Supreme Court Dances Around the F-Word With Real Potential Financial Consequences
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Scott Applewhite/AP","description":"Los Angeles artist Erik Brunetti, the founder of the streetwear clothing company \"FUCT,\" leaves the Supreme Court after his trademark case was argued on 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One of those occasions came Monday, in a case involving a clothing line named \"\u003ca href=\"https://fuct.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">FUCT.\"\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The issue is whether the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office acted unconstitutionally when it refused to grant trademark protection to the brand name.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, for the justices, the immediate problem was how to discuss the the F-word without actually saying it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \"FUCT\" clothing line, created by designer Eric Brunetti, is mainly hoodies, loose pants, shorts and T-shirts, all with the brand name prominently displayed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11740529\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 618px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11740529\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/Screen-Shot-2019-04-16-at-11.23.05-AM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"618\" height=\"297\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/Screen-Shot-2019-04-16-at-11.23.05-AM.png 618w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/Screen-Shot-2019-04-16-at-11.23.05-AM-160x77.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 618px) 100vw, 618px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A few items from the FUCT clothing line. Courtesy of FUCT Instagram.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Brunetti opened the line in 1990, aimed at 20-somethings, and he has been trying to get the brand trademarked ever since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Go to eBay, and you'll see a lot of counterfeits, or go to Amazon, and you'll see lots of counterfeits,\" he said, noting that the knockoffs are costing him real money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If he could get his brand trademarked, he could go after the copycats and shut them down. The U.S. government Patent and Trademark Office, however, has consistently rejected his trademark application, contending that those letters, \"FUCT,\" violate the federal statute that bars trademark protection for \"immoral,\" \"shocking,\" \"offensive\" and \"scandalous\" words.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brunetti's case got a boost two years ago when the Supreme Court \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/06/19/533514196/the-slants-win-supreme-court-battle-over-bands-name-in-trademark-dispute\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ruled that an Asian-American band calling itself \"The Slants\" could not be denied \u003c/a>trademark protection. The trademark office had turned the band down, because it deemed the name racially \"disparaging,\" but the court said the denial amounted to unconstitutional viewpoint discrimination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dealing with the brand name \"FUCT\" proved a bit more daunting in the Supreme Court chamber Monday. Deputy Solicitor General Malcolm Stewart referred to the brand name as a \"profane past participle form of a well-known word of profanity and perhaps the paradigmatic word of profanity in our language.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=science_1938007,news_11729888 label='Intellectual Property Disputes']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The government, he maintained, can deny trademark protection for that word. The justices pointed to a chart showing which terms had been granted trademarks by the government, and which ones had not. Most of the names on the chart — those granted and not granted — are not suitable for a general audience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Suffice to say that while \"FUCT\" did not win trademark approval, \"FCUK\" did, and so did the well-known brand \"FUBAR.\" The word \"crap\" was registered in a trademarked name 70 times, but the S-word was consistently denied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That prompted Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg to ask how the trademark office defines what is scandalous, shocking or offensive. And, Ginsburg inquired, do 20-year-olds generally find \"FUCT\" to be shocking or scandalous?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Probably not, conceded the government's Stewart. But he said the term would still be shocking or offensive to a substantial segment of the population. Thus, it can be denied trademark registration, he argued.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='small' align='right' citation='Deputy Solicitor General Malcolm Stewart']'FUCT is a profane past participle form of a well-known word of profanity and perhaps the paradigmatic word of profanity in our language.'[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Justice Neil Gorsuch pointed to the chart, declaring that it was hard to see why certain trademarks either using or alluding to profanity were approved and others denied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Justice Samuel Alito asked what would happen when \"really dirty words\" were at issue. How about \"racial slurs\"? asked Justice Stephen Breyer, adding those are more like \"swear words,\" as they are insults that sting and are remembered by those who are targeted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stewart replied that because of the court's decision in the \"Slants\" case, most trademarks with racial slurs are now approved. But the most offensive slur, the N-word, for now is still not approved, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Representing \"FUCT\" designer Brunetti, lawyer John Sommer didn't have an easy time either. Justice Breyer had this question: Why doesn't the government have the right to say, in essence, \"You can use this language in your brand name, but the government doesn't want to be associated with it by granting trademark protection?