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From 1996-99, he was Head Observer at the Naval Prototype Optical Interferometer program at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, AZ.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/ben-burress/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Ben Burress | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/ben-burress"},"lesleymcclurg":{"type":"authors","id":"11229","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"11229","found":true},"name":"Lesley McClurg","firstName":"Lesley","lastName":"McClurg","slug":"lesleymcclurg","email":"lmcclurg@KQED.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":["news","science"],"title":"KQED Health Correspondent","bio":"\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lesley McClurg is a health correspondent and fill-in host. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Her work is regularly rebroadcast on numerous NPR and PBS shows. She has won several regional Emmy awards, a regional and a national Edward R. Murrow award. The Association for Health Journalists awarded Lesley best beat coverage. The Society of Professional Journalists has recognized her reporting several times. The Society of Environmental Journalists spotlighted her ongoing coverage of California's historic drought. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Before joining KQED in 2016, she covered food and sustainability for Capital Public Radio, the environment for Colorado Public Radio, and reported for both KUOW and KCTS9 in Seattle. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When not hunched over her laptop Lesley enjoys skiing with her toddler, surfing with her husband or scheming their next globetrotting adventure. Before motherhood she relished dancing tango till sunrise. When on deadline she fuels herself almost exclusively on chocolate chips.\u003c/span>\r\n\r\n\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u003c/span>","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3fb78e873af3312f34d0bc1d60a07c7f?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"lesleywmcclurg","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"arts","roles":["author"]},{"site":"news","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"futureofyou","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"stateofhealth","roles":["author"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Lesley McClurg | KQED","description":"KQED Health Correspondent","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3fb78e873af3312f34d0bc1d60a07c7f?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3fb78e873af3312f34d0bc1d60a07c7f?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/lesleymcclurg"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"news","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal 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FM","link":"/"}},"news_11870348":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11870348","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11870348","score":null,"sort":[1618947202000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"a-long-way-from-humans","title":"A Long Way From Humans","publishDate":1618947202,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Mark Fiore: Drawn to the Bay | KQED News","labelTerm":{"term":18515,"site":"news"},"content":"\u003cp>While we were busy wrestling with our earthly problems, NASA's helicopter, Ingenuity, \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/fioremarsflight\">took off from the surface of Mars\u003c/a> and flew 10 feet high for about 40 seconds on Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I think of the vastness of space (and any potential Martians), I think of the ridiculousness of the human species that has caused – and suffered – so much pain rooted in the pigmentation of our epidermal layer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, back on Earth, we \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/trial-over-killing-of-george-floyd/2021/04/20/989086291/1st-full-day-of-jury-deliberations-underway-in-chauvin-murder-trial\">await the verdict\u003c/a> in the Derek Chauvin trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"While we were busy wrestling with our earthly problems, NASA's helicopter, Ingenuity, took off from the surface of Mars and flew 10 feet high for about 40 seconds.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1618947202,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":5,"wordCount":85},"headData":{"title":"A Long Way From Humans | KQED","description":"While we were busy wrestling with our earthly problems, NASA's helicopter, Ingenuity, took off from the surface of Mars and flew 10 feet high for about 40 seconds.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"11870348 https://ww2.kqed.org/news/?p=11870348","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2021/04/20/a-long-way-from-humans/","disqusTitle":"A Long Way From Humans","path":"/news/11870348/a-long-way-from-humans","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>While we were busy wrestling with our earthly problems, NASA's helicopter, Ingenuity, \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/fioremarsflight\">took off from the surface of Mars\u003c/a> and flew 10 feet high for about 40 seconds on Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I think of the vastness of space (and any potential Martians), I think of the ridiculousness of the human species that has caused – and suffered – so much pain rooted in the pigmentation of our epidermal layer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, back on Earth, we \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/trial-over-killing-of-george-floyd/2021/04/20/989086291/1st-full-day-of-jury-deliberations-underway-in-chauvin-murder-trial\">await the verdict\u003c/a> in the Derek Chauvin trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11870348/a-long-way-from-humans","authors":["3236"],"series":["news_18515"],"categories":["news_6188","news_248"],"tags":["news_20949","news_2762","news_2881","news_355","news_1770"],"featImg":"news_11870361","label":"news_18515"},"news_11861758":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11861758","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11861758","score":null,"sort":[1614121411000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"if-we-can-download-video-from-mars","title":"If We Can Download Video From Mars ...","publishDate":1614121411,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Mark Fiore: Drawn to the Bay | KQED News","labelTerm":{"term":18515,"site":"news"},"content":"\u003cp>Vaccine supply continues to be a problem as Gov. Gavin Newsom said on Monday, \"\u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/fiorevaxsupply\">there's not enough vaccines to accommodate the need and demand\u003c/a>.\"\u003ca id=\"LPlnk359990\" class=\"OWAAutoLink\" href=\"http://bit.ly/fiorevaxsupply\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also on Monday, you could \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1972859/was-there-life-on-mars-the-mission-to-find-out-begins-as-perseverance-photos-video-comes-in\">watch video\u003c/a> just sent from Mars by NASA's Perseverance rover on your mobile phone, while you were walking down the street.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I'm hopeful that the nation that brought the world high-definition video from Mars can also finally have a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11855623/where-can-i-get-a-covid-19-vaccine-in-the-bay-area-your-questions-answered\">successful vaccine rollout\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Vaccine supply continues to be a problem as Gov. Newsom said on Monday, 'there's not enough vaccines to accommodate the need and demand.'","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1614131156,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":5,"wordCount":77},"headData":{"title":"If We Can Download Video From Mars ... | KQED","description":"Vaccine supply continues to be a problem as Gov. Newsom said on Monday, 'there's not enough vaccines to accommodate the need and demand.'","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"11861758 https://ww2.kqed.org/news/?p=11861758","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2021/02/23/if-we-can-download-video-from-mars/","disqusTitle":"If We Can Download Video From Mars ...","path":"/news/11861758/if-we-can-download-video-from-mars","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Vaccine supply continues to be a problem as Gov. Gavin Newsom said on Monday, \"\u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/fiorevaxsupply\">there's not enough vaccines to accommodate the need and demand\u003c/a>.\"\u003ca id=\"LPlnk359990\" class=\"OWAAutoLink\" href=\"http://bit.ly/fiorevaxsupply\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also on Monday, you could \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1972859/was-there-life-on-mars-the-mission-to-find-out-begins-as-perseverance-photos-video-comes-in\">watch video\u003c/a> just sent from Mars by NASA's Perseverance rover on your mobile phone, while you were walking down the street.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I'm hopeful that the nation that brought the world high-definition video from Mars can also finally have a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11855623/where-can-i-get-a-covid-19-vaccine-in-the-bay-area-your-questions-answered\">successful vaccine rollout\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11861758/if-we-can-download-video-from-mars","authors":["3236"],"series":["news_18515"],"categories":["news_457","news_248"],"tags":["news_27350","news_27504","news_29076","news_20949","news_2762","news_355","news_27660","news_29187","news_28861"],"featImg":"news_11861777","label":"news_18515"},"news_11710948":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11710948","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11710948","score":null,"sort":[1544227782000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"new-nasa-lander-captures-first-sounds-of-martian-wind","title":"New NASA Lander Captures First Sounds of Martian Wind","publishDate":1544227782,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED News","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>NASA's new Mars lander has captured the first sounds of the \"really unworldly\" Martian wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov\">Jet Propulsion Laboratory\u003c/a> released audio clips of the alien wind Friday. The low-frequency rumblings were collected by the InSight lander during its first week of operations at Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wind is estimated to be blowing 10 mph to 15 mph. These are the first sounds from Mars that are detectible by human ears, according to the researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/IkpZXYrOCyg?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Reminds me of sitting outside on a windy summer afternoon...In some sense, this is what it would sound like if you were sitting on the InSight lander on Mars,\" Cornell University's Don Banfield told reporters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists involved in the project agree the sound has an otherworldly quality to it.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934922/insight-affirmation-people-still-go-gaga-for-mars\">InSight Affirmation: People Still Go Gaga for Mars\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934922/insight-affirmation-people-still-go-gaga-for-mars\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/insight-reentry-nasajplcaltech-1180x664.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Thomas Pike of Imperial College London said the rumbling is \"rather different to anything that we've experienced on Earth, and I think it just gives us another way of thinking about how far away we are getting these signals.