformation-stokes-a-worsening-civil-war-in-ethiopia\">civil war in Ethiopia\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The majority world, the global south, is an expert in all of these issues,\" said Mishi Choudhary, a lawyer and founder of the Software Freedom Law Center, an Indian digital rights organization. \"I generally say that we have been watching the same reality TV show,\" she added, and \"India is two or three seasons ahead\" of the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Layoffs decimate internationally-focused teams \u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Musk's recent announcement that he will grant many suspended Twitter accounts \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/25/1139197362/elon-musk-says-he-will-grant-amnesty-to-suspended-twitter-accounts\">\"amnesty,\"\u003c/a> following an unscientific poll of Twitter users, is escalating alarm about how the platform could be abused. The company has already begun to reinstate some 62,000 accounts with more than 10,000 followers, according to the tech newsletter \u003ca href=\"https://www.platformer.news/p/why-some-tech-ceos-are-rooting-for\">Platformer\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Twitter and every other platform have always struggled to effectively enforce content moderation guidelines and other policies outside of the U.S. and especially in non-Western countries,\" said Shannon McGregor, a communications professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. \"They don't have enough people who understand the language and the culture and the politics to be involved in these things.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that was before Musk laid off more than half of Twitter's staff, with \u003ca href=\"https://restofworld.org/2022/global-twitter-employees-layoffs/\">teams outside the U.S.\u003c/a> hit especially hard, and eliminated thousands of contractors, many of whom do the difficult daily work of monitoring millions of tweets. Hundreds more employees have resigned rather than commit to the CEO's call for a new \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/16/1137105935/twitter-elon-musk-ultimatum\">\"hardcore\" Twitter\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twitter's \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ShannonRSingh/status/1588591603622772736\">human rights team\u003c/a> is gone. So is a group of investigators tracking state-backed domestic manipulation efforts in high-risk countries including Honduras, Ethiopia and India, according to a former employee. Its team fighting propaganda has been \"radically reduced,\" the \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/11/27/twitter-china-spam-protests/\">\u003cem>Washington Post \u003c/em>reported\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twitter, which has laid off its communications staff, didn't respond to NPR's questions for this story. In a \u003ca href=\"https://blog.twitter.com/en_us/topics/company/2022/twitter-2-0-our-continued-commitment-to-the-public-conversation\">blog post\u003c/a> published Thursday, the company said its policies had not changed and it remained \"committed to providing a safe, inclusive, entertaining, and informative experience for everyone.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our Trust & Safety team continues its diligent work to keep the platform safe from hateful conduct, abusive behavior, and any violation of Twitter's rules,\" the post, signed by \"The Twitter Team,\" said. \"The team remains strong and well-resourced, and automated detection plays an increasingly important role in eliminating abuse.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But automation is not perfect: this week, Twitter's software failed to detect newly posted videos of the 2019 attack on mosques in Christchurch, New Zealand. The company only removed the clips after it was alerted by the New Zealand government, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/nov/28/twitter-failed-to-detect-upload-of-christchurch-mosque-terror-attack-videos\">\u003cem>The Guardian\u003c/em>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Automated systems also require human input to reflect the cultural and linguistic challenges of a company that operates around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Before Musk acquired Twitter, it was understood within the company that markets in South Asia, including India, were countries in which mass atrocity was agreed to be occurring. ... One tweet could set off a pogrom,\" Soundararajan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of Twitter's trust and safety council – an outside group of advisers – Soundararajan's group worked with the company, giving feedback on potential risks of various features and developing lists of racist, casteist and sexist slurs used to help police the platform.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since Musk took control, the trust and safety council group hasn't met with or heard from the new owner – despite his claim he wanted to set up an outside \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/10/31/1132906782/elon-musk-twitter-pelosi-conspiracy\">\"content moderation council.\"\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We've gotten an email early in November that basically acknowledged the staffing changes and let us know that they were going to reach back out in December,\" Soundararajan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the Twitter staffers Soundararajan typically communicates with have disappeared. \"Our emails bounce back,\" she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Potential for blue checkmark abuse\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Against that backdrop, Musk's plans to relaunch a subscription offering that would give accounts checkmark badges – previously used to indicate Twitter had verified the identity of high-profile accounts – are a source of additional concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The initial rollout of the feature allowed anyone to buy an $8 monthly subscription and receive a blue checkmark with no identity verification. Immediately, accounts popped up impersonating celebrities, companies and politicians, forcing Twitter to halt signups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Musk has said the feature will return, with different colored checkmarks for different kinds of accounts, and that going forward, all verified accounts will be \"manually authenticated.