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What I'm worried about,\" said Breyer, is that if a racial slur is trademarked, it will appear as a product name \"on every bus where it's advertised\" and on newsstands where children and others will see it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's not the audience Mr. Brunetti is appealing to,\" Sommer replied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chief Justice John Roberts interjected, \"But that may not be the only audience he reaches.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the end of his argument, Sommer returned to the language of the statute, arguing that if \"offensiveness\" is the standard for turning down a trademark, \"Steak 'n Shake\" can't be registered either, because \"a substantial portion of Americans believe that eating beef is immoral.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A decision in the case is expected by summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR.\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Is a clothing line called \"FUCT\" entitled to trademark protection? The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office said no. Now the Supreme Court must decide.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1555440133,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":26,"wordCount":812},"headData":{"title":"Supreme Court Dances Around the F-Word With Real Potential Financial Consequences | KQED","description":"Is a clothing line called "FUCT" entitled to trademark protection? The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office said no. Now the Supreme Court must decide.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"Supreme Court Dances Around the F-Word With Real Potential Financial Consequences","datePublished":"2019-04-16T18:42:13.000Z","dateModified":"2019-04-16T18:42:13.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png","isAccessibleForFree":"Y","publisher":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","@id":"https://www.kqed.org/#organization","name":"KQED","url":"https://www.kqed.org","logo":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}}},"disqusIdentifier":"11740525 https://ww2.kqed.org/news/?p=11740525","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2019/04/16/supreme-court-dances-around-the-f-word-with-real-potential-financial-consequences/","disqusTitle":"Supreme Court Dances Around the F-Word With Real Potential Financial Consequences","source":"NPR","sourceUrl":"www.npr.org.","nprImageCredit":"J. Scott Applewhite","nprByline":"Nina Totenberg","nprImageAgency":"AP","nprStoryId":"713632552","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=713632552&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/2019/04/16/713632552/supreme-court-dances-around-the-f-word-with-real-potential-financial-consequence?ft=nprml&f=713632552","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Tue, 16 Apr 2019 08:38:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Tue, 16 Apr 2019 05:00:24 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Tue, 16 Apr 2019 08:38:23 -0400","nprAudio":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2019/04/20190415_atc_scotus_trademark.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1070&d=261&story=713632552&ft=nprml&f=713632552","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1713702101-8dc209.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1070&d=261&story=713632552&ft=nprml&f=713632552","audioTrackLength":261,"path":"/news/11740525/supreme-court-dances-around-the-f-word-with-real-potential-financial-consequences","audioUrl":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2019/04/20190415_atc_scotus_trademark.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1070&d=261&story=713632552&ft=nprml&f=713632552","parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Dirty words make it to the U.S. Supreme Court only occasionally. One of those occasions came Monday, in a case involving a clothing line named \"\u003ca href=\"https://fuct.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">FUCT.\"\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The issue is whether the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office acted unconstitutionally when it refused to grant trademark protection to the brand name.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, for the justices, the immediate problem was how to discuss the the F-word without actually saying it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \"FUCT\" clothing line, created by designer Eric Brunetti, is mainly hoodies, loose pants, shorts and T-shirts, all with the brand name prominently displayed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11740529\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 618px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11740529\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/Screen-Shot-2019-04-16-at-11.23.05-AM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"618\" height=\"297\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/Screen-Shot-2019-04-16-at-11.23.05-AM.png 618w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/Screen-Shot-2019-04-16-at-11.23.05-AM-160x77.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 618px) 100vw, 618px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A few items from the FUCT clothing line. Courtesy of FUCT Instagram.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Brunetti opened the line in 1990, aimed at 20-somethings, and he has been trying to get the brand trademarked ever since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Go to eBay, and you'll see a lot of counterfeits, or go to Amazon, and you'll see lots of counterfeits,\" he said, noting that the knockoffs are costing him real money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If he could get his brand trademarked, he could go after the copycats and shut them down. The U.S. government Patent and Trademark Office, however, has consistently rejected his trademark application, contending that those letters, \"FUCT,\" violate the federal statute that bars trademark protection for \"immoral,\" \"shocking,\" \"offensive\" and \"scandalous\" words.