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The noise is of the wind blowing against InSight's solar panels and the resulting vibration of the entire spacecraft. The sounds were recorded by an air pressure \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o3cxuIsEFRM\">sensor\u003c/a> inside the lander that's part of a weather station, as well as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o3cxuIsEFRM\">seismometer\u003c/a> on the deck of the spacecraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The low frequencies are a result of Mars' thin air density and even more so the seismometer itself — it's meant to detect underground seismic waves, well below the threshold of human hearing. The seismometer will be moved to the Martian surface in the coming weeks; until then, the team plans to record more wind noise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 1976 Viking landers on Mars picked up spacecraft shaking caused by wind, but it would be a stretch to consider it sound, said InSight's lead scientist, Bruce Banerdt, of JPL in Pasadena, California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11710935\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/GettyImages-954986424-e1544223149282.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11710935\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/GettyImages-954986424-e1544223149282.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The NASA InSight spacecraft launches onboard a United Launch Alliance Atlas-V rocket on May 5, 2018, from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \"really unworldly\" sounds from InSight, meanwhile, have Banerdt imagining he's \"on a planet that's in some ways like the Earth, but in some ways really alien.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934826/watch-live-coverage-of-mars-insight-landing\">InSight landed on Mars\u003c/a> on Nov. 26.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're all still on a high from the landing last week...and here we are less than two weeks after landing, and we've already got some amazing new science,\" said NASA's Lori Glaze, acting director of planetary science. \"It's cool, it's fun.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA's new Mars lander has captured the first sounds of the 'really unworldly' Martian wind.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1544227782,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":425},"headData":{"title":"New NASA Lander Captures First Sounds of Martian Wind | KQED","description":"NASA's new Mars lander has captured the first sounds of the 'really unworldly' Martian wind.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"11710948 https://ww2.kqed.org/news/?p=11710948","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2018/12/07/new-nasa-lander-captures-first-sounds-of-martian-wind/","disqusTitle":"New NASA Lander Captures First Sounds of Martian Wind","source":"Associated Press","nprByline":"Marcia Dunn\u003cbr>Associated Press","path":"/news/11710948/new-nasa-lander-captures-first-sounds-of-martian-wind","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>NASA's new Mars lander has captured the first sounds of the \"really unworldly\" Martian wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov\">Jet Propulsion Laboratory\u003c/a> released audio clips of the alien wind Friday. The low-frequency rumblings were collected by the InSight lander during its first week of operations at Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wind is estimated to be blowing 10 mph to 15 mph. These are the first sounds from Mars that are detectible by human ears, according to the researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/IkpZXYrOCyg?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Reminds me of sitting outside on a windy summer afternoon...In some sense, this is what it would sound like if you were sitting on the InSight lander on Mars,\" Cornell University's Don Banfield told reporters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists involved in the project agree the sound has an otherworldly quality to it.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934922/insight-affirmation-people-still-go-gaga-for-mars\">InSight Affirmation: People Still Go Gaga for Mars\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934922/insight-affirmation-people-still-go-gaga-for-mars\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/insight-reentry-nasajplcaltech-1180x664.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Thomas Pike of Imperial College London said the rumbling is \"rather different to anything that we've experienced on Earth, and I think it just gives us another way of thinking about how far away we are getting these signals.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The noise is of the wind blowing against InSight's solar panels and the resulting vibration of the entire spacecraft. The sounds were recorded by an air pressure \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o3cxuIsEFRM\">sensor\u003c/a> inside the lander that's part of a weather station, as well as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o3cxuIsEFRM\">seismometer\u003c/a> on the deck of the spacecraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The low frequencies are a result of Mars' thin air density and even more so the seismometer itself — it's meant to detect underground seismic waves, well below the threshold of human hearing. The seismometer will be moved to the Martian surface in the coming weeks; until then, the team plans to record more wind noise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 1976 Viking landers on Mars picked up spacecraft shaking caused by wind, but it would be a stretch to consider it sound, said InSight's lead scientist, Bruce Banerdt, of JPL in Pasadena, California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11710935\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/GettyImages-954986424-e1544223149282.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11710935\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/GettyImages-954986424-e1544223149282.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The NASA InSight spacecraft launches onboard a United Launch Alliance Atlas-V rocket on May 5, 2018, from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \"really unworldly\" sounds from InSight, meanwhile, have Banerdt imagining he's \"on a planet that's in some ways like the Earth, but in some ways really alien.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934826/watch-live-coverage-of-mars-insight-landing\">InSight landed on Mars\u003c/a> on Nov. 26.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're all still on a high from the landing last week...and here we are less than two weeks after landing, and we've already got some amazing new science,\" said NASA's Lori Glaze, acting director of planetary science. \"It's cool, it's fun.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11710948/new-nasa-lander-captures-first-sounds-of-martian-wind","authors":["byline_news_11710948"],"categories":["news_8","news_356"],"tags":["news_442","news_23164","news_2762","news_355","news_1770"],"label":"source_news_11710948"},"news_11708539":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11708539","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11708539","score":null,"sort":[1543363558000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"cal-poly-students-tag-along-on-mission-to-mars","title":"Cal Poly Students 'Tag Along' on Mission to Mars","publishDate":1543363558,"format":"audio","headTitle":"The California Report | KQED News","labelTerm":{"term":72,"site":"news"},"content":"\u003cp>When NASA’s InSight mission to Mars took off \u003ca href=\"http://www.kcbx.org/post/historic-central-coast-mars-mission-could-teach-us-more-about-earths-past\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">from the Central Coast’s Vandenberg Air Force Base six months ago\u003c/a>, two little satellites piggybacked along for the ride. They’re called CubeSats, and they’re about the size of briefcases. Cal Poly students in San Luis Obispo had a hand in their departure from Earth and the data the devices are sending back from Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kate Parkinson and few other students stood in the back of a conference room in Cal Poly’s Student Union and watched the final minutes of \u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/tech/watch-live-insight-set-mars-landing-nasa-braces-seven-minutes-ncna940061\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">InSight's decent to Mars Monday afternoon\u003c/a>. Parkinson held her hands over her mouth as a NASA operator counted down the approaching distance to the Red Planet. Everyone clapped when NASA engineers announced InSight had successfully landed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My class starts right now, but this is a little bit more important than missing 10 minutes of class,” Parkinson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parkinson is a member of \u003ca href=\"http://www.polysat.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PolySat\u003c/a>, a student-run, a multi-discipline research lab on the Cal Poly campus. The 20-year-old aerospace major said there are about 80 students in the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[We’re] one of the bigger CubeSat university programs in the nation,” Parkinson said. “Which is helped by the fact that [CalPoly is] where the CubeSat standard started.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1999, CubeSats were developed at Cal Poly to test out new, smaller space technologies. Since then, more than 800 have been launched into space. The little, blocky satellites aren’t too expensive to build and send up — only a few million dollars, rather than a price tag in the hundreds of millions. Most CubeSats are used for small space data experiments that aren’t worth the cost of major satellite launches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory\u003c/a> built the CubeSats for this Mars mission. \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/cubesat/missions/marco.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Their names are \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/cubesat/missions/marco.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">MarCO\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/cubesat/missions/marco.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">-A and \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/cubesat/missions/marco.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">MarCO\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/cubesat/missions/marco.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">-B, for Mars Cube One\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, Cal Poly students got the chance to work on the device that deployed them into space during the launch. And for the past six months, PolySat lab students have been tracking and interpreting the data from the CubeSats as InSight traveled to Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nineteen-year-old computer engineering major Ryan Statz said he got to interpret the raw data, or telemetry, relayed from the CubeSats back to earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I wrote some software that goes through and looks at the data and puts it in a readable format and aids in their operations,” Staz said. “Looking at the CubeSats: are they healthy? Basically, daily checkups.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I worked on correlations between the satellite clocks and earth time because there are different delays,” said Kate Parkinson. \"It was an awesome experience, to be able to say I worked on and helped with data from satellites going to Mars.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A pretty big deal for a Parkinson’s and Statz’ resumes. And for science. CubeSats have never been outside earth’s orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the first time CubeSats have been launched interplanetary,” Parkinson said. “It was honestly a question if they would make it to Mars alive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CubeSats did survive and \u003ca href=\"https://spacenews.com/marco-success-vindicates-use-of-cubesats-on-deep-space-missions/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">successfully relayed InSight landing information back to Earth Monday. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With their mission complete, the CubeSats will soar past Mars, deeper into space, relaying any data they gather back to Earth, for long as they can.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The students helped deploy two small satellites that joined NASA's mission to Mars this week.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1543363558,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":584},"headData":{"title":"Cal Poly Students 'Tag Along' on Mission to Mars | KQED","description":"The students helped deploy two small satellites that joined NASA's mission to Mars this week.