Scientists Discover Long-Lost Stone Age 'Megastructure' While Scanning Seafloor
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The class was conducted entirely aboard a research vessel on the Baltic Sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geersen prefers the open-air classroom. “It’s quite intense,” he says, but for some of the students, “it’s maybe the best time during their studies.” [pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Jacob Geersen, marine geologist, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research\"]‘… It was then when we were sitting together, we saw that there was something on the seafloor. It was something special.’[/pullquote]During the night shift each evening, students mapped the shape of the seafloor at high resolution. “Usually, if we go somewhere and do these measurements,” Geersen says, “then we find something interesting.” This research cruise proved no exception.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One night, in the Bay of Mecklenburg, off the coast of northern Germany, the students fired up the echo sounders and mapped a swath of seafloor. “The next day, we downloaded the data,” Geersen says. “And it was then when we were sitting together, we saw that there was something on the seafloor. It was something special.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They didn’t know it at the time, but not quite 70 feet below the surface, they’d stumbled upon a stone wall more than half a mile long that dated back to the Stone Age — one of the oldest such megastructures on the planet. In research published in \u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2312008121\">\u003cem>PNAS\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, Geersen and his colleagues say this piece of ancient hunting architecture may have been used to corral and hunt reindeer, adding a level of sophistication to the prehistoric hunter-gatherers who lived 10,000 to 11,000 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Blinkerwall is revealed\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Geersen was used to seeing rocks and stones show up on the echosounder as bumpy anomalies scattered across the bottom of the Baltic Sea, left behind when the glaciers retreated from northern Europe thousands of years ago. But back aboard that vessel in the Bay of Mecklenburg, he could already tell that what he was seeing was different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You saw there is something that kind of meanders through the map,” Geersen says. It was a ridge that ran for six-tenths of a mile. “I thought it’s very likely that these are rocks, one next to the other, lined up,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A year later, Geersen, his colleagues and a new batch of students returned to that same site. They lowered a camera down and confirmed this ridge was made up of thousands of rocks that formed a kind of wall standing about 1.5 feet tall on average. [aside postID=news_11969560 hero='https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/12/attenborough-and-the-jurassic-sea-monster_01_001_custom-d582b499ec602688d4dbe5f11c6c83f037f7438a-1020x679.jpg']“It’s usually small stones — like tennis or soccer ball size — so movable stones,” Geersen says. “But then, at some places where we have a large stone, the direction of the wall changes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geersen didn’t know how such a structure, which the researchers dubbed the “Blinkerwall” after a nearby underwater mound called Blinker Hill, could have formed naturally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was only when we went to the archaeologists that they said, ‘You may have found something very significant,'” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was probably the most skeptical of the entire team,” recalls \u003ca href=\"https://zbsa.eu/en/berit-eriksen/\">Berit Eriksen\u003c/a>, a prehistoric archaeologist at the University of Kiel who \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfb1266.uni-kiel.de/en/projects/cluster-b-complex-foragers/b1-pioneers-of-the-north?set_language=en\">studies\u003c/a> the people who arrived in northern Europe when the glaciers retreated after the last Ice Age 10,000 to 20,000 years ago. When she examined the structure from the Bay of Mecklenburg, a line from Sherlock Holmes came to mind: “When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable, must be the truth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Archaeologists never speak of ‘truth,'” Eriksen says, “but I’m running out of things to eliminate in terms of natural stuff. That’s my problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eriksen reviewed the data and became increasingly convinced that the structure was made by prehistoric humans who’d used lots of smaller stones to connect the larger, unmovable rocks into a wall. “I don’t believe in UFOs, so it’s got to be manmade,” she concludes. She and the other archaeologists on the project agreed that the wall was likely used by hunter-gatherers 10,000 to 11,000 years ago during the Stone Age to help them herd and hunt reindeer by the hundreds.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How to hunt hundreds of reindeer in the Stone Age\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>“The only way you can kill this amount of reindeer is if you drive them into a shooting blind if you cut them off at the pass somewhere,” Eriksen says. And reindeer are known to follow these kinds of stone walls naturally, even stout ones like the Blinkerwall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There would have been water at the other side,” Eriksen says. So, the reindeer would have become trapped between the wall and the water, allowing the hunters lying in wait to fire their arrows at the reindeer. Eriksen says these prehistoric people were nomadic, but this wall suggests they may have had a regular migration route, one that would have brought them back to this spot year after year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you build a structure like that,” Eriksen says, “you’re someone who knows the entire area extremely well. You’re not just moving around an unknown landscape. You don’t just hope you can find a reindeer that day. You plan. You know where the reindeer will come next year.” It’s a theory that archaeologists have kicked around for a while, but she says this wall helps confirm it may have been true in prehistoric Europe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, the area was flooded, forming the Baltic Sea we know today and submerging this piece of hunting architecture under the water. [aside postID=news_11974327 hero='https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/01/GettyImages-1693228262-1020x685.jpg']\u003ca href=\"https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/lakehuron-arch/lab-members/ashley-lemke-2/\">Ashley Lemke\u003c/a>, an underwater archaeologist at the University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, was not involved in the study. She says the research was strong — and performed under challenging circumstances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I know this personally — working underwater is not easy,” says Lemke, who has discovered similar stone walls in Lake Huron, one of the Great Lakes beside Michigan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lemke explains that these results reinforce the argument that people living during the Stone Age were more sophisticated and nuanced than we tend to give them credit for. “We always think of them on the brink of starvation, trying to scrape a living out of the landscape. And that’s just not true,” she says. Instead, “people in Europe were building things before Stonehenge, before these more classical structures that we think of.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is actually really early examples of almost animal domestication,” Lemke continues. “Like before you start keeping animals in pens permanently, you’re kind of making fences to hunt them, which I think is really interesting.” This practice may have eventually led to livestock herding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To confirm this wall was made by prehistoric people and used to hunt, the researchers will need more archaeological evidence of hunting-related activity. Berit Eriksen says such clues should be there, given the hunters would have had to wait for the reindeer to show up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’d have to eat while you’re there so you can see if there are small bits of charcoal,” she says. It may be possible to excavate arrowheads or ancient DNA. In addition, “they would have defecated,” Eriksen says. “So you can find stuff — traces of people — if you’re lucky.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A research team aboard a ship in the Baltic Sea found a hidden, half-mile-long wall on the seafloor they dubbed the 'Blinkerwall.' Stone Age hunter-gatherers likely used it to lure reindeer.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1708987468,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":23,"wordCount":1352},"headData":{"title":"Scientists Discover Long-Lost Stone Age 'Megastructure' While Scanning Seafloor | KQED","description":"A research team aboard a ship in the Baltic Sea found a hidden, half-mile-long wall on the seafloor they dubbed the 'Blinkerwall.' Stone Age hunter-gatherers likely used it to lure reindeer.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"Scientists Discover Long-Lost Stone Age 'Megastructure' While Scanning Seafloor","datePublished":"2024-02-23T15:30:54.000Z","dateModified":"2024-02-26T22:44:28.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png","isAccessibleForFree":"Y","publisher":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","@id":"https://www.kqed.org/#organization","name":"KQED","url":"https://www.kqed.org","logo":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}}},"sticky":false,"nprByline":"Ari Daniel","nprImageAgency":"Photos by Philipp Hoy, University of Rostock; model created using Agisoft Metashape by J. Auer, LAKD M-V","nprStoryId":"1232694592","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=1232694592&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/2024/02/22/1232694592/blinkerwall-stone-age-megastructure-hunting-underwater-baltic-sea?ft=nprml&f=1232694592","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Thu, 22 Feb 2024 10:21:00 -0500","nprStoryDate":"Thu, 22 Feb 2024 06:00:40 -0500","nprLastModifiedDate":"Thu, 22 Feb 2024 10:21:29 -0500","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","articleAge":"0","path":"/news/11976728/scientists-discover-long-lost-stone-age-megastructure-while-scanning-seafloor","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In the fall of 2021, \u003ca href=\"https://www.io-warnemuende.de/jacob-geersen-en.html\">Jacob Geersen\u003c/a>, a marine geologist now at the Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, was teaching a one-week field course at the University of Kiel. The class was conducted entirely aboard a research vessel on the Baltic Sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geersen prefers the open-air classroom. “It’s quite intense,” he says, but for some of the students, “it’s maybe the best time during their studies.” \u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘… It was then when we were sitting together, we saw that there was something on the seafloor. It was something special.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"medium","align":"right","citation":"Jacob Geersen, marine geologist, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>During the night shift each evening, students mapped the shape of the seafloor at high resolution. “Usually, if we go somewhere and do these measurements,” Geersen says, “then we find something interesting.” This research cruise proved no exception.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One night, in the Bay of Mecklenburg, off the coast of northern Germany, the students fired up the echo sounders and mapped a swath of seafloor. “The next day, we downloaded the data,” Geersen says. “And it was then when we were sitting together, we saw that there was something on the seafloor. It was something special.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They didn’t know it at the time, but not quite 70 feet below the surface, they’d stumbled upon a stone wall more than half a mile long that dated back to the Stone Age — one of the oldest such megastructures on the planet. In research published in \u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2312008121\">\u003cem>PNAS\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, Geersen and his colleagues say this piece of ancient hunting architecture may have been used to corral and hunt reindeer, adding a level of sophistication to the prehistoric hunter-gatherers who lived 10,000 to 11,000 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Blinkerwall is revealed\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Geersen was used to seeing rocks and stones show up on the echosounder as bumpy anomalies scattered across the bottom of the Baltic Sea, left behind when the glaciers retreated from northern Europe thousands of years ago. But back aboard that vessel in the Bay of Mecklenburg, he could already tell that what he was seeing was different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You saw there is something that kind of meanders through the map,” Geersen says. It was a ridge that ran for six-tenths of a mile. “I thought it’s very likely that these are rocks, one next to the other, lined up,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A year later, Geersen, his colleagues and a new batch of students returned to that same site. They lowered a camera down and confirmed this ridge was made up of thousands of rocks that formed a kind of wall standing about 1.5 feet tall on average. \u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"news_11969560","hero":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/12/attenborough-and-the-jurassic-sea-monster_01_001_custom-d582b499ec602688d4dbe5f11c6c83f037f7438a-1020x679.jpg","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“It’s usually small stones — like tennis or soccer ball size — so movable stones,” Geersen says. “But then, at some places where we have a large stone, the direction of the wall changes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geersen didn’t know how such a structure, which the researchers dubbed the “Blinkerwall” after a nearby underwater mound called Blinker Hill, could have formed naturally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was only when we went to the archaeologists that they said, ‘You may have found something very significant,'” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was probably the most skeptical of the entire team,” recalls \u003ca href=\"https://zbsa.eu/en/berit-eriksen/\">Berit Eriksen\u003c/a>, a prehistoric archaeologist at the University of Kiel who \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfb1266.uni-kiel.de/en/projects/cluster-b-complex-foragers/b1-pioneers-of-the-north?set_language=en\">studies\u003c/a> the people who arrived in northern Europe when the glaciers retreated after the last Ice Age 10,000 to 20,000 years ago. When she examined the structure from the Bay of Mecklenburg, a line from Sherlock Holmes came to mind: “When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable, must be the truth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Archaeologists never speak of ‘truth,'” Eriksen says, “but I’m running out of things to eliminate in terms of natural stuff. That’s my problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eriksen reviewed the data and became increasingly convinced that the structure was made by prehistoric humans who’d used lots of smaller stones to connect the larger, unmovable rocks into a wall. “I don’t believe in UFOs, so it’s got to be manmade,” she concludes. She and the other archaeologists on the project agreed that the wall was likely used by hunter-gatherers 10,000 to 11,000 years ago during the Stone Age to help them herd and hunt reindeer by the hundreds.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How to hunt hundreds of reindeer in the Stone Age\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>“The only way you can kill this amount of reindeer is if you drive them into a shooting blind if you cut them off at the pass somewhere,” Eriksen says. And reindeer are known to follow these kinds of stone walls naturally, even stout ones like the Blinkerwall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There would have been water at the other side,” Eriksen says. So, the reindeer would have become trapped between the wall and the water, allowing the hunters lying in wait to fire their arrows at the reindeer. Eriksen says these prehistoric people were nomadic, but this wall suggests they may have had a regular migration route, one that would have brought them back to this spot year after year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you build a structure like that,” Eriksen says, “you’re someone who knows the entire area extremely well. You’re not just moving around an unknown landscape. You don’t just hope you can find a reindeer that day. You plan. You know where the reindeer will come next year.” It’s a theory that archaeologists have kicked around for a while, but she says this wall helps confirm it may have been true in prehistoric Europe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, the area was flooded, forming the Baltic Sea we know today and submerging this piece of hunting architecture under the water. \u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"news_11974327","hero":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/01/GettyImages-1693228262-1020x685.jpg","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/lakehuron-arch/lab-members/ashley-lemke-2/\">Ashley Lemke\u003c/a>, an underwater archaeologist at the University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, was not involved in the study. She says the research was strong — and performed under challenging circumstances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I know this personally — working underwater is not easy,” says Lemke, who has discovered similar stone walls in Lake Huron, one of the Great Lakes beside Michigan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lemke explains that these results reinforce the argument that people living during the Stone Age were more sophisticated and nuanced than we tend to give them credit for. “We always think of them on the brink of starvation, trying to scrape a living out of the landscape. And that’s just not true,” she says. Instead, “people in Europe were building things before Stonehenge, before these more classical structures that we think of.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is actually really early examples of almost animal domestication,” Lemke continues. “Like before you start keeping animals in pens permanently, you’re kind of making fences to hunt them, which I think is really interesting.” This practice may have eventually led to livestock herding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To confirm this wall was made by prehistoric people and used to hunt, the researchers will need more archaeological evidence of hunting-related activity. Berit Eriksen says such clues should be there, given the hunters would have had to wait for the reindeer to show up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’d have to eat while you’re there so you can see if there are small bits of charcoal,” she says. It may be possible to excavate arrowheads or ancient DNA. In addition, “they would have defecated,” Eriksen says. “So you can find stuff — traces of people — if you’re lucky.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11976728/scientists-discover-long-lost-stone-age-megastructure-while-scanning-seafloor","authors":["byline_news_11976728"],"categories":["news_8","news_356"],"tags":["news_23861","news_3187"],"affiliates":["news_253"],"featImg":"news_11976729","label":"news_253"},"news_11969560":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11969560","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11969560","score":null,"sort":[1702324804000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"scientists-uncover-prehistoric-sea-monster-akin-to-underwater-t-rex","title":"Scientists Uncover Prehistoric Sea Monster Akin to ‘Underwater T. Rex’","publishDate":1702324804,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Scientists Uncover Prehistoric Sea Monster Akin to ‘Underwater T. Rex’ | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":253,"site":"news"},"content":"\u003cp>Scientists have \u003ca href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-67650247\">unearthed a largely intact skull\u003c/a> of an immense and deadly sea creature that stalked the waters off England’s coast millions of years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not something you would have wanted to encounter on an afternoon swim. [pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Steve Etches, paleontologist\"]‘It’s one of the best fossils I’ve ever worked on. What makes it unique is it’s complete.’[/pullquote]Just the skull of the pliosaur, a marine reptile, was around six feet long, indicating how massive the sea monster would have been. It had a parietal — or third — eye and glands on its snout that may have helped it locate prey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when it did find prey — such as other reptiles or even fellow pliosaurs — it would chomp down with its 130 teeth in a bite far stronger than a crocodile’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One expert told BBC News the pliosaur was “sort of like an underwater T. rex.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the fearsome animals existed contemporaneously with dinosaurs, the pliosaur is more \u003ca href=\"https://australian.museum/learn/dinosaurs/fact-sheets/pliosaur/\">closely related\u003c/a> to lizards or snakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say the newly discovered fossil is one of the most intact pliosaur skulls ever found, and it’s set to be featured in a BBC One special hosted by David Attenborough on New Year’s Day. (In the U.S., it will air on PBS on Feb. 14.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s one of the best fossils I’ve ever worked on,” paleontologist Steve Etches told BBC News. “What makes it unique is it’s complete.” [aside postID=science_1982750 hero='https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/004_KQED_OBVelellaVelella_05182023-1020x680.jpg']Etches’ friend, Phil Jacobs, first spotted the skull’s snout during a walk on the beach near Kimmeridge Bay in Dorset, along England’s World Heritage Jurassic Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists then spent months digging out the rest of the fossil from a cliffside along the beach and cleaning it up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Etches says he’ll display the skull in his museum in Kimmeridge, the Etches Collection, next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he believes there’s more to the fossil still waiting to be found in the cliffs, which he says are quickly eroding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I stake my life the rest of the animal is there,” Etches told BBC News. “And it won’t be very long before the rest of the pliosaur drops out and gets lost. It’s a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The pliosaur, which existed millions of years ago, would chomp down with its bite far stronger than a crocodile's and had a third eye for locating prey.