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brunetti's case got a boost two years ago when the Supreme Court \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/06/19/533514196/the-slants-win-supreme-court-battle-over-bands-name-in-trademark-dispute\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ruled that an Asian-American band calling itself \"The Slants\" could not be denied \u003c/a>trademark protection. The trademark office had turned the band down, because it deemed the name racially \"disparaging,\" but the court said the denial amounted to unconstitutional viewpoint discrimination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dealing with the brand name \"FUCT\" proved a bit more daunting in the Supreme Court chamber Monday. Deputy Solicitor General Malcolm Stewart referred to the brand name as a \"profane past participle form of a well-known word of profanity and perhaps the paradigmatic word of profanity in our language.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"science_1938007,news_11729888","label":"Intellectual Property Disputes "},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The government, he maintained, can deny trademark protection for that word. The justices pointed to a chart showing which terms had been granted trademarks by the government, and which ones had not. Most of the names on the chart — those granted and not granted — are not suitable for a general audience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Suffice to say that while \"FUCT\" did not win trademark approval, \"FCUK\" did, and so did the well-known brand \"FUBAR.\" The word \"crap\" was registered in a trademarked name 70 times, but the S-word was consistently denied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That prompted Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg to ask how the trademark office defines what is scandalous, shocking or offensive. And, Ginsburg inquired, do 20-year-olds generally find \"FUCT\" to be shocking or scandalous?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Probably not, conceded the government's Stewart. But he said the term would still be shocking or offensive to a substantial segment of the population. Thus, it can be denied trademark registration, he argued.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"'FUCT is a profane past participle form of a well-known word of profanity and perhaps the paradigmatic word of profanity in our language.'","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"small","align":"right","citation":"Deputy Solicitor General Malcolm Stewart","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Justice Neil Gorsuch pointed to the chart, declaring that it was hard to see why certain trademarks either using or alluding to profanity were approved and others denied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Justice Samuel Alito asked what would happen when \"really dirty words\" were at issue. How about \"racial slurs\"? asked Justice Stephen Breyer, adding those are more like \"swear words,\" as they are insults that sting and are remembered by those who are targeted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stewart replied that because of the court's decision in the \"Slants\" case, most trademarks with racial slurs are now approved. But the most offensive slur, the N-word, for now is still not approved, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Representing \"FUCT\" designer Brunetti, lawyer John Sommer didn't have an easy time either. Justice Breyer had this question: Why doesn't the government have the right to say, in essence, \"You can use this language in your brand name, but the government doesn't want to be associated with it by granting trademark protection?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What I'm worried about,\" said Breyer, is that if a racial slur is trademarked, it will appear as a product name \"on every bus where it's advertised\" and on newsstands where children and others will see it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's not the audience Mr. Brunetti is appealing to,\" Sommer replied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chief Justice John Roberts interjected, \"But that may not be the only audience he reaches.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the end of his argument, Sommer returned to the language of the statute, arguing that if \"offensiveness\" is the standard for turning down a trademark, \"Steak 'n Shake\" can't be registered either, because \"a substantial portion of Americans believe that eating beef is immoral.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A decision in the case is expected by summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR.\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11740525/supreme-court-dances-around-the-f-word-with-real-potential-financial-consequences","authors":["byline_news_11740525"],"programs":["news_72"],"categories":["news_223","news_6188","news_8"],"tags":["news_23681","news_4237","news_933","news_1172"],"affiliates":["news_253"],"featImg":"news_11740526","label":"source_news_11740525"},"news_94246":{"type":"posts","id":"news_94246","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"94246","score":null,"sort":[1366113707000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"government-secrecy-orders-on-patents-keep-lid-on-inventions","title":"Government Secrecy Orders on Patents Keep Lid on Inventions","publishDate":1366113707,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Government Secrecy Orders on Patents Keep Lid on Inventions | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":6944,"site":"news"},"content":"\u003cp>By G.W. Schulz, \u003ca href=\"http://cironline.org/\">Center for Investigative Reporting\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 10 years ago, Robert Gold sought to do what many Americans have dreamed of their whole lives: patent an idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73030\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 248px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2012/08/13/google-cuts-4000-jobs-at-motorola-mobility/googleworkers-3/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-73030\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-73030\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2012/08/GoogleWorkers1.jpg\" alt=\"More patent applications are filed from Silicon Valley than any other region of the United States. (David Paul Morris/Getty Images)\" width=\"248\" height=\"140\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">More patent applications are filed from Silicon Valley than any other region of the United States. (David Paul Morris/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gold developed a breakthrough in wireless communications that would help people speak to one another with less interference and greater security.