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"11708539 https://ww2.kqed.org/news/?p=11708539","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2018/11/27/cal-poly-students-tag-along-on-mission-to-mars/","disqusTitle":"Cal Poly Students 'Tag Along' on Mission to Mars","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/tcr/2018/11/PrattCalPolyMars.mp3","nprByline":"Tyler Pratt, KCBX","audioTrackLength":140,"path":"/news/11708539/cal-poly-students-tag-along-on-mission-to-mars","audioDuration":142000,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When NASA’s InSight mission to Mars took off \u003ca href=\"http://www.kcbx.org/post/historic-central-coast-mars-mission-could-teach-us-more-about-earths-past\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">from the Central Coast’s Vandenberg Air Force Base six months ago\u003c/a>, two little satellites piggybacked along for the ride. They’re called CubeSats, and they’re about the size of briefcases. Cal Poly students in San Luis Obispo had a hand in their departure from Earth and the data the devices are sending back from Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kate Parkinson and few other students stood in the back of a conference room in Cal Poly’s Student Union and watched the final minutes of \u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/tech/watch-live-insight-set-mars-landing-nasa-braces-seven-minutes-ncna940061\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">InSight's decent to Mars Monday afternoon\u003c/a>. Parkinson held her hands over her mouth as a NASA operator counted down the approaching distance to the Red Planet. Everyone clapped when NASA engineers announced InSight had successfully landed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My class starts right now, but this is a little bit more important than missing 10 minutes of class,” Parkinson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parkinson is a member of \u003ca href=\"http://www.polysat.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PolySat\u003c/a>, a student-run, a multi-discipline research lab on the Cal Poly campus. The 20-year-old aerospace major said there are about 80 students in the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[We’re] one of the bigger CubeSat university programs in the nation,” Parkinson said. “Which is helped by the fact that [CalPoly is] where the CubeSat standard started.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1999, CubeSats were developed at Cal Poly to test out new, smaller space technologies. Since then, more than 800 have been launched into space. The little, blocky satellites aren’t too expensive to build and send up — only a few million dollars, rather than a price tag in the hundreds of millions. Most CubeSats are used for small space data experiments that aren’t worth the cost of major satellite launches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory\u003c/a> built the CubeSats for this Mars mission. \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/cubesat/missions/marco.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Their names are \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/cubesat/missions/marco.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">MarCO\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/cubesat/missions/marco.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">-A and \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/cubesat/missions/marco.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">MarCO\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/cubesat/missions/marco.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">-B, for Mars Cube One\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, Cal Poly students got the chance to work on the device that deployed them into space during the launch. And for the past six months, PolySat lab students have been tracking and interpreting the data from the CubeSats as InSight traveled to Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nineteen-year-old computer engineering major Ryan Statz said he got to interpret the raw data, or telemetry, relayed from the CubeSats back to earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I wrote some software that goes through and looks at the data and puts it in a readable format and aids in their operations,” Staz said. “Looking at the CubeSats: are they healthy? Basically, daily checkups.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I worked on correlations between the satellite clocks and earth time because there are different delays,” said Kate Parkinson. \"It was an awesome experience, to be able to say I worked on and helped with data from satellites going to Mars.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A pretty big deal for a Parkinson’s and Statz’ resumes. And for science. CubeSats have never been outside earth’s orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the first time CubeSats have been launched interplanetary,” Parkinson said. “It was honestly a question if they would make it to Mars alive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CubeSats did survive and \u003ca href=\"https://spacenews.com/marco-success-vindicates-use-of-cubesats-on-deep-space-missions/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">successfully relayed InSight landing information back to Earth Monday. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With their mission complete, the CubeSats will soar past Mars, deeper into space, relaying any data they gather back to Earth, for long as they can.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11708539/cal-poly-students-tag-along-on-mission-to-mars","authors":["byline_news_11708539"],"programs":["news_72"],"categories":["news_8","news_356"],"tags":["news_23019","news_2762","news_355"],"featImg":"news_11708553","label":"news_72"},"news_11666650":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11666650","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11666650","score":null,"sort":[1525532058000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"nasa-insight-kicks-off-6-month-journey-to-mars-from-california","title":"NASA InSight Kicks Off 6-Month Journey to Mars from California","publishDate":1525532058,"format":"audio","headTitle":"The California Report | KQED News","labelTerm":{"term":72,"site":"news"},"content":"\u003cp>NASA's \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1919368/nasas-insight-lander-takes-a-step-closer-to-a-may-launch-and-november-landing-on-mars\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">InSight lander\u003c/a> is on its way to Mars, after a successful launch on Saturday morning. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lander was launched by an Atlas V rocket taking off from Vandenberg Air Force Base in Southern California shortly after 4 a.m. local time. It successfully separated from the upper stage more than an hour later. It's the first interplanetary mission to launch from the West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was amazing sonically. That rocket roared like you could not believe,\" says KCRW reporter Saul Gonzalez who watched the launch at Vandenberg. \"Visually though, a big nothing burger... You couldn't see a thing because of the fog.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lander is in contact with mission control as it heads off on its six-month trip to the Red Planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/NASAInSight/status/992745988807970816\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two CubeSats, or miniature satellites about the size of a briefcase, were launched by the same rocket, basically \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/cubesat/missions/marco.php\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">hitching a ride with the InSight\u003c/a>. They are now traveling independently toward Mars and will attempt to monitor Insight's landing. If successful, they'll be the first interplanetary CubeSats ever deployed by NASA. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As NPR's Joe Palca \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/05/04/608448614/nasa-is-heading-back-to-mars-to-peer-inside-the-red-planet\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">reported Friday\u003c/a>, InSight is a lander — not a rover — meaning it will stay put on Mars as it carries out \"an $813.8 million mission to study the interior of the Red Planet\": \u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\n\u003cp>\"Recent Mars missions have snapped pictures of the surface, studied rocks, dug in the dirt and looked for signs that water once flowed on Mars. But as InSight's principal investigator \u003ca href=\"https://science.jpl.nasa.gov/people/Banerdt/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">William \"Bruce\" Banerdt\u003c/a> sees it, that's just scratching the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\" 'Ninety-nine-point-nine percent of this planet has never been observed before,' Banerdt says. 'And we're going to go and observe it with our seismometer and with our heat flow probe for the very first time.'\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/insight/mission/instruments/hp3/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">heat flow probe\u003c/a> is basically a 16-foot long thermometer that InSight will pound into the planet to take its temperature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"InSight's \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/insight/mission/instruments/seis/\">seismometer\u003c/a> will measure earthquakes — or more properly, 'Marsquakes.' Quakes on Mars don't happen as frequently as they do on Earth, but they do occur and have been detected by previous Mars landers.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Joe notes that many fundamental facts about the Earth's interior were unknown to scientists as recently as 100 years ago. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The InSight Mars lander successfully launched on Saturday morning, by an Atlas V rocket taking off from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1527700074,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":397},"headData":{"title":"NASA InSight Kicks Off 6-Month Journey to Mars from California | KQED","description":"The InSight Mars lander successfully launched on Saturday morning, by an Atlas V rocket taking off from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"11666650 https://ww2.kqed.org/news/?p=11666650","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2018/05/05/nasa-insight-kicks-off-6-month-journey-to-mars-from-california/","disqusTitle":"NASA InSight Kicks Off 6-Month Journey to Mars from California","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/2018/05/InSightLaunch.mp3","nprImageCredit":"David McNew","nprByline":"\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/people/348744968/camila-domonoske\">Camila Domonoske\u003c/a>\u003c/br>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\">NPR\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>","nprImageAgency":"Getty Images","nprStoryId":"608737013","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=608737013&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/05/05/608737013/nasa-insight-kicks-off-6-month-journey-to-mars?ft=nprml&f=608737013","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Sat, 05 May 2018 10:17:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Sat, 05 May 2018 10:15:01 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Sat, 05 May 2018 10:17:01 -0400","path":"/news/11666650/nasa-insight-kicks-off-6-month-journey-to-mars-from-california","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>NASA's \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1919368/nasas-insight-lander-takes-a-step-closer-to-a-may-launch-and-november-landing-on-mars\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">InSight lander\u003c/a> is on its way to Mars, after a successful launch on Saturday morning. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lander was launched by an Atlas V rocket taking off from Vandenberg Air Force Base in Southern California shortly after 4 a.m. local time. It successfully separated from the upper stage more than an hour later. It's the first interplanetary mission to launch from the West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was amazing sonically. That rocket roared like you could not believe,\" says KCRW reporter Saul Gonzalez who watched the launch at Vandenberg. \"Visually though, a big nothing burger... You couldn't see a thing because of the fog.