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1702334536,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":434},"headData":{"title":"Scientists Uncover Prehistoric Sea Monster Akin to ‘Underwater T. Rex’ | KQED","description":"The pliosaur, which existed millions of years ago, would chomp down with its bite far stronger than a crocodile's and had a third eye for locating prey.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"Scientists Uncover Prehistoric Sea Monster Akin to ‘Underwater T. Rex’","datePublished":"2023-12-11T20:00:04.000Z","dateModified":"2023-12-11T22:42:16.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png","isAccessibleForFree":"Y","publisher":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","@id":"https://www.kqed.org/#organization","name":"KQED","url":"https://www.kqed.org","logo":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}}},"sticky":false,"nprByline":"\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/people/1000952100/joe-hernandez\">Joe Hernandez\u003c/a>\u003cbr> NPR News","nprImageAgency":"BBC Studios","nprStoryId":"1218499369","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=1218499369&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/2023/12/11/1218499369/scientists-have-found-the-mostly-intact-skull-of-a-giant-deadly-sea-reptile?ft=nprml&f=1218499369","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Mon, 11 Dec 2023 11:34:00 -0500","nprStoryDate":"Mon, 11 Dec 2023 11:34:21 -0500","nprLastModifiedDate":"Mon, 11 Dec 2023 11:34:21 -0500","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","articleAge":"0","path":"/news/11969560/scientists-uncover-prehistoric-sea-monster-akin-to-underwater-t-rex","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Scientists have \u003ca href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-67650247\">unearthed a largely intact skull\u003c/a> of an immense and deadly sea creature that stalked the waters off England’s coast millions of years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not something you would have wanted to encounter on an afternoon swim. \u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘It’s one of the best fossils I’ve ever worked on. What makes it unique is it’s complete.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"medium","align":"right","citation":"Steve Etches, paleontologist","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Just the skull of the pliosaur, a marine reptile, was around six feet long, indicating how massive the sea monster would have been. It had a parietal — or third — eye and glands on its snout that may have helped it locate prey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when it did find prey — such as other reptiles or even fellow pliosaurs — it would chomp down with its 130 teeth in a bite far stronger than a crocodile’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One expert told BBC News the pliosaur was “sort of like an underwater T. rex.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the fearsome animals existed contemporaneously with dinosaurs, the pliosaur is more \u003ca href=\"https://australian.museum/learn/dinosaurs/fact-sheets/pliosaur/\">closely related\u003c/a> to lizards or snakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say the newly discovered fossil is one of the most intact pliosaur skulls ever found, and it’s set to be featured in a BBC One special hosted by David Attenborough on New Year’s Day. (In the U.S., it will air on PBS on Feb. 14.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s one of the best fossils I’ve ever worked on,” paleontologist Steve Etches told BBC News. “What makes it unique is it’s complete.” \u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"science_1982750","hero":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/004_KQED_OBVelellaVelella_05182023-1020x680.jpg","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Etches’ friend, Phil Jacobs, first spotted the skull’s snout during a walk on the beach near Kimmeridge Bay in Dorset, along England’s World Heritage Jurassic Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists then spent months digging out the rest of the fossil from a cliffside along the beach and cleaning it up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Etches says he’ll display the skull in his museum in Kimmeridge, the Etches Collection, next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he believes there’s more to the fossil still waiting to be found in the cliffs, which he says are quickly eroding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I stake my life the rest of the animal is there,” Etches told BBC News. “And it won’t be very long before the rest of the pliosaur drops out and gets lost. It’s a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11969560/scientists-uncover-prehistoric-sea-monster-akin-to-underwater-t-rex","authors":["byline_news_11969560"],"categories":["news_8","news_356"],"tags":["news_33626","news_23861","news_28582","news_33627"],"affiliates":["news_253"],"featImg":"news_11969561","label":"news_253"},"news_11968802":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11968802","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11968802","score":null,"sort":[1701727205000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"californias-blue-power-drive-wave-tidal-energy-renewable-grid","title":"Blue Power: Can California Harness Clean Energy From Ocean Waves?","publishDate":1701727205,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Blue Power: Can California Harness Clean Energy From Ocean Waves? | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":18481,"site":"news"},"content":"\u003cp>The world’s oceans may be vast, but they are getting crowded. Coastal areas are congested with cargo ships, international commercial fishing fleets, naval vessels, oil rigs and, soon, floating platforms for \u003ca href=\"https://www.wri.org/insights/deep-sea-mining-explained\">deep-sea mining\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Pacific Ocean is going to get even busier: Nearly 600 square miles of ocean off California have been leased for \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/environment/2023/10/california-offshore-wind-humboldt/\">floating wind farms\u003c/a>, with more expected. Now the state is considering hosting another renewable energy technology in the sea: blue power, electricity created from waves and tides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202320240SB605\">new law\u003c/a> signed by Gov. Gavin Newsom in October instructs state agencies to study the feasibility and impacts of capturing ocean movement to create power and report back to the Legislature by January 2025.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal is to jumpstart an industry that could fill in the power gaps as California tries to achieve its goal of transitioning to an all-renewable electric grid by 2045.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for all the interest in renewable energy — and the government subsidies — public investment in ocean energy has lagged. The technology that would make the projects more efficient, cost-effective and able to withstand a punishing sea environment is still under development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, a handful of small demonstration projects have been launched off the West Coast, although none has produced commercial power for the grid. Through 2045, the California Energy Commission’s new projections for future power do not include any wave and tidal power. Yet energy experts say there is great potential along the Pacific coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Of all the energies out there, marine energy has been the slowest to develop. We are kind of where land-based wind was 20 or 30 years ago,” said Tim Ramsey, marine energy program manager at the U.S. Department of Energy’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/water/marine-energy-program\">Water Power Technologies Office\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Energy from waves and tides is generated by an action that the ocean almost always provides — movement. Although wave and tidal devices take different forms, most capture the ocean’s kinetic motion as seawater flows through cylinders or when floating devices move up and down or sideways. In some cases, that movement creates hydraulic pressure that spins a turbine or generator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As with all developing energy technologies, Ramsey said, the cost to produce wave and tidal power is expected to be quite high in the early years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although there have been advances in technology, getting ocean-based projects from the pilot stage to providing commercial power to the grid is the next hurdle for the industry — and it’s a substantial one. [pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Tim Ramsey, marine energy program manager, US Department of Energy’s Water Power Technologies Office\"]‘Of all the energies out there, marine energy has been the slowest to develop. We are kind of where land-based wind was 20 or 30 years ago.’[/pullquote]“It’s very expensive right now, and really hard to do. Working out in the water is very complex, in some cases in the harshest places on Earth. … Then being able to build something that can last 20 to 30 years. We’ve made progress, but we’re a decade away,” Ramsey said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State Sen. Steve Padilla, a Democrat from Chula Vista and the author of the wave energy bill, said ocean power has “great potential” but it has been agonizingly slow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Folks have been busy focusing on other things,” he said, citing the state’s current push for floating offshore wind development. “There has been a combination of a lack of knowledge and awareness of the infrastructure and impacts. We know the state’s energy portfolio has to be as broad as possible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokesperson for the California Energy Commission, which is taking the lead on the new state study, declined to comment about wave power, saying its work has not yet begun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The potential is enticing: The \u003ca href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2021/02/f82/78773_3.pdf\">National Renewable Energy Laboratory (PDF)\u003c/a> estimated that the total wave and tide energy resources that are available in the U.S. with current technology\u003cem> \u003c/em>are equivalent to 57% of 2019’s domestic energy production. While the report noted that the technologies are in the early stages of development, “even if only a small portion of the technical resource potential is captured, marine energy technologies would make significant contributions to our nation’s energy needs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Department of Energy’s “\u003ca href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2022-07/wpto-pbe-brochure-july2022.pdf\">Powering the Blue Economy (PDF)\u003c/a>” initiative, among others, provides grants and sponsors competitions to explore new and better technology. The fiscal year 2023 federal budget for ocean waves energy is $123 million, Ramsey said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One program is funding \u003ca href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/water/articles/water-power-technologies-office-announces-nearly-18-million-continuing-marine\">research led by national labs\u003c/a>, including designs to improve wave-driven turbines and building better motor drives for wave-energy converters.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Motion in the ocean\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The idea of harnessing wave power has been kicking around California for decades. So has the state policy of ordering research into its potential: A \u003ca href=\"https://www.opc.ca.gov/webmaster/ftp/project_pages/energy/CA_WEC_Effects.pdf\">2008 study (PDF)\u003c/a> prepared for the Energy Commission and the Ocean Protection Council concluded that much more research was needed to better assess the potential impacts of wave and tidal energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time that study was released, one of the technology’s most ardent proponents was a young politician named Gavin Newsom. While mayor of San Francisco in 2007, Newsom proposed a tidal energy project near the Golden Gate Bridge. That idea was scrapped because it was prohibitively expensive. [aside postID=science_1984927 hero='https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/10/GettyImages-1309301200-1020x663.jpg']Not long after, as lieutenant governor, Newsom backed a pilot wave energy project he hoped would be up and running by 2012 or 2013. It wasn’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the dream has not died. California is already hosting wave energy projects, including one being assembled at \u003ca href=\"https://altasea.org/our-future-is-blue/\">AltaSea\u003c/a>, a public-private research center that supports marine scientists focusing on the so-called Blue Economy. It operates out of a 35-acre campus at the Port of Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Its CEO is Terry Tamminen, a former California environmental secretary, who had a hand in writing the new wave and tidal energy law. Tamminen said wave energy has been ignored by some state and federal officials in the face of “irrational exuberance” for offshore wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said the smaller, cheaper wave energy development would help the state meet its clean energy goal and could produce power well before massive floating offshore wind projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of AltaSea’s tenants, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ecowavepower.com/\">Eco Wave Power\u003c/a>, is designed to deploy near shore, in breakwaters and jetties that roil with moving water. Its floating, paddle-like arms bob up and down in waves, triggering hydraulic pistons that power a motor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tamminen said the system is “ready to deploy. Within two years we could have a commercial installation of Eco Wave technology.” The demonstration project will be installed at a wharf in L.A.’s harbor and will not generate any significant power, he said. [pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Jason Busch, executive director, Pacific Ocean Energy Trust\"]‘A little bit of homework would have told you there isn’t much of a tidal opportunity in California.’[/pullquote]California is not likely to see much electricity from tidal energy, said Jason Busch, executive director of \u003ca href=\"https://pacificoceanenergy.org/\">Pacific Ocean Energy Trust\u003c/a>, an Oregon-based nonprofit fostering research into marine energy. He said the state of Washington is more conducive to this new energy, for example, because it has deep bays and estuaries for funneling water through turbine equipment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A little bit of homework would have told you there isn’t much of a tidal opportunity in California,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A small number of companies are preparing to launch pilot wave projects in other states. The Navy operates a \u003ca href=\"https://tethys.pnnl.gov/project-sites/us-navy-wave-energy-test-site-wets\">wave energy test site\u003c/a> in Hawaii; three developers are preparing to launch new projects in the water there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://pacwaveenergy.org/\">PacWave\u003c/a>, which operates two test sites off Newport, Oregon, is another demonstration project. A California-based company, \u003ca href=\"https://calwave.energy/about/\">CalWave\u003c/a>, which concluded a 10-month demonstration off the Scripps Institute of Oceanography’s research pier in San Diego, will deploy its wave-energy devices in a grid-connected, pre-permitted open-water test. The demonstration at the Oregon site is scheduled to begin next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11968805\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11968805\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/12/CMBluePower02.jpg\" alt=\"A piece of high-tech equipment is seen floating in the open ocean where it will be submerged in order to detect wave energy.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/12/CMBluePower02.jpg 2000w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/12/CMBluePower02-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/12/CMBluePower02-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/12/CMBluePower02-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/12/CMBluePower02-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/12/CMBluePower02-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This type of wave-energy device is moored in the open ocean, where it is submerged. Units like this from CalWave will be used in a project off the coast of Oregon that will provide power to the grid. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of CalWave)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Much is riding on the success of the project, which took 11 years to acquire permits. Some testing has been conducted with small-scale versions of the final device, but not in harsh open water conditions and with no expectation of supplying power to the grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the first-of-its-kind full-scale deployment. Not in ‘nursery’ conditions. It’s the real world, off you go,” said Bryson Robertson, director of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.pmec.us/\">Pacific Marine Energy Center\u003c/a> at Oregon State University, which is constructing the two testing sites. “We want to prove that we can deliver power.” [pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Bryson Robertson, director, Pacific Marine Energy Center at Oregon State University\"]‘We want to prove that we can deliver power.’[/pullquote]Robertson, an engineer who studies wave dynamics, said one of the technologies being tested places large, buoyant squares in the water just below the surface, attached by lines to the sea floor. Kinetic energy is created as the floats bob and pitch with the action of the waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some companies’ technology sits atop the waves and others are fully submerged. Another is deployed on the surface and moves like a snake, with each segment creating energy from its movement. Each bespoke device is expensive, and some of the one-of-a-kind devices can cost $10 million to design and build.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The industry “hasn’t narrowed in on a winning archetype,” Ramsey said. Some smaller designs can be picked up and thrown off a boat, he said, while others are large enough to need a boat to tow them into position. [aside label='More Stories on Clean Energy' tag='clean-energy']To Busch, it’s a critical moment for ocean energy, with small companies requiring years to raise enough funding to continue testing. And with attention on the industry, they cannot afford to stumble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Early companies that got full-scale machines in the water committed the mortal sin of overpromising and under-delivering to shareholders. One by one they went into bankruptcy,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the second generation. These machines can only be developed toward commercial viability by putting them in the water and assessing their performance. That process is very long. Companies receive only limited private capital. The venture capital model does not fit marine energy. It’s a long slog to build and deploy and make money.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the near future, wave and tidal energy may not provide huge amounts of power in the clean-energy mosaic that will form the grid, but the technology may prove to be one of the most versatile. Experts say marine power doesn’t have to be transported to shore to be useful — it could charge oceangoing vessels, research devices, navigation equipment and aquaculture operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Closer to shore, modest wave-powered projects could support small, remote so-called “extension cord communities” at the end of the power supply. Federal researchers also foresee ocean power being used for desalination plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wave-powered generators and other renewables are already supplying all of the needs of the Orkney Islands in Scotland, with the surplus energy used to create hydrogen to run ferries to the mainland.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Lots of unknowns\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>New technology often comes cloaked in questions: How will the wave devices impact marine animals, shipping and other ocean users? What about transmission lines and possible floating power stations? [pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Tim Ramsey, marine energy program manager, US Department of Energy’s Water Power Technologies Office\"]‘I think the potential is so enormous. If we can figure out how to do it cost-effectively, I know it will get solved. I hope the US is at the forefront of solving that.’[/pullquote]“Blue energy synergy” is a future possibility, with wave projects sited alongside floating offshore wind projects, allowing the power producers to share transmission lines and other infrastructure. The state report due next year is meant to answer those questions and more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We still don’t fully understand all of the interactions of the device in the marine environment,” Ramsey said. “Until you can put devices in the water and get long-term data collection, we don’t know. We do try to extrapolate from other industries and activities in the ocean — oil and gas, offshore wind — but that only gets you so far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the potential is so enormous. If we can figure out how to do it cost-effectively, I know it will get solved. I hope the U.S. is at the forefront of solving that. If we lose a big industry to overseas, that is a lost opportunity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"California leased 600 square miles of ocean off its coast for floating wind farms. Now, the state is exploring ‘blue power,’ electricity from waves and tides for additional sea-based renewable energy.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1701715358,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":40,"wordCount":2268},"headData":{"title":"Blue Power: Can California Harness Clean Energy From Ocean Waves? | KQED","description":"California leased 600 square miles of ocean off its coast for floating wind farms. Now, the state is exploring ‘blue power,’ electricity from waves and tides for additional sea-based renewable energy.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"Blue Power: Can California Harness Clean Energy From Ocean Waves?","datePublished":"2023-12-04T22:00:05.000Z","dateModified":"2023-12-04T18:42:38.