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then it disappeared like a dropped call.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Department of Defense concluded that his invention could be a national security threat in the wrong hands and slapped Gold’s patent application with a so-called “secrecy order” in 2002, which prevented him from discussing the technology with anyone. Five years later, his attorney succeeded in lifting the order, but by then, it was too late.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The window of opportunity, I believed, had really passed during those years,” Gold said. “So we have not been successful at commercializing the idea.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gold stresses today that he didn’t oppose the government’s position – public knowledge about covert communications techniques could undermine the military. The federal government sponsored his research and retained the right to use the technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it also promoted an incentive by granting Gold shared patent rights, meaning he could file an application with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and seek to commercialize the idea. Accomplishing that, however, required petitioning to have the secrecy order lifted as the years passed with his invention living in the shadows. \u003c!--more-->\u003cstrong>Powers Questioned\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a common refrain in the stump speeches of politicians that America is a nation of ideas, but Congress decided in 1951 that some of those ideas must nonetheless be kept hidden. Today, as Silicon Valley and other innovation centers churn out thousands of patents a year, some lawmakers wonder whether the government should have broader powers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is known about secrecy orders is largely the result of Freedom of Information Act requests filed by groups like the Federation of American Scientists, an independent, nonpartisan think tank. Those documents show that the overall number of secrecy orders has steadily increased in recent years, totaling more than 5,300 by 2012, with some of them in effect for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tens of thousands of patent applications are manually examined each year under the Invention Secrecy Act and referred for a final decision to the Pentagon, National Security Agency, Department of Justice and, more recently, Department of Homeland Security.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“From the patent owner’s perspective, you’re stuck in this legal limbo where the government) says you’ve got this valid invention, but there’s nothing you can do with it until maybe decades later,” said Mark Lemley, a technology law professor at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Secrecy orders are rare, but violating one can result in prison time.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\nA California man named James Constant filed his patent application in 1969 for radar technology that could track shipping containers, packages or components traveling along an assembly line. After his secrecy order was eventually lifted in 1971, Constant sought damages from the government, arguing that he couldn’t capitalize on the idea. When it reached trial years later in 1982, the court ruled against him, concluding that a “lack of business experience” impeded his chance of success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Constant said from his home in Claremont that the secrecy order caused him to incur “a substantial financial loss” and set him back for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When the secrecy order was put on my patent, I had the only viable technology,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In each case, the legal headaches occurred only after the inventor had spent no small amount of time and resources developing the idea in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We still have a Cold War approach to secrecy orders,” said Pat Choate, an economist and intellectual property expert. “If a secrecy order is imposed, you wind up with the inventor effectively having the technology taken away.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lemley and others understand why defense officials might want to shield cryptographic technology that could prevent the government from secretly eavesdropping on the conversations for foreign enemies. But modern encryption can also protect consumers from identity thieves and allow human rights activists living under abusive regimes to communicate more freely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Troubled by the threat of economic espionage from countries like China, lawmakers are asking if some inventions are so essential to the health of the nation’s economy that they, too, should be locked away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. Rep. Frank Wolf, R-Va., directed the Patent and Trademark Office to consider whether secrecy orders should be extended for inventions that are not tied to the nation’s defense but could harm the economy if stolen, counterfeited and sold. Officials responded in April 2012 by asking the public what it thought and got skepticism from intellectual property and secrecy experts.