A Century Later: The Treaty Of Versailles And Its Rejection of Racial Equality
At 100, a Veteran of Pearl Harbor Looks Back
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In a newsroom career that began in Chicago in 1972, Dan has worked for \u003cem>The San Francisco Examiner,\u003c/em> Wired and TechTV and has been published in The New York Times, The New York Times Magazine, Business 2.0, Salon and elsewhere.\r\n\r\nSince joining KQED in 2007, Dan has reported, edited and produced both radio and online features and breaking news pieces. He has shared as both editor and reporter in four Society of Professional Journalists Norcal Excellence in Journalism awards and one Edward R. Murrow regional award. He was chosen for a spring 2017 residency at the Mesa Refuge to advance his research on California salmon.\r\n\r\nEmail Dan at: \u003ca href=\"mailto:dbrekke@kqed.org\">dbrekke@kqed.org\u003c/a>\r\n\r\n\u003cstrong>Twitter:\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/danbrekke\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">twitter.com/danbrekke\u003c/a>\r\n\u003cstrong>Facebook:\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/danbrekke\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.facebook.com/danbrekke\u003c/a>\r\n\u003cstrong>LinkedIn:\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/danbrekke\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.linkedin.com/in/danbrekke\u003c/a>","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c8126230345efca3f7aa89b1a402be45?s=600&d=mm&r=g","twitter":"danbrekke","facebook":null,"instagram":"https://www.instagram.com/dan.brekke/","linkedin":"https://www.linkedin.com/in/danbrekke/","sites":[{"site":"news","roles":["administrator","create_posts"]},{"site":"stateofhealth","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["contributor"]},{"site":"food","roles":["contributor"]},{"site":"forum","roles":["contributor"]},{"site":"liveblog","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Dan Brekke | KQED","description":"KQED Editor and Reporter","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c8126230345efca3f7aa89b1a402be45?s=600&d=mm&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c8126230345efca3f7aa89b1a402be45?s=600&d=mm&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/danbrekke"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"news","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"news_11766899":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11766899","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11766899","score":null,"sort":[1565561173000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"a-century-later-the-treaty-of-versailles-and-its-rejection-of-racial-equality","title":"A Century Later: The Treaty Of Versailles And Its Rejection of Racial Equality","publishDate":1565561173,"format":"standard","headTitle":"The California Report | KQED News","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>A century ago, a new world order began.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Treaty of Versailles concluded the war to end all wars. Constructed through diplomacy, a fragile peace replaced global bloodshed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The treaty's proclamations are now iconic: that nations should have the right to self-determine, that a war's victors should negotiate how to move forward, that the defeated powers should be held responsible for the damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet the treaty, negotiated by the key players in World War I — notably France, Great Britain, Italy and the United States — was deeply flawed and could not fend off the rise of fascism, the Nazi party and, eventually, World War II.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Versailles' mixed legacy is even further complicated by a little-known attempt by Japan, one of the emerging players at the table, to move the world forward on the issue of racial equality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Japan asked for, and nearly got approved, a clause in the treaty that would have affirmed the equality of all nations, regardless of race or nationality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For all of the history forged, some historians believe the great powers missed a pivotal opportunity to fashion a much different 20th century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Self-determination undermined\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A driving force behind that vision for the future and the lofty ambitions of the treaty was U.S. President Woodrow Wilson, the lead negotiator at the Paris Peace Conference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1918, a few months before he set sail for Paris, Wilson \u003ca href=\"http://www.gwpda.org/1918/wilpeace.html\">addressed Congress\u003c/a> to lay out his now-famous principle of self-determination, an idea that would guide the Versailles negotiations and the final treaty that emerged:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"National aspirations must be respected; peoples may now be dominated and governed only by their own consent. 'Self-determination' is not a mere phrase. It is an imperative principle of actions which statesmen will henceforth ignore at their peril.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Looking back, contradictions abound in Wilson's decree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Japan's Racial Equality Proposal would have strengthened Wilson's call for self-governance and equal opportunity. Yet, when the victors signed the treaty, that language was nowhere to be found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"At the bottom of all of this is the idea that certain people of color cannot be trusted and people of color do not deserve a place, not only on the world stage but also in our own communities,\" says professor Chris Suh who studies Asian American history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rejection of the proposal would play a role in shaping the U.S.-Japan relationship, World War II and Japanese American immigration. It sheds light on the treatment of nonwhite immigrant groups by the U.S. and its legacy of white supremacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Basically, there continues to be this sense of racial superiority among the Americans\" toward Japan, Suh argues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Racial Equality Proposal\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following its victory in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.history.com/topics/korea/russo-japanese-war\">Russo-Japanese War \u003c/a>in 1905 and then its participation as an Allied power during World War I, Japan rose as a mighty player on the world stage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seeking to solidify that new power, the Japanese delegation at the Versailles negotiations sought to add language about racial equality into the proposed treaty's preamble. Its immediate goals were to strengthen its diplomatic standing and earn an equal seat at the table.