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png","isAccessibleForFree":"Y","publisher":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","@id":"https://www.kqed.org/#organization","name":"KQED","url":"https://www.kqed.org","logo":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}}},"nprByline":"\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/author/julie-cart/\">Julie Cart\u003c/a>","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","articleAge":"0","path":"/news/11968802/californias-blue-power-drive-wave-tidal-energy-renewable-grid","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The world’s oceans may be vast, but they are getting crowded. Coastal areas are congested with cargo ships, international commercial fishing fleets, naval vessels, oil rigs and, soon, floating platforms for \u003ca href=\"https://www.wri.org/insights/deep-sea-mining-explained\">deep-sea mining\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Pacific Ocean is going to get even busier: Nearly 600 square miles of ocean off California have been leased for \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/environment/2023/10/california-offshore-wind-humboldt/\">floating wind farms\u003c/a>, with more expected. Now the state is considering hosting another renewable energy technology in the sea: blue power, electricity created from waves and tides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202320240SB605\">new law\u003c/a> signed by Gov. Gavin Newsom in October instructs state agencies to study the feasibility and impacts of capturing ocean movement to create power and report back to the Legislature by January 2025.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal is to jumpstart an industry that could fill in the power gaps as California tries to achieve its goal of transitioning to an all-renewable electric grid by 2045.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for all the interest in renewable energy — and the government subsidies — public investment in ocean energy has lagged. The technology that would make the projects more efficient, cost-effective and able to withstand a punishing sea environment is still under development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, a handful of small demonstration projects have been launched off the West Coast, although none has produced commercial power for the grid. Through 2045, the California Energy Commission’s new projections for future power do not include any wave and tidal power. Yet energy experts say there is great potential along the Pacific coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Of all the energies out there, marine energy has been the slowest to develop. We are kind of where land-based wind was 20 or 30 years ago,” said Tim Ramsey, marine energy program manager at the U.S. Department of Energy’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/water/marine-energy-program\">Water Power Technologies Office\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Energy from waves and tides is generated by an action that the ocean almost always provides — movement. Although wave and tidal devices take different forms, most capture the ocean’s kinetic motion as seawater flows through cylinders or when floating devices move up and down or sideways. In some cases, that movement creates hydraulic pressure that spins a turbine or generator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As with all developing energy technologies, Ramsey said, the cost to produce wave and tidal power is expected to be quite high in the early years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although there have been advances in technology, getting ocean-based projects from the pilot stage to providing commercial power to the grid is the next hurdle for the industry — and it’s a substantial one. \u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘Of all the energies out there, marine energy has been the slowest to develop. We are kind of where land-based wind was 20 or 30 years ago.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"medium","align":"right","citation":"Tim Ramsey, marine energy program manager, US Department of Energy’s Water Power Technologies Office","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“It’s very expensive right now, and really hard to do. Working out in the water is very complex, in some cases in the harshest places on Earth. … Then being able to build something that can last 20 to 30 years. We’ve made progress, but we’re a decade away,” Ramsey said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State Sen. Steve Padilla, a Democrat from Chula Vista and the author of the wave energy bill, said ocean power has “great potential” but it has been agonizingly slow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Folks have been busy focusing on other things,” he said, citing the state’s current push for floating offshore wind development. “There has been a combination of a lack of knowledge and awareness of the infrastructure and impacts. We know the state’s energy portfolio has to be as broad as possible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokesperson for the California Energy Commission, which is taking the lead on the new state study, declined to comment about wave power, saying its work has not yet begun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The potential is enticing: The \u003ca href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2021/02/f82/78773_3.pdf\">National Renewable Energy Laboratory (PDF)\u003c/a> estimated that the total wave and tide energy resources that are available in the U.S. with current technology\u003cem> \u003c/em>are equivalent to 57% of 2019’s domestic energy production. While the report noted that the technologies are in the early stages of development, “even if only a small portion of the technical resource potential is captured, marine energy technologies would make significant contributions to our nation’s energy needs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Department of Energy’s “\u003ca href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2022-07/wpto-pbe-brochure-july2022.pdf\">Powering the Blue Economy (PDF)\u003c/a>” initiative, among others, provides grants and sponsors competitions to explore new and better technology. The fiscal year 2023 federal budget for ocean waves energy is $123 million, Ramsey said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One program is funding \u003ca href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/water/articles/water-power-technologies-office-announces-nearly-18-million-continuing-marine\">research led by national labs\u003c/a>, including designs to improve wave-driven turbines and building better motor drives for wave-energy converters.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Motion in the ocean\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The idea of harnessing wave power has been kicking around California for decades. So has the state policy of ordering research into its potential: A \u003ca href=\"https://www.opc.ca.gov/webmaster/ftp/project_pages/energy/CA_WEC_Effects.pdf\">2008 study (PDF)\u003c/a> prepared for the Energy Commission and the Ocean Protection Council concluded that much more research was needed to better assess the potential impacts of wave and tidal energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time that study was released, one of the technology’s most ardent proponents was a young politician named Gavin Newsom. While mayor of San Francisco in 2007, Newsom proposed a tidal energy project near the Golden Gate Bridge. That idea was scrapped because it was prohibitively expensive. \u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"science_1984927","hero":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/10/GettyImages-1309301200-1020x663.jpg","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Not long after, as lieutenant governor, Newsom backed a pilot wave energy project he hoped would be up and running by 2012 or 2013. It wasn’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the dream has not died. California is already hosting wave energy projects, including one being assembled at \u003ca href=\"https://altasea.org/our-future-is-blue/\">AltaSea\u003c/a>, a public-private research center that supports marine scientists focusing on the so-called Blue Economy. It operates out of a 35-acre campus at the Port of Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Its CEO is Terry Tamminen, a former California environmental secretary, who had a hand in writing the new wave and tidal energy law. Tamminen said wave energy has been ignored by some state and federal officials in the face of “irrational exuberance” for offshore wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said the smaller, cheaper wave energy development would help the state meet its clean energy goal and could produce power well before massive floating offshore wind projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of AltaSea’s tenants, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ecowavepower.com/\">Eco Wave Power\u003c/a>, is designed to deploy near shore, in breakwaters and jetties that roil with moving water. Its floating, paddle-like arms bob up and down in waves, triggering hydraulic pistons that power a motor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tamminen said the system is “ready to deploy. Within two years we could have a commercial installation of Eco Wave technology.” The demonstration project will be installed at a wharf in L.A.’s harbor and will not generate any significant power, he said. \u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘A little bit of homework would have told you there isn’t much of a tidal opportunity in California.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"medium","align":"right","citation":"Jason Busch, executive director, Pacific Ocean Energy Trust","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>California is not likely to see much electricity from tidal energy, said Jason Busch, executive director of \u003ca href=\"https://pacificoceanenergy.org/\">Pacific Ocean Energy Trust\u003c/a>, an Oregon-based nonprofit fostering research into marine energy. He said the state of Washington is more conducive to this new energy, for example, because it has deep bays and estuaries for funneling water through turbine equipment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A little bit of homework would have told you there isn’t much of a tidal opportunity in California,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A small number of companies are preparing to launch pilot wave projects in other states. The Navy operates a \u003ca href=\"https://tethys.pnnl.gov/project-sites/us-navy-wave-energy-test-site-wets\">wave energy test site\u003c/a> in Hawaii; three developers are preparing to launch new projects in the water there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://pacwaveenergy.org/\">PacWave\u003c/a>, which operates two test sites off Newport, Oregon, is another demonstration project. A California-based company, \u003ca href=\"https://calwave.energy/about/\">CalWave\u003c/a>, which concluded a 10-month demonstration off the Scripps Institute of Oceanography’s research pier in San Diego, will deploy its wave-energy devices in a grid-connected, pre-permitted open-water test. The demonstration at the Oregon site is scheduled to begin next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11968805\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11968805\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/12/CMBluePower02.jpg\" alt=\"A piece of high-tech equipment is seen floating in the open ocean where it will be submerged in order to detect wave energy.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/12/CMBluePower02.jpg 2000w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/12/CMBluePower02-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/12/CMBluePower02-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/12/CMBluePower02-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/12/CMBluePower02-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/12/CMBluePower02-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This type of wave-energy device is moored in the open ocean, where it is submerged. Units like this from CalWave will be used in a project off the coast of Oregon that will provide power to the grid. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of CalWave)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Much is riding on the success of the project, which took 11 years to acquire permits. Some testing has been conducted with small-scale versions of the final device, but not in harsh open water conditions and with no expectation of supplying power to the grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the first-of-its-kind full-scale deployment. Not in ‘nursery’ conditions. It’s the real world, off you go,” said Bryson Robertson, director of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.pmec.us/\">Pacific Marine Energy Center\u003c/a> at Oregon State University, which is constructing the two testing sites. “We want to prove that we can deliver power.” \u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘We want to prove that we can deliver power.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"medium","align":"right","citation":"Bryson Robertson, director, Pacific Marine Energy Center at Oregon State University","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Robertson, an engineer who studies wave dynamics, said one of the technologies being tested places large, buoyant squares in the water just below the surface, attached by lines to the sea floor. Kinetic energy is created as the floats bob and pitch with the action of the waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some companies’ technology sits atop the waves and others are fully submerged. Another is deployed on the surface and moves like a snake, with each segment creating energy from its movement. Each bespoke device is expensive, and some of the one-of-a-kind devices can cost $10 million to design and build.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The industry “hasn’t narrowed in on a winning archetype,” Ramsey said. Some smaller designs can be picked up and thrown off a boat, he said, while others are large enough to need a boat to tow them into position. \u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"label":"More Stories on Clean Energy ","tag":"clean-energy"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>To Busch, it’s a critical moment for ocean energy, with small companies requiring years to raise enough funding to continue testing. And with attention on the industry, they cannot afford to stumble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Early companies that got full-scale machines in the water committed the mortal sin of overpromising and under-delivering to shareholders. One by one they went into bankruptcy,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the second generation. These machines can only be developed toward commercial viability by putting them in the water and assessing their performance. That process is very long. Companies receive only limited private capital. The venture capital model does not fit marine energy. It’s a long slog to build and deploy and make money.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the near future, wave and tidal energy may not provide huge amounts of power in the clean-energy mosaic that will form the grid, but the technology may prove to be one of the most versatile. Experts say marine power doesn’t have to be transported to shore to be useful — it could charge oceangoing vessels, research devices, navigation equipment and aquaculture operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Closer to shore, modest wave-powered projects could support small, remote so-called “extension cord communities” at the end of the power supply. Federal researchers also foresee ocean power being used for desalination plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wave-powered generators and other renewables are already supplying all of the needs of the Orkney Islands in Scotland, with the surplus energy used to create hydrogen to run ferries to the mainland.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Lots of unknowns\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>New technology often comes cloaked in questions: How will the wave devices impact marine animals, shipping and other ocean users? What about transmission lines and possible floating power stations? \u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘I think the potential is so enormous. If we can figure out how to do it cost-effectively, I know it will get solved. I hope the US is at the forefront of solving that.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"medium","align":"right","citation":"Tim Ramsey, marine energy program manager, US Department of Energy’s Water Power Technologies Office","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“Blue energy synergy” is a future possibility, with wave projects sited alongside floating offshore wind projects, allowing the power producers to share transmission lines and other infrastructure. The state report due next year is meant to answer those questions and more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We still don’t fully understand all of the interactions of the device in the marine environment,” Ramsey said. “Until you can put devices in the water and get long-term data collection, we don’t know. We do try to extrapolate from other industries and activities in the ocean — oil and gas, offshore wind — but that only gets you so far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the potential is so enormous. If we can figure out how to do it cost-effectively, I know it will get solved. I hope the U.S. is at the forefront of solving that. If we lose a big industry to overseas, that is a lost opportunity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11968802/californias-blue-power-drive-wave-tidal-energy-renewable-grid","authors":["byline_news_11968802"],"categories":["news_19906","news_8","news_356"],"tags":["news_18538","news_21349","news_33200","news_27626","news_32157","news_23861","news_18305","news_3187"],"affiliates":["news_18481"],"featImg":"news_11968804","label":"news_18481"},"news_11957170":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11957170","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11957170","score":null,"sort":[1691056826000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"california-needs-renewable-energy-could-we-harness-the-power-of-the-ocean","title":"California Needs Renewable Energy. Could We Harness the Power of the Ocean?","publishDate":1691056826,"format":"standard","headTitle":"California Needs Renewable Energy. Could We Harness the Power of the Ocean? | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":33523,"site":"news"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"#episode-transcript\">\u003ci>View the full episode transcript.\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Waves have been on the mind of Alex Kwok, a Bay Curious listener who grew up in Fremont. When it comes to green energy, he’s seen a lot of solar and wind energy projects here in California. But he says the ocean seems particularly promising because of its consistency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The ocean is always there. The tides are always going in and out,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That made Kwok wonder: “Why is there no talk about tidal power? Are there no companies testing any kind of tidal power technology here?”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The grand idea makes some waves\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Turns out, there has been talk of tapping into tidal and wave energy among San Franciscans for more than a century. In 1868, there was even a failed attempt at \u003ca href=\"https://www.outsidelands.org/wave-tidal.php\">creating a wave-powered boat\u003c/a> that was covered by \u003cem>The New York Times\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriouspodcastinfo]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for the kind of ocean energy Alex is asking about, let’s look back to the early 2000s, when San Francisco city leaders\u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna3339905\"> had a grand idea\u003c/a>. Following what they’d seen done elsewhere, they thought a device, like a windmill, could be placed under the Golden Gate Bridge, its blades turned by the water to generate power. Then-Mayor Gavin Newsom boasted about this when he was running for governor in 2009.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Think about the mouth of the Golden Gate, the Bay, it’s relatively small, you’ve got this great energy that comes in and out, 24/7, all of that energy being wasted!” he said at the time. “You’ve got the opportunity to do what’s been done in other countries, and that’s harness that energy flow.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11957196\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/08/RS18710_GettyImages-56494642-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11957196\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/08/RS18710_GettyImages-56494642-qut-800x531.jpg\" alt=\"Two people jog along a cement walkway that borders San Francisco Bay on a stormy day. Large waves are crashing over the edge of the walkway. The Golden Gate Bridge is visible in the background.\" width=\"800\" height=\"531\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/08/RS18710_GettyImages-56494642-qut-800x531.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/08/RS18710_GettyImages-56494642-qut-1020x677.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/08/RS18710_GettyImages-56494642-qut-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/08/RS18710_GettyImages-56494642-qut-1536x1019.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/08/RS18710_GettyImages-56494642-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two runners watch as waves crash against the rocks at Fort Point near the Golden Gate Bridge Dec. 28, 2005 in San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But there were some problems. The San Francisco Environment Department had looked into a tidal project for the Bay in 2008, but a technical consultant determined the project was not commercially feasible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Tidal power is a peaky resource — only generating during high tides. The consultant also found tidal power to be very expensive — especially as compared to other types of renewable energy,” the San Francisco Environment Department wrote to KQED. “To make in-stream tidal power feasible, the cost of technology and its installation must decline significantly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study paid for by the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission found that the turbines would cost as much as $15 million each, and $750,000 a year to maintain. They could be less productive than promised, and there were also environmental concerns. Even Newsom was clued into those.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you have plankton coming in, seals and sea lions … who knows what else, getting sucked up and consumed,” Newsom said. “We’re working on all those issues.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, salt is tough stuff, and creating devices meant to last underwater is really hard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project was dead in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The tides begin to turn\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>“Technology wasn’t ready, but the planning really was,” said Daniel M. Kammen, a professor of energy at UC Berkeley. He also serves in the Biden-Harris Administration as the senior advisor for energy innovation at the United States Agency for International Development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kammen said the focus on clean energy for the past two decades has been on solar and wind, but now technology for the ocean is catching up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is aiming to be \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/09/10/646373423/california-sets-goal-of-100-percent-renewable-electric-power-by-2045\">powered 100% by clean energy by 2045\u003c/a>, but there’s still a long way to go. The state was at 37% in 2021, mainly coming from wind and solar. Tapping into ocean energy could help chip away at the difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not going to be a massive part of our energy. But it might be a really well-tailored technology to places that are already thinking about clean energy and have a port, a dock, and a whole variety of water hardware already,” Kammen said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ocean energy overall is \u003ca href=\"https://unfccc.int/blog/wave-of-the-future\">more predictable and reliable than wind\u003c/a>. Water is roughly \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148123009771\">830 times denser than air,\u003c/a> and moving water packs colossal energy. And about half of the world’s population lives within 124 miles of a coastline, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.prb.org/resources/ripple-effects-population-and-coastal-regions/#:~:text=Today%2C%20approximately%203%20billion%20people,200%20kilometers%20of%20a%20coastline.