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nMarket Forces\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Who’s going to make the determination that something is economically viable? It’s usually the market making that determination,” said Robert Stoll, who retired as the nation’s patent commissioner in 2011 before joining a private practice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stoll said such a move would do its own damage to the economy, and the nation would be better off filing patent applications in foreign countries and taking China or other violators before the World Trade Organization if they fail to honor intellectual property agreements now in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tom Culligan, legislative director for Wolf, countered that achieving recourse from the World Trade Organization can take far too long. The congressman’s goal was, first, to review secrecy orders in general after years of inattention from Congress and, second, to force the federal government to examine how strong present protections are for America’s most important ideas, Culligan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We just wanted to start a conversation. We weren’t necessarily prescribing a solution,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the law, an inventor can seek compensation if defense agencies choose to use the idea or if the applicant can prove damages were suffered by not being permitted to take it to the marketplace. But the process for doing so is arduous, economist Choate said. Among other things, evidence confirming the government simply took an inventor’s idea could itself be considered secret.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steven Hoffberg has handled one secrecy order in his 23 years as an intellectual property attorney. But that order was enough to threaten his client’s idea for a technology that could detect objects, including, potentially, stealth aircraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hoffberg’s client, James Greer of Alabama, lived under a secrecy order for eight years after his application was filed in 2000. During that time, it would have been a challenge to explore whether the idea could be exported to strategic allies of the United States as an anti-stealth technology, let alone identify possibilities outside of the defense community. Those possibilities included object tracking for “smarter” highways of the future and next-generation communications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hoffberg argues that it was unjustified for the order to be in place for such a long period of time and that at least by 2004, the application would not have given adversaries a strategic advantage.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n‘No Value’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They kept us from fulfilling the purpose of the patent, which was to make an investment to bring a product to market,” Hoffberg said. “ … If the government wasn’t going to buy the product from us and wasn’t going to let us sell it commercially, we basically had no value.”\u003cbr>\nChoate and others want the government to stop publishing applications until a formal patent is issued, and if the application is denied, they want it destroyed so the inventor has a chance to try again or guard it as a trade secret and ultimately reap the rewards before it’s stolen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to secrecy orders, many of the technologies were backed by defense agencies to begin with. So it’s less of a surprise if such an order exists for the technical components of a nuclear weapons system, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But dozens of so-called “John Doe” secrecy orders are issued each year, affecting private individuals and businesses that might never enjoy a payoff from their invention, even though the government has no explicit interest in the technology. John Doe orders reached a high of almost 100 in 1998, though the annual number has declined in the new millennium, according to the Federation of American Scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So is the next Google hiding behind a secrecy order? It seems highly unlikely, but because of the shroud of secrecy, no one can know for sure, said science historian Alex Wellerstein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said even one hidden technology carrying possible benefits for society that are not defense-related is enough to undermine the purpose of patents – encouraging invention. He and other experts want at least the criteria used for issuing secrecy orders made public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The law says it just has to be detrimental to national security, which is vague,” Wellerstein said. “That doesn’t mean anything. It’d be nice if you had to actually pass (the patent application) to people who have business experience, not just people who make weapons and have a tendency of seeing lots of things as dangerous.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This story was edited by Robert Salladay and copy edited by Nikki Frick and Christine Lee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The independent, nonprofit Center for Investigative Reporting is the country’s largest investigative reporting team. For more, visit www.cironline.org. Schulz can be reached at gwschulz@cironline.org.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1685487837,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":38,"wordCount":1634},"headData":{"title":"Government Secrecy Orders on Patents Keep Lid on Inventions | KQED","description":"By G.W. Schulz, Center for Investigative Reporting More than 10 years ago, Robert Gold sought to do what many Americans have dreamed of their whole lives: patent an idea. Gold developed a breakthrough in wireless communications that would help people speak to one another with less interference and greater security. Then it disappeared like a","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"Government Secrecy Orders on Patents Keep Lid on Inventions","datePublished":"2013-04-16T12:01:47.000Z","dateModified":"2023-05-30T23:03:57.