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are the exact words that Japan initially \u003ca href=\"https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1919Parisv03/d7\">proposed\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"The equality of nations being a basic principle of the League of Nations, the High Contracting Parties agree to accord as soon as possible to all alien nationals of states, members of the League, equal and just treatment in every respect making no distinction, either in law or in fact, on account of their race or nationality.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>To be clear, historians say the Japanese were not seeking universal racial suffrage or improving the plight of black Americans, for example. But, the added language would have meant that Japanese immigrants coming to the U.S. could be treated the same as white European immigrants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>France got behind the proposal. Italy championed it. Greece voted in favor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Australia pushed back. The British dominion had instituted a \u003ca href=\"http://www.naa.gov.au/collection/a-z/immigration-restriction-act.aspx\">White Australia Policy\u003c/a> in 1901 limiting all nonwhite immigration. Australian Prime Minister William Morris Hughes strong-armed the rest of the British delegation into opposing the proposed clause and eventually got Wilson's support too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wilson came up with a way of killing the proposal without ever openly saying he opposed it. The U.S. president imposed a \"unanimity ruling\" that effectively squashed the racial equality language even though a majority of the nations supported it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As chairman of the League of Nations Commission, Wilson had approved a number of other issues at the conference without such a unanimous vote. His call for consensus was not a petition for democracy. It was a shrewd calculation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wilson's top priority at the conference was seeing the League of Nations created and the treaty ratified. The last thing he wanted was to alienate the British delegation, and he was not willing to let the Racial Equality Proposal derail those efforts. But, in a nod to appease Japan, he supported its demand to keep war-acquired territories like Shantung.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Japanese American immigration\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though scholars disagree on the exact reasons for the opposition by Australia and the U.S., many say the key factor was migration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The racial equality clause represented \"one of the first attempts to establish ... the unprecedented principle of free and open migration,\" says Frederick Dickinson, a University of Pennsylvania professor of Japanese history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Japanese migration to the U.S. had skyrocketed in the late 19th century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Japan's industrialization and falling mortality rates created an overpopulation problem. Following the 1882 \u003ca href=\"https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/chinese-immigration\">Chinese Exclusion Act\u003c/a>, which prohibited Chinese laborers from immigrating to America, contractors on the West Coast brought Japanese migrants over to fill their need for inexpensive labor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1907, the U.S. and Japan had negotiated the \"\u003ca href=\"http://encyclopedia.densho.org/Gentlemen's_Agreement/\">Gentlemen's Agreement\u003c/a>,\" which was designed to address the growing Japanese emigration rate. In it, Japan agreed to curb how many migrants it sent over, if the U.S. would desegregate Asian and white children in San Francisco public schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike the unilateral Chinese Exclusion Act, the Gentleman's Agreement gave Japan some say in Japanese immigration to the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This agreement didn't maintain order for long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anti-Japanese sentiment was spreading up and down the West Coast, and lawmakers there called for stricter legislation. California passed the \u003ca href=\"https://encyclopedia.densho.org/Alien_land_laws/#Targeting_Japanese_Immigrants\">Alien Land Law of 1913\u003c/a>, which prohibited Japanese immigrants from owning land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And so, by the end of World War I and the negotiations in Paris, Americans feared waves of Japanese immigrants. When word of the Japanese proposal reached Washington, pressure mounted from lawmakers to reject the clause. Democratic California Sen. James Phelan \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=De5i-zNWzfgC&pg=PA3182&lpg=PA3182&dq=phelan+telegram+%22vital+question+of+self-preservation%22&source=bl&ots=Y7bDOA0KHZ&sig=ACfU3U2YXZBGFk6K9WnOleDmzDjo6ELEyA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwia8Pnhi7rjAhUDU98KHV-ND-sQ6AEwBXoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=phelan%20telegram%20%22vital%20question%20of%20self-preservation%22&f=false\">sent a telegram to the U.S. delegation in Paris\u003c/a>, writing:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"Believe western Senators and others will oppose any loophole by which oriental people will possess such equality with white race in United States. It is vital question of self-preservation.