\">Population Reference Bureau\u003c/a>. Now, wave energy and tidal energy are different, though both have some upsides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_tides/tides05_lunarday.html#:~:text=Since%20the%20Earth%20rotates%20through,24%20hours%20and%2050%20minutes.\">Tides\u003c/a> are a twice-a-day cycle, driven by the rise and fall of the sea \u003ca href=\"https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_tides/tides02_cause.html\">caused by the gravitational attraction\u003c/a> of the sun and moon on the oceans of the earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/facts/waves.html\">Waves\u003c/a> are caused by energy passing through the water, which causes the water to move in a circular motion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kammen and others advocating for this industry are optimistic because of new innovations that aim to reduce costs, and increasing government support.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Department of Energy is \u003ca href=\"https://today.oregonstate.edu/news/dept-energy-awards-25-million-wave-energy-technology-testing-oregon-state-facility#:~:text=Dept.-,of%20Energy%20awards%20%2425%20million%20for%20wave,testing%20at%20Oregon%20State%20facility&text=CORVALLIS%2C%20Ore.,central%20Oregon%20coast%20near%20Newport.\">allocating $25 million\u003c/a> to help support a new wave-energy testing site located a few miles from the deepwater port of Newport, Oregon. The Biden Administration has \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Ocean-Climate-Action-Plan_Final.pdf\">set a goal (PDF)\u003c/a> to “responsibly advance” the commercialization of marine energy technologies that convert energy from waves, tides, currents, and other ocean sources. And, a California state bill, \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202320240SB605\">SB 605\u003c/a>, could direct state agencies to study the feasibility and potential for wave and tidal energy development in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>CalWave enters the race\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>An Oakland-based company, CalWave Power Technologies, is one of several companies racing to turn waves into electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beginning in 2021, a little over a quarter mile off a pier operated by the University of San Diego, a 16-foot-wide, blue octagon-shaped device called xWave was submerged underwater, and tethered to the ocean floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11957198\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/08/CalWave-Pilot-30.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11957198\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/08/CalWave-Pilot-30-800x450.png\" alt=\"A boat sits on the open ocean, tugging a large, blue, metal rectangular machine into place.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/08/CalWave-Pilot-30-800x450.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/08/CalWave-Pilot-30-1020x574.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/08/CalWave-Pilot-30-160x90.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/08/CalWave-Pilot-30-1536x864.png 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/08/CalWave-Pilot-30-2048x1152.png 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/08/CalWave-Pilot-30-1920x1080.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Oakland-based company, CalWave Power Technologies, places their xWave device off the San Diego coast in 2022 as part of a pilot program to turn wave energy into electricity. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of CalWave)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The co-founder of CalWave, Marcus Lehmann, developed the technology based on research done at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He compares the device to an electric car, except underwater. When the brakes are hit on an electric car going downhill, that action produces power that is turned into electricity that can then be stored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The xWave sits underwater, and as waves swirl around it, an internal buoy is pushed by their force, moving in a circular motion with the flow of the water. And since the buoy is the only moving part, it doesn’t pose a risk to marine life, said Lehmann.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And then we slow it down and we use that energy to produce electricity,” Lehmann said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During CalWave’s pilot, they continuously exported power through a cable back to the pier for about ten months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It felt a little bit like a newborn where we were up at nights and weekends watching it and making sure everything was working fine,” Lehmann said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to wave energy, people are still tinkering with different designs, Lehmann says, just like they did in the early days of wind energy. Twenty years ago, after all, there were all sorts of wind turbine designs researchers were testing out. Now, most wind turbines have a three blade design because it’s the most efficient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not aware of any project in California or continental U.S. that exported power without interruption for that long,” Lehmann said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next, CalWave is working on building a version of their pilot to be installed at that wave energy test site in Newport, Oregon. There it will share waters with devices built by other companies. Once the Oregon test site is fully operational in 2025 or so, it could generate enough power to supply a few thousand homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To Lehmann, that’s just the beginning. He hopes wave energy can compete with offshore wind, and his company believes wave energy has the potential to meet \u003ca href=\"https://calwave.energy/insights-on-wave-power/\">about 30%\u003c/a> of the United States’ electricity demand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s been over a decade since Newsom set his sights on tidal energy and San Francisco embarked on a mission to harness energy in the Bay. Now, Dan Kammen, the energy expert at UC Berkeley, thinks the wave energy future could finally happen soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I will be surprised if in the next five years we’re not seeing wave and tidal technologies being installed for commercial operation,” Kammen said. “Not for testing, but to generate power either for a community or for a community with the excess being sent to the grid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousquestion]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 id=\"episode-transcript\">Episode Transcript\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This is a computer-generated transcript. While our team has reviewed it, there may be errors.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hello everybody, I’m Olivia Allen Price. And this is Bay Curious. I want to start today’s episode … at the ocean.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[crash of an ocean wave]\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And my gosh, whenever I look at the waves, I can’t help but marvel at their power … the sheer amount of energy they have.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[sound of ocean waves continues]\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These waves have been on the mind of a Bay Curious listener…\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Alex Kwok:\u003c/b> My name is Alex Kwok. I’ve lived in the Bay Area for pretty much my whole life. Grown up in Fremont.\u003ci> \u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Alex is a generally curious person. Random \u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">questions pop into his mind all the time. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Alex Kwok:\u003c/b> Every time I kind of hear about the state going through another rolling power outage, or PG&E cutting power … that usually sparks some sort of thinking on my part.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cb>Olivia Allen Price: \u003c/b>When it comes to green energy, he’s seen a lot of solar and wind energy projects here in California. But they have drawbacks. The wind doesn’t always blow. And the sun does set. Every day, actually. But the Ocean …\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Alex Kwok: \u003c/b>Okay, the ocean is always there. The tides are always going in and out, right? Why is there no talk about tidal power? Are there no companies testing any kind of tidal power technology here?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cb>Olivia Allen Price: \u003c/b>Today on Bay Curious … we are going to explore the potential of harnessing the ocean for energy. It’s a largely untapped frontier, for a few sensible reasons actually. But the tide may be turning … I’m Olivia Allen-Price. We’ll explain more after the break. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We sent reporter Holly J. McDede to answer Alex Kwok’s question. Turns out, San Franciscans have tried to tap into ocean energy for more than a century. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[sound of ocean waves]\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cstrong>Holly McDede:\u003c/strong> The year is 1868\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and a mechanic now known as “Mr. Robertson”\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> has devised a grand experiment: a boat powered by not steam, or wind … but ocean waves!\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mr. Robertson and a few passengers set sail from San Francisco’s North Beach\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. \u003cem>The New York Times\u003c/em> documented the adventure …\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Voice-over actor: \u003c/b>In his mind’s eye the inventor saw the new boat traveling the waters like a being of life, riding the billows sea-serpent fashion …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cstrong>Holly McDede:\u003c/strong> But almost from the start, the experiment went sideways. Literally. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Voice-over actor: \u003c/b>She was hardly clear of the wharf when she swung around broadside to the tide and commenced bobbing and ducking in a most unpromisingly perverse manner, refusing to obey the helm at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cstrong>Holly McDede:\u003c/strong> Before the boat even made it out to sea, the passengers had to be rescued. The grand experiment to build a boat powered by waves came to an end. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But our quest to harness the ocean would not stop there …\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[music]\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Flash-forward 130-some years to the early 2000s. This time, it was San Francisco city leaders who had a \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">grand\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> idea. Following what they’d seen done elsewhere … they thought a device, like a windmill, could be placed under the Golden Gate Bridge … its blades turned by the water to generate power. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Then-Mayor Gavin Newsom boasted about this when he was running for governor in 2009. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Gov. Newsom: \u003c/b>Think about the mouth of the Golden Gate, the Bay, it’s relatively small, you’ve got this great energy that comes in and out, 24/7, all of that energy being wasted! Again. You’ve got the opportunity to do what’s been done in other countries, and that’s harness that energy flow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cstrong>Holly McDede:\u003c/strong> The future, he said, was now!\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Never mind that just a year before that, a study paid for by the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission said the whole idea was not economically feasible.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">First off, it’s expensive. That study found that the turbines would cost as much as $15 million each … and $750,000 a year to maintain. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And it turns out the turbines would be way less productive than promised. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Finally, there were environmental concerns. Even Newsom was clued into those. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Gov. Newsom: \u003c/b>This one has become more complicated, a lot of environmental concerns, if you have Plankton coming in, seals and sea lions … who knows what else, getting sucked up and consumed …we’re working on all those issues. [Laughter]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cstrong>Holly McDede:\u003c/strong> And creating things meant to\u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> last\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> underwater is really hard. Just look at how beat up a buoy gets or the rotten pillars of a pier. Salt is tough stuff! \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dan Kammen: \u003c/b>Technology wasn’t ready, but the planning really was. Now these hardware options have caught up to that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cstrong>Holly McDede:\u003c/strong> That’s \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dan Kammen, a professor of energy at the University of California, Berkeley. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dan Kammen:\u003c/b> It’s a very simple answer to the question why there hasn’t been a lot of this before. It’s really because the focus on clean energy for the past two decades has been first on solar and then on wind, or depending. There’s a little mix and match there. But this is just one that hasn’t gotten as much attention until recently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cstrong>Holly McDede:\u003c/strong> California is aiming to be powered 100% by clean energy by 2045, but there’s still a long way to go. The state was at 37% in 2021, mainly coming from wind and solar. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tapping into ocean energy could help chip away at the difference. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dan Kammen: \u003c/b>It’s not going to be a massive part of our energy. But it might be a really well-tailored technology to places that are already thinking about clean energy and have a port, a dock, a whole variety of kind of in the water hardware already.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cstrong>Holly McDede:\u003c/strong> Ocean waves do have some big upsides. They are more predictable and reliable than wind. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Water is also denser than air, and moving water packs a lot of energy. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kammen and others advocating for this industry are optimistic because of new innovations that aim to reduce costs\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dan Kammen: \u003c/b>There are innovative hardware designs, some are big floating snakes, others look like buoys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cstrong>Holly McDede:\u003c/strong> More funding is coming into the industry too. The U.S. Department of Energy is allocating $25 million to help support a new wave energy testing site. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It’s located just a few miles from the deep-water port of Newport, Oregon.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There, companies are racing to turn ocean \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">waves\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> into \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">electricity. \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And one California company … is in the running! \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[Music bridge ]\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 2022, a little over a quarter mile off a pier at the University of San Diego, a 16-foot-wide, blue octagon-shaped device called xWave was submerged underwater … and tethered to the ocean floor. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As the water swirls around it …\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[Ocean wave sound effects]\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The device moved in a circular motion with it, around …\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[Ocean wave sound effects]\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And around. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Marcus Lehmann: \u003c/b>It’s pretty much similar to a wind turbine just with the difference that the wind turbine always runs in the same direction. In our case, the waves just go in circles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cstrong>Holly McDede:\u003c/strong> Marcus Lehmann is the cofounder of CalWave Power Technologies, the Oakland-based company behind that blue device. He developed the technology based on research done at UC Berkeley. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">His company was testing out the\u003c/span> xWave\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> prototype for about 10 months. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Marcus Lehmann: \u003c/b>It felt a little bit like a newborn where we were up at nights and weekends watching it and making sure everything is working fine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cstrong>Holly McDede:\u003c/strong> He says when it comes to wave energy, people are still tinkering with different designs, just like they did in the early days of wind energy. Twenty years ago, there were all sorts of wind turbine designs researchers were testing out.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Marcus Lehmann:\u003c/b> The three-blade horizontal that emerged was really more through trial and error, through industrial experience finding it has the best performance, but then also the lowest cost, ultimately.\u003ci> \u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cstrong>Holly McDede:\u003c/strong> During CalWave’s pilot, they continuously exported power through a cable back to the pier. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Marcus Lehmann: \u003c/b>We’re not aware of any project in California or continental U.S. that exported power without interruption for that long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cstrong>Holly McDede:\u003c/strong> Next, CalWave is working on building a version of their pilot to be installed at that wave energy test site in Newport, Oregon. There it will share waters with devices built by \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">other\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> companies.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Once the Oregon test site is fully operational in 2025 or so, it could generate enough power … enough to supply a few thousand homes. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To Lehmann that’s just the beginning. He hopes wave energy can compete with \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">offshore wind. \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">CalWave believes wave energy has the potential to meet up to 30% of the United States’ electricity demand. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After all, wave energy could be the world’s largest untapped energy resource. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[music bridge]\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It’s been decades since Newsom made that speech declaring that the future of tidal energy is now. And San Francisco embarked on the mission to harness energy in the Bay … but \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dan Kammen, the professor of energy we spoke to earlier,\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> believes that the wave energy future … is \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">actually\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> going to happen pretty soon. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dan Kammen: \u003c/b>I will be surprised if in the next five years we’re not seeing wave and tidal technologies being installed for commercial operation, not for testing, but to generate power either for a community or for a community with the excess being sent to the grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[music bridge]\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>Sounds like promising stuff, but slow going. Are there places around the world where wave or tidal energy is up and running?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cstrong>Holly McDede:\u003c/strong> There have certainly been a lot of attempts! A few projects have come and gone … but funding has always been an issue. There is a fishing village in Spain’s northern coast that does have a wave power plant up and running. Beyond that, several companies are in the research and testing phase.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>You mentioned the $25 million in federal funding being spent on ocean energy technologies — but is California doing anything to move this along?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cstrong>Holly McDede:\u003c/strong> Yes … slowly but surely. A state bill to study the feasibility of wave and tidal energy developments in California is currently moving through the state Legislature. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/b> Could we ever see a wave energy site off our coast in the Bay Area?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cstrong>Holly McDede:\u003c/strong> It’s possible, but I don’t think the Bay Area is top on the list. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A hot button issue in the green energy space has been ensuring the transition away from fossil fuels doesn’t leave certain people or communities behind. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The federal government is providing incentives for green energy projects that benefit people that have been overburdened by pollution and historic underinvestment. There are coastal communities that are struggling that could stand to benefit from those resources and the promise of wave energy. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>Alright well, Holly J. McDede, thank you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cstrong>Holly McDede:\u003c/strong>\u003c/span> \u003c/b>You’re welcome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>[music]\u003c/em>\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If you are new to Bay Curious … Welcome! And be sure to subscribe or follow us wherever you listen to podcasts so you don’t miss a future episode. Be sure to stick around until the end of the show to play our Sierra Nevada podcast trivia game.