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png","isAccessibleForFree":"Y","publisher":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","@id":"https://www.kqed.org/#organization","name":"KQED","url":"https://www.kqed.org","logo":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}}},"templateType":"standard","featuredImageType":"standard","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/news/94246/government-secrecy-orders-on-patents-keep-lid-on-inventions","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>By G.W. Schulz, \u003ca href=\"http://cironline.org/\">Center for Investigative Reporting\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 10 years ago, Robert Gold sought to do what many Americans have dreamed of their whole lives: patent an idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73030\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 248px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2012/08/13/google-cuts-4000-jobs-at-motorola-mobility/googleworkers-3/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-73030\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-73030\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2012/08/GoogleWorkers1.jpg\" alt=\"More patent applications are filed from Silicon Valley than any other region of the United States. (David Paul Morris/Getty Images)\" width=\"248\" height=\"140\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">More patent applications are filed from Silicon Valley than any other region of the United States. (David Paul Morris/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gold developed a breakthrough in wireless communications that would help people speak to one another with less interference and greater security.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then it disappeared like a dropped call.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Department of Defense concluded that his invention could be a national security threat in the wrong hands and slapped Gold’s patent application with a so-called “secrecy order” in 2002, which prevented him from discussing the technology with anyone. Five years later, his attorney succeeded in lifting the order, but by then, it was too late.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The window of opportunity, I believed, had really passed during those years,” Gold said. “So we have not been successful at commercializing the idea.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gold stresses today that he didn’t oppose the government’s position – public knowledge about covert communications techniques could undermine the military. The federal government sponsored his research and retained the right to use the technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it also promoted an incentive by granting Gold shared patent rights, meaning he could file an application with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and seek to commercialize the idea. Accomplishing that, however, required petitioning to have the secrecy order lifted as the years passed with his invention living in the shadows. \u003c!--more-->\u003cstrong>Powers Questioned\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a common refrain in the stump speeches of politicians that America is a nation of ideas, but Congress decided in 1951 that some of those ideas must nonetheless be kept hidden. Today, as Silicon Valley and other innovation centers churn out thousands of patents a year, some lawmakers wonder whether the government should have broader powers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is known about secrecy orders is largely the result of Freedom of Information Act requests filed by groups like the Federation of American Scientists, an independent, nonpartisan think tank. Those documents show that the overall number of secrecy orders has steadily increased in recent years, totaling more than 5,300 by 2012, with some of them in effect for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tens of thousands of patent applications are manually examined each year under the Invention Secrecy Act and referred for a final decision to the Pentagon, National Security Agency, Department of Justice and, more recently, Department of Homeland Security.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“From the patent owner’s perspective, you’re stuck in this legal limbo where the government) says you’ve got this valid invention, but there’s nothing you can do with it until maybe decades later,” said Mark Lemley, a technology law professor at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Secrecy orders are rare, but violating one can result in prison time.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\nA California man named James Constant filed his patent application in 1969 for radar technology that could track shipping containers, packages or components traveling along an assembly line. After his secrecy order was eventually lifted in 1971, Constant sought damages from the government, arguing that he couldn’t capitalize on the idea. When it reached trial years later in 1982, the court ruled against him, concluding that a “lack of business experience” impeded his chance of success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Constant said from his home in Claremont that the secrecy order caused him to incur “a substantial financial loss” and set him back for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When the secrecy order was put on my patent, I had the only viable technology,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In each case, the legal headaches occurred only after the inventor had spent no small amount of time and resources developing the idea in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We still have a Cold War approach to secrecy orders,” said Pat Choate, an economist and intellectual property expert. “If a secrecy order is imposed, you wind up with the inventor effectively having the technology taken away.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lemley and others understand why defense officials might want to shield cryptographic technology that could prevent the government from secretly eavesdropping on the conversations for foreign enemies. But modern encryption can also protect consumers from identity thieves and allow human rights activists living under abusive regimes to communicate more freely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Troubled by the threat of economic espionage from countries like China, lawmakers are asking if some inventions are so essential to the health of the nation’s economy that they, too, should be locked away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. Rep. Frank Wolf, R-Va., directed the Patent and Trademark Office to consider whether secrecy orders should be extended for inventions that are not tied to the nation’s defense but could harm the economy if stolen, counterfeited and sold. Officials responded in April 2012 by asking the public what it thought and got skepticism from intellectual property and secrecy experts.