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>With mounting pressure on the homefront and from Britain and its dominions, Wilson killed the proposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Japanese lost their bid for racial equality. Ultimately, the treaty Wilson had staked his presidency on was rejected by Congress. He \u003ca href=\"https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/u-s-president-woodrow-wilson-suffers-massive-stroke\">suffered a stroke\u003c/a> later in 1919, did not seek a third term and died three years after leaving office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same year, in 1924, President Calvin Coolidge unilaterally banned all Japanese immigration with the \u003ca href=\"https://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/immigration-act\">Johnson-Reed Act\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Building up to World War II\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the years after Versailles, relations between the onetime allies, Japan and the U.S., hardened. The rejection of the proposal left some members of the Japanese delegation bitter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The interwar years saw increased Japanese aggression as it attempted to gobble up more land and further assert its power on a global level. Japan became an imperial power consumed with nationalism and militarism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Japan struggled to resettle its burgeoning population. Its invasion of Manchuria, a region in China, in 1931, led to the resettlement of hundreds of thousands of farmers and migrants there. Ishiwara Kanji, the architect of the invasion, called for a \"racial paradise\" in this newly established puppet state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That conflict helped set the stage in the Pacific for World War II. After the League of Nations \u003ca href=\"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/48422271\">censured Japan's aggression\u003c/a>, the imperial power exited the organization in 1933.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Dec. 7, 1941, Japan attacked the U.S. military base at Pearl Harbor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And so this is how we arrive at World War II in the Pacific theater that is very much fought as a race war — as a war between the Asian races versus the white races,\" Suh says. \"Much of the propaganda on both sides, both in the U.S. and in Japan, emphasize the racial difference as well as racial hierarchy, and much of the war in the Pacific theater is very brutal.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond the bloodshed in the Pacific, the domestic toll waged on Japanese Americans has lived on in infamy. More than 100,000 Japanese Americans were forcibly relocated from their homes and incarcerated during what has been called Japanese internment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. later acknowledged that it was on the wrong side of history, betraying its values of justice and liberty: \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/childofcamp/history/civilact.html\">The 1988 Civil Liberties Act\u003c/a>, enacted by Congress, said that the government's actions against Japanese Americans \"were motivated largely by racial prejudice, wartime hysteria, and a failure of political leadership.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Obviously whenever people think of Japanese American discrimination in the United States, the big thing that comes to mind is the World War II incarceration,\" says David Inoue, executive director of the Japanese American Citizens League.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Racial Equality Proposal demonstrates that incarceration camps are not the whole story. He sees this proposal as \"part of a whole continuum of discrimination that had begun years before and even we see it continuing today ... in other communities that are discriminated against.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+Century+Later%3A+The+Treaty+Of+Versailles+And+Its+Rejection+Of+Racial+Equality&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A century ago, Japan submitted a proposal for racial equality in the Treaty of Versailles. The U.S. struck it down. What followed had implications for World War II and Japanese American immigrants.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1565561173,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":54,"wordCount":1639},"headData":{"title":"A Century Later: The Treaty Of Versailles And Its Rejection of Racial Equality | KQED","description":"A century ago, Japan submitted a proposal for racial equality in the Treaty of Versailles. The U.S. struck it down. What followed had implications for World War II and Japanese American immigrants.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"11766899 https://ww2.kqed.org/news/?p=11766899","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2019/08/11/a-century-later-the-treaty-of-versailles-and-its-rejection-of-racial-equality/","disqusTitle":"A Century Later: The Treaty Of Versailles And Its Rejection of Racial Equality","source":"NPR","sourceUrl":"https://www.npr.org","nprImageCredit":"Dorothea Lange","nprByline":"\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/people/729921180/josh-axelrod\">Josh Axelrod\u003c/a>","nprImageAgency":"Getty Images","path":"/news/11766899/a-century-later-the-treaty-of-versailles-and-its-rejection-of-racial-equality","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A century ago, a new world order began.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Treaty of Versailles concluded the war to end all wars. Constructed through diplomacy, a fragile peace replaced global bloodshed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The treaty's proclamations are now iconic: that nations should have the right to self-determine, that a war's victors should negotiate how to move forward, that the defeated powers should be held responsible for the damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet the treaty, negotiated by the key players in World War I — notably France, Great Britain, Italy and the United States — was deeply flawed and could not fend off the rise of fascism, the Nazi party and, eventually, World War II.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Versailles' mixed legacy is even further complicated by a little-known attempt by Japan, one of the emerging players at the table, to move the world forward on the issue of racial equality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Japan asked for, and nearly got approved, a clause in the treaty that would have affirmed the equality of all nations, regardless of race or nationality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For all of the history forged, some historians believe the great powers missed a pivotal opportunity to fashion a much different 20th century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Self-determination undermined\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A driving force behind that vision for the future and the lofty ambitions of the treaty was U.S. President Woodrow Wilson, the lead negotiator at the Paris Peace Conference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1918, a few months before he set sail for Paris, Wilson \u003ca href=\"http://www.gwpda.org/1918/wilpeace.html\">addressed Congress\u003c/a> to lay out his now-famous principle of self-determination, an idea that would guide the Versailles negotiations and the final treaty that emerged:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"National aspirations must be respected; peoples may now be dominated and governed only by their own consent. 