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bay Curious\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is made by Amanda Font, Christopher Beale, and me, Olivia Allen-Price. Additional support from Jen Chien, Katie Sprenger, Cesar Saldana and Holly Kernan.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I’m Olivia Allen-Price, have a great week!\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"California aims to be powered 100% by clean energy by 2045. Tapping into ocean energy could help chip away at the difference. \r\n","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1709167791,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":true,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":115,"wordCount":3511},"headData":{"title":"California Needs Renewable Energy. Could We Harness the Power of the Ocean? | KQED","description":"California aims to be powered 100% by clean energy by 2045. Tapping into ocean energy could help chip away at the difference. \r\n","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"California Needs Renewable Energy. Could We Harness the Power of the Ocean?","datePublished":"2023-08-03T10:00:26.000Z","dateModified":"2024-02-29T00:49:51.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png","isAccessibleForFree":"Y","publisher":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","@id":"https://www.kqed.org/#organization","name":"KQED","url":"https://www.kqed.org","logo":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}}},"audioUrl":"https://www.podtrac.com/pts/redirect.mp3/pdst.fm/e/chrt.fm/track/G6C7C3/traffic.megaphone.fm/KQINC6658514833.mp3?updated=1691009788","sticky":false,"excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/news/11957170/california-needs-renewable-energy-could-we-harness-the-power-of-the-ocean","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"#episode-transcript\">\u003ci>View the full episode transcript.\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Waves have been on the mind of Alex Kwok, a Bay Curious listener who grew up in Fremont. When it comes to green energy, he’s seen a lot of solar and wind energy projects here in California. But he says the ocean seems particularly promising because of its consistency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The ocean is always there. The tides are always going in and out,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That made Kwok wonder: “Why is there no talk about tidal power? Are there no companies testing any kind of tidal power technology here?”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The grand idea makes some waves\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Turns out, there has been talk of tapping into tidal and wave energy among San Franciscans for more than a century. In 1868, there was even a failed attempt at \u003ca href=\"https://www.outsidelands.org/wave-tidal.php\">creating a wave-powered boat\u003c/a> that was covered by \u003cem>The New York Times\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for the kind of ocean energy Alex is asking about, let’s look back to the early 2000s, when San Francisco city leaders\u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna3339905\"> had a grand idea\u003c/a>. Following what they’d seen done elsewhere, they thought a device, like a windmill, could be placed under the Golden Gate Bridge, its blades turned by the water to generate power. Then-Mayor Gavin Newsom boasted about this when he was running for governor in 2009.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Think about the mouth of the Golden Gate, the Bay, it’s relatively small, you’ve got this great energy that comes in and out, 24/7, all of that energy being wasted!” he said at the time. “You’ve got the opportunity to do what’s been done in other countries, and that’s harness that energy flow.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11957196\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/08/RS18710_GettyImages-56494642-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11957196\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/08/RS18710_GettyImages-56494642-qut-800x531.jpg\" alt=\"Two people jog along a cement walkway that borders San Francisco Bay on a stormy day. Large waves are crashing over the edge of the walkway. The Golden Gate Bridge is visible in the background.\" width=\"800\" height=\"531\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/08/RS18710_GettyImages-56494642-qut-800x531.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/08/RS18710_GettyImages-56494642-qut-1020x677.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/08/RS18710_GettyImages-56494642-qut-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/08/RS18710_GettyImages-56494642-qut-1536x1019.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/08/RS18710_GettyImages-56494642-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two runners watch as waves crash against the rocks at Fort Point near the Golden Gate Bridge Dec. 28, 2005 in San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But there were some problems. The San Francisco Environment Department had looked into a tidal project for the Bay in 2008, but a technical consultant determined the project was not commercially feasible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Tidal power is a peaky resource — only generating during high tides. The consultant also found tidal power to be very expensive — especially as compared to other types of renewable energy,” the San Francisco Environment Department wrote to KQED. “To make in-stream tidal power feasible, the cost of technology and its installation must decline significantly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study paid for by the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission found that the turbines would cost as much as $15 million each, and $750,000 a year to maintain. They could be less productive than promised, and there were also environmental concerns. Even Newsom was clued into those.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you have plankton coming in, seals and sea lions … who knows what else, getting sucked up and consumed,” Newsom said. “We’re working on all those issues.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, salt is tough stuff, and creating devices meant to last underwater is really hard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project was dead in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The tides begin to turn\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>“Technology wasn’t ready, but the planning really was,” said Daniel M. Kammen, a professor of energy at UC Berkeley. He also serves in the Biden-Harris Administration as the senior advisor for energy innovation at the United States Agency for International Development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kammen said the focus on clean energy for the past two decades has been on solar and wind, but now technology for the ocean is catching up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is aiming to be \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/09/10/646373423/california-sets-goal-of-100-percent-renewable-electric-power-by-2045\">powered 100% by clean energy by 2045\u003c/a>, but there’s still a long way to go. The state was at 37% in 2021, mainly coming from wind and solar. Tapping into ocean energy could help chip away at the difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not going to be a massive part of our energy. But it might be a really well-tailored technology to places that are already thinking about clean energy and have a port, a dock, and a whole variety of water hardware already,” Kammen said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ocean energy overall is \u003ca href=\"https://unfccc.int/blog/wave-of-the-future\">more predictable and reliable than wind\u003c/a>. Water is roughly \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148123009771\">830 times denser than air,\u003c/a> and moving water packs colossal energy. And about half of the world’s population lives within 124 miles of a coastline, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.prb.org/resources/ripple-effects-population-and-coastal-regions/#:~:text=Today%2C%20approximately%203%20billion%20people,200%20kilometers%20of%20a%20coastline.\">Population Reference Bureau\u003c/a>. Now, wave energy and tidal energy are different, though both have some upsides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_tides/tides05_lunarday.html#:~:text=Since%20the%20Earth%20rotates%20through,24%20hours%20and%2050%20minutes.\">Tides\u003c/a> are a twice-a-day cycle, driven by the rise and fall of the sea \u003ca href=\"https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_tides/tides02_cause.html\">caused by the gravitational attraction\u003c/a> of the sun and moon on the oceans of the earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/facts/waves.html\">Waves\u003c/a> are caused by energy passing through the water, which causes the water to move in a circular motion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kammen and others advocating for this industry are optimistic because of new innovations that aim to reduce costs, and increasing government support.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Department of Energy is \u003ca href=\"https://today.oregonstate.edu/news/dept-energy-awards-25-million-wave-energy-technology-testing-oregon-state-facility#:~:text=Dept.-,of%20Energy%20awards%20%2425%20million%20for%20wave,testing%20at%20Oregon%20State%20facility&text=CORVALLIS%2C%20Ore.,central%20Oregon%20coast%20near%20Newport.\">allocating $25 million\u003c/a> to help support a new wave-energy testing site located a few miles from the deepwater port of Newport, Oregon. The Biden Administration has \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Ocean-Climate-Action-Plan_Final.pdf\">set a goal (PDF)\u003c/a> to “responsibly advance” the commercialization of marine energy technologies that convert energy from waves, tides, currents, and other ocean sources. And, a California state bill, \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202320240SB605\">SB 605\u003c/a>, could direct state agencies to study the feasibility and potential for wave and tidal energy development in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>CalWave enters the race\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>An Oakland-based company, CalWave Power Technologies, is one of several companies racing to turn waves into electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beginning in 2021, a little over a quarter mile off a pier operated by the University of San Diego, a 16-foot-wide, blue octagon-shaped device called xWave was submerged underwater, and tethered to the ocean floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11957198\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/08/CalWave-Pilot-30.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11957198\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/08/CalWave-Pilot-30-800x450.png\" alt=\"A boat sits on the open ocean, tugging a large, blue, metal rectangular machine into place.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/08/CalWave-Pilot-30-800x450.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/08/CalWave-Pilot-30-1020x574.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/08/CalWave-Pilot-30-160x90.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/08/CalWave-Pilot-30-1536x864.png 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/08/CalWave-Pilot-30-2048x1152.png 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/08/CalWave-Pilot-30-1920x1080.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Oakland-based company, CalWave Power Technologies, places their xWave device off the San Diego coast in 2022 as part of a pilot program to turn wave energy into electricity. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of CalWave)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The co-founder of CalWave, Marcus Lehmann, developed the technology based on research done at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He compares the device to an electric car, except underwater. When the brakes are hit on an electric car going downhill, that action produces power that is turned into electricity that can then be stored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The xWave sits underwater, and as waves swirl around it, an internal buoy is pushed by their force, moving in a circular motion with the flow of the water. And since the buoy is the only moving part, it doesn’t pose a risk to marine life, said Lehmann.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And then we slow it down and we use that energy to produce electricity,” Lehmann said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During CalWave’s pilot, they continuously exported power through a cable back to the pier for about ten months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It felt a little bit like a newborn where we were up at nights and weekends watching it and making sure everything was working fine,” Lehmann said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to wave energy, people are still tinkering with different designs, Lehmann says, just like they did in the early days of wind energy. Twenty years ago, after all, there were all sorts of wind turbine designs researchers were testing out. Now, most wind turbines have a three blade design because it’s the most efficient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not aware of any project in California or continental U.S. that exported power without interruption for that long,” Lehmann said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next, CalWave is working on building a version of their pilot to be installed at that wave energy test site in Newport, Oregon. There it will share waters with devices built by other companies. Once the Oregon test site is fully operational in 2025 or so, it could generate enough power to supply a few thousand homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To Lehmann, that’s just the beginning. He hopes wave energy can compete with offshore wind, and his company believes wave energy has the potential to meet \u003ca href=\"https://calwave.energy/insights-on-wave-power/\">about 30%\u003c/a> of the United States’ electricity demand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s been over a decade since Newsom set his sights on tidal energy and San Francisco embarked on a mission to harness energy in the Bay. Now, Dan Kammen, the energy expert at UC Berkeley, thinks the wave energy future could finally happen soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I will be surprised if in the next five years we’re not seeing wave and tidal technologies being installed for commercial operation,” Kammen said. “Not for testing, but to generate power either for a community or for a community with the excess being sent to the grid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"baycuriousquestion","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 id=\"episode-transcript\">Episode Transcript\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This is a computer-generated transcript. While our team has reviewed it, there may be errors.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hello everybody, I’m Olivia Allen Price. And this is Bay Curious. I want to start today’s episode … at the ocean.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[crash of an ocean wave]\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And my gosh, whenever I look at the waves, I can’t help but marvel at their power … the sheer amount of energy they have.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[sound of ocean waves continues]\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These waves have been on the mind of a Bay Curious listener…\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Alex Kwok:\u003c/b> My name is Alex Kwok. I’ve lived in the Bay Area for pretty much my whole life. Grown up in Fremont.\u003ci> \u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Alex is a generally curious person. Random \u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">questions pop into his mind all the time. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Alex Kwok:\u003c/b> Every time I kind of hear about the state going through another rolling power outage, or PG&E cutting power … that usually sparks some sort of thinking on my part.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cb>Olivia Allen Price: \u003c/b>When it comes to green energy, he’s seen a lot of solar and wind energy projects here in California. But they have drawbacks. The wind doesn’t always blow. And the sun does set. Every day, actually. But the Ocean …\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Alex Kwok: \u003c/b>Okay, the ocean is always there. The tides are always going in and out, right? Why is there no talk about tidal power? Are there no companies testing any kind of tidal power technology here?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cb>Olivia Allen Price: \u003c/b>Today on Bay Curious … we are going to explore the potential of harnessing the ocean for energy. It’s a largely untapped frontier, for a few sensible reasons actually. But the tide may be turning … I’m Olivia Allen-Price. We’ll explain more after the break. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We sent reporter Holly J. McDede to answer Alex Kwok’s question. Turns out, San Franciscans have tried to tap into ocean energy for more than a century. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[sound of ocean waves]\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cstrong>Holly McDede:\u003c/strong> The year is 1868\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and a mechanic now known as “Mr. Robertson”\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> has devised a grand experiment: a boat powered by not steam, or wind … but ocean waves!\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mr. Robertson and a few passengers set sail from San Francisco’s North Beach\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. \u003cem>The New York Times\u003c/em> documented the adventure …\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Voice-over actor: \u003c/b>In his mind’s eye the inventor saw the new boat traveling the waters like a being of life, riding the billows sea-serpent fashion …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cstrong>Holly McDede:\u003c/strong> But almost from the start, the experiment went sideways. Literally. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Voice-over actor: \u003c/b>She was hardly clear of the wharf when she swung around broadside to the tide and commenced bobbing and ducking in a most unpromisingly perverse manner, refusing to obey the helm at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cstrong>Holly McDede:\u003c/strong> Before the boat even made it out to sea, the passengers had to be rescued. The grand experiment to build a boat powered by waves came to an end. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But our quest to harness the ocean would not stop there …\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[music]\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Flash-forward 130-some years to the early 2000s. This time, it was San Francisco city leaders who had a \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">grand\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> idea. Following what they’d seen done elsewhere … they thought a device, like a windmill, could be placed under the Golden Gate Bridge … its blades turned by the water to generate power. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Then-Mayor Gavin Newsom boasted about this when he was running for governor in 2009. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Gov. Newsom: \u003c/b>Think about the mouth of the Golden Gate, the Bay, it’s relatively small, you’ve got this great energy that comes in and out, 24/7, all of that energy being wasted! Again. You’ve got the opportunity to do what’s been done in other countries, and that’s harness that energy flow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cstrong>Holly McDede:\u003c/strong> The future, he said, was now!\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Never mind that just a year before that, a study paid for by the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission said the whole idea was not economically feasible.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">First off, it’s expensive. That study found that the turbines would cost as much as $15 million each … and $750,000 a year to maintain. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And it turns out the turbines would be way less productive than promised. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Finally, there were environmental concerns. Even Newsom was clued into those. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Gov. Newsom: \u003c/b>This one has become more complicated, a lot of environmental concerns, if you have Plankton coming in, seals and sea lions … who knows what else, getting sucked up and consumed …we’re working on all those issues. [Laughter]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cstrong>Holly McDede:\u003c/strong> And creating things meant to\u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> last\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> underwater is really hard. Just look at how beat up a buoy gets or the rotten pillars of a pier. Salt is tough stuff! \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dan Kammen: \u003c/b>Technology wasn’t ready, but the planning really was. Now these hardware options have caught up to that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cstrong>Holly McDede:\u003c/strong> That’s \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dan Kammen, a professor of energy at the University of California, Berkeley. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dan Kammen:\u003c/b> It’s a very simple answer to the question why there hasn’t been a lot of this before. It’s really because the focus on clean energy for the past two decades has been first on solar and then on wind, or depending. There’s a little mix and match there. But this is just one that hasn’t gotten as much attention until recently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cstrong>Holly McDede:\u003c/strong> California is aiming to be powered 100% by clean energy by 2045, but there’s still a long way to go. The state was at 37% in 2021, mainly coming from wind and solar. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tapping into ocean energy could help chip away at the difference. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dan Kammen: \u003c/b>It’s not going to be a massive part of our energy. But it might be a really well-tailored technology to places that are already thinking about clean energy and have a port, a dock, a whole variety of kind of in the water hardware already.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cstrong>Holly McDede:\u003c/strong> Ocean waves do have some big upsides. They are more predictable and reliable than wind. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Water is also denser than air, and moving water packs a lot of energy. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kammen and others advocating for this industry are optimistic because of new innovations that aim to reduce costs\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dan Kammen: \u003c/b>There are innovative hardware designs, some are big floating snakes, others look like buoys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cstrong>Holly McDede:\u003c/strong> More funding is coming into the industry too. The U.S. Department of Energy is allocating $25 million to help support a new wave energy testing site. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It’s located just a few miles from the deep-water port of Newport, Oregon.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There, companies are racing to turn ocean \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">waves\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> into \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">electricity. \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And one California company … is in the running! \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[Music bridge ]\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 2022, a little over a quarter mile off a pier at the University of San Diego, a 16-foot-wide, blue octagon-shaped device called xWave was submerged underwater … and tethered to the ocean floor. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As the water swirls around it …\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[Ocean wave sound effects]\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The device moved in a circular motion with it, around …\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[Ocean wave sound effects]\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And around. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Marcus Lehmann: \u003c/b>It’s pretty much similar to a wind turbine just with the difference that the wind turbine always runs in the same direction. In our case, the waves just go in circles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cstrong>Holly McDede:\u003c/strong> Marcus Lehmann is the cofounder of CalWave Power Technologies, the Oakland-based company behind that blue device. He developed the technology based on research done at UC Berkeley. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">His company was testing out the\u003c/span> xWave\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> prototype for about 10 months. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Marcus Lehmann: \u003c/b>It felt a little bit like a newborn where we were up at nights and weekends watching it and making sure everything is working fine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cstrong>Holly McDede:\u003c/strong> He says when it comes to wave energy, people are still tinkering with different designs, just like they did in the early days of wind energy. Twenty years ago, there were all sorts of wind turbine designs researchers were testing out.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Marcus Lehmann:\u003c/b> The three-blade horizontal that emerged was really more through trial and error, through industrial experience finding it has the best performance, but then also the lowest cost, ultimately.\u003ci> \u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cstrong>Holly McDede:\u003c/strong> During CalWave’s pilot, they continuously exported power through a cable back to the pier. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Marcus Lehmann: \u003c/b>We’re not aware of any project in California or continental U.S. that exported power without interruption for that long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cstrong>Holly McDede:\u003c/strong> Next, CalWave is working on building a version of their pilot to be installed at that wave energy test site in Newport, Oregon. There it will share waters with devices built by \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">other\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> companies.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Once the Oregon test site is fully operational in 2025 or so, it could generate enough power … enough to supply a few thousand homes. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To Lehmann that’s just the beginning. He hopes wave energy can compete with \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">offshore wind. \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">CalWave believes wave energy has the potential to meet up to 30% of the United States’ electricity demand. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After all, wave energy could be the world’s largest untapped energy resource. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[music bridge]\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It’s been decades since Newsom made that speech declaring that the future of tidal energy is now. And San Francisco embarked on the mission to harness energy in the Bay … but \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dan Kammen, the professor of energy we spoke to earlier,\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> believes that the wave energy future … is \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">actually\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> going to happen pretty soon. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dan Kammen: \u003c/b>I will be surprised if in the next five years we’re not seeing wave and tidal technologies being installed for commercial operation, not for testing, but to generate power either for a community or for a community with the excess being sent to the grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[music bridge]\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>Sounds like promising stuff, but slow going. Are there places around the world where wave or tidal energy is up and running?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cstrong>Holly McDede:\u003c/strong> There have certainly been a lot of attempts! A few projects have come and gone … but funding has always been an issue. There is a fishing village in Spain’s northern coast that does have a wave power plant up and running. Beyond that, several companies are in the research and testing phase.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>You mentioned the $25 million in federal funding being spent on ocean energy technologies — but is California doing anything to move this along?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cstrong>Holly McDede:\u003c/strong> Yes … slowly but surely. A state bill to study the feasibility of wave and tidal energy developments in California is currently moving through the state Legislature. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/b> Could we ever see a wave energy site off our coast in the Bay Area?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cstrong>Holly McDede:\u003c/strong> It’s possible, but I don’t think the Bay Area is top on the list. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A hot button issue in the green energy space has been ensuring the transition away from fossil fuels doesn’t leave certain people or communities behind. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The federal government is providing incentives for green energy projects that benefit people that have been overburdened by pollution and historic underinvestment. There are coastal communities that are struggling that could stand to benefit from those resources and the promise of wave energy. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>Alright well, Holly J. McDede, thank you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cstrong>Holly McDede:\u003c/strong>\u003c/span> \u003c/b>You’re welcome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>[music]\u003c/em>\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If you are new to Bay Curious … Welcome! And be sure to subscribe or follow us wherever you listen to podcasts so you don’t miss a future episode. Be sure to stick around until the end of the show to play our Sierra Nevada podcast trivia game.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bay Curious\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is made by Amanda Font, Christopher Beale, and me, Olivia Allen-Price. Additional support from Jen Chien, Katie Sprenger, Cesar Saldana and Holly Kernan.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I’m Olivia Allen-Price, have a great week!\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11957170/california-needs-renewable-energy-could-we-harness-the-power-of-the-ocean","authors":["11635"],"programs":["news_33523"],"series":["news_17986"],"categories":["news_19906","news_8","news_33520"],"tags":["news_21349","news_27626","news_23861","news_20592","news_18305","news_32977"],"featImg":"news_11957195","label":"news_33523"},"science_1954745":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1954745","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1954745","score":null,"sort":[1578593838000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"where-and-when-to-see-king-tides-in-the-bay-area-this-weekend","title":"Where and When to See King Tides in the Bay Area This Winter","publishDate":1578593838,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Where and When to See King Tides in the Bay Area This Winter | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Another round of the year’s highest tides is set to roll into the Bay Area in early February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These \u003ca href=\"https://www.coastal.ca.gov/kingtides/learn.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">king tides\u003c/a>, as they are colloquially known, occur when the sun and moon are aligned so that their gravitational pull tugs Earth’s waters a few feet higher than usual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along San Francisco’s Embarcadero, for example, at Rincon Point near the Bay Bridge, the forecast calls for a high tide of 7.26 feet on Sunday, Feb. 9, at 11:20 a.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=\"science_1955598\"]These days, the tides are frequently observed as a preview of a climate-change-driven rise in sea level, and how it might affect coastal communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The\u003ca href=\"https://www.coastal.ca.gov/kingtides/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> California King Tides Project\u003c/a> lists more than dozen viewing events in the Bay Area and throughout the state, taking place Saturday, Feb. 8 and Sunday, Feb. 9.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Activities include a guided birding tour of Oakland’s Arrowhead Marsh with the Golden Gate Audubon Society, a beach cleanup at Bodega Bay, and a hike through the wetlands of Marin’s China Camp State Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This link contains a \u003ca href=\"https://www.coastal.ca.gov/kingtides/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">full list of events.\u003c/a> Below is an interactive map showing the times and locations of the February king tides. Use the plus and minus signs on the lower left side of the map to zoom in and out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[googlemaps https://www.google.com/maps/d/embed?mid=1lS8SEF6LfcWqRErr-g2hngubrL_IoX42&w=640&h=480]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>February will mark the second wave of king tides to hit the Bay Area this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955870\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955870\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/KingTides_007-2-800x559.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"559\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/KingTides_007-2-800x559.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/KingTides_007-2-160x112.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/KingTides_007-2-768x537.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/KingTides_007-2-1020x713.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/KingTides_007-2-1200x839.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/KingTides_007-2.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sebastian Jasper plays in the pools of water resulting from the spilling of king tides onto the sidewalk at Rincon Point in downtown San Francisco on Jan. 11, 2019. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Moore/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>People who want to see the tides in person can \u003ca href=\"https://www.coastal.ca.gov/kingtides/participate.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">upload their photos\u003c/a> to the California King Tides Project’s interactive map. The project’s website also reminds folks to watch their footing when they view or photograph the high water:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>“The most important thing to remember is to \u003c/i>\u003cb>\u003ci>be safe\u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003ci>! Take extra precautions when you walk on slippery areas or near big waves, and always be conscious of your surroundings and the weather conditions. Don’t turn your back on the ocean!”\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=11&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwiovvLqm_LmAhUXHzQIHQcpCBQQFjAKegQIBBAC&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fsites%2Fproduction%2Ffiles%2F2014-04%2Fdocuments%2Fking_tides_factsheet.pdf&usg=AOvVaw28ml8wKBDkbo8JGjO25_1Q\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">extreme high tides\u003c/a> occur several times a year. After February, the next chance to spot king tides in California will be in June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Some of the year's highest tides will roll into the Bay Area this winter. Here's where to view them. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704847932,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["https://www.google.com/maps/d/embed"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":403},"headData":{"title":"Where and When to See King Tides in the Bay Area This Winter | KQED","description":"Some of the year's highest tides will roll into the Bay Area this winter. Here's where to view them. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Where and When to See King Tides in the Bay Area This Winter","datePublished":"2020-01-09T18:17:18.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:52:12.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Environment","sticky":false,"audioTrackLength":169,"templateType":"standard","featuredImageType":"standard","path":"/science/1954745/where-and-when-to-see-king-tides-in-the-bay-area-this-weekend","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/tcr/2020/01/ventonKingTides.mp3","audioDuration":165000,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Another round of the year’s highest tides is set to roll into the Bay Area in early February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These \u003ca href=\"https://www.coastal.ca.gov/kingtides/learn.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">king tides\u003c/a>, as they are colloquially known, occur when the sun and moon are aligned so that their gravitational pull tugs Earth’s waters a few feet higher than usual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along San Francisco’s Embarcadero, for example, at Rincon Point near the Bay Bridge, the forecast calls for a high tide of 7.26 feet on Sunday, Feb. 9, at 11:20 a.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"science_1955598","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>These days, the tides are frequently observed as a preview of a climate-change-driven rise in sea level, and how it might affect coastal communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The\u003ca href=\"https://www.coastal.ca.gov/kingtides/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> California King Tides Project\u003c/a> lists more than dozen viewing events in the Bay Area and throughout the state, taking place Saturday, Feb. 8 and Sunday, Feb. 9.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Activities include a guided birding tour of Oakland’s Arrowhead Marsh with the Golden Gate Audubon Society, a beach cleanup at Bodega Bay, and a hike through the wetlands of Marin’s China Camp State Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This link contains a \u003ca href=\"https://www.coastal.ca.gov/kingtides/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">full list of events.\u003c/a> Below is an interactive map showing the times and locations of the February king tides. Use the plus and minus signs on the lower left side of the map to zoom in and out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ciframe\n src='https://www.google.com/maps/d/embed?mid=1lS8SEF6LfcWqRErr-g2hngubrL_IoX42&w=640&h=480'\n title='https://www.google.com/maps/d/embed?mid=1lS8SEF6LfcWqRErr-g2hngubrL_IoX42&w=640&h=480'\n width='640'\n height='480'\n scrolling='no'\n frameborder='no'>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>February will mark the second wave of king tides to hit the Bay Area this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955870\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955870\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/KingTides_007-2-800x559.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"559\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/KingTides_007-2-800x559.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/KingTides_007-2-160x112.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/KingTides_007-2-768x537.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/KingTides_007-2-1020x713.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/KingTides_007-2-1200x839.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/KingTides_007-2.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sebastian Jasper plays in the pools of water resulting from the spilling of king tides onto the sidewalk at Rincon Point in downtown San Francisco on Jan. 11, 2019. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Moore/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>People who want to see the tides in person can \u003ca href=\"https://www.coastal.ca.gov/kingtides/participate.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">upload their photos\u003c/a> to the California King Tides Project’s interactive map. The project’s website also reminds folks to watch their footing when they view or photograph the high water:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>“The most important thing to remember is to \u003c/i>\u003cb>\u003ci>be safe\u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003ci>! Take extra precautions when you walk on slippery areas or near big waves, and always be conscious of your surroundings and the weather conditions. Don’t turn your back on the ocean!”\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=11&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwiovvLqm_LmAhUXHzQIHQcpCBQQFjAKegQIBBAC&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fsites%2Fproduction%2Ffiles%2F2014-04%2Fdocuments%2Fking_tides_factsheet.pdf&usg=AOvVaw28ml8wKBDkbo8JGjO25_1Q\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">extreme high tides\u003c/a> occur several times a year. After February, the next chance to spot king tides in California will be in June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1954745/where-and-when-to-see-king-tides-in-the-bay-area-this-weekend","authors":["11368"],"categories":["science_28","science_31","science_32","science_35","science_40","science_2873","science_98"],"tags":["science_1241","science_2773","science_351","science_206","science_934"],"featImg":"science_1955869","label":"source_science_1954745"},"news_11752710":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11752710","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11752710","score":null,"sort":[1559838931000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"microplastics-have-invaded-the-deep-ocean-and-the-food-chain","title":"Microplastics Have Invaded the Deep Ocean — And the Food Chain","publishDate":1559838931,"format":"standard","headTitle":"The California Report | KQED News","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>The largest habitat for life on Earth is the deep ocean. It's home to everything from jellyfish to giant bluefin tuna. But the deep ocean is being invaded by tiny pieces of plastic — plastic that people thought was mostly floating at the surface, and in amounts they never imagined\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Very few people have looked for microplastic concentrations at mid- to deep-ocean depths. But there's a place along the California coast where it's relatively easy: the edge of the continent takes a steep dive into the deep ocean at Monterey Bay. Whales and white sharks swim these depths just a few miles offshore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute perches on the shoreline. At an MBARI dock, you can see one of their most sophisticated tools for doing that: a multimillion-dollar machine called Ventana sitting on the deck of the research vessel Rachel Carson. \"It's a massive underwater robot,\" explains \u003ca href=\"https://www.montereybayaquarium.org/about/our-mission-and-leadership/kyle-van-houtan\">Kyle Van Houtan, \u003c/a>chief scientist with the Monterey Bay Aquarium, which collaborates with MBARI. \"Robotic arms, a lot of sensors, machinery, lights, video cameras.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='small' align='right' citation='Kyle Van Houtan']'The deep ocean is the largest ecosystem on the planet, and we don't know anything about the plastic in the deep ocean.'[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team they created has been sending Ventana up to 3,000 feet deep into the Bay in search of plastic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The deep ocean is the largest ecosystem on the planet,\" says Van Houtan, \"and we don't know anything about the plastic in the deep ocean.\" Scientists \u003cem>do \u003c/em>know about plastic floating on the surface, and have tried to measure how much there is. The Great Pacific garbage patch is just one of many giant eddies in the oceans where enormous amounts of plastic waste collects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But beneath the surface? Not much. So Ventana made several dives to collect water samples at different depths. Technicians filtered the water, looking for microplastic, the tiny fragments and fibers you can barely see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we found was actually pretty surprising,\" Van Houtan says. \"We found that most of the plastic is below the surface.\" More, he says, than in the giant floating patches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And also to their surprise, they found that submerged microplastics are widely distributed, from the surface to thousands of feet deep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, the farther from shore they sampled, the more microplastics they found. That suggests it's not just washing off the California coast. It's coming from all over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We think the California current is actually carrying some of the microplastic debris from the north Pacific Ocean,\" he says — kind of like trash washing down off a landfill that's actually in the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that trash gets eaten. Marine biologist \u003ca href=\"https://scripps.ucsd.edu/profiles/anela\">Anela Choy\u003c/a> is with the \u003ca href=\"https://scripps.ucsd.edu/\">Scripps Institution of Oceanography\u003c/a> in San Diego and is part of the research team. She says the deep ocean is like a giant feeding trough. \"It's filled with animals,\" she says, \"and they're not only moving up and down in the water column every day, forming the biggest migration on the planet, but they're also feasting upon one another.