\" It's not clear how Twitter will authenticate accounts or if it has sufficient staff to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Former employees and experts warn the risk of abuse is high, especially by those seeking to use the feature to influence public conversation, given that subscribers are being promised greater amplification on Twitter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The possibility for different kinds of media manipulation and disinformation campaigns to proliferate is enormous,\" said Joan Donovan, research director at Harvard's Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Long before Musk actually put the checkmarks up for sale, Twitter has struggled with bad actors illicitly selling verified accounts in places like the Middle East, Turkey and Africa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Nigeria, for example, verified accounts have traded hands for at least $5,000 in the past, according to Rosemary Ajayi, lead researcher at the Digital Africa Research Lab. One account impersonating Nigeria's ruling party managed to retain a verified check from 2015 to 2019, accumulating a million followers along the way, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's expensive, but people are doing it, in a country where there is a high level of poverty. So then how [many] more would buy it at the rate of $8 a month?\" she asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The risk will only grow amid a slew of upcoming elections, from Nigeria, Turkey and Thailand in 2023, to India, Mexico, Taiwan, European Parliament and, of course, the U.S. presidential race in 2024.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Free speech outside of the U.S.\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Even as they worry about how Musk's changes could make Twitter more dangerous, freedom of expression advocates are also left wondering what his avowed commitment to free speech will mean outside America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twitter is \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/05/business/twitter-india-lawsuit.html\">suing the Indian government\u003c/a> over orders to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/02/17/968641246/twitter-in-standoff-with-indias-government-over-free-speech-and-local-law\">censor critics\u003c/a> of Prime Minister Narendra Modi, and has resisted some of Modi's efforts to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/06/10/1004387255/india-and-tech-companies-clash-over-censorship-privacy-and-digital-colonialism\">clamp down on social media\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"His free speech concerns seem to have only been about the people he thinks should be on this platform, who are U.S.-centric people with a certain kind of politics,\" said Choudhary, the Indian digital-rights lawyer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though only a small proportion of India's 1.4 billion people use Twitter, it's influential among politicians, the media and activists. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said it's unclear what Musk's relationship with the Indian government will be like – especially considering he has other business interests in the country with his role as CEO of electric-car maker Tesla.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I rely on the fact that Twitter does not cave in to the pressure of my government and continues to allow me to speak, no matter what I'm speaking against them,\" Choudhary said. \"I don't think that he has shown any indication that he's going to be able to do that, or [that] he's going to continue, whether it's the lawsuit or any resistance against the government.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Twitter%27s+chaos+could+make+political+violence+worse+outside+of+the+U.S.&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Under the chaotic changes unleashed by Elon Musk, Twitter's new owner, US users of the social media platform are confronting problems that have long plagued the social network in other parts of the world.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1669850973,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":34,"wordCount":1438},"headData":{"title":"Twitter's Chaos Could Further Stoke Political Violence Outside the US | KQED","description":"Under the chaotic changes unleashed by Elon Musk, Twitter's new owner, US users of the social media platform are confronting problems that have long plagued the social network in other parts of the world.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"11933638 https://ww2.kqed.org/news/?p=11933638","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2022/11/30/twitters-chaos-could-further-stoke-political-violence-outside-the-u-s/","disqusTitle":"Twitter's Chaos Could Further Stoke Political Violence Outside the US","nprImageCredit":"Constanza Hevia","nprByline":"Shannon Bond","nprImageAgency":"AFP via Getty Images","nprStoryId":"1139924914","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=1139924914&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/30/1139924914/twitters-chaos-could-make-political-violence-worse-outside-of-the-u-s?ft=nprml&f=1139924914","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Wed, 30 Nov 2022 16:43:00 -0500","nprStoryDate":"Wed, 30 Nov 2022 14:24:35 -0500","nprLastModifiedDate":"Wed, 30 Nov 2022 14:33:04 -0500","nprAudio":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2022/11/20221130_atc_twitters_chaos_could_make_political_violence_worse_outside_of_the_us.