'Self-determination' is not a mere phrase. It is an imperative principle of actions which statesmen will henceforth ignore at their peril.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Looking back, contradictions abound in Wilson's decree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Japan's Racial Equality Proposal would have strengthened Wilson's call for self-governance and equal opportunity. Yet, when the victors signed the treaty, that language was nowhere to be found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"At the bottom of all of this is the idea that certain people of color cannot be trusted and people of color do not deserve a place, not only on the world stage but also in our own communities,\" says professor Chris Suh who studies Asian American history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rejection of the proposal would play a role in shaping the U.S.-Japan relationship, World War II and Japanese American immigration. It sheds light on the treatment of nonwhite immigrant groups by the U.S. and its legacy of white supremacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Basically, there continues to be this sense of racial superiority among the Americans\" toward Japan, Suh argues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Racial Equality Proposal\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following its victory in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.history.com/topics/korea/russo-japanese-war\">Russo-Japanese War \u003c/a>in 1905 and then its participation as an Allied power during World War I, Japan rose as a mighty player on the world stage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seeking to solidify that new power, the Japanese delegation at the Versailles negotiations sought to add language about racial equality into the proposed treaty's preamble. Its immediate goals were to strengthen its diplomatic standing and earn an equal seat at the table.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are the exact words that Japan initially \u003ca href=\"https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1919Parisv03/d7\">proposed\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"The equality of nations being a basic principle of the League of Nations, the High Contracting Parties agree to accord as soon as possible to all alien nationals of states, members of the League, equal and just treatment in every respect making no distinction, either in law or in fact, on account of their race or nationality.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>To be clear, historians say the Japanese were not seeking universal racial suffrage or improving the plight of black Americans, for example. But, the added language would have meant that Japanese immigrants coming to the U.S. could be treated the same as white European immigrants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>France got behind the proposal. Italy championed it. Greece voted in favor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Australia pushed back. The British dominion had instituted a \u003ca href=\"http://www.naa.gov.au/collection/a-z/immigration-restriction-act.aspx\">White Australia Policy\u003c/a> in 1901 limiting all nonwhite immigration. Australian Prime Minister William Morris Hughes strong-armed the rest of the British delegation into opposing the proposed clause and eventually got Wilson's support too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wilson came up with a way of killing the proposal without ever openly saying he opposed it. The U.S. president imposed a \"unanimity ruling\" that effectively squashed the racial equality language even though a majority of the nations supported it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As chairman of the League of Nations Commission, Wilson had approved a number of other issues at the conference without such a unanimous vote. His call for consensus was not a petition for democracy. It was a shrewd calculation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wilson's top priority at the conference was seeing the League of Nations created and the treaty ratified. The last thing he wanted was to alienate the British delegation, and he was not willing to let the Racial Equality Proposal derail those efforts. But, in a nod to appease Japan, he supported its demand to keep war-acquired territories like Shantung.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Japanese American immigration\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though scholars disagree on the exact reasons for the opposition by Australia and the U.S., many say the key factor was migration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The racial equality clause represented \"one of the first attempts to establish ... the unprecedented principle of free and open migration,\" says Frederick Dickinson, a University of Pennsylvania professor of Japanese history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Japanese migration to the U.S. had skyrocketed in the late 19th century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Japan's industrialization and falling mortality rates created an overpopulation problem. Following the 1882 \u003ca href=\"https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/chinese-immigration\">Chinese Exclusion Act\u003c/a>, which prohibited Chinese laborers from immigrating to America, contractors on the West Coast brought Japanese migrants over to fill their need for inexpensive labor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1907, the U.S. and Japan had negotiated the \"\u003ca href=\"http://encyclopedia.densho.org/Gentlemen's_Agreement/\">Gentlemen's Agreement\u003c/a>,\" which was designed to address the growing Japanese emigration rate. In it, Japan agreed to curb how many migrants it sent over, if the U.S. would desegregate Asian and white children in San Francisco public schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike the unilateral Chinese Exclusion Act, the Gentleman's Agreement gave Japan some say in Japanese immigration to the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This agreement didn't maintain order for long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anti-Japanese sentiment was spreading up and down the West Coast, and lawmakers there called for stricter legislation. California passed the \u003ca