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lander is in contact with mission control as it heads off on its six-month trip to the Red Planet.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"singleTwitterStatus","attributes":{"named":{"id":"992745988807970816"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two CubeSats, or miniature satellites about the size of a briefcase, were launched by the same rocket, basically \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/cubesat/missions/marco.php\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">hitching a ride with the InSight\u003c/a>. They are now traveling independently toward Mars and will attempt to monitor Insight's landing. If successful, they'll be the first interplanetary CubeSats ever deployed by NASA. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As NPR's Joe Palca \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/05/04/608448614/nasa-is-heading-back-to-mars-to-peer-inside-the-red-planet\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">reported Friday\u003c/a>, InSight is a lander — not a rover — meaning it will stay put on Mars as it carries out \"an $813.8 million mission to study the interior of the Red Planet\": \u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\n\u003cp>\"Recent Mars missions have snapped pictures of the surface, studied rocks, dug in the dirt and looked for signs that water once flowed on Mars. But as InSight's principal investigator \u003ca href=\"https://science.jpl.nasa.gov/people/Banerdt/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">William \"Bruce\" Banerdt\u003c/a> sees it, that's just scratching the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\" 'Ninety-nine-point-nine percent of this planet has never been observed before,' Banerdt says. 'And we're going to go and observe it with our seismometer and with our heat flow probe for the very first time.'\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/insight/mission/instruments/hp3/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">heat flow probe\u003c/a> is basically a 16-foot long thermometer that InSight will pound into the planet to take its temperature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"InSight's \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/insight/mission/instruments/seis/\">seismometer\u003c/a> will measure earthquakes — or more properly, 'Marsquakes.' Quakes on Mars don't happen as frequently as they do on Earth, but they do occur and have been detected by previous Mars landers.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Joe notes that many fundamental facts about the Earth's interior were unknown to scientists as recently as 100 years ago. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11666650/nasa-insight-kicks-off-6-month-journey-to-mars-from-california","authors":["byline_news_11666650"],"programs":["news_72"],"categories":["news_8","news_356"],"tags":["news_23164","news_2762","news_23163"],"featImg":"news_11666651","label":"news_72"},"news_11648410":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11648410","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11648410","score":null,"sort":[1517963950000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"rocket-car-to-mars","title":"Rocket Car to Mars","publishDate":1517963950,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Mark Fiore: Drawn to the Bay | KQED News","labelTerm":{"term":18515,"site":"news"},"content":"\u003cp>Elon Musk's SpaceX \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/fiorespacex\">successfully launched\u003c/a> the world's most powerful rocket into space, with a Tesla roadster along for the ride.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of the three separate rocket boosters on the Falcon Heavy rocket landed back on the ground as planned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fate of the \"center core\" booster rocket, which was supposed to land on a barge in the ocean, has not been reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SpaceX is currently livestreaming views from the orbiting spacecraft and convertible Tesla.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aBr2kKAHN6M\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though this may be the most elaborate car commercial ever, it's still pretty amazing.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Elon Musk's SpaceX successfully launched the world's most powerful rocket into space, with a Tesla roadster along for the ride. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1517963950,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":7,"wordCount":101},"headData":{"title":"Rocket Car to Mars | KQED","description":"Elon Musk's SpaceX successfully launched the world's most powerful rocket into space, with a Tesla roadster along for the ride. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"11648410 https://ww2.kqed.org/news/?p=11648410","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2018/02/06/rocket-car-to-mars/","disqusTitle":"Rocket Car to Mars","path":"/news/11648410/rocket-car-to-mars","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Elon Musk's SpaceX \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/fiorespacex\">successfully launched\u003c/a> the world's most powerful rocket into space, with a Tesla roadster along for the ride.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of the three separate rocket boosters on the Falcon Heavy rocket landed back on the ground as planned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fate of the \"center core\" booster rocket, which was supposed to land on a barge in the ocean, has not been reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SpaceX is currently livestreaming views from the orbiting spacecraft and convertible Tesla.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/aBr2kKAHN6M'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/aBr2kKAHN6M'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though this may be the most elaborate car commercial ever, it's still pretty amazing.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11648410/rocket-car-to-mars","authors":["3236"],"series":["news_18515"],"categories":["news_8","news_248","news_1397"],"tags":["news_3897","news_20150","news_20949","news_2762","news_6022"],"featImg":"news_11648438","label":"news_18515"},"science_1783056":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1783056","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1783056","score":null,"sort":[1499092246000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"on-the-fourth-of-july-20-years-ago-nasa-landed-the-first-rover-on-mars","title":"On the Fourth of July 20 Years Ago, NASA Landed the First Rover on Mars","publishDate":1499092246,"format":"audio","headTitle":"On the Fourth of July 20 Years Ago, NASA Landed the First Rover on Mars | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>On July 4th, 1997 as Americans were stoking their barbecues, a NASA spacecraft touched down on Mars and bounced like a beach ball. The Pathfinder mission was an unlikely and stunning success that marked the beginning of a roaming robotic presence on the red planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The successful feat surprised everyone—including the team behind the mission, a mission that didn’t have the best reputation in the beginning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jennifer Trosper applied to work at NASA in the nineties. “And I got a phone call,” Trosper says. “He [the recruiter] said, ‘Well, we got this project out here. Nobody really wants to work on it, because nobody thinks it’s going to work.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA was trying something new: space travel for a bargain price. Pathfinder’s mantra was \u003cem>cheaper, faster, \u003c/em>\u003cem>better\u003c/em>. The goal was to cut down on red tape and dream of solutions no one had else had thought of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Be crazy and bold and innovative,” says Pathfinder’s chief engineer Rob Manning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Cheaper, Faster, Better’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Trosper arrived in Los Angeles, she joined a team of scrappy aerospace engineers at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/\">Jet Propulsion Laboratory\u003c/a> (JPL) willing to work on a lean budget and try something revolutionary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We didn’t follow all the rules. We had some good leadership, but it was a very small team,” Trosper says, “And we were landing on the surface of Mars with air bags!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"NASA at Mars: 20 years of 24/7 exploration\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/JXZa8cmab1g?list=PLTiv_XWHnOZpzQKYC6nLf6M9AuBbng_O8\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The airbags were designed to cushion Pathfinder’s landing. Touching down on Mars can be tricky because the atmosphere is so thin. That’s one reason no other country had had a successful landing for twenty years. NASA’s last success was the Viking 1 and Viking 2 orbiter-lander in 1975.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Low Budget Inspires Innovation\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Manning says the team settled on a parachute to slow the spacecraft down as it hurtled through the Martian atmosphere. The engineers also wrapped the machine in a cocoon to protect it when it touched down on the rocky landscape—kind of like a beach ball.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”ydG3BtuLQBhWZAiZ4ojhjUkOgqckWcSE”]Manning says the idea was that the ball “would bounce and roll on the surface. And finally open up like a flower and have a little rover drive off.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If successful, the tiny rover—about the size of a microwave—would become the first wheeled vehicle to explore the surface of another planet. NASA named it Sojourner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seven months after the launch, NASA engineers monitored the spacecraft’s status as it neared its icy destination. A nervous tension filled the control room at JPL. And then at the exact moment Pathfinder was expected to bounce down, a faint signal sounded, back on Earth. The room erupted with loud applause and cheering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By late afternoon for us we were getting our first picture,” Manning says, smiling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miraculously, Pathfinder had traveled millions of miles and landed upright on the red planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1783060\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1783060 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/marspath_81696-e1498774365552-800x616.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"616\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/marspath_81696-e1498774365552-800x616.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/marspath_81696-e1498774365552-160x123.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/marspath_81696-e1498774365552-768x591.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/marspath_81696-e1498774365552-1020x785.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/marspath_81696-e1498774365552-1180x908.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/marspath_81696-e1498774365552-960x739.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/marspath_81696-e1498774365552-240x185.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/marspath_81696-e1498774365552-375x289.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/marspath_81696-e1498774365552-520x400.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/marspath_81696-e1498774365552.jpg 1476w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Sojourner Rover at the Yogi rock on Mars. \u003ccite>(Mars Pathfinder Project )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>NASA uploaded the images to a new realm known as the World Wide Web. Jon Brooks, a science editor at KQED, remembers the moment vividly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You could see a little more, a little more, a little more,” Brooks says, “and the anticipation was truly great because you were going to catch a glimpse of Mars for the first time. You actually saw the barren landscape and the red color.