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1019&aggIds=973275370&d=227&p=2&story=1139924914&ft=nprml&f=1139924914","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/11139976048-a5e65b.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1019&aggIds=973275370&d=227&p=2&story=1139924914&ft=nprml&f=1139924914","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","path":"/news/11933638/twitters-chaos-could-further-stoke-political-violence-outside-the-u-s","audioUrl":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2022/11/20221130_atc_twitters_chaos_could_make_political_violence_worse_outside_of_the_us.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1019&aggIds=973275370&d=227&p=2&story=1139924914&ft=nprml&f=1139924914","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Impersonators paying for \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/25/1139218045/twitter-verification-subscription-relaunch-elon-musk\">blue \"verified\" checkmarks\u003c/a>. A \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/17/1137413251/twitter-employees-quit-elon-musk\">decimated team of workers\u003c/a> enforcing rules against hate speech and other violating posts. A \u003ca href=\"https://www.dailydot.com/debug/antifa-twitter-accounts-list-telegram/\">mass reporting campaign\u003c/a> by right-wing activists targeting political opponents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the chaotic changes unleashed by Elon Musk, Twitter users in the U.S. are confronting problems that have long plagued the social network in other parts of the world – and which are at risk of getting even worse under its new billionaire owner, according to human rights and freedom of expression advocates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It is not clear to me at all that Musk knows the kinds of liability he's creating with these sort of antics,\" said Thenmozhi Soundararajan, executive director of Equality Labs, which advocates for the rights of Dalits, the community at the bottom of India's caste hierarchy. \"I think Musk lacks the cultural competency, he's not getting proper legal advice around this issue, and so he's endangering millions of people's lives just for his whims,\" she said.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"label":"related coverage ","tag":"twitter"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>While Musk hasn't publicly spoken about the implications of his vision for Twitter outside the U.S., activists and advocates point to a wealth of examples of how social media has enabled and exacerbated political, ethnic and religious conflicts, from \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/12/14/1064011279/facebook-is-being-sued-by-rohingya-refugees-over-myanmar-violence\">genocide in Myanmar\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/07/18/629731693/fake-news-turns-deadly-in-india\">mob killings in India\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/10/15/1046106922/social-media-misinformation-stokes-a-worsening-civil-war-in-ethiopia\">civil war in Ethiopia\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The majority world, the global south, is an expert in all of these issues,\" said Mishi Choudhary, a lawyer and founder of the Software Freedom Law Center, an Indian digital rights organization. \"I generally say that we have been watching the same reality TV show,\" she added, and \"India is two or three seasons ahead\" of the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Layoffs decimate internationally-focused teams \u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Musk's recent announcement that he will grant many suspended Twitter accounts \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/25/1139197362/elon-musk-says-he-will-grant-amnesty-to-suspended-twitter-accounts\">\"amnesty,\"\u003c/a> following an unscientific poll of Twitter users, is escalating alarm about how the platform could be abused. The company has already begun to reinstate some 62,000 accounts with more than 10,000 followers, according to the tech newsletter \u003ca href=\"https://www.platformer.news/p/why-some-tech-ceos-are-rooting-for\">Platformer\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Twitter and every other platform have always struggled to effectively enforce content moderation guidelines and other policies outside of the U.S. and especially in non-Western countries,\" said Shannon McGregor, a communications professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. \"They don't have enough people who understand the language and the culture and the politics to be involved in these things.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that was before Musk laid off more than half of Twitter's staff, with \u003ca href=\"https://restofworld.org/2022/global-twitter-employees-layoffs/\">teams outside the U.S.\u003c/a> hit especially hard, and eliminated thousands of contractors, many of whom do the difficult daily work of monitoring millions of tweets. Hundreds more employees have resigned rather than commit to the CEO's call for a new \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/16/1137105935/twitter-elon-musk-ultimatum\">\"hardcore\" Twitter\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twitter's \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ShannonRSingh/status/1588591603622772736\">human rights team\u003c/a> is gone. So is a group of investigators tracking state-backed domestic manipulation efforts in high-risk countries including Honduras, Ethiopia and India, according to a former employee. Its team fighting propaganda has been \"radically reduced,\" the \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/11/27/twitter-china-spam-protests/\">\u003cem>Washington Post \u003c/em>reported\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twitter, which has laid off its communications staff, didn't respond to NPR's questions for this story. In a \u003ca href=\"https://blog.twitter.com/en_us/topics/company/2022/twitter-2-0-our-continued-commitment-to-the-public-conversation\">blog post\u003c/a> published Thursday, the company said its policies had not changed and it remained \"committed to providing a safe, inclusive, entertaining, and informative experience for everyone.