href=\"https://encyclopedia.densho.org/Alien_land_laws/#Targeting_Japanese_Immigrants\">Alien Land Law of 1913\u003c/a>, which prohibited Japanese immigrants from owning land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And so, by the end of World War I and the negotiations in Paris, Americans feared waves of Japanese immigrants. When word of the Japanese proposal reached Washington, pressure mounted from lawmakers to reject the clause. Democratic California Sen. James Phelan \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=De5i-zNWzfgC&pg=PA3182&lpg=PA3182&dq=phelan+telegram+%22vital+question+of+self-preservation%22&source=bl&ots=Y7bDOA0KHZ&sig=ACfU3U2YXZBGFk6K9WnOleDmzDjo6ELEyA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwia8Pnhi7rjAhUDU98KHV-ND-sQ6AEwBXoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=phelan%20telegram%20%22vital%20question%20of%20self-preservation%22&f=false\">sent a telegram to the U.S. delegation in Paris\u003c/a>, writing:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"Believe western Senators and others will oppose any loophole by which oriental people will possess such equality with white race in United States. It is vital question of self-preservation.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>With mounting pressure on the homefront and from Britain and its dominions, Wilson killed the proposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Japanese lost their bid for racial equality. Ultimately, the treaty Wilson had staked his presidency on was rejected by Congress. He \u003ca href=\"https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/u-s-president-woodrow-wilson-suffers-massive-stroke\">suffered a stroke\u003c/a> later in 1919, did not seek a third term and died three years after leaving office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same year, in 1924, President Calvin Coolidge unilaterally banned all Japanese immigration with the \u003ca href=\"https://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/immigration-act\">Johnson-Reed Act\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Building up to World War II\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the years after Versailles, relations between the onetime allies, Japan and the U.S., hardened. The rejection of the proposal left some members of the Japanese delegation bitter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The interwar years saw increased Japanese aggression as it attempted to gobble up more land and further assert its power on a global level. Japan became an imperial power consumed with nationalism and militarism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Japan struggled to resettle its burgeoning population. Its invasion of Manchuria, a region in China, in 1931, led to the resettlement of hundreds of thousands of farmers and migrants there. Ishiwara Kanji, the architect of the invasion, called for a \"racial paradise\" in this newly established puppet state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That conflict helped set the stage in the Pacific for World War II. After the League of Nations \u003ca href=\"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/48422271\">censured Japan's aggression\u003c/a>, the imperial power exited the organization in 1933.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Dec. 7, 1941, Japan attacked the U.S. military base at Pearl Harbor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And so this is how we arrive at World War II in the Pacific theater that is very much fought as a race war — as a war between the Asian races versus the white races,\" Suh says. \"Much of the propaganda on both sides, both in the U.S. and in Japan, emphasize the racial difference as well as racial hierarchy, and much of the war in the Pacific theater is very brutal.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond the bloodshed in the Pacific, the domestic toll waged on Japanese Americans has lived on in infamy. More than 100,000 Japanese Americans were forcibly relocated from their homes and incarcerated during what has been called Japanese internment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. later acknowledged that it was on the wrong side of history, betraying its values of justice and liberty: \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/childofcamp/history/civilact.html\">The 1988 Civil Liberties Act\u003c/a>, enacted by Congress, said that the government's actions against Japanese Americans \"were motivated largely by racial prejudice, wartime hysteria, and a failure of political leadership.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Obviously whenever people think of Japanese American discrimination in the United States, the big thing that comes to mind is the World War II incarceration,\" says David Inoue, executive director of the Japanese American Citizens League.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Racial Equality Proposal demonstrates that incarceration camps are not the whole story. He sees this proposal as \"part of a whole continuum of discrimination that had begun years before and even we see it continuing today ... in other communities that are discriminated against.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+Century+Later%3A+The+Treaty+Of+Versailles+And+Its+Rejection+Of+Racial+Equality&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11766899/a-century-later-the-treaty-of-versailles-and-its-rejection-of-racial-equality","authors":["byline_news_11766899"],"programs":["news_72"],"categories":["news_8"],"tags":["news_2267","news_5065"],"featImg":"news_11766900","label":"source_news_11766899"},"news_117779":{"type":"posts","id":"news_117779","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"117779","score":null,"sort":[1384216541000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"at-100-a-veteran-of-pearl-harbor-looks-back","title":"At 100, a Veteran of Pearl Harbor Looks Back ","publishDate":1384216541,"format":"aside","headTitle":"News Fix | KQED News","labelTerm":{"term":6944,"site":"news"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_117811\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/11/11/ussphoenix/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-117811\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-117811\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2013/11/ussphoenix-e1384215074918.jpg\" alt=\"The USS Phoenix steams past battleships burning after attack on Pearl Harbor. (U.S. Naval Historical Center)\" width=\"640\" height=\"374\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The USS Phoenix steams past battleships burning after the attack on Pearl Harbor. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/sh-usn/usnsh-p/cl46.htm\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Naval Historical Center\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Frank Hanley was in his early 20s when he enlisted in the Navy in 1937. He figured he could get trained as an electrician. Instead, he was assigned to be a gunner's mate. That's the job he had aboard the cruiser USS Phoenix on the morning of Dec. 7, 1941.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hanley is long since retired and lives in Cupertino. He's going to turn 100 years next Sunday, and Congressman Mike Honda and Veterans Administration officials are planning to recognize his long service — he wound up staying in the Navy for 22 years — and congratulate him on his milestone birthday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hanley doesn't get out a lot anymore, from what we're told, but there's nothing wrong with his memory. Here's what he recalls about one of the darkest moments in U.S. history and what came after:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Phoenix was \u003ca href=\"http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/h83000/h83109.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">moored offshore\u003c/a> the morning of Dec. 7, across from Ford Island, where the USS Arizona, USS Oklahoma and other battleships were docked. As gunner's mate, Hanley was in charge of the Phoenix's eight, 5-inch anti-aircraft guns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_117815\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 200px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/11/11/photo-1-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-117815\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-117815\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2013/11/photo-1-200x300.png\" alt=\"Frank Hanley early in his U.S. Navy service.\" width=\"200\" height=\"300\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Frank Hanley early in his U.S. Navy service.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It was a Sunday, and after breakfast, Hanley took a little walk around the main deck. \"Such a nice morning,\" he recalls. He was planning to go to church services on the battleship California. He went below to change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As I reached my locker, they passed the word 'set condition affirm' — close all water-tight doors. A drill, on Sunday? Never heard of it?!\" He ran for his battle station, called \"sky forward,\" above the ship's bridge. As he came up on the main deck, he saw the cooks from the galley cutting the awnings down so that the anti-aircraft guns could fire freely. From sky forward, he could see smoke coming from across Ford Island. There was an ammunition depot there. He thought it must have caught fire. Then a plane passed over, and he could see the Rising Sun insignia on the wingtips, and he knew they were under attack by Japanese planes. He says he kept thinking, “How’d they get here?” over and over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Japanese pilots seemed to stay away from the Phoenix, which had \u003ca href=\"http://www.history.navy.mil/docs/wwii/pearl/ph69.htm\" target=\"_blank\">opened fire\u003c/a> shortly after the first attacking planes were spotted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They were going after the battleships,\" Hanley says. \"The Arizona was at one end of battleship row, the California was at the other end. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/events/wwii-pac/pearlhbr/ph-okm.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Oklahoma\u003c/a> was behind the Arizona, and it rolled over\" after being torpedoed repeatedly by Japanese planes. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/events/wwii-pac/pearlhbr/ph-az.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Arizona\u003c/a> was struck by several bombs and blew up. When \u003ca href=\"http://www.history.navy.mil/branches/teach/pearl/aftermath/facts.htm\" target=\"_blank\">the attack\u003c/a> was over, more than 2,300 sailors, soldiers and Marines had been killed — more than 1,600 on the Arizona and Oklahoma. The Phoenix was untouched.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They wanted to get the ship out of the harbor,\" Hanley remembers. \"They made an attempt to go around Ford Island in the center (channel). It was blocked by an old battleship, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/sh-usn/usnsh-u/bb31-y.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Utah\u003c/a>. It had been hit, and sunk in the channel. They tried the main channel, which was blocked by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/events/wwii-pac/pearlhbr/ph-nv.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Nevada\u003c/a>. The Nevada had been hit and was taking on too much water. They ran themselves on the side of the channel, aground.\" Eventually, the Phoenix got out of the harbor, accompanied by several destroyers. They were assigned to a task force to go out and find the Japanese fleet that had attacked Pearl Harbor, but found nothing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later, the Phoenix helped convoy the wounded and military dependents back to San Francisco, then brought medical supplies back to Hawaii. In early 1942, the ship was sent to the Australian port of Melbourne. \"They were happy to see the Americans down there because the Japanese were bombing towns in northern Australia. All the parks had trenches dug in them,\" Hanley says, in case of an invasion. The city was blacked out at night.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">A plane passed over with the Rising Sun insignia on the wing-tips. Hanley kept thinking, \"How did they get here?\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In 1943, Hanley was transferred from the Phoenix (after the war, the United States sold the ship to Argentina, which rechristened it the General Belgrano; a British submarine \u003ca href=\"http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/argentina/9233976/Thirty-years-on-Argentine-survivors-of-the-Belgrano-sinking-recall-the-moment-Falklands-war-erupted-around-them.html\" target=\"_blank\">sank the ship\u003c/a> during the 1982 Falklands War, killing more than 300 Argentine sailors). Hanley's next assignment was a new cruiser, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/sh-usn/usnsh-r/cl96.htm\" target=\"_blank\">USS Reno\u003c/a>. He says he saw more action on his new ship with a captain who was anxious to prove himself and who seemed to volunteer for any dangerous mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_117816\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 200px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/11/11/photo-15/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-117816\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-117816\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2013/11/photo-200x300.png\" alt=\"Frank Hanley, a veteran of the Navy who fought at Pearl Harbor, on his 99th birthday.