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Most Important Question\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sojourner was expected to take pictures for one week before its batteries died. Instead, the little spacecraft weathered the frigid climate for nearly three months. Pathfinder beamed thousands of pictures back to Earth, says Manning, to help his team answer one central question:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Was Mars at some point in its past a place with lakes and an atmosphere and places where presumably life could actually get started?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quest to find an answer has inspired three more NASA rovers after Pathfinder. The latest, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/index.html\">Curiosity\u003c/a>, is the size of an SUV and has been driving around Mars for nearly five years looking for clues about how and when the red planet went from warm and wet to cold and dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Astronomers are still searching for signs of life, but they have confirmed the presence of water. Observations suggest that habitable lakes and streams likely existed in the ancient past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Doesn’t say anything about whether there was life there,” Manning says. “But it does say this planet is much more interesting than we ever dreamed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars is the only planet inhabited solely by robots (as far as we know). Next year the U.S. will send the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/insight/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">InSight\u003c/a> lander to Mars, and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mars2020/\">Mars 2020 \u003c/a>wil\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mars2020/\">l \u003c/a>follow. NASA hopes to land a human on the red planet within the \u003cem>next\u003c/em> twenty years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"As Americans light sparkers for the Fourth of July holiday, NASA celebrates two decades of Mars exploration. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928583,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":28,"wordCount":838},"headData":{"title":"On the Fourth of July 20 Years Ago, NASA Landed the First Rover on Mars | KQED","description":"As Americans light sparkers for the Fourth of July holiday, NASA celebrates two decades of Mars exploration. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Astronomy","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2017/07/ScienceMarsRover.mp3","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1783056/on-the-fourth-of-july-20-years-ago-nasa-landed-the-first-rover-on-mars","audioDuration":272000,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On July 4th, 1997 as Americans were stoking their barbecues, a NASA spacecraft touched down on Mars and bounced like a beach ball. The Pathfinder mission was an unlikely and stunning success that marked the beginning of a roaming robotic presence on the red planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The successful feat surprised everyone—including the team behind the mission, a mission that didn’t have the best reputation in the beginning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jennifer Trosper applied to work at NASA in the nineties. “And I got a phone call,” Trosper says. “He [the recruiter] said, ‘Well, we got this project out here. Nobody really wants to work on it, because nobody thinks it’s going to work.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA was trying something new: space travel for a bargain price. Pathfinder’s mantra was \u003cem>cheaper, faster, \u003c/em>\u003cem>better\u003c/em>. The goal was to cut down on red tape and dream of solutions no one had else had thought of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Be crazy and bold and innovative,” says Pathfinder’s chief engineer Rob Manning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Cheaper, Faster, Better’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Trosper arrived in Los Angeles, she joined a team of scrappy aerospace engineers at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/\">Jet Propulsion Laboratory\u003c/a> (JPL) willing to work on a lean budget and try something revolutionary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We didn’t follow all the rules. We had some good leadership, but it was a very small team,” Trosper says, “And we were landing on the surface of Mars with air bags!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"NASA at Mars: 20 years of 24/7 exploration\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/JXZa8cmab1g?list=PLTiv_XWHnOZpzQKYC6nLf6M9AuBbng_O8\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The airbags were designed to cushion Pathfinder’s landing. Touching down on Mars can be tricky because the atmosphere is so thin. That’s one reason no other country had had a successful landing for twenty years. NASA’s last success was the Viking 1 and Viking 2 orbiter-lander in 1975.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Low Budget Inspires Innovation\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Manning says the team settled on a parachute to slow the spacecraft down as it hurtled through the Martian atmosphere. The engineers also wrapped the machine in a cocoon to protect it when it touched down on the rocky landscape—kind of like a beach ball.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Manning says the idea was that the ball “would bounce and roll on the surface. And finally open up like a flower and have a little rover drive off.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If successful, the tiny rover—about the size of a microwave—would become the first wheeled vehicle to explore the surface of another planet. NASA named it Sojourner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seven months after the launch, NASA engineers monitored the spacecraft’s status as it neared its icy destination. A nervous tension filled the control room at JPL. And then at the exact moment Pathfinder was expected to bounce down, a faint signal sounded, back on Earth. The room erupted with loud applause and cheering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By late afternoon for us we were getting our first picture,” Manning says, smiling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miraculously, Pathfinder had traveled millions of miles and landed upright on the red planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1783060\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1783060 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/marspath_81696-e1498774365552-800x616.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"616\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/marspath_81696-e1498774365552-800x616.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/marspath_81696-e1498774365552-160x123.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/marspath_81696-e1498774365552-768x591.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/marspath_81696-e1498774365552-1020x785.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/marspath_81696-e1498774365552-1180x908.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/marspath_81696-e1498774365552-960x739.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/marspath_81696-e1498774365552-240x185.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/marspath_81696-e1498774365552-375x289.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/marspath_81696-e1498774365552-520x400.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/marspath_81696-e1498774365552.jpg 1476w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Sojourner Rover at the Yogi rock on Mars. \u003ccite>(Mars Pathfinder Project )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>NASA uploaded the images to a new realm known as the World Wide Web. Jon Brooks, a science editor at KQED, remembers the moment vividly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You could see a little more, a little more, a little more,” Brooks says, “and the anticipation was truly great because you were going to catch a glimpse of Mars for the first time. You actually saw the barren landscape and the red color.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Most Important Question\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sojourner was expected to take pictures for one week before its batteries died. Instead, the little spacecraft weathered the frigid climate for nearly three months. Pathfinder beamed thousands of pictures back to Earth, says Manning, to help his team answer one central question:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Was Mars at some point in its past a place with lakes and an atmosphere and places where presumably life could actually get started?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quest to find an answer has inspired three more NASA rovers after Pathfinder. The latest, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/index.html\">Curiosity\u003c/a>, is the size of an SUV and has been driving around Mars for nearly five years looking for clues about how and when the red planet went from warm and wet to cold and dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Astronomers are still searching for signs of life, but they have confirmed the presence of water. Observations suggest that habitable lakes and streams likely existed in the ancient past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Doesn’t say anything about whether there was life there,” Manning says. “But it does say this planet is much more interesting than we ever dreamed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars is the only planet inhabited solely by robots (as far as we know). Next year the U.S. will send the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/insight/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">InSight\u003c/a> lander to Mars, and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mars2020/\">Mars 2020 \u003c/a>wil\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mars2020/\">l \u003c/a>follow. NASA hopes to land a human on the red planet within the \u003cem>next\u003c/em> twenty years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1783056/on-the-fourth-of-july-20-years-ago-nasa-landed-the-first-rover-on-mars","authors":["11229"],"categories":["science_28","science_46","science_37","science_40","science_3423"],"tags":["science_3370","science_5179","science_420"],"featImg":"science_1783059","label":"source_science_1783056"},"science_860391":{"type":"posts","id":"science_860391","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"860391","score":null,"sort":[1469192414000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"finally-nasas-rover-2020-will-look-for-life-on-mars","title":"Finally! NASA’s Mars 2020 Rover Will Look for Life on the Red Planet","publishDate":1469192414,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Finally! NASA’s Mars 2020 Rover Will Look for Life on the Red Planet | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>NASA’s next robot to crawl across the surface of Mars — the Mars 2020 rover — recently crossed a \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6569&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=NASAJPL&utm_content=daily20160715-2\">major milestone\u003c/a> when it received approval to launch in the summer of 2020, for a February 2021 landing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like its predecessor \u003ca href=\"http://mars.nasa.gov/msl/\">Curiosity\u003c/a>, which is currently exploring the slopes of Mount Sharp in Gale Crater, \u003ca href=\"http://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/\">Mars 2020\u003c/a> is a six-wheeled nuclear-powered rover that will land on Mars using a rocket-driven “sky crane” system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike Curiosity, whose mission is to assess Mars’ past geologic history and the role water played in it, Mars 2020 is focused on a search for that thing we’ve all been waiting to hear news of: actual signs of past Martian life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_860395\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-860395\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/roverinstruments.jpg\" alt=\"Illustration showing the suite of scientific instruments carried by the Mars 2020 rover.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/roverinstruments.