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our Trust & Safety team continues its diligent work to keep the platform safe from hateful conduct, abusive behavior, and any violation of Twitter's rules,\" the post, signed by \"The Twitter Team,\" said. \"The team remains strong and well-resourced, and automated detection plays an increasingly important role in eliminating abuse.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But automation is not perfect: this week, Twitter's software failed to detect newly posted videos of the 2019 attack on mosques in Christchurch, New Zealand. The company only removed the clips after it was alerted by the New Zealand government, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/nov/28/twitter-failed-to-detect-upload-of-christchurch-mosque-terror-attack-videos\">\u003cem>The Guardian\u003c/em>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Automated systems also require human input to reflect the cultural and linguistic challenges of a company that operates around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Before Musk acquired Twitter, it was understood within the company that markets in South Asia, including India, were countries in which mass atrocity was agreed to be occurring. ... One tweet could set off a pogrom,\" Soundararajan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of Twitter's trust and safety council – an outside group of advisers – Soundararajan's group worked with the company, giving feedback on potential risks of various features and developing lists of racist, casteist and sexist slurs used to help police the platform.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since Musk took control, the trust and safety council group hasn't met with or heard from the new owner – despite his claim he wanted to set up an outside \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/10/31/1132906782/elon-musk-twitter-pelosi-conspiracy\">\"content moderation council.\"\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We've gotten an email early in November that basically acknowledged the staffing changes and let us know that they were going to reach back out in December,\" Soundararajan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the Twitter staffers Soundararajan typically communicates with have disappeared. \"Our emails bounce back,\" she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Potential for blue checkmark abuse\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Against that backdrop, Musk's plans to relaunch a subscription offering that would give accounts checkmark badges – previously used to indicate Twitter had verified the identity of high-profile accounts – are a source of additional concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The initial rollout of the feature allowed anyone to buy an $8 monthly subscription and receive a blue checkmark with no identity verification. Immediately, accounts popped up impersonating celebrities, companies and politicians, forcing Twitter to halt signups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Musk has said the feature will return, with different colored checkmarks for different kinds of accounts, and that going forward, all verified accounts will be \"manually authenticated.\" It's not clear how Twitter will authenticate accounts or if it has sufficient staff to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Former employees and experts warn the risk of abuse is high, especially by those seeking to use the feature to influence public conversation, given that subscribers are being promised greater amplification on Twitter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The possibility for different kinds of media manipulation and disinformation campaigns to proliferate is enormous,\" said Joan Donovan, research director at Harvard's Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Long before Musk actually put the checkmarks up for sale, Twitter has struggled with bad actors illicitly selling verified accounts in places like the Middle East, Turkey and Africa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Nigeria, for example, verified accounts have traded hands for at least $5,000 in the past, according to Rosemary Ajayi, lead researcher at the Digital Africa Research Lab. One account impersonating Nigeria's ruling party managed to retain a verified check from 2015 to 2019, accumulating a million followers along the way, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's expensive, but people are doing it, in a country where there is a high level of poverty. So then how [many] more would buy it at the rate of $8 a month?\" she asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The risk will only grow amid a slew of upcoming elections, from Nigeria, Turkey and Thailand in 2023, to India, Mexico, Taiwan, European Parliament and, of course, the U.S. presidential race in 2024.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Free speech outside of the U.S.