\" width=\"200\" height=\"300\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Frank Hanley, a veteran of the Navy who fought at Pearl Harbor, on his 99th birthday.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Reno's main job was to protect aircraft carriers as U.S. forces moved into the eastern Pacific in 1944. In late October, operating east of the Philippines, the Reno was near the carrier \u003ca href=\"http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/events/wwii-pac/leyteglf/cvl23-l.htm\" target=\"_blank\">USS Princeton\u003c/a> when a single enemy bomb triggered a fire that swept through the ship. The Reno and several other ships, including the cruiser \u003ca href=\"http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/b6/birmingham-ii.htm\" target=\"_blank\">USS Birmingham\u003c/a>, were ordered to help fight the fire aboard the larger ship. A short time later, the Reno was ordered to pull away to get ready to fight incoming enemy planes. That done, they started back to aid the Princeton when a tremendous explosion blew off the Princeton's stern. The Birmingham, along the carrier's port side, suffered heavy casualties and damage. With the Princeton beyond saving, the Reno was ordered to sink it. Hanley remembers the job took four torpedoes and made a tremendous explosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Reno, too, eventually suffered heavy damage, and Hanley served out the war on yet another ship. He served until 1959, including a stint at the Hunters Point Naval Shipyard. He later went to work for the U.S. Postal service, from which he retired. Today, he lives in an independent retirement residence in Cupertino. He still fixes his own lunch every day. He says his eyesight isn't so good — in fact, he's legally blind. His main form of recreation, he says, is listening to audio books, especially volumes of biography and history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We doubt that any of the stories he comes across are any more interesting than those he tells himself about those long-ago days in the service.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Frank Hanley enlisted with hopes of becoming an electrician. The Navy, and history, had other plans. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1384298360,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":1068},"headData":{"title":"At 100, a Veteran of Pearl Harbor Looks Back | KQED","description":"Frank Hanley enlisted with hopes of becoming an electrician. The Navy, and history, had other plans. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"117779 http://ww2.kqed.org/news/?p=117779","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/11/11/at-100-a-veteran-of-pearl-harbor-looks-back/","disqusTitle":"At 100, a Veteran of Pearl Harbor Looks Back ","customPermalink":"2013/11/11/frank-hanley-pearl-harbor-veteran-remembers-navy-service/","path":"/news/117779/at-100-a-veteran-of-pearl-harbor-looks-back","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_117811\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/11/11/ussphoenix/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-117811\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-117811\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2013/11/ussphoenix-e1384215074918.jpg\" alt=\"The USS Phoenix steams past battleships burning after attack on Pearl Harbor. (U.S. Naval Historical Center)\" width=\"640\" height=\"374\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The USS Phoenix steams past battleships burning after the attack on Pearl Harbor. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/sh-usn/usnsh-p/cl46.htm\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Naval Historical Center\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Frank Hanley was in his early 20s when he enlisted in the Navy in 1937. He figured he could get trained as an electrician. Instead, he was assigned to be a gunner's mate. That's the job he had aboard the cruiser USS Phoenix on the morning of Dec. 7, 1941.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hanley is long since retired and lives in Cupertino. He's going to turn 100 years next Sunday, and Congressman Mike Honda and Veterans Administration officials are planning to recognize his long service — he wound up staying in the Navy for 22 years — and congratulate him on his milestone birthday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hanley doesn't get out a lot anymore, from what we're told, but there's nothing wrong with his memory. Here's what he recalls about one of the darkest moments in U.S. history and what came after:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Phoenix was \u003ca href=\"http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/h83000/h83109.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">moored offshore\u003c/a> the morning of Dec. 7, across from Ford Island, where the USS Arizona, USS Oklahoma and other battleships were docked. As gunner's mate, Hanley was in charge of the Phoenix's eight, 5-inch anti-aircraft guns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_117815\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 200px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/11/11/photo-1-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-117815\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-117815\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2013/11/photo-1-200x300.png\" alt=\"Frank Hanley early in his U.S. Navy service.\" width=\"200\" height=\"300\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Frank Hanley early in his U.S. Navy service.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It was a Sunday, and after breakfast, Hanley took a little walk around the main deck. \"Such a nice morning,\" he recalls. He was planning to go to church services on the battleship California. He went below to change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As I reached my locker, they passed the word 'set condition affirm' — close all water-tight doors. A drill, on Sunday? Never heard of it?!