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/roverinstruments-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/roverinstruments-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/roverinstruments-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/roverinstruments-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration showing the suite of scientific instruments carried by the Mars 2020 rover. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New Chances of Finding Signs of Martian Life?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Searching for evidence of life on Mars is not unlike prospecting for gold: it’s not easy to find, but you improve your chances of success by choosing the right region to explore, and then deciding the best spots to dig in. Just like a skilled prospector using eyes, ears, nose, tongue and all the experience earned on earlier expeditions, Mars 2020 is designed to maximize the chance of hitting pay dirt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though it will be deposited on the Martian surface using the same rocket-powered “sky crane” as Curiosity, improvements in operational technique and equipment will allow Mars 2020 to set down with about twice the precision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This opens up a much wider variety of terrains where it may land in relative safety. And if there’s one thing that missions to Mars have shown us over the past forty years, it’s that the most interesting places to explore are some of the most challenging to negotiate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_860397\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-860397\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/skycrane.jpg\" alt='Mars 2020 and Curiosity both employ a rocket-driven \"sky crane\" system to land on Mars. ' width=\"1024\" height=\"575\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/skycrane.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/skycrane-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/skycrane-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/skycrane-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/skycrane-960x539.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mars 2020 and Curiosity both employ a rocket-driven “sky crane” system to land on Mars. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once on the ground, Mars 2020 will use a suite of advanced instruments. A high-resolution imager and spectroscopic analyzers will record chemistry and physical structures at a distance. This allows scientists back on Earth to make more educated decisions on where to send the rover for close-up inspection and digging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like Curiosity, Mars 2020 will be able to collect and analyze rock and soil samples in its small on-board laboratory. However its onboard equipment is designed to look for residues of life activity, not just water action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, Mars 2020 carries airtight tubes to store rock and soil samples. Up to thirty of these containers will be deposited at designated locations for future possible missions to collect and return to Earth for full laboratory analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars 2020 also carries weather-measuring instruments, a rock-coring drill, and a feature never before used on another planet: ground-penetrating radar that will let it analyze sub-surface geologic structures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_860396\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-860396\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/laserspec.jpg\" alt=\"Illustration of the Mars 2020 rover using its remote analysis laser/spectroscope system to study rock chemistry. \" width=\"1024\" height=\"687\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/laserspec.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/laserspec-400x268.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/laserspec-800x537.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/laserspec-768x515.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/laserspec-960x644.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration of the Mars 2020 rover using its remote analysis laser/spectroscope system to study rock chemistry. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The hopeful child in me envisions an opening scene from Jurassic Park, when ground-penetrating sonic vibrations were used to produce a sonogram of a dinosaur skeleton…though the adult in me says that’s way too much to expect!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars 2020 will also put an ear to the Martian environment, using a microphone system to record sounds from Mars’ surface, something we’ve never done before. The 2008 \u003ca href=\"http://phoenix.lpl.arizona.edu/index.php\">Phoenix \u003c/a>lander was intended to capture sounds during the probe’s descent, but the microphone was never enabled due to landing safety concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Is the Search for Martian Life Taking So Long?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2021 seems like a long time to wait, especially since the Mars 2020 mission will be focused on looking for life-signs on an alien world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s important to keep in mind that exploring a distant world via remote control is not an easy thing to do. Each mission peels off another layer of Martian mystery, and gives us more information to use in deciding where to send the next mission, and what to look for when it gets there. This process takes time, especially considering that launch windows to Mars occur only every two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Put into perspective, within my own lifetime we’ve gone from knowing practically nothing about Mars to understanding our neighbor as perhaps a previously Earthlike planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A life-friendly environment means there may have been plenty of opportunities for little Martian microbes to show up and thrive. And, the hopeful child and sober adult in me both expect, within my lifetime we’ll find them.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA's next robot to crawl across the surface of Mars was recently approved for a 2020 launch.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704929882,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":804},"headData":{"title":"Finally! NASA’s Mars 2020 Rover Will Look for Life on the Red Planet | KQED","description":"NASA's next robot to crawl across the surface of Mars was recently approved for a 2020 launch.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/860391/finally-nasas-rover-2020-will-look-for-life-on-mars","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>NASA’s next robot to crawl across the surface of Mars — the Mars 2020 rover — recently crossed a \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6569&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=NASAJPL&utm_content=daily20160715-2\">major milestone\u003c/a> when it received approval to launch in the summer of 2020, for a February 2021 landing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like its predecessor \u003ca href=\"http://mars.nasa.gov/msl/\">Curiosity\u003c/a>, which is currently exploring the slopes of Mount Sharp in Gale Crater, \u003ca href=\"http://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/\">Mars 2020\u003c/a> is a six-wheeled nuclear-powered rover that will land on Mars using a rocket-driven “sky crane” system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike Curiosity, whose mission is to assess Mars’ past geologic history and the role water played in it, Mars 2020 is focused on a search for that thing we’ve all been waiting to hear news of: actual signs of past Martian life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_860395\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-860395\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/roverinstruments.jpg\" alt=\"Illustration showing the suite of scientific instruments carried by the Mars 2020 rover.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/roverinstruments.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/roverinstruments-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/roverinstruments-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/roverinstruments-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/roverinstruments-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration showing the suite of scientific instruments carried by the Mars 2020 rover. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New Chances of Finding Signs of Martian Life?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Searching for evidence of life on Mars is not unlike prospecting for gold: it’s not easy to find, but you improve your chances of success by choosing the right region to explore, and then deciding the best spots to dig in. Just like a skilled prospector using eyes, ears, nose, tongue and all the experience earned on earlier expeditions, Mars 2020 is designed to maximize the chance of hitting pay dirt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though it will be deposited on the Martian surface using the same rocket-powered “sky crane” as Curiosity, improvements in operational technique and equipment will allow Mars 2020 to set down with about twice the precision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This opens up a much wider variety of terrains where it may land in relative safety. And if there’s one thing that missions to Mars have shown us over the past forty years, it’s that the most interesting places to explore are some of the most challenging to negotiate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_860397\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-860397\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/skycrane.jpg\" alt='Mars 2020 and Curiosity both employ a rocket-driven \"sky crane\" system to land on Mars. ' width=\"1024\" height=\"575\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/skycrane.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/skycrane-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/skycrane-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/skycrane-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/skycrane-960x539.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mars 2020 and Curiosity both employ a rocket-driven “sky crane” system to land on Mars. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once on the ground, Mars 2020 will use a suite of advanced instruments. A high-resolution imager and spectroscopic analyzers will record chemistry and physical structures at a distance. This allows scientists back on Earth to make more educated decisions on where to send the rover for close-up inspection and digging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like Curiosity, Mars 2020 will be able to collect and analyze rock and soil samples in its small on-board laboratory. However its onboard equipment is designed to look for residues of life activity, not just water action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, Mars 2020 carries airtight tubes to store rock and soil samples. Up to thirty of these containers will be deposited at designated locations for future possible missions to collect and return to Earth for full laboratory analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars 2020 also carries weather-measuring instruments, a rock-coring drill, and a feature never before used on another planet: ground-penetrating radar that will let it analyze sub-surface geologic structures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_860396\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-860396\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/laserspec.jpg\" alt=\"Illustration of the Mars 2020 rover using its remote analysis laser/spectroscope system to study rock chemistry. \" width=\"1024\" height=\"687\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/laserspec.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/laserspec-400x268.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/laserspec-800x537.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/laserspec-768x515.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/laserspec-960x644.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration of the Mars 2020 rover using its remote analysis laser/spectroscope system to study rock chemistry. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The hopeful child in me envisions an opening scene from Jurassic Park, when ground-penetrating sonic vibrations were used to produce a sonogram of a dinosaur skeleton…though the adult in me says that’s way too much to expect!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars 2020 will also put an ear to the Martian environment, using a microphone system to record sounds from Mars’ surface, something we’ve never done before. The 2008 \u003ca href=\"http://phoenix.lpl.arizona.edu/index.php\">Phoenix \u003c/a>lander was intended to capture sounds during the probe’s descent, but the microphone was never enabled due to landing safety concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Is the Search for Martian Life Taking So Long?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2021 seems like a long time to wait, especially since the Mars 2020 mission will be focused on looking for life-signs on an alien world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s important to keep in mind that exploring a distant world via remote control is not an easy thing to do. Each mission peels off another layer of Martian mystery, and gives us more information to use in deciding where to send the next mission, and what to look for when it gets there. This process takes time, especially considering that launch windows to Mars occur only every two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Put into perspective, within my own lifetime we’ve gone from knowing practically nothing about Mars to understanding our neighbor as perhaps a previously Earthlike planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A life-friendly environment means there may have been plenty of opportunities for little Martian microbes to show up and thrive. And, the hopeful child and sober adult in me both expect, within my lifetime we’ll find them.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/860391/finally-nasas-rover-2020-will-look-for-life-on-mars","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_5188","science_5179","science_5175"],"featImg":"science_860394","label":"science"},"science_307152":{"type":"posts","id":"science_307152","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"307152","score":null,"sort":[1445259601000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-do-we-stop-space-missions-from-contaminating-mars","title":"How Do We Stop Space Missions From Contaminating Mars?","publishDate":1445259601,"format":"image","headTitle":"How Do We Stop Space Missions From Contaminating Mars? | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>As soon as NASA announced finding \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/09/28/reports-nasa-to-announce-water-flows-on-mars-watch-live/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">evidence of liquid water\u003c/a> on Mars last month, speculation erupted that scientists may be able to answer the age-old question: Is there life on Mars?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Technically, we already know the answer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The answer is, ‘Yes,’ and it’s probably our own life,” says David J. Smith, a scientist at NASA’s Ames Research Center in Mountain View.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here on Earth, bacteria cover every surface we touch. And despite efforts to keep spacecraft as clean as possible, bacteria have likely hitchhiked all the way to Mars on NASA missions. Bacterial contamination was detected on the rovers that have driven across the red Martian desert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2015/10/20151019ScienceMarscontamination.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These microbial travelers pose a big problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a robot or astronaut drills into the Mars surface, testing for life, the Earth bacteria could get in the way, contaminating those tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So we want to make sure that it is, in fact, Martian life that we find, potentially, and not just Earth contamination,” Smith says. “That would be a major bummer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Extreme Microbes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mars environment has a kind of biohazard safeguard already built in: it’s not a comfortable environment for most Earth bacteria to live in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_307464\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 458px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/bpumilus_spores2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-307464\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/bpumilus_spores2.jpg\" alt=\"Spores of the hearty bacterium Bacillus pumilus.\" width=\"458\" height=\"345\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Spores of the hearty bacterium Bacillus pumilus. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s just not a nice place,” Smith says. “It’s extremely dry. Very cold.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And with little atmosphere surrounding it, the surface of the planet is blasted with ultraviolet radiation. Most Earth microbes couldn’t hack it in those conditions. But Smith studies one that may have what it takes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The bacteria is called Bacillus pumilus SAFR-032,” he says. “That’s a mouthful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To endure extreme conditions, it forms a spore, essentially hunkering down in a biological fortress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In a sense, it’s like hibernation for bacteria,” Smith says. When it finds food or water again, it wakes back up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This super-tough strain was found on a NASA spacecraft as it was being built inside a clean room, a place that’s meant to be mostly bacteria-free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how would the microbe fare if it got out on the Martian surface? Studying it there isn’t really possible. So, Smith is doing the next best thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bacteria Take Flight\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twenty-three miles above Earth, at the very top of our atmosphere, it’s a lot like Mars: cold, dry and bombarded with UV radiation from the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In early October, Smith and his colleagues launched millions of Bacillus pumilus bacteria to that altitude on a special ride.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_307466\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 507px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/e-mist_2014_closed-large.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-307466\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/e-mist_2014_closed-large-1440x816.jpg\" alt=\"Bacteria inside four canisters on NASA's E-MIST mission are exposed to the stratosphere.\" width=\"507\" height=\"288\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/e-mist_2014_closed-large-1440x816.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/e-mist_2014_closed-large-400x227.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/e-mist_2014_closed-large-800x453.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/e-mist_2014_closed-large-1180x669.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/e-mist_2014_closed-large-960x544.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/e-mist_2014_closed-large.jpg 1615w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 507px) 100vw, 507px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bacteria inside four canisters on NASA’s E-MIST mission are exposed to conditions in the stratosphere. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A massive helium balloon, almost 1,000 feet tall, carried the bacteria in a miniature laboratory underneath it. The project is called \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/ames/research/space-biosciences/e-mist-2015\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">E-MIST\u003c/a> (Exposing Microorganisms in the Stratosphere).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>High above the Earth, the bacteria hung out for eight hours in the thin air and intense sunlight—conditions a lot like Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, the balloon popped, sending them back to Earth on a parachute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bacterial samples were then picked up in Texas. Smith will be looking to see if they’re still alive and growing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It wouldn’t surprise me,” he says. “The adaptability and persistence of bacteria is consistently impressive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Planetary Protector\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The more we learn about Earth life, the more we realize it’s actually likely that Earth organisms could live on Mars,” says Catharine Conley, NASA’s Planetary Protection Officer. Her job, in essence, is protecting Mars from us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just as soon the liquid water announcement was made, NASA’s planetary protection policies were called into play, something that’s governed by \u003ca href=\"http://planetaryprotection.nasa.gov/overview\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">international treaty\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://mars.nasa.gov/msl/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Curiosity rover\u003c/a> is currently on Mars, driving around not far from the discovery site. But if the car-sized rover went to investigate, it would bring along Earth bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s possible that there’s some kind sub-surface aquifer on Mars that we didn’t expect,” Conley says. “And so it would be equally foolish to go and introduce Earth organisms.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_307471\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 554px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/e-mist1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-307471\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/e-mist1-800x633.jpg\" alt=\"A balloon is inflated with helium, to carry E-MIST and its bacteria 23 miles up to the stratosphere.\" width=\"554\" height=\"438\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/e-mist1-800x633.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/e-mist1-400x316.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/e-mist1-960x759.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/e-mist1.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 554px) 100vw, 554px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A balloon is inflated with helium, to carry E-MIST and its bacteria 23 miles up to the stratosphere. \u003ccite>(NASA/David J. Smith)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On NASA’s 1975 \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/viking\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Viking missions \u003c/a>to Mars, the spacecraft were sterilized to kill off bacterial life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The spacecraft were designed to tolerate heat treatment – being baked above the boiling point of water for several days,” Conley says. “It didn’t quite kill off all of the organisms on the surface of the spacecraft, but it killed off the majority of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But heat treatment is extremely expensive. So, areas of Mars that were seen as more hospitable to life were protected as “special regions.” Missions landing outside those regions could have higher levels of microbial contamination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This was a compromise,” says Conley. “Because as we keep exploring Mars, we discover that more of Mars is actually ‘special.’ And so we actually should be more careful than we have been being.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conley adds that understanding the resilience of Earth microbes will help inform NASA’s efforts to come. It may be that allowing spacecraft to “cure” on Mars, sitting in the intense UV light long enough, would be adequate to kill off even the hardiest Earth bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the first time that humans as a species have had the chance to really explore carefully,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humans don’t have a great track record of that. In the name of exploration, we’ve spread invasive species and diseases around our own planet. The hope is not to repeat that on other planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We haven’t made any mistakes yet,” Conley says. “I really hope that we won’t do it while I’m in this job.