\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Even as they worry about how Musk's changes could make Twitter more dangerous, freedom of expression advocates are also left wondering what his avowed commitment to free speech will mean outside America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twitter is \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/05/business/twitter-india-lawsuit.html\">suing the Indian government\u003c/a> over orders to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/02/17/968641246/twitter-in-standoff-with-indias-government-over-free-speech-and-local-law\">censor critics\u003c/a> of Prime Minister Narendra Modi, and has resisted some of Modi's efforts to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/06/10/1004387255/india-and-tech-companies-clash-over-censorship-privacy-and-digital-colonialism\">clamp down on social media\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"His free speech concerns seem to have only been about the people he thinks should be on this platform, who are U.S.-centric people with a certain kind of politics,\" said Choudhary, the Indian digital-rights lawyer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though only a small proportion of India's 1.4 billion people use Twitter, it's influential among politicians, the media and activists. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said it's unclear what Musk's relationship with the Indian government will be like – especially considering he has other business interests in the country with his role as CEO of electric-car maker Tesla.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I rely on the fact that Twitter does not cave in to the pressure of my government and continues to allow me to speak, no matter what I'm speaking against them,\" Choudhary said. \"I don't think that he has shown any indication that he's going to be able to do that, or [that] he's going to continue, whether it's the lawsuit or any resistance against the government.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Twitter%27s+chaos+could+make+political+violence+worse+outside+of+the+U.S.&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11933638/twitters-chaos-could-further-stoke-political-violence-outside-the-u-s","authors":["byline_news_11933638"],"categories":["news_8","news_248"],"tags":["news_3897","news_31945","news_1089","news_346"],"affiliates":["news_253"],"featImg":"news_11933639","label":"news_253"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Consider-This-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. 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One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.","airtime":"MON-FRI 7pm-8pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Fresh-Air-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/fresh-air","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Fresh-Air-p17/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"}},"here-and-now":{"id":"here-and-now","title":"Here & Now","info":"A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.","airtime":"MON-THU 11am-12pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Here-And-Now-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"http://www.wbur.org/hereandnow","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/here-and-now","subsdcribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=426698661","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Here--Now-p211/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"}},"how-i-built-this":{"id":"how-i-built-this","title":"How I Built This with Guy Raz","info":"Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this","airtime":"SUN 7:30pm-8pm","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/how-i-built-this","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/Arts--Culture-Podcasts/How-I-Built-This-p910896/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"}},"inside-europe":{"id":"inside-europe","title":"Inside Europe","info":"Inside Europe, a one-hour weekly news magazine hosted by Helen Seeney and Keith Walker, explores the topical issues shaping the continent. No other part of the globe has experienced such dynamic political and social change in recent years.","airtime":"SAT 3am-4am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Inside-Europe-Podcast-Tile-300x300-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Deutsche Welle"},"link":"/radio/program/inside-europe","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/inside-europe/id80106806?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Inside-Europe-p731/","rss":"https://partner.dw.com/xml/podcast_inside-europe"}},"latino-usa":{"id":"latino-usa","title":"Latino USA","airtime":"MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm","info":"Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"http://latinousa.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/latino-usa","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/xtTd","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Latino-USA-p621/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"}},"live-from-here-highlights":{"id":"live-from-here-highlights","title":"Live from Here Highlights","info":"Chris Thile steps to the mic as the host of Live from Here (formerly A Prairie Home Companion), a live public radio variety show. 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Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.","airtime":"MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.marketplace.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"American Public Media"},"link":"/radio/program/marketplace","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=201853034&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/APM-Marketplace-p88/","rss":"https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"}},"mindshift":{"id":"mindshift","title":"MindShift","tagline":"A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids","info":"The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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