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nMarket Forces\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Who’s going to make the determination that something is economically viable? It’s usually the market making that determination,” said Robert Stoll, who retired as the nation’s patent commissioner in 2011 before joining a private practice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stoll said such a move would do its own damage to the economy, and the nation would be better off filing patent applications in foreign countries and taking China or other violators before the World Trade Organization if they fail to honor intellectual property agreements now in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tom Culligan, legislative director for Wolf, countered that achieving recourse from the World Trade Organization can take far too long. The congressman’s goal was, first, to review secrecy orders in general after years of inattention from Congress and, second, to force the federal government to examine how strong present protections are for America’s most important ideas, Culligan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We just wanted to start a conversation. We weren’t necessarily prescribing a solution,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the law, an inventor can seek compensation if defense agencies choose to use the idea or if the applicant can prove damages were suffered by not being permitted to take it to the marketplace. But the process for doing so is arduous, economist Choate said. Among other things, evidence confirming the government simply took an inventor’s idea could itself be considered secret.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steven Hoffberg has handled one secrecy order in his 23 years as an intellectual property attorney. But that order was enough to threaten his client’s idea for a technology that could detect objects, including, potentially, stealth aircraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hoffberg’s client, James Greer of Alabama, lived under a secrecy order for eight years after his application was filed in 2000. During that time, it would have been a challenge to explore whether the idea could be exported to strategic allies of the United States as an anti-stealth technology, let alone identify possibilities outside of the defense community. Those possibilities included object tracking for “smarter” highways of the future and next-generation communications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hoffberg argues that it was unjustified for the order to be in place for such a long period of time and that at least by 2004, the application would not have given adversaries a strategic advantage.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n‘No Value’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They kept us from fulfilling the purpose of the patent, which was to make an investment to bring a product to market,” Hoffberg said. “ … If the government wasn’t going to buy the product from us and wasn’t going to let us sell it commercially, we basically had no value.”\u003cbr>\nChoate and others want the government to stop publishing applications until a formal patent is issued, and if the application is denied, they want it destroyed so the inventor has a chance to try again or guard it as a trade secret and ultimately reap the rewards before it’s stolen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to secrecy orders, many of the technologies were backed by defense agencies to begin with. So it’s less of a surprise if such an order exists for the technical components of a nuclear weapons system, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But dozens of so-called “John Doe” secrecy orders are issued each year, affecting private individuals and businesses that might never enjoy a payoff from their invention, even though the government has no explicit interest in the technology. John Doe orders reached a high of almost 100 in 1998, though the annual number has declined in the new millennium, according to the Federation of American Scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So is the next Google hiding behind a secrecy order? It seems highly unlikely, but because of the shroud of secrecy, no one can know for sure, said science historian Alex Wellerstein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said even one hidden technology carrying possible benefits for society that are not defense-related is enough to undermine the purpose of patents – encouraging invention. He and other experts want at least the criteria used for issuing secrecy orders made public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The law says it just has to be detrimental to national security, which is vague,” Wellerstein said. “That doesn’t mean anything. It’d be nice if you had to actually pass (the patent application) to people who have business experience, not just people who make weapons and have a tendency of seeing lots of things as dangerous.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This story was edited by Robert Salladay and copy edited by Nikki Frick and Christine Lee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The independent, nonprofit Center for Investigative Reporting is the country’s largest investigative reporting team. For more, visit www.cironline.org. Schulz can be reached at gwschulz@cironline.org.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/94246/government-secrecy-orders-on-patents-keep-lid-on-inventions","authors":["236"],"programs":["news_6944"],"categories":["news_6188","news_248"],"tags":["news_4238","news_4237","news_933"],"label":"news_6944"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? 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You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Consider-This-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. 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