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Protecting Mars will only get tougher once humans start walking on the red planet. NASA is planning to make that happen in about twenty years.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Earth bacteria are hardy little creatures. Could they hitch a ride to Mars and colonize a new planet?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704931174,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":41,"wordCount":1070},"headData":{"title":"How Do We Stop Space Missions From Contaminating Mars? | KQED","description":"Earth bacteria are hardy little creatures. Could they hitch a ride to Mars and colonize a new planet?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"KQED Science","sticky":false,"path":"/science/307152/how-do-we-stop-space-missions-from-contaminating-mars","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2015/10/20151019ScienceMarscontamination.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As soon as NASA announced finding \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/09/28/reports-nasa-to-announce-water-flows-on-mars-watch-live/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">evidence of liquid water\u003c/a> on Mars last month, speculation erupted that scientists may be able to answer the age-old question: Is there life on Mars?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Technically, we already know the answer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The answer is, ‘Yes,’ and it’s probably our own life,” says David J. Smith, a scientist at NASA’s Ames Research Center in Mountain View.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here on Earth, bacteria cover every surface we touch. And despite efforts to keep spacecraft as clean as possible, bacteria have likely hitchhiked all the way to Mars on NASA missions. Bacterial contamination was detected on the rovers that have driven across the red Martian desert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"audioLink","attributes":{"named":{"src":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2015/10/20151019ScienceMarscontamination.mp3"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These microbial travelers pose a big problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a robot or astronaut drills into the Mars surface, testing for life, the Earth bacteria could get in the way, contaminating those tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So we want to make sure that it is, in fact, Martian life that we find, potentially, and not just Earth contamination,” Smith says. “That would be a major bummer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Extreme Microbes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mars environment has a kind of biohazard safeguard already built in: it’s not a comfortable environment for most Earth bacteria to live in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_307464\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 458px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/bpumilus_spores2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-307464\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/bpumilus_spores2.jpg\" alt=\"Spores of the hearty bacterium Bacillus pumilus.\" width=\"458\" height=\"345\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Spores of the hearty bacterium Bacillus pumilus. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s just not a nice place,” Smith says. “It’s extremely dry. Very cold.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And with little atmosphere surrounding it, the surface of the planet is blasted with ultraviolet radiation. Most Earth microbes couldn’t hack it in those conditions. But Smith studies one that may have what it takes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The bacteria is called Bacillus pumilus SAFR-032,” he says. “That’s a mouthful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To endure extreme conditions, it forms a spore, essentially hunkering down in a biological fortress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In a sense, it’s like hibernation for bacteria,” Smith says. When it finds food or water again, it wakes back up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This super-tough strain was found on a NASA spacecraft as it was being built inside a clean room, a place that’s meant to be mostly bacteria-free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how would the microbe fare if it got out on the Martian surface? Studying it there isn’t really possible. So, Smith is doing the next best thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bacteria Take Flight\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twenty-three miles above Earth, at the very top of our atmosphere, it’s a lot like Mars: cold, dry and bombarded with UV radiation from the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In early October, Smith and his colleagues launched millions of Bacillus pumilus bacteria to that altitude on a special ride.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_307466\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 507px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/e-mist_2014_closed-large.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-307466\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/e-mist_2014_closed-large-1440x816.jpg\" alt=\"Bacteria inside four canisters on NASA's E-MIST mission are exposed to the stratosphere.\" width=\"507\" height=\"288\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/e-mist_2014_closed-large-1440x816.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/e-mist_2014_closed-large-400x227.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/e-mist_2014_closed-large-800x453.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/e-mist_2014_closed-large-1180x669.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/e-mist_2014_closed-large-960x544.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/e-mist_2014_closed-large.jpg 1615w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 507px) 100vw, 507px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bacteria inside four canisters on NASA’s E-MIST mission are exposed to conditions in the stratosphere. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A massive helium balloon, almost 1,000 feet tall, carried the bacteria in a miniature laboratory underneath it. The project is called \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/ames/research/space-biosciences/e-mist-2015\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">E-MIST\u003c/a> (Exposing Microorganisms in the Stratosphere).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>High above the Earth, the bacteria hung out for eight hours in the thin air and intense sunlight—conditions a lot like Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, the balloon popped, sending them back to Earth on a parachute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bacterial samples were then picked up in Texas. Smith will be looking to see if they’re still alive and growing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It wouldn’t surprise me,” he says. “The adaptability and persistence of bacteria is consistently impressive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Planetary Protector\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The more we learn about Earth life, the more we realize it’s actually likely that Earth organisms could live on Mars,” says Catharine Conley, NASA’s Planetary Protection Officer. Her job, in essence, is protecting Mars from us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just as soon the liquid water announcement was made, NASA’s planetary protection policies were called into play, something that’s governed by \u003ca href=\"http://planetaryprotection.nasa.gov/overview\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">international treaty\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://mars.nasa.gov/msl/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Curiosity rover\u003c/a> is currently on Mars, driving around not far from the discovery site. But if the car-sized rover went to investigate, it would bring along Earth bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s possible that there’s some kind sub-surface aquifer on Mars that we didn’t expect,” Conley says. “And so it would be equally foolish to go and introduce Earth organisms.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_307471\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 554px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/e-mist1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-307471\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/e-mist1-800x633.jpg\" alt=\"A balloon is inflated with helium, to carry E-MIST and its bacteria 23 miles up to the stratosphere.\" width=\"554\" height=\"438\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/e-mist1-800x633.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/e-mist1-400x316.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/e-mist1-960x759.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/e-mist1.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 554px) 100vw, 554px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A balloon is inflated with helium, to carry E-MIST and its bacteria 23 miles up to the stratosphere. \u003ccite>(NASA/David J. Smith)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On NASA’s 1975 \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/viking\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Viking missions \u003c/a>to Mars, the spacecraft were sterilized to kill off bacterial life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The spacecraft were designed to tolerate heat treatment – being baked above the boiling point of water for several days,” Conley says. “It didn’t quite kill off all of the organisms on the surface of the spacecraft, but it killed off the majority of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But heat treatment is extremely expensive. So, areas of Mars that were seen as more hospitable to life were protected as “special regions.” Missions landing outside those regions could have higher levels of microbial contamination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This was a compromise,” says Conley. “Because as we keep exploring Mars, we discover that more of Mars is actually ‘special.’ And so we actually should be more careful than we have been being.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conley adds that understanding the resilience of Earth microbes will help inform NASA’s efforts to come. It may be that allowing spacecraft to “cure” on Mars, sitting in the intense UV light long enough, would be adequate to kill off even the hardiest Earth bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the first time that humans as a species have had the chance to really explore carefully,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humans don’t have a great track record of that. In the name of exploration, we’ve spread invasive species and diseases around our own planet. The hope is not to repeat that on other planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We haven’t made any mistakes yet,” Conley says. “I really hope that we won’t do it while I’m in this job.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Protecting Mars will only get tougher once humans start walking on the red planet. NASA is planning to make that happen in about twenty years.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/307152/how-do-we-stop-space-missions-from-contaminating-mars","authors":["239"],"categories":["science_28","science_46","science_89","science_40","science_43"],"tags":["science_246","science_5179","science_5175","science_577"],"featImg":"science_307230","label":"source_science_307152"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/possible-5gxfizEbKOJ-pbF5ASgxrs_.1400x1400.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/ATC_1400.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/powerpress/1440_0018_AmericanSuburb_iTunesTile_01.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/powerpress/1440_0017_BayCurious_iTunesTile_01.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/2021/10/BBC_1400.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/CodeSwitchLifeKit_StationGraphics_300x300EmailGraphic.png","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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