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">[aside tag='ocean' label='Related Coverage']\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, the deep ocean is filled with sea creatures like larvaceans that filter tiny organisms out of the water. They're the size of tadpoles, but they're called \"giant larvaceans\" because they build a yard-wide bubble of mucus around themselves — \"snot houses,\" Choy calls them. The mucus captures floating plankton. But it also captures plastic. \"We found small plastic pieces in every single larvacean that we examined from different depths across the water column,\" Choy says. Another filter feeder, the red crab, also contained plastic pieces — every one they caught.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Choy also has looked beyond Monterey Bay and higher up the food chain. In earlier research she did in the Pacific, she collected creatures called lancetfish — several feet long, with huge mouths and lots of saber-sharp teeth. They're called the \"dragons of the deep.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We've looked now at over 2,000 lancetfish,\" says Choy, \"and we've found that about one in every three lancetfish has some kind of plastic in its stomach. It's really shocking, because this fish actually doesn't come to the surface as far as we know.\" That suggests that plastic has spread through the water column.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.mbari.org/robison-bruce/\">Bruce Robison\u003c/a>, a senior scientist with the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, says he was shocked at how much plastic they found. \"The fact that plastics are so pervasive, that they are so widespread, is a staggering discovery, and we'd be foolish to ignore that,\" he says. \"Anything that humans introduce to that habitat is passing though these animals and being incorporated into the food web\" — a web that leads up to marine animals people eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-44117-2\">Monterey Bay findings appear\u003c/a> Thursday in the journal Nature \u003cem>Scientific Reports\u003c/em> and only represent a local sample. But Robison says 70 years of manufacturing plastic may have created a global ocean problem. \"We humans are constantly coming up with marvelous ideas that eventually turn around and bite us on the butt,\" he says with a dry laugh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And scientists are just beginning to diagnose the extent of that wound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Microplastics+Have+Invaded+The+Deep+Ocean+%E2%80%94+And+The+Food+Chain&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Giant gyres of plastic in the ocean grab headlines, but it's the tiny bits of plastic that scare scientists. And they've made their way everywhere, a new study finds — including in our seafood.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1559845585,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":21,"wordCount":892},"headData":{"title":"Microplastics Have Invaded the Deep Ocean — And the Food Chain | KQED","description":"Giant gyres of plastic in the ocean grab headlines, but it's the tiny bits of plastic that scare scientists. And they've made their way everywhere, a new study finds — including in our seafood.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"Microplastics Have Invaded the Deep Ocean — And the Food Chain","datePublished":"2019-06-06T16:35:31.000Z","dateModified":"2019-06-06T18:26:25.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png","isAccessibleForFree":"Y","publisher":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","@id":"https://www.kqed.org/#organization","name":"KQED","url":"https://www.kqed.org","logo":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}}},"disqusIdentifier":"11752710 https://ww2.kqed.org/news/?p=11752710","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2019/06/06/microplastics-have-invaded-the-deep-ocean-and-the-food-chain/","disqusTitle":"Microplastics Have Invaded the Deep Ocean — And the Food Chain","source":"NPR","sourceUrl":"https://www.npr.org","nprByline":"\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/people/2100689/christopher-joyce\">Christopher Joyce\u003c/a>","nprImageAgency":"Courtesy of the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute","path":"/news/11752710/microplastics-have-invaded-the-deep-ocean-and-the-food-chain","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The largest habitat for life on Earth is the deep ocean. It's home to everything from jellyfish to giant bluefin tuna. But the deep ocean is being invaded by tiny pieces of plastic — plastic that people thought was mostly floating at the surface, and in amounts they never imagined\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Very few people have looked for microplastic concentrations at mid- to deep-ocean depths. But there's a place along the California coast where it's relatively easy: the edge of the continent takes a steep dive into the deep ocean at Monterey Bay. Whales and white sharks swim these depths just a few miles offshore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute perches on the shoreline. At an MBARI dock, you can see one of their most sophisticated tools for doing that: a multimillion-dollar machine called Ventana sitting on the deck of the research vessel Rachel Carson. \"It's a massive underwater robot,\" explains \u003ca href=\"https://www.montereybayaquarium.org/about/our-mission-and-leadership/kyle-van-houtan\">Kyle Van Houtan, \u003c/a>chief scientist with the Monterey Bay Aquarium, which collaborates with MBARI. \"Robotic arms, a lot of sensors, machinery, lights, video cameras.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"'The deep ocean is the largest ecosystem on the planet, and we don't know anything about the plastic in the deep ocean.'","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"small","align":"right","citation":"Kyle Van Houtan","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team they created has been sending Ventana up to 3,000 feet deep into the Bay in search of plastic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The deep ocean is the largest ecosystem on the planet,\" says Van Houtan, \"and we don't know anything about the plastic in the deep ocean.\" Scientists \u003cem>do \u003c/em>know about plastic floating on the surface, and have tried to measure how much there is. The Great Pacific garbage patch is just one of many giant eddies in the oceans where enormous amounts of plastic waste collects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But beneath the surface? Not much. So Ventana made several dives to collect water samples at different depths. Technicians filtered the water, looking for microplastic, the tiny fragments and fibers you can barely see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we found was actually pretty surprising,\" Van Houtan says. \"We found that most of the plastic is below the surface.\" More, he says, than in the giant floating patches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And also to their surprise, they found that submerged microplastics are widely distributed, from the surface to thousands of feet deep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, the farther from shore they sampled, the more microplastics they found. That suggests it's not just washing off the California coast. It's coming from all over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We think the California current is actually carrying some of the microplastic debris from the north Pacific Ocean,\" he says — kind of like trash washing down off a landfill that's actually in the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that trash gets eaten. Marine biologist \u003ca href=\"https://scripps.ucsd.edu/profiles/anela\">Anela Choy\u003c/a> is with the \u003ca href=\"https://scripps.ucsd.edu/\">Scripps Institution of Oceanography\u003c/a> in San Diego and is part of the research team. She says the deep ocean is like a giant feeding trough. \"It's filled with animals,\" she says, \"and they're not only moving up and down in the water column every day, forming the biggest migration on the planet, but they're also feasting upon one another.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"tag":"ocean","label":"Related Coverage "},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, the deep ocean is filled with sea creatures like larvaceans that filter tiny organisms out of the water. They're the size of tadpoles, but they're called \"giant larvaceans\" because they build a yard-wide bubble of mucus around themselves — \"snot houses,\" Choy calls them. The mucus captures floating plankton. But it also captures plastic. \"We found small plastic pieces in every single larvacean that we examined from different depths across the water column,\" Choy says. Another filter feeder, the red crab, also contained plastic pieces — every one they caught.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Choy also has looked beyond Monterey Bay and higher up the food chain. In earlier research she did in the Pacific, she collected creatures called lancetfish — several feet long, with huge mouths and lots of saber-sharp teeth. They're called the \"dragons of the deep.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We've looked now at over 2,000 lancetfish,\" says Choy, \"and we've found that about one in every three lancetfish has some kind of plastic in its stomach. It's really shocking, because this fish actually doesn't come to the surface as far as we know.\" That suggests that plastic has spread through the water column.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.mbari.org/robison-bruce/\">Bruce Robison\u003c/a>, a senior scientist with the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, says he was shocked at how much plastic they found. \"The fact that plastics are so pervasive, that they are so widespread, is a staggering discovery, and we'd be foolish to ignore that,\" he says. \"Anything that humans introduce to that habitat is passing though these animals and being incorporated into the food web\" — a web that leads up to marine animals people eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-44117-2\">Monterey Bay findings appear\u003c/a> Thursday in the journal Nature \u003cem>Scientific Reports\u003c/em> and only represent a local sample. But Robison says 70 years of manufacturing plastic may have created a global ocean problem. \"We humans are constantly coming up with marvelous ideas that eventually turn around and bite us on the butt,\" he says with a dry laugh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And scientists are just beginning to diagnose the extent of that wound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Microplastics+Have+Invaded+The+Deep+Ocean+%E2%80%94+And+The+Food+Chain&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11752710/microplastics-have-invaded-the-deep-ocean-and-the-food-chain","authors":["byline_news_11752710"],"programs":["news_72"],"categories":["news_19906","news_24114","news_8","news_356"],"tags":["news_23861","news_21647"],"featImg":"news_11752711","label":"source_news_11752710"},"news_11719715":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11719715","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11719715","score":null,"sort":[1548058071000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"teenage-diver-finds-tons-of-golf-balls-rotting-off-california","title":"Teenage Diver Finds Tons of Golf Balls Rotting Off California","publishDate":1548058071,"format":"standard","headTitle":"The California Report | KQED News","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>A diver in California has stumbled on an unexpected source of plastic waste in the ocean: golf balls. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the balls degrade, they can emit toxic chemicals. And there appear to be lots of them in certain places underwater — right next to coastal golf courses. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two years ago, a 16-year old diver named Alex Weber was swimming off Pebble Beach along the Pacific near Carmel, Calif. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My dad raised me underwater,\" says Weber, and she means it. She's a free diver: no scuba tanks; she just holds her breath. She was diving in a small cove and looked down and saw something weird. \"You couldn't see the sand,\" she recalls, still sounding incredulous. \"It was completely white.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>White with golf balls. \"You looked down and you're like, 'What are you doing here?' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were thousands of them. \"It felt like a shot to the heart,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She was offended. Right then, she decided to haul them up. Thus began a Sisyphean task that went on for months: She and her father would haul hundreds of pounds of them up, and then of course more golfers would hit more into the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She took what she and her father collected back home. \"I had all of these golf balls in the garage,\" she says. \"And they stank.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then she heard about a Stanford University scientist, \u003ca href=\"https://matthewsavocaecology.weebly.com/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Matt Savoca\u003c/a>, who studied plastic waste in the ocean. She emailed him, and he came to look at her collection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Fifty thousand golf balls, just sitting in the garage,\" she says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Savoca was impressed. Weber recalls that he turned to her and said, \" 'You should write a paper about this,' and I was like, 'Matt, I'm 16 years old. I don't know how to write a scientific paper!' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said he would help, which meant diving with her. Not easy. \"The oceans off California are actually quite cold, so you suit up in a pretty thick wetsuit,\" he says. \"It's incredibly physically demanding.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They took kayaks out to ferry the golf balls back. \"Once you recover many, many golf balls, you put them on the kayak,\" he explains. Adds Weber: \"We'll have the kayaks so filled with plastic that we'll end up just having to tow the kayaks — we'll have to swim (them) to shore.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are sharks in the water there, but Savoca says that wasn't the real threat. \"When we were out there,\" he says, \"We'd hear, 'plink, plink,' and we'd look up on the hill and there'd be golf balls flying in off the course right into the ocean where we were doing collections.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the aerial barrage, they kept at it, says Weber. \"Whenever we had good conditions, we were able to pull out between, like, 500 to 5,000 golf balls,\" she says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over two years, they found more than 50,000 golf balls. The source: five golf courses. Two along the coastline, and three up the Carmel River — those golf balls rolled underwater down the river to the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the journal \u003cem>Marine Pollution Bulletin,\u003c/em> the team notes that golf balls are coated with a thin polyurethane shell that degrades over time. They also contain zinc compounds that are toxic. Savoca points out that the surf and currents act like a rock grinder and break down the golf balls. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While chemicals from 50,000 or so golf balls will have only a small effect on the ocean, Savoca says they do degrade into \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2018/08/20/636845604/beer-drinking-water-and-fish-tiny-plastic-is-everywhere\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">microplastic pieces\u003c/a> that marine animals could eat. The team also notes that there are lots of coastal golf courses around the world, so this may go beyond California. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alex Weber, now 18 and a published author in a scientific journal, plans to apply to university to study marine science. In the meantime, she is still collecting, and keeping up her\u003ca href=\"https://www.theplasticpick-up.org\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"> website\u003c/a>. She says it is too bad the golf balls sink. If they floated, people would be shocked and outraged. \"If a person could see what we see underwater,\" she says, \"it would not be acceptable.\"\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Alex Weber discovered more than 50,000 balls in the ocean near coastal California golf courses. When golf balls degrade, as these were doing, they release plastic particles and toxic chemicals. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1548095163,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":21,"wordCount":689},"headData":{"title":"Teenage Diver Finds Tons of Golf Balls Rotting Off California | KQED","description":"Alex Weber discovered more than 50,000 balls in the ocean near coastal California golf courses. When golf balls degrade, as these were doing, they release plastic particles and toxic chemicals. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"Teenage Diver Finds Tons of Golf Balls Rotting Off California","datePublished":"2019-01-21T08:07:51.000Z","dateModified":"2019-01-21T18:26:03.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png","isAccessibleForFree":"Y","publisher":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","@id":"https://www.kqed.org/#organization","name":"KQED","url":"https://www.kqed.org","logo":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}}},"disqusIdentifier":"11719715 https://ww2.kqed.org/news/?p=11719715","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2019/01/21/teenage-diver-finds-tons-of-golf-balls-rotting-off-california/","disqusTitle":"Teenage Diver Finds Tons of Golf Balls Rotting Off California","source":"NPR","sourceUrl":"https://www.npr.org/","nprByline":"\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/people/2100689/christopher-joyce\">Christopher Joyce\u003c/a>\u003c/br>NPR","nprStoryId":"686257550","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=686257550&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/2019/01/17/686257550/teenage-diver-finds-tons-of-golf-balls-rotting-off-california?ft=nprml&f=686257550","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Fri, 18 Jan 2019 12:10:00 -0500","nprStoryDate":"Thu, 17 Jan 2019 16:37:00 -0500","nprLastModifiedDate":"Fri, 18 Jan 2019 12:10:22 -0500","nprAudio":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2019/01/20190117_atc_teenage_diver_finds_tons_of_golf_balls_rotting_off_california.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1025&d=151&p=2&story=686257550&ft=nprml&f=686257550","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1686330362-4b8e5e.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1025&d=151&p=2&story=686257550&ft=nprml&f=686257550","audioTrackLength":151,"path":"/news/11719715/teenage-diver-finds-tons-of-golf-balls-rotting-off-california","audioUrl":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2019/01/20190117_atc_teenage_diver_finds_tons_of_golf_balls_rotting_off_california.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1025&d=151&p=2&story=686257550&ft=nprml&f=686257550","parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A diver in California has stumbled on an unexpected source of plastic waste in the ocean: golf balls. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the balls degrade, they can emit toxic chemicals. And there appear to be lots of them in certain places underwater — right next to coastal golf courses. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two years ago, a 16-year old diver named Alex Weber was swimming off Pebble Beach along the Pacific near Carmel, Calif. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My dad raised me underwater,\" says Weber, and she means it. She's a free diver: no scuba tanks; she just holds her breath. She was diving in a small cove and looked down and saw something weird. \"You couldn't see the sand,\" she recalls, still sounding incredulous. \"It was completely white.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>White with golf balls. \"You looked down and you're like, 'What are you doing here?' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were thousands of them. \"It felt like a shot to the heart,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She was offended. Right then, she decided to haul them up. Thus began a Sisyphean task that went on for months: She and her father would haul hundreds of pounds of them up, and then of course more golfers would hit more into the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She took what she and her father collected back home. \"I had all of these golf balls in the garage,\" she says. \"And they stank.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then she heard about a Stanford University scientist, \u003ca href=\"https://matthewsavocaecology.weebly.com/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Matt Savoca\u003c/a>, who studied plastic waste in the ocean. She emailed him, and he came to look at her collection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Fifty thousand golf balls, just sitting in the garage,\" she says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Savoca was impressed. Weber recalls that he turned to her and said, \" 'You should write a paper about this,' and I was like, 'Matt, I'm 16 years old. I don't know how to write a scientific paper!' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said he would help, which meant diving with her. Not easy. \"The oceans off California are actually quite cold, so you suit up in a pretty thick wetsuit,\" he says. \"It's incredibly physically demanding.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They took kayaks out to ferry the golf balls back. \"Once you recover many, many golf balls, you put them on the kayak,\" he explains. Adds Weber: \"We'll have the kayaks so filled with plastic that we'll end up just having to tow the kayaks — we'll have to swim (them) to shore.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are sharks in the water there, but Savoca says that wasn't the real threat. \"When we were out there,\" he says, \"We'd hear, 'plink, plink,' and we'd look up on the hill and there'd be golf balls flying in off the course right into the ocean where we were doing collections.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the aerial barrage, they kept at it, says Weber. \"Whenever we had good conditions, we were able to pull out between, like, 500 to 5,000 golf balls,\" she says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over two years, they found more than 50,000 golf balls. The source: five golf courses. Two along the coastline, and three up the Carmel River — those golf balls rolled underwater down the river to the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the journal \u003cem>Marine Pollution Bulletin,\u003c/em> the team notes that golf balls are coated with a thin polyurethane shell that degrades over time. They also contain zinc compounds that are toxic. Savoca points out that the surf and currents act like a rock grinder and break down the golf balls. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While chemicals from 50,000 or so golf balls will have only a small effect on the ocean, Savoca says they do degrade into \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2018/08/20/636845604/beer-drinking-water-and-fish-tiny-plastic-is-everywhere\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">microplastic pieces\u003c/a> that marine animals could eat. The team also notes that there are lots of coastal golf courses around the world, so this may go beyond California. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alex Weber, now 18 and a published author in a scientific journal, plans to apply to university to study marine science. In the meantime, she is still collecting, and keeping up her\u003ca href=\"https://www.theplasticpick-up.org\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"> website\u003c/a>. She says it is too bad the golf balls sink. If they floated, people would be shocked and outraged. \"If a person could see what we see underwater,\" she says, \"it would not be acceptable.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11719715/teenage-diver-finds-tons-of-golf-balls-rotting-off-california","authors":["byline_news_11719715"],"programs":["news_72"],"categories":["news_19906","news_8","news_356","news_10"],"tags":["news_23861","news_24849","news_483","news_5891"],"featImg":"news_11719717","label":"source_news_11719715"},"news_11700200":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11700200","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11700200","score":null,"sort":[1540084015000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"photos-robots-to-go-12000-feet-under-the-ocean-to-study-underwater-mountain","title":"PHOTOS: Robots To Go 12,000 Feet Under the Ocean to Study Underwater Mountain","publishDate":1540084015,"format":"image","headTitle":"The California Report | KQED News","labelTerm":{"term":72,"site":"news"},"content":"\u003cp>Marine scientists are embarking on a 10-day research expedition on Sunday to a previously unexplored part of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary with the help of two remote-controlled robots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Nautilus, a 211-foot research boat, will carry a 31-person science team from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the non-profit Ocean Exploration Trust to study sea life on the Davidson Seamount, an underwater mountain 80 miles southwest of Monterey. The mountain is 7,480 ft. tall, and its peak is 4,101 ft. below the surface, meaning the sea life the scientists are hoping to study are nearly 12,000 feet down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's where Argus and Hercules come in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two remote-controlled robots will be launched from the Nautilus—Argus will be attached to the boat by a cable, and Hercules will float below it, recording video and collecting samples of coral and small animals with its robotic arms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists aboard the ship will monitor and control the robots from a room above the deck of the Nautilus. The feed from the robots will be livestreamed online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Humans have been able to go this deep for quite some time,\" says lead scientist Chad King, \"but today it doesn't make sense to send humans down. Why risk it when we have the technology to send these robots that people can command and control virtually from a control room while essentially we just sip our coffee in the safety of a dark room?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists are hoping to capture images of colorful coral and exotic-looking animals. Last month, the Nautilus was on another mission and recorded images of a \u003ca href=\"https://earther.gizmodo.com/this-deep-sea-eel-is-the-raddest-thing-youll-see-all-we-1829222166\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">purple Gulper eel\u003c/a> that went viral online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So we're hoping to run into that kind of charismatic fauna,\" King said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11700208\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11700208\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33323_Nautilus-qut-800x449.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"449\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33323_Nautilus-qut-800x449.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33323_Nautilus-qut-160x90.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33323_Nautilus-qut-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33323_Nautilus-qut-1200x674.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33323_Nautilus-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33323_Nautilus-qut-1180x663.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33323_Nautilus-qut-960x539.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33323_Nautilus-qut-240x135.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33323_Nautilus-qut-375x211.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33323_Nautilus-qut-520x292.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Nautilus docked at San Francisco's Embarcadero. The 211-foot research boat will carry scientists and two robots on a 10-day expedition to a previously unexplored part of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary. \u003ccite>(Sonja Hutson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11700209\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11700209\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33334_IMG_6739-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Expedition leader Dwight Coleman (R) stands behind Hercules, a remote-controlled robot, which will be lowered 12,000 feet below the ocean by a cable to record video and collect samples of coral and small animals.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33334_IMG_6739-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33334_IMG_6739-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33334_IMG_6739-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33334_IMG_6739-qut-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33334_IMG_6739-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33334_IMG_6739-qut-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33334_IMG_6739-qut-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33334_IMG_6739-qut-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33334_IMG_6739-qut-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33334_IMG_6739-qut-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Expedition leader Dwight Coleman (R) stands behind Hercules, a remote-controlled robot, which will be lowered 12,000 feet below the ocean by a cable to record video and collect samples of coral and small animals. \u003ccite>(Sonja Hutson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11700207\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11700207 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33335_IMG_6737-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Samples of coral and small animals will be stored in these canisters on Hercules over the course of its 10-day mission. The robot will be exploring parts of Davidson Seamount, an underwater mountain 80 miles southwest of Monterey, which have never been explored before.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33335_IMG_6737-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33335_IMG_6737-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33335_IMG_6737-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33335_IMG_6737-qut-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33335_IMG_6737-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33335_IMG_6737-qut-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33335_IMG_6737-qut-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33335_IMG_6737-qut-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33335_IMG_6737-qut-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33335_IMG_6737-qut-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Samples of coral and small animals will be stored in these canisters on Hercules over the course of its 10-day mission. The robot will be exploring parts of Davidson Seamount, an underwater mountain 80 miles southwest of Monterey, which have never been explored before. \u003ccite>(Sonja Hutson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11700203\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11700203 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33336_IMG_6735-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Gauges and a large light are part of the inner workings of the Hercules robot.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33336_IMG_6735-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33336_IMG_6735-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33336_IMG_6735-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33336_IMG_6735-qut-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33336_IMG_6735-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33336_IMG_6735-qut-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33336_IMG_6735-qut-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33336_IMG_6735-qut-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33336_IMG_6735-qut-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33336_IMG_6735-qut-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gauges and a large light are part of the inner workings of the Hercules robot. \u003ccite>(Sonja Hutson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11700217\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-11700217\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33329_IMG_6745-qut-1-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33329_IMG_6745-qut-1-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33329_IMG_6745-qut-1-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33329_IMG_6745-qut-1-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33329_IMG_6745-qut-1-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33329_IMG_6745-qut-1.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33329_IMG_6745-qut-1-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33329_IMG_6745-qut-1-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33329_IMG_6745-qut-1-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33329_IMG_6745-qut-1-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33329_IMG_6745-qut-1-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The robots, Argus and Hercules, will be monitored and controlled from this room aboard the Nautilus. The room is intentionally kept dark to mimic the darkness of the deep sea, so scientists' eyes can properly adjust to the images on the screen. \u003ccite>(Sonja Hutson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11700204\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11700204 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33327_IMG_6728-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"The Hercules robot is propelled by a turbine (upper left).\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33327_IMG_6728-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33327_IMG_6728-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33327_IMG_6728-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33327_IMG_6728-qut-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33327_IMG_6728-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33327_IMG_6728-qut-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33327_IMG_6728-qut-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33327_IMG_6728-qut-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33327_IMG_6728-qut-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33327_IMG_6728-qut-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Hercules robot is propelled by a turbine (upper left). \u003ccite>(Sonja Hutson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Marine scientists are embarking on a 10-day research expedition to a previously unexplored part of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary with the help of two remote-controlled robots.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1540149940,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":506},"headData":{"title":"PHOTOS: Robots To Go 12,000 Feet Under the Ocean to Study Underwater Mountain | KQED","description":"Marine scientists are embarking on a 10-day research expedition to a previously unexplored part of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary with the help of two remote-controlled robots.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"PHOTOS: Robots To Go 12,000 Feet Under the Ocean to Study Underwater Mountain","datePublished":"2018-10-21T01:06:55.000Z","dateModified":"2018-10-21T19:25:40.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png","isAccessibleForFree":"Y","publisher":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","@id":"https://www.kqed.org/#organization","name":"KQED","url":"https://www.kqed.org","logo":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}}},"disqusIdentifier":"11700200 https://ww2.kqed.org/news/?p=11700200","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2018/10/20/photos-robots-to-go-12000-feet-under-the-ocean-to-study-underwater-mountain/","disqusTitle":"PHOTOS: Robots To Go 12,000 Feet Under the Ocean to Study Underwater Mountain","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/2018/10/HutsonOceanRobot.mp3","audioTrackLength":116,"path":"/news/11700200/photos-robots-to-go-12000-feet-under-the-ocean-to-study-underwater-mountain","parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Marine scientists are embarking on a 10-day research expedition on Sunday to a previously unexplored part of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary with the help of two remote-controlled robots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Nautilus, a 211-foot research boat, will carry a 31-person science team from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the non-profit Ocean Exploration Trust to study sea life on the Davidson Seamount, an underwater mountain 80 miles southwest of Monterey. The mountain is 7,480 ft. tall, and its peak is 4,101 ft. below the surface, meaning the sea life the scientists are hoping to study are nearly 12,000 feet down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's where Argus and Hercules come in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two remote-controlled robots will be launched from the Nautilus—Argus will be attached to the boat by a cable, and Hercules will float below it, recording video and collecting samples of coral and small animals with its robotic arms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists aboard the ship will monitor and control the robots from a room above the deck of the Nautilus. The feed from the robots will be livestreamed online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Humans have been able to go this deep for quite some time,\" says lead scientist Chad King, \"but today it doesn't make sense to send humans down. Why risk it when we have the technology to send these robots that people can command and control virtually from a control room while essentially we just sip our coffee in the safety of a dark room?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists are hoping to capture images of colorful coral and exotic-looking animals. Last month, the Nautilus was on another mission and recorded images of a \u003ca href=\"https://earther.gizmodo.com/this-deep-sea-eel-is-the-raddest-thing-youll-see-all-we-1829222166\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">purple Gulper eel\u003c/a> that went viral online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So we're hoping to run into that kind of charismatic fauna,\" King said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11700208\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11700208\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33323_Nautilus-qut-800x449.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"449\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33323_Nautilus-qut-800x449.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33323_Nautilus-qut-160x90.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33323_Nautilus-qut-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33323_Nautilus-qut-1200x674.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33323_Nautilus-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33323_Nautilus-qut-1180x663.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33323_Nautilus-qut-960x539.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33323_Nautilus-qut-240x135.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33323_Nautilus-qut-375x211.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33323_Nautilus-qut-520x292.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Nautilus docked at San Francisco's Embarcadero. The 211-foot research boat will carry scientists and two robots on a 10-day expedition to a previously unexplored part of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary. \u003ccite>(Sonja Hutson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11700209\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11700209\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33334_IMG_6739-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Expedition leader Dwight Coleman (R) stands behind Hercules, a remote-controlled robot, which will be lowered 12,000 feet below the ocean by a cable to record video and collect samples of coral and small animals.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33334_IMG_6739-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33334_IMG_6739-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33334_IMG_6739-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33334_IMG_6739-qut-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33334_IMG_6739-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33334_IMG_6739-qut-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33334_IMG_6739-qut-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33334_IMG_6739-qut-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33334_IMG_6739-qut-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33334_IMG_6739-qut-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Expedition leader Dwight Coleman (R) stands behind Hercules, a remote-controlled robot, which will be lowered 12,000 feet below the ocean by a cable to record video and collect samples of coral and small animals. \u003ccite>(Sonja Hutson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11700207\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11700207 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33335_IMG_6737-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Samples of coral and small animals will be stored in these canisters on Hercules over the course of its 10-day mission. The robot will be exploring parts of Davidson Seamount, an underwater mountain 80 miles southwest of Monterey, which have never been explored before.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33335_IMG_6737-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33335_IMG_6737-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33335_IMG_6737-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33335_IMG_6737-qut-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33335_IMG_6737-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33335_IMG_6737-qut-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33335_IMG_6737-qut-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33335_IMG_6737-qut-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33335_IMG_6737-qut-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33335_IMG_6737-qut-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Samples of coral and small animals will be stored in these canisters on Hercules over the course of its 10-day mission. The robot will be exploring parts of Davidson Seamount, an underwater mountain 80 miles southwest of Monterey, which have never been explored before. \u003ccite>(Sonja Hutson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11700203\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11700203 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33336_IMG_6735-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Gauges and a large light are part of the inner workings of the Hercules robot.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33336_IMG_6735-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33336_IMG_6735-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33336_IMG_6735-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33336_IMG_6735-qut-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33336_IMG_6735-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33336_IMG_6735-qut-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33336_IMG_6735-qut-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33336_IMG_6735-qut-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33336_IMG_6735-qut-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33336_IMG_6735-qut-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gauges and a large light are part of the inner workings of the Hercules robot. \u003ccite>(Sonja Hutson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11700217\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-11700217\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33329_IMG_6745-qut-1-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33329_IMG_6745-qut-1-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33329_IMG_6745-qut-1-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33329_IMG_6745-qut-1-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33329_IMG_6745-qut-1-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33329_IMG_6745-qut-1.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33329_IMG_6745-qut-1-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33329_IMG_6745-qut-1-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33329_IMG_6745-qut-1-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33329_IMG_6745-qut-1-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33329_IMG_6745-qut-1-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The robots, Argus and Hercules, will be monitored and controlled from this room aboard the Nautilus. The room is intentionally kept dark to mimic the darkness of the deep sea, so scientists' eyes can properly adjust to the images on the screen. \u003ccite>(Sonja Hutson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11700204\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11700204 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33327_IMG_6728-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"The Hercules robot is propelled by a turbine (upper left).\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33327_IMG_6728-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33327_IMG_6728-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33327_IMG_6728-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33327_IMG_6728-qut-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33327_IMG_6728-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33327_IMG_6728-qut-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33327_IMG_6728-qut-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33327_IMG_6728-qut-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33327_IMG_6728-qut-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33327_IMG_6728-qut-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Hercules robot is propelled by a turbine (upper left). \u003ccite>(Sonja Hutson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11700200/photos-robots-to-go-12000-feet-under-the-ocean-to-study-underwater-mountain","authors":["11216","11260"],"programs":["news_72"],"categories":["news_8","news_356"],"tags":["news_19542","news_24343","news_23861"],"featImg":"news_11700202","label":"news_72"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Consider-This-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png","officialWebsiteLink":"http://freakonomics.com/","airtime":"SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"WNYC"},"link":"/radio/program/freakonomics-radio","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/","rss":"https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"}},"fresh-air":{"id":"fresh-air","title":"Fresh Air","info":"Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. 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