\" He ran for his battle station, called \"sky forward,\" above the ship's bridge. As he came up on the main deck, he saw the cooks from the galley cutting the awnings down so that the anti-aircraft guns could fire freely. From sky forward, he could see smoke coming from across Ford Island. There was an ammunition depot there. He thought it must have caught fire. Then a plane passed over, and he could see the Rising Sun insignia on the wingtips, and he knew they were under attack by Japanese planes. He says he kept thinking, “How’d they get here?” over and over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Japanese pilots seemed to stay away from the Phoenix, which had \u003ca href=\"http://www.history.navy.mil/docs/wwii/pearl/ph69.htm\" target=\"_blank\">opened fire\u003c/a> shortly after the first attacking planes were spotted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They were going after the battleships,\" Hanley says. \"The Arizona was at one end of battleship row, the California was at the other end. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/events/wwii-pac/pearlhbr/ph-okm.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Oklahoma\u003c/a> was behind the Arizona, and it rolled over\" after being torpedoed repeatedly by Japanese planes. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/events/wwii-pac/pearlhbr/ph-az.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Arizona\u003c/a> was struck by several bombs and blew up. When \u003ca href=\"http://www.history.navy.mil/branches/teach/pearl/aftermath/facts.htm\" target=\"_blank\">the attack\u003c/a> was over, more than 2,300 sailors, soldiers and Marines had been killed — more than 1,600 on the Arizona and Oklahoma. The Phoenix was untouched.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They wanted to get the ship out of the harbor,\" Hanley remembers. \"They made an attempt to go around Ford Island in the center (channel). It was blocked by an old battleship, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/sh-usn/usnsh-u/bb31-y.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Utah\u003c/a>. It had been hit, and sunk in the channel. They tried the main channel, which was blocked by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/events/wwii-pac/pearlhbr/ph-nv.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Nevada\u003c/a>. The Nevada had been hit and was taking on too much water. They ran themselves on the side of the channel, aground.\" Eventually, the Phoenix got out of the harbor, accompanied by several destroyers. They were assigned to a task force to go out and find the Japanese fleet that had attacked Pearl Harbor, but found nothing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later, the Phoenix helped convoy the wounded and military dependents back to San Francisco, then brought medical supplies back to Hawaii. In early 1942, the ship was sent to the Australian port of Melbourne. \"They were happy to see the Americans down there because the Japanese were bombing towns in northern Australia. All the parks had trenches dug in them,\" Hanley says, in case of an invasion. The city was blacked out at night.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">A plane passed over with the Rising Sun insignia on the wing-tips. Hanley kept thinking, \"How did they get here?\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In 1943, Hanley was transferred from the Phoenix (after the war, the United States sold the ship to Argentina, which rechristened it the General Belgrano; a British submarine \u003ca href=\"http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/argentina/9233976/Thirty-years-on-Argentine-survivors-of-the-Belgrano-sinking-recall-the-moment-Falklands-war-erupted-around-them.html\" target=\"_blank\">sank the ship\u003c/a> during the 1982 Falklands War, killing more than 300 Argentine sailors). Hanley's next assignment was a new cruiser, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/sh-usn/usnsh-r/cl96.htm\" target=\"_blank\">USS Reno\u003c/a>. He says he saw more action on his new ship with a captain who was anxious to prove himself and who seemed to volunteer for any dangerous mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_117816\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 200px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/11/11/photo-15/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-117816\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-117816\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2013/11/photo-200x300.png\" alt=\"Frank Hanley, a veteran of the Navy who fought at Pearl Harbor, on his 99th birthday.\" width=\"200\" height=\"300\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Frank Hanley, a veteran of the Navy who fought at Pearl Harbor, on his 99th birthday.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Reno's main job was to protect aircraft carriers as U.S. forces moved into the eastern Pacific in 1944. In late October, operating east of the Philippines, the Reno was near the carrier \u003ca href=\"http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/events/wwii-pac/leyteglf/cvl23-l.htm\" target=\"_blank\">USS Princeton\u003c/a> when a single enemy bomb triggered a fire that swept through the ship. The Reno and several other ships, including the cruiser \u003ca href=\"http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/b6/birmingham-ii.htm\" target=\"_blank\">USS Birmingham\u003c/a>, were ordered to help fight the fire aboard the larger ship. A short time later, the Reno was ordered to pull away to get ready to fight incoming enemy planes. That done, they started back to aid the Princeton when a tremendous explosion blew off the Princeton's stern. The Birmingham, along the carrier's port side, suffered heavy casualties and damage. With the Princeton beyond saving, the Reno was ordered to sink it. Hanley remembers the job took four torpedoes and made a tremendous explosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Reno, too, eventually suffered heavy damage, and Hanley served out the war on yet another ship. He served until 1959, including a stint at the Hunters Point Naval Shipyard. He later went to work for the U.S. Postal service, from which he retired. Today, he lives in an independent retirement residence in Cupertino. He still fixes his own lunch every day. He says his eyesight isn't so good — in fact, he's legally blind. His main form of recreation, he says, is listening to audio books, especially volumes of biography and history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We doubt that any of the stories he comes across are any more interesting than those he tells himself about those long-ago days in the service.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/117779/at-100-a-veteran-of-pearl-harbor-looks-back","authors":["222"],"programs":["news_6944"],"tags":["news_80","news_3041","news_5065